概率论与数理统计第2章 基本定理
概率论与数理统计公式定理全总结
概率论与数理统计公式定理全总结一、概率论公式：1.基本概率公式：对于随机试验E，事件A的概率可以表示为P(A)=事件A的样本点数/所有样本点数。
2.条件概率公式：对于事件A和事件B，若P(B)>，则事件A在事件B发生的条件下的概率可以表示为P(A，B)=P(A∩B)/P(B)。
3.全概率公式：对于互不相容事件A1,A2,...,An，它们的和事件为全样本空间S，且概率P(Ai)>，则对于任意事件B有P(B)=Σ(P(Ai)×P(B，Ai))。
4.贝叶斯公式：对于互不相容事件A1,A2,...,An，它们的和事件为全样本空间S，且概率P(Ai)>，则对于任意事件B，有P(Ai，B)=(P(B，Ai)×P(Ai))/Σ(P(B，Ai)×P(Ai))。
二、数理统计公式：1.期望：随机变量X的期望E(X)=Σ(Xi×P(Xi))，其中Xi为随机变量X的取值，P(Xi)为随机变量X取值为Xi的概率。
2. 方差：随机变量X的方差Var(X) = Σ((Xi - E(X))^2 ×P(Xi))，其中Xi为随机变量X的取值，E(X)为随机变量X的期望，P(Xi)为随机变量X取值为Xi的概率。
3. 协方差：随机变量X和Y的协方差Cov(X,Y) = E((X - E(X))(Y - E(Y)))，其中E(X)和E(Y)分别为随机变量X和Y的期望。
4. 相关系数：随机变量X和Y的相关系数ρ(X,Y) = Cov(X,Y) / √(Var(X) × Var(Y))，其中Cov(X,Y)为随机变量X和Y的协方差，Var(X)和Var(Y)分别为随机变量X和Y的方差。
三、概率论与数理统计定理：1.大数定律：对于独立同分布的随机变量X1,X2,...,Xn，它们的均值X̄=(X1+X2+...+Xn)/n，当n趋向于无穷大时，X̄趋向于X的期望E(X)。
概率论与数理统计第二章 随机变量及其分布
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例4: 甲、乙两名棋手约定进行10盘比赛，以赢的盘数 较多者为胜. 假设每盘棋甲赢的概率都为0.6，乙赢的概 率为0.4，且各盘比赛相互独立，问甲、乙获胜的概率 各为多少？ 解 每一盘棋可看作0-1试验. 设X为10盘棋赛中甲赢的 盘数，则 X ～ b(10, 0.6) . 按约定，甲只要赢6盘或6盘 以上即可获胜. 所以
定义：若随机变量X所有可能的取值为x1，x2，…，xi，…，且 X 取这些值的概率为 P(X=xi)= pi , i=1, 2, ... (*)
则称(*)式为离散型随机变量X 的分布律。 分布律的基本性质： (1) 表格形式表示: pi 0, i=1，2，... (2)
i
pi 1
X pk
x1 p1
这里n=500值较大，直接计算比较麻烦. 利用泊松定理作近似计算: n =500, np = 500/365=1.3699>0 ，用 =1.3699 的泊松分布作近似 计算：
(1.3669) 5 1.3669 P{ X 5} e 0.01 5!
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例2: 某人进行射击，其命中率为0.02，独立射击400次，试求击 中的次数大于等于2的概率。 解 将每次射击看成是一次贝努里试验，X表示在400次射击中 击的次数，则X~B(400, 0.02)其分布律为
k 0,1
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(2) 二项分布 设在一次伯努利试验中有两个可能的结果，且有 P(A)=p 。则在 n 重伯努利试验中事件 A发生的次数 X是一个 离散型随机变量，其分布为
P ( X k ) C nk p k q n k
k =0, 1, 2 ,, n
称X 服从参数为n，p的二项分布，记为 X~b(n, p) 对于n次重复一个0-1试验. 随机变量X表示: n次试验中, A发生的次数. 如： 掷一枚硬币100次, 正面出现的次数X服从二项分布. b(100, 1/2) 事件 X～
概率论与数理统计--第二章PPT课件
F(x) pk xk x
分布函数F(x)在x xk , 其跳跃值为pk P{X
对k 所1,有2,满足处x有k 跳 x跃的，k求和。
xk }
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第四节 连续型随机变量及其概率密度
定义 对于随机变量X的分布函数F(x),如果存在非 负函数f (x)，使对于任意实数有
售量服从参数为 10的泊松分布．为了以95%以上的
概率保证该商品不脱销，问商店在月底至少应进该商 品多少件？ 解 设商店每月销售该种商品X件，月底的进货量为n件，
按题意要求为 PX n 0.95
由X服附从录的泊1松0的分泊布松表分知布k，140 1则k0！k有e1k0n01k00！k.9e1160 6
可以用泊松分布作近似，即
n
k
pk
1
p
nk
np k
k!
enp , k
0,1, 2,
.
例 4 为保证设备正常工作，需要配备一些维修工.如果各台设备
发生故障是相互独立的，且每台设备发生故障的概率都是 0.01.
试求在以下情况下，求设备发生故障而不能及时修理的概率.
(1) 一名维修工负责 20 台设备.
于是PX I P(B) Pw X (w) I.
随机变量的取值随试验的结果而定，而试验的各个 结果出现有一定的概率，因而随机变量的取值有一 定的概率.
按照随机变量可能取值的情况，可以把它们分为两 类：离散型随机变量和非离散型随机变量，而非离 散型随机变量中最重要的是连续型随机变量.因此， 本章主要研究离散型及连续型随机变量.
x
x
4. F(x 0) F(x) 即F(x)是右连续的
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概率论与数理统计知识点总结
P(X = k) = ke- , k = 0,1,2 , 其中 0 是常数，则称 X 服从参数为 的泊松分布记为 k!
X ~ （） §3 随机变量的分布函数 定义 设 X 是一个随机变量，x 是任意实数，函数 F(x) = P{X x}, - x
称为 X 的分布函数
分 布 函 数 F (x) = P( X x) ， 具 有 以 下 性 质 (1) F (x) 是 一 个 不 减 函 数 （ 2 ）
（iv）对于任意事件 A， P( A) 1
（v） P( A) = 1 − P( A) （逆事件的概率）
（vi）对于任意事件 A，B 有 P( A B) = P( A) + P(B) − P( AB)
§4 等可能概型（古典概型）
等可能概型：试验的样本空间只包含有限个元素，试验中每个事件发生的可能性相同
1，Z=X+Y 的分布
设(X,Y)是二维连续型随机变量，它具有概率密度 f (x, y) .则 Z=X+Y 仍为连续性
随机变量，其概率密度为 f X +Y (z) =
−
f
(z
−
的概率密度函数，简称概率密度
则称 x 为连续性随机变量，其中函数 f(x)称为 X
+
1 概率密度 f (x) 具有以下性质，满足（1） f (x) 0, (2) f (x)dx = 1； -
（3） P(x1 X x2 ) =
x2 f (x)dx ；（4）若 f (x) 在点 x 处连续，则有 F，(x) =
数及边缘分布函数.若对于所有 x,y 有 P{X = x,Y = y} = P{X x}P{Y y} ，即
F{x, y} = FX (x)FY (y) ，则称随机变量 X 和 Y 是相互独立的。
概率论与数理统计第二章
4. 条件概率的计算
1) 用定义计算:
P( A | B) P( AB) , P(B)
P(B)>0
2)从加入条件后改变了的情况去算
例：A={掷出2点}，B={掷出偶数点}
掷骰子
P(A|B）= 1 3
B发生后的 缩减样本空间 所含样本点总数
在缩减样本空间 中A所含样本点
个数
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例8 掷两颗均匀骰子,已知第一颗掷出6点,问 “掷出点数之和不小于10”的概率是多少?
实际上,这个假定并不完 全成立，有关问题的实际概 率比表中给出的还要大 .
当人数超过23时，打赌 说至少有两人同生日是有利 的.
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例3 某城市的电话号码由5个数字组成，每个 数字可能是从0-9这十个数字中的任一个，求 电话号码由五个不同数字组成的概率.
解：
a
A150 105
=0.3024
问：
b
P( A) =1-0.524=0.476
即22个球迷中至少有两人同生日的概率为0.476.
这个概率随着球迷人数的增加而迅速增加.
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人数 至少有两人同
生日的概率
20
0.411
21
0.444
22
0.476
23
0.507
24
0.538
30
0.706
40
0.891
50
0.970
60
0.994
所有这些概率都是在假 定一个人的生日在 365天的 任何一天是等可能的前提下 计算出来的.
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3. 条件概率的性质 设B是一事件，且P(B)>0,则 1. 对任一事件A，0≤P(A|B)≤1;
概率论与数理统计（经管类）第二章课后习题答案
习题2.11.设随机变量X 的分布律为P{X=k}=,k=1, 2,N,求常数a.aN 解:由分布律的性质=1得∑∞k =1p kP(X=1) + P(X=2) +…..+ P(X=N) =1N*=1,即a=1aN 2.设随机变量X 只能取-1,0,1,2这4个值,且取这4个值相应的概率依次为,,求常数c.12c 34c ,58c ,716c 解:12c +34c +58c +716c =1C=37163.将一枚骰子连掷两次,以X 表示两次所得的点数之和,以Y 表示两次出现的最小点数,分别求X,Y 的分布律.注: 可知X 为从2到12的所有整数值．可以知道每次投完都会出现一种组合情况，其概率皆为(1/6)*(1/6)=1/36，故P(X=2)=(1/6)*(1/6)=1/36(第一次和第二次都是1)P(X=3)=2*(1/36）＝1/18(两种组合(1,2)(2,1))P(X=4)=3*(1/36）＝1/12(三种组合(1,3)(3,1)(2,2))P(X=5)=4*(1/36）＝1/9(四种组合(1,4)(4,1)(2,3)(3,2))P(X=6)=5*(1/36＝5/36(五种组合(1,5)(5,1)(2,4)(4,2)(3,3))P(X=7)=6*(1/36)＝1/6(这里就不写了,应该明白吧)P(X=8)=5*(1/36)＝5/36P(X=9)=4*(1/36)＝1/9P(X=10)=3*(1/36)＝1/12P(X=11)=2*(1/36)＝1/18P(X=12)=1*(1/36)＝1/36以上是X 的分布律投两次最小的点数可以是1到6里任意一个整数,即Y 的取值了.P(Y=1)=(1/6)*1=1/6 一个要是1,另一个可以是任何值P(Y=2)=(1/6)*(5/6)=5/36 一个是2,另一个是大于等于2的5个值P(Y=3)=(1/6)*(4/6)=1/9 一个是3,另一个是大于等于3的4个值P(Y=4)=(1/6)*(3/6)=1/12一个是4,另一个是大于等于4的3个值P(Y=5)=(1/6)*(2/6)=1/18一个是5,另一个是大于等于5的2个值P(Y=6)=(1/6)*(1/6)=1/36一个是6,另一个只能是6以上是Y 的分布律了.4.设在15个同类型的零件中有2个是次品,从中任取3次,每次取一个,取后不放回.以X 表示取出的次品的个数,求X 的分布律.解:X=0,1,2X=0时,P=C 313C 315=2235X=1时,P=C 213∗C 12C 315=1235X=2时,P=C 013∗C 22C 315=1355.抛掷一枚质地不均匀的硬币,每次出现正面的概率为,连续抛掷8次,以X 表示出现正面的次数,求23X 的分布律.解:P{X=k}=, k=1, 2, 3, 8C k 8(23)k (13)8‒k 6.设离散型随机变量X 的分布律为X -123P141214解:求P {X ≤12}, P {23<X ≤52}, P {2≤X ≤3}, P {2≤X <3}P {X ≤12}=14P {23<X ≤52}=12P {2≤X ≤3}=12+14=34P {2≤X <3}=127.设事件A 在每一次试验中发生的概率分别为0.3.当A 发生不少于3次时,指示灯发出信号,求:(1)进行5次独立试验,求指示灯发出信号的概率;(2)进行7次独立试验,求指示灯发出信号的概率.解:设X 为事件A 发生的次数,(1)P {X ≥3}=P {X =3}+P {X =4}+P {X =5}=C 35(0.3)3(0.7)2+C 45(0.3)4(0.7)1+C 55(0.3)5(0.7)0=0.1323+0.02835+0.00243=0.163(2) P{X≥3}=1‒P{X=0}‒P{X=1}‒P{X=2}=1‒C07(0.3)0(0.7)7‒C17(0.3)1(0.7)6‒C27(0.3)2(0.7)5=1‒0.0824‒0.2471‒0.3177=0.3538.甲乙两人投篮,投中的概率分别为0.6,0.7.现各投3次,求两人投中次数相等的概率.解:设X表示各自投中的次数P{X=0}=C03(0.6)0(0.4)3∗C03(0.7)0(0.3)3=0.064∗0.027=0.002P{X=1}=C13(0.6)1(0.4)2∗C13(0.7)1(0.3)2=0.288∗0.189=0.054P{X=2}=C23(0.6)2(0.4)1∗C23(0.7)2(0.3)1=0.432∗0.441=0.191P{X=3}=C33(0.6)3(0.4)0∗C33(0.7)3(0.3)0=0.216∗0.343=0.074投中次数相等的概率= P{X=0}+P{X=1}+P{X=2}+P{X=3}=0.3219.有一繁忙的汽车站,每天有大量的汽车经过,设每辆汽车在一天的某段时间内出事故的概率为0.0001.在某天的该段时间内有1000辆汽车经过,问出事故的次数不小于2的概率是多少?(利用泊松分布定理计算)解:设X表示该段时间出事故的次数,则X~B(1000,0.0001),用泊松定理近似计算=1000*0.0001=0.1λP{X≥2}=1‒P{X=0}‒P{X=1}=1‒C01000(0.0001)0(0.9999)1000‒C11000(0.0001)1(0.9999)999=1‒e‒0.1‒0.1e‒0.1=1‒0.9048‒0.0905=0.004710.一电话交换台每分钟收到的呼唤次数服从参数为4的泊松分别,求:(1)每分钟恰有8次呼唤的概率;(2)每分钟的呼唤次数大于10的概率.解: (1) P{X=8}=P{X≥8}‒P{X≥9}=0.051134‒0.021363=0.029771(2) P{X>10}=P{X≥11}=0.002840习题2.21.求0-1分布的分布函数.解:F(x)={0, x<0q, 0≤x<11,x≥12.设离散型随机变量X的分布律为:3 OF 18X -123P0.250.50.25求X 的分布函数,以及概率,.P {1.5<X ≤2.5} P {X ≥0.5}解:當x <‒1時,F (x )=P {X ≤x }=0;當‒1≤x <2時,F (x )=P {X ≤x }=P {X =‒1}=0.25;當2≤x <3時,F (x )=P {X ≤x }=P {X =‒1}+P {X =2}=0.25+0.5=0.75;當x ≥3時,F (x )=P {X ≤x }=P {X =‒1}+P {X =2}+P {X =3}=0.25+0.5+0.25=1;则X 的分布函数F(x)为:F (x )={0, x <‒10.25, ‒1≤x <20.75, 2≤x <31, x ≥3P {1.5<X ≤2.5}=F (2.5)‒F (1.5)=0.75‒0.25=0.5 P {X ≥0.5}=1‒F (0.5)=1‒0.25=0.753.设F 1(x),F 2(x)分别为随机变量X 1和X 2的分布函数,且F(x)=a F 1(x)-bF 2(x)也是某一随机变量的分布函数,证明a-b=1.证: F (+∞)=aF (+∞)‒bF (+∞)=1,即a ‒b =14.如下4个函数,哪个是随机变量的分布函数:(1)F 1(x )={0, x <‒212, ‒2≤x <02, x ≥0(2)F 2(x )={0, x <0sinx, 0≤x <π1, x ≥π(3)F 3(x )={0, x <0sinx, 0≤x <π21, x ≥π2(4)F 4(x )={0, x <0x +13, 0<x <121, x ≥125.设随机变量X 的分布函数为F(x) =a+b arctanx ,‒∞<x <+∞,求(1)常数a,b;(2) P {‒1<X ≤1}解: (1)由分布函数的基本性质 得:F (‒∞)=0,F (+∞)=1{a +b ∗(‒π2)=0a +b ∗(π2)=1of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, fullof humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy5 OF 18解之a=, b=121π(2)P {‒1<X ≤1}=F (1)‒F (‒1)=a +b ∗π4‒(a +b ∗‒π4)=b ∗π2=12(将x=1带入F(x) =a+b arctanx )注: arctan 为反正切函数,值域(), arctan1=‒π2,π2 π46.设随机变量X 的分布函数为F (x )={0, x <1lnx, 1≤x <e1, x ≥e求P {X ≤2},P {0<X ≤3},P {2<X ≤2.5}解: 注: P {X ≤2}=F(2)=ln2 F(x)=P {X ≤x }P {0<X ≤3}=F (3)‒F (0)=1‒0=1;P {2<X ≤2.5}=F (2.5)‒F (2)=ln2.5‒ln2=ln2.52=ln1.25习题2.31.设随机变量X 的概率密度为:f (x )={acosx, |x |≤π20, 其他.求: (1)常数a; (2);(3)X 的分布函数F(x).P {0<X <π4}解:(1)由概率密度的性质∫+∞‒∞f (x )dx =1,∫π2‒π2acosxdx =a sinx |π2‒π2=asin π2‒asin (‒π2)=asin π2+asin π2=a +a =1A =12(2)P {0<X <π4}=(12)sin(π4)‒(12)sin (0)=12∗22+12∗0=24一些常用特殊角的三角函数值正弦余弦正切余切0010不存在π/61/2√3/2√3/3√3π/4√2/2√2/211of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy(3)X 的概率分布为:F (x )={0, x <‒π212(1+sinx ), ‒π2≤x <π21, x ≥π2 2.设随机变量X 的概率密度为f (x )=ae ‒|x |, ‒∞<x <+∞,求: (1)常数a; (2); (3)X 的分布函数. P {0≤X ≤1}解:(1),即a=∫+∞‒∞f(x)dx =∫0‒∞ae x dx +∫+∞ae ‒x dx =a +a =112(2)P {0≤X ≤1}=F (1)‒F (0)=12(1‒e ‒1)(3)X 的分布函数F (x )={12e x, x ≤01‒12e ‒x, x >03.求下列分布函数所对应的概率密度:(1)F 1(x )=12+1πarctanx , ‒∞<x <+∞;解:(柯西分布)f 1(x )=1π(1+x 2)(2)F 2(x )={1‒e ‒x 22, x >00, x ≤0π/3√3/21/2√3√3/3π/210不存在0π-1不存在7 OF 18解:(指数分布) f 2(x )={x e ‒x 22, x >00, x ≤0(3)F 3(x )={0, x <0sinx , 0≤ x ≤π21, x >π2解: (均匀分布)f 3(x )={cosx , 0≤ x ≤π20, 其他4.设随机变量X 的概率密度为f (x )={x, 0≤x <12‒x, 1≤ x <20, 其他.求: (1); (2)P {X ≥12} P {12<X <32}.解:(1)P {X ≥12}=1‒F (12)=1‒1222=1‒18=78(2)(2)P {12<X <32}=F(32)‒F(12)=(2∗32‒1‒3222)‒(3222)=345.设K 在(0,5)上服从均匀分布,求方程(利用二次式的判别式)4x 2+4Kx +K +2=0有实根的概率.解: K~U(0,5)f (K )={15 , 0≤x ≤50, 其他方程式有实数根,则Δ≥0,即(4K)2‒4∗4∗(K +2)=16K 2‒16(K +2)≥02≤K ≤‒1故方程有实根的概率为:P {K ≤‒1}+P {K ≥2}=∫5215dx =0.66.设X ~ U(2,5),现在对X 进行3次独立观测,求至少有两次观测值大于3的概率.解:P {K >3}=1‒F (3)=1‒3‒25‒2=23至少有两次观测值大于3的概率为:C 23(23)2(13)1+C 33(23)3(13)0=20277.设修理某机器所用的时间X 服从参数为λ=0.5(小时)指数分布,求在机器出现故障时,在一小时内可以修好的概率.解: P {X ≤1}=F (1)=1‒e‒0.58.设顾客在某银行的窗口等待服务的时间X(以分计)服从参数为λ=的指数分布,某顾客在窗口等待159 OF 18服务,若超过10分钟,他就离开.他一个月要到银行5次,以Y 表示他未等到服务而离开窗口的次数.写出Y 的分布律,并求P {Y ≥1}.解:“未等到服务而离开的概率”为P {X ≥10}=1‒F (10)=1‒(1‒e‒15∗10)=e ‒2P {Y =k }=C k 5(e ‒2)k(1‒e ‒2)5‒k , (k =0,1,2,3,4,5)Y 的分布律:Y 012345P0.4840.3780.1180.0180.0010.00004P {Y ≥1}=1‒P {Y =0}=1‒0.484=0.5169.设X ~ N(3,),求:22(1);P {2<X ≤5}, P {‒4<X ≤10}, P {|X |>2}, P {X >3}(2).常数c,使P {X >c }=P {X ≤c }解: (1)P {2<X ≤5}=Φ(5‒32)‒Φ(2‒32)=Φ(1)‒[1‒Φ(12)]=0.8413‒(1‒0.6915)=0.5328P {‒4<X ≤10}=Φ(10‒32)‒Φ(‒4‒32)=Φ(3.5)‒[1‒Φ(3.5)]=0.9998‒0.0002=0.9996 P {|X |>2}= 1‒P {‒2≤X ≤2}=1‒[Φ(2‒32)‒Φ(‒2‒32)]=1‒(0.3085‒0.0062)=0.6977P {X >3}= P {X ≥3}=1‒Φ(3‒32)=1‒Φ(0)=1‒0.5=0.5(2)P {X >c }=P {X ≤c }P {X >c }=1‒P {X ≥c }P {X >c }+P {X ≥c }=1Φ(c ‒32)+Φ(c ‒32)=1Φ(c ‒32)=0.5经查表,即C=3c ‒32=010.设X ~ N(0,1),设x 满足P {|X |>x }<0.1.求x 的取值范围.解:P {|X |>x }<0.12[1‒Φ(x )]<0.1‒Φ(x )<‒1920Φ(x )≥1920Φ(x )≥0.95经查表当 1.65时x ≥Φ(x )≥0.95即 1.65时x ≥P {|X |>x }<0.111.X ~ N(10,),求:22(1)P {7<X ≤15};(2)常数d,使P {|X ‒10|<d }<0.9.解: (1)P {7<X ≤15}=Φ(15‒102)‒Φ(7‒102)=Φ(2.5)‒[1‒Φ(1.5)]=0.9938‒0.0668=0.927(2)P {|X ‒10|<d }=P {10‒d <X <10+d }<0.9=Φ(10+d ‒102)‒Φ(10‒d ‒102)<0.9=Φ(d2)<0.95经查表,即d=3.3d2=1.6512.某机器生产的螺栓长度X(单位:cm)服从正态分布N(10.05,),规定长度在范围10.050.12内 0.062±为合格,求一螺栓不合格的概率.解:螺栓合格的概率为:P {10.05‒0.12<X <10.05+0.12}=P {9.93<X <10.17}=Φ(10.17‒10.050.06)‒Φ(9.93‒10.050.06)=Φ(2)‒[1‒Φ(2)]=0.9772∗2‒1=0.9544螺栓不合格的概率为1-0.9544=0.045613.测量距离时产生的随机误差X(单位:m)服从正态分布N(20,).进行3次独立测量.求:402(1)至少有一次误差绝对值不超过30m 的概率;(2)只有一次误差绝对值不超过30m的概率.解:(1)绝对值不超过30m的概率为:P{‒30<X<30}=Φ(30‒2040)‒Φ(‒30‒2040)=Φ(0.25)‒[1‒Φ(1.25)]=0.4931至少有一次误差绝对值不超过30m的概率为:1−C 03(0.4931)0(1‒0.4931)3=1‒0.1302=0.8698(2)只有一次误差绝对值不超过30m的概率为:C13(0.4931)1(1‒0.4931)2=0.3801习题2.41.设X的分布律为X-2023P0.20.20.30.3求(1)的分布律.Y1=‒2X+1的分布律; (2)Y2=|X|解: (1)的可能取值为5,1,-3,-5.Y1由于P{Y1=5}=P{‒2X+1=5}=P{X=‒2}=0.2P{Y1=1}=P{‒2X+1=1}=P{X=‒2}=0.2P{Y1=‒3}=P{‒2X+1=‒3}=P{X=2}=0.3P{Y1=‒5}=P{‒2X+1=‒5}=P{X=3}=0.3从而的分布律为:Y1X-5-315Y10.30.30.20.2(2)的可能取值为0,2,3.Y2由于P{Y2=0}=P{|X|=0}=P{X=0}=0.2P{Y2=2}=P{|X|=0}=P{X=‒2}+P{X=2}=0.2+0.3=0.5P{Y2=3}=P{|X|=3}=P{X=3}=0.3从而的分布律为:Y2X023Y20.20.50.32.设X的分布律为X-1012P0.20.30.10.411 OF 18求Y=(X‒1)2的分布律.解:Y的可能取值为0,1,4.由于P{Y=0}=P{(X‒1)2=0}=P{X=1}=0.1P{Y=1}=P{(X‒1)2=1}=P{X=0}+P{X=2}=0.7P{Y=4}=P{(X‒1)2=4}=P{X=‒1}=0.2从而的分布律为:YX014Y0.10.70.23.X~U(0,1),求以下Y的概率密度:(1)Y=‒2lnX; (2)Y=3X+1; (3)Y=e x.解: (1) Y=g(x)=‒2lnX, 值域為(0,+∞),X=ℎ(y)=e‒Y2, ℎ'(y)=12e‒Y2 f Y(y)=f x(ℎ(y))| ℎ'(y)|=1∗12e‒Y2=12e‒Y2.即f Y(y)={12e‒Y2, y>0,0, y≤0(2) Y=g(x)=3X+1,值域為(‒∞,+∞), X=ℎ(y)=Y‒13, ℎ'(y)=13f Y(y)=f x(ℎ(y))| ℎ'(y)|=1∗13=13即f Y(y)={13, 1< y<4,0, 其他注: 由X~U(0,1),,当X=0时,Y=3*0+1=1; ,当X=1时,Y=3*1+1=4 Y=3X+1(3) Y=g(x)=e x, X=ℎ(y)=lny, ℎ'(y)=1yf Y(y)=f x(ℎ(y))| ℎ'(y)|=1∗1y=1y即f Y(y)={1y, 0< y<e,0, 其他注: ,当X=0时,; ,当X=1时,Y=e0=0 Y=e1=e4.设随机变量X的概率密度为f X(x)={32x2, ‒1<x<00, 其他.of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, fullof humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy13 OF 18求以下Y 的概率密度:(1)Y=3X; (2) Y=3-X; (3)Y =X 2.解: (1) Y=g(x)=3X,X =ℎ(y )=Y 3, ℎ'(y)=13f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=Y 26∗13=Y218即f Y (y )={Y 218, ‒3< y <0,0, 其他(2)Y=g(x) =3-X, X=h(y) =3-Y,-1ℎ'(y)=f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=32∗(3‒Y)2+1=3(3‒Y)22即f Y (y )={3(3‒Y)22, 3< y <4,0, 其他(3), X=h(y)=,Y =g(x)=X 2Y ℎ'(y)=12Y,即f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=3Y 22∗1 2Y=3Y4f Y (y )={3Y4, 0< y <1,0, 其他5.设X 服从参数为λ=1的指数分布,求以下Y 的概率密度:(1)Y=2X+1; (2)(3) Y =e x; Y =X 2.解: (1) Y=g(x)=2X+1,X =ℎ(y )=Y ‒12, ℎ'(y )=12X 的概率密度为:f X (x )={λe ‒λx, x >0,0, x ≤0f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=λe ‒λ∗Y ‒12∗12=12e ‒Y ‒12即f Y (y )={12e ‒Y ‒12, y >00, 其他(2)Y =g (x )=e x , X =ℎ(y )=lnY,ℎ'(y )= 1Y注意是绝对值 ℎ'(y)of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyf Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=e‒lnY∗1Y =1e lnY ∗1Y =1Y ∗1Y =1Y 2即f Y (y )={1Y2, y >10, 其他(3)Y =g (x )=X 2,X =ℎ(y )=Y , ℎ'(y )=12Y,,f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=e ‒Y∗12Y=12Ye ‒Y即f Y (y )={12Ye ‒Y, y >00, 其他6.X~N(0,1),求以下Y 的概率密度:(1) Y =|X |; (2)Y =2X 2+1解: (1) Y =g (x )=|X |, X =ℎ(y )=±Y, ℎ'(y )=1f X (x )=12πσe‒(x ‒μ)22σ2‒∞<x <+∞当X=+Y 时:f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=12πe‒y 22当X=-Y 时: f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=12πe ‒y 22故f Y (y )=12πe ‒y 22+12πe‒y 22=22πe ‒y 22=42πe‒y 22=2πe ‒y 22f Y (y )={2πe ‒y 22, y >00, y ≤0(2)Y =g (x )=2X 2+1, X =ℎ(y )=Y ‒12,ℎ'(y )=12Y ‒12永远大于0.e x 当x>0是,>1e xof backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, fullof humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy15 OF 18f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=12πe‒(Y ‒12)22∗12Y ‒12=12π(y ‒1)e‒y ‒14即f Y (y )={12π(y ‒1)e ‒y ‒14, y >10, y ≤1自测题一,选择题1,设一批产品共有1000件,其中有50件次品,从中随机地,有放回地抽取500件产品,X 表示抽到次品的件数,则P{X=3}= C .A. B.C. D.C 350C 497950C 5001000A 350A 497950A 5001000C 3500(0.05)3(0.95)497 35002.设随机变量X~B(4,0.2),则P{X>3}= A .A. 0.0016B. 0.0272C. 0.4096D. 0.8192解:P{X>3}= P{X=4}= (二项分布)C 44(0.2)4(1‒0.2)03.设随机变量X 的分布函数为F(x),下列结论中不一定成立的是D .A. B. C. D. F(x) 为连续函数F (+∞)=1 F (‒∞)=00≤F (x )≤14.下列各函数中是随机变量分布函数的为 B .A. B.F 1(x )=11+x 2, ‒∞<x <+∞F 2(x )={0, x ≤0x 1+x , x >0C.D.F 3(x )=e ‒x, ‒∞<x <+∞F 4(x )=34+12πarctanx, ‒∞<x <+∞5.设随机变量X 的概率密度为 则常数a= A .f (x )={a x 2, x >100, x ≤10A. -10B.C.D. 10解: F(x) =‒15001500∫+∞‒∞a x2dx =‒ax =16.如果函数是某连续型随机变量X 的概率密度,则区间[a,b]可以是 C f (x )={x, a<x <b0, 其他A. [0, 1]B. [0, 2]C. D. [1, 2][0,2]不晓得为何课后答案为Dof backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, fullof humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy7.设随机变量X 的取值范围是[-1,1],以下函数可以作为X 的概率密度的是 A A. B. {12, ‒1< x <10, 其他{2, ‒1< x <10, 其他C.D. {x, ‒1< x <10, 其他{x 2, ‒1< x <10, 其他8.设连续型随机变量X 的概率密度为 则= B .f (x )={x2, 0< x <20, 其他P{‒1≤ X ≤1}A. 0 B. 0.25 C. 0.5 D. 1解:P {‒1≤ X ≤1}=∫1‒1x2dx =x 24|1‒1=149.设随机变量X~U(2,4),则= A . (需在区间2,4内)P{3< x <4}A. B. P{2.25< x <3.25}P{1.5< x <2.5}C. D. P{3.5< x <4.5}P{4.5< x <5.5}10. 设随机变量X 的概率密度为 则X~ A .f (x )=122πe ‒(x ‒1)28A. N (-1, 2)B. N (-1, 4)C. N (-1, 8)D. N (-1, 16)11.已知随机变量X 的概率密度为fx(x),令Y=-2X,则Y 的概率密度fy(y)为 D .A.B.C.D. 2f X (‒2y)f X (‒y2)12f X(‒y2)12f X (y 2)二,填空题1.已知随机变量X 的分布律为X 12345P2a0.10.3a0.3则常数a= 0.1 .解:2a+0.1+0.3+a+0.3=12.设随机变量X 的分布律为X 123P162636记X 的分布函数为F(x)则F(2)=.解: 1216+263.抛硬币5次,记其中正面向上的次数为X,则=.P{ X ≤4}3132解:P { X ≤4}=1‒P { X =5}=1‒C 55(12)5(12)自己算的结果是12f X(‒y2)17 OF 184.设X 服从参数为λ(λ>0)的泊松分布,且,则λ= 2 .P { X =0}=12P { X =2}解:分别将.P { X =0},P { X =2}帶入P k =P { X =k }=λk k!e ‒λ5.设随机变量X 的分布函数为F (x )={0, x <a0.4, a ≤x <b1, x ≥b其中0<a<b,则= 0.4.P {a2<X <a +b 2}解:P { a 2<X <a +b 2}=F (a +b 2)‒F (a 2)=0.4‒0=0.46.设X 为连续型随机变量,c 是一个常数,则= 0.P { X =c }7. 设连续型随机变量X 的分布函数为F (x )={13e x, x <013(x +1), 0≤x <21, x ≥2则X 的概率密度为f(x),则当x<0是f(x)=.13e x 8. 设连续型随机变量X 的分布函数为其中概率密度为f(x),F (x )={1‒e ‒2x , x >00, x ≤0则f(1)= .2e ‒29. 设连续型随机变量X 的概率密度为其中a>0.要使,则常数a=f (x )={12a, ‒a < x <a 0, 其他P { X >1}=13 3 .解:P { X >1}=1‒P { X ≤1}=13,P { X ≤1}=23=12a10.设随机变量X~N(0,1),为其分布函数,则= 1 .Φ(x)Φ(x )+Φ(‒x)11.设X~N ,其分布函数为为标准正态分布函数,则F(x)与之间的关系是(μ,σ2)F (x ),Φ(x)Φ(x)=.F (x )Φ(x ‒μσ)12.设X~N(2,4),则= 0.5 .P { X ≤2}13.设X~N(5,9),已知标准正态分布函数值,为使,则Φ(0.5)=0.6915P { X <a }<0.6915常数a< 6.5. 解:, F (a )=Φ(a ‒μσ)=a ‒53a ‒53<0.514. 设X~N(0,1),则Y=2X+1的概率密度= .f Y (y )122πe‒(Y ‒1)28解:Y =g (x )=2X +1, X =ℎ(y )=Y ‒12,ℎ'(y )=12f Y (y )=f x (ℎ(y ))| ℎ'(y)|=12πe‒(Y ‒12)22∗12=122πe‒(Y ‒1)28三.袋中有2个白球3个红球,现从袋中随机地抽取2个球,以X 表示取到红球的数,求X 的分布律.解: X=0,1,2当X=0时,P { X =0}=C 03∗C 22C 25=110当X=1时,P { X =1}=C 13∗C 12C 25=610当X=2时,P { X =2}=C 23∗C 02C 25=310X 的分布律为:X 012P110610310四.设X 的概率密度为求: (1)X 的分布函数F(x);(2).f (x )={|x|, ‒1≤ x ≤10, 其他 P { X <0.5},P { X >‒0.5}解: (1)当x <-1时. F(x)=0;;当‒1≤x <0时,F(x)=∫x‒1‒x dx =‒x 22|x ‒1=12‒x 22当0≤x <1时,F (x )=1‒ 1∫xx dx =1‒x 22|1x =12+x 22当x ≥1时. F(x)=1F (X )={0, X <‒112‒x22, ‒1≤X <012+x22, 0≤X <11, X ≥1(2)P { X <0.5}=F (0.5)=12+0.522=58;P { X >‒0.5}=1‒F (‒0.5)=1‒(12‒0.522)=58五.已知某种类型电子组件的寿命X(单位:小时)服从指数分布,它的概率密度为f (x )={12000e ‒x 2000, x >00, x ≤0We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication "zero resistance". To constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure "zero." To strengthening Humanities care,continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of "zero risk". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve "according to law, standardize and fair." Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees "zero fly". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in "five type Enterprise" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening "four good" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in theof backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, fullof humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy19 OF 18一台仪器装有4个此种类型的电子组件,其中任意一个损坏时仪器便不能正常工作,假设4个电子组件损坏与否相互独立.试求: (1)一个此种类型电子组件能工作2000小时以上的概率;(2)一台仪器能正p 1常工作2000小时以上的概率.p 2解: (1)P 1=P {X ≥2000}=∫+∞200012000e‒x 2000dx=12000∗‒2000∗e‒x2000|+∞2000=‒e‒x 2000|+∞2000=0‒(‒e ‒1)=e ‒1(2)因4个电子组件损坏与否相互独立,故:P 2=P 14=(e ‒1)4=e ‒4当+∞带入‒x2000时变成负无穷大,e ‒∞=0。
概率论与数理统计教案第二章.docx
概率论与数理统计教学教案第二章随机变量及其分布教学基本指标教学课题第一章第一节随机变量及其分布课的类型新知识课教学方法讲授、课堂提问、讨论、启发、自学教学手段黑板多媒体结合教学重点随机变量教学难点随机事件的运算参考教材高教版、浙大版《概率论与梳理统计》作业布置课后习题大纲要求理解函数的概念及性质；理解复合函数和反函数的概念。
熟悉基本初等函数的性质及其图形。
会建立简单实际问题屮的函数关系式。
教学基本内容—、基本概念：1、在随机试验E屮，O是相应的样本空间，如果对。
屮的每一个样本点⑵，有一个实数X{co）与它对应，那么就把这个定义域为O的单值实值函数X = X（co）称为（一维）随机变量。
2、设X是一个随机变量，对于任意实数兀，称函数F（x）= P（X <x）, —oo<x<+oo为随机变量X的分布函数。
3、设E是随机试验，X为随机变量，若X的取值范围（记为钱）为有限集或可列集，此吋称X为（一维）离散型随机变量.4、若维离散型随机变塑X的取值为西，兀2，，暫，，称相应的概率P（X =x i） = p i , Z = l,2,■KO为离散型随机变量X的概率函数(或分布律)且满足(1)非负性i = l,2, ;(2)正则性= 1•-1=15、设E是随机试验，O是相应的样木空间，X是0上的随机变量，F(x)是X的分布函数，若存在非负函数 /(兀)使得巩―(忙,则称X为(一维)连续性随机变量，/(X)称为X的概率密度函数，满足：(1) /(%)> 0-00< X< +00 ； (2) j f{x)dx = 1。
二、定理与性质1、分布函数F(x)有如下性质：(1)对于任意实数兀，有OWF(0W1, lim F(x) = O, lim F(x)=l；x—>-x)x—»-KO(2)F(x)单调不减，即当%j < x2时，有F(x1)< F(X2)；(3)F(x)是兀的右连续函数，即lim F(x)=F(x())0x->x o+O2、连续型随机变量具有下列性质：(1)分布函数F(x)是连续函数，在/(兀)的连续点处，F z(x) = f(x)；(2)对任意一个常数C,YOVC<_HR,P(X= C)=0,所以，在事件{a<X<b}中剔除X=G或剔除X=b,都不影响概率的大小，即P(a < X <b) = P{ci < X <b) = P(a < X <b) = P(a < X <b).注意的是，这个性质对离散型随机变量是不成立的，恰恰相反，离散型随机变量计算的就是“点点概率”。
概率论与数理统计第2章随机变量及其分布
1 4
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(
3 4
)10
C110
(
1 4
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3 4
)9
0.756.
(2)因为
P{X
6}
C160
(
1)6 4
(
3 4
)4
0.016
,
即单靠猜测答对 6 道题的可能性是 0.016,概率很小,所
以由实际推断原理可推测,此学生是有答题能力的.
二项分布 b(n, p) 和 (0 1) 分布 b(1, p ) 还有一层密切关
P{X 4} P(A1 A2 ) P(A1)P(A2 ) 0.48 ,
P{X 6} P(A1A2 ) P(A1)P(A2 ) 0.08 , P{X 10} P(A1A2 ) P(A1)P(A2 ) 0.32 , 即 X 的分布律为
X 0 4 6 10
P 0.12 0.48 0.08 0.32
点 e, X 都有一个数与之对应. X 是定义在样本空间 S 上的
一个实值单值函数,它的定义域是样本空间 S ,值域是实数
集合 {0,1,2},使用函数记号将 X写成
0, e TT , X＝X (e) 1, e HT 或TH ,
2, e HH.
▪
例2.2 测试灯泡的寿命.
▪
样本空间是 S {t | t 0}.每一个灯泡的实际使用寿命可
(2)若一人答对 6 道题,则推测他是猜对的还是有答 题能力.
解 设 X 表示该学生靠猜测答对的题数,则
X
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1) 4
.
(1) X 的分布律为
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0.2760
例1 一批产品50件,其中45件是合格品而5件是次品.今从中 抽出3件,求这抽出3件中至少有1件是次品的概率是多少?
解: 设 A {抽出3件中至少有1件是次品}
法二: 记 Ai {抽出的3件中有 i件次品}, i 1,2,3. 则有 A A1 A2 A3
于是 P( A) P( A1 ) P( A2 ) P( A3 ) ( A1, A2 , A3 不相容)
由已知,有：
P( A) 0.8, P(B) 0.4, P( AB) P(B),
于是，所求概率
P( AB)
P(B | A)
P(B)
0.4 0.5
P( A) P( A) 0.8
乘法定理
根据条件概率的定义，若P( A)， 则0 P(B | A) P( AB) P( A)
2.2 乘法定理
条件概率(1)
A AB B
AB A A AB AB
SA P(A) S SAB P( AB) S SAB P( AB) ? SA P( A)
例4续 在所有的两位数10到99中任取一个数，
(1)求此数能被2或3整除的概率 p？ (2)若已知此数是偶数，问这个数能被3整除的概率 p1？
记为 P(B | A) .
从以上数据上看,有 P(B | A) P( AB) P( A)
条件概率(2)
定义1：对事件A、B，若 P( A)，则0把 P(B | A) P( AB) P( A)
称为在事件A发生的条件下事件 B发生的概率，
简称条件概率.
事实上，P(A | ) ，P(A) P(B. | ) P(B)
相对地，有时把概率P( A、) P称(B作)无条件概率.
条件概率的性质
性质1：非负性 对任意事件 AB，必有 P(BA)| A)0. 0.
性质2：规范性 对若必A然，事B必件有，必P有(B.P| A(). )11
特别地，有P( | A) P(A. | A) 1
性质3：可加性 若 B1, B2 , ,两B两n ,互不相容，则必有
(1)求此数能被2或3整除的概率 p？
(2)若已知此数是偶数，问这个数能被3整除的概率 p1？
事件A
事件B
{10,11,12,,99}
A {10,12,14,,98}
容易求得P( A) 1 2
P( AB) 1 6
p P(A B) 2
p1
P(B)
1 3
3
把 p1称作是已知 A发生的条件下, B发生的条件概率,
第2章 基本定理
2.1 加法定理
加法定理(1)
性质3：可加性 事件 A,互B不相容，则有 P(A B) P(A) P(B)
定理1：两事件之和的概率等于其概率之和减去积的概率，即
P(A B) P(A) P(B) P(AB)
A
B
SA B SA SB SAB
加法定理(2)
推论1：对任意事件A，必有 P( A) 1. P( A) 推论2：对任意事件A, B，, C必有
事件A 解: 设 A {任取一个两位数能被2整除}，
B {任取一个两位数能被3整除}， 问题(1)的样本空间为 {10,11,12,,99}
问题(2)的样本空间为 A {10,12,14,,98}
相对于问题(1)，称 A为缩减样本空间,
即由于事件 A发生而限制了的样本空间.
例4续 在所有的两位数10到99中任取一个数，
A B1 B2 B3
把45件合格品及5件次品看作是各不相同的(即可辩的), 则有
P(B1 ) P(B2 ) P(B3 )
5 50
0.1
(参考P18例12)
54 P(B1B2 ) 50 49
P ( B1 B3
)
P ( B2 B3
)
5 50
4 49
543 P(B1B2B3 ) 50 是合格品而5件是次品.今从中 抽出3件,求这抽出3件中至少有1件是次品的概率是多少?
解: 设 A {抽出3件中至少有1件是次品}
于是 P( A) P(B1 B2 B3 ) P(B1) P(B2 ) P(B3 ) P(B1B2 ) P(B1B3 ) P(B2B3 ) P(B1B2B3 ) 3 0.1 3 5 4 5 4 3 50 49 50 49 48 0.2760
P( Bk )| A) P(BPk()Bk | A)
k 1
k 1 k 1
例1 设已知某种动物自出生能活过20岁的概率是0.8，能活 过25岁的概率是0.4。问现龄20岁的该种动物能活25岁的概 率是多少？
解： 以A表示某该种动物“能活过20岁”的事件； 以 B 表示某该种动物“能活过25岁”的事件；
5 45 1 2
50 3
5 45 2 1
50 3
5
3 0.2760 50 3
例1 一批产品50件,其中45件是合格品而5件是次品.今从中 抽出3件,求这抽出3件中至少有1件是次品的概率是多少?
解: 设 A {抽出3件中至少有1件是次品}
法三: 记 Bi {抽出的第 i 件是次品}, i 1,2,3. 则有
(1)n1 P( A1A2 An )
例1 一批产品50件,其中45件是合格品而5件是次品.今从中 抽出3件,求这抽出3件中至少有1件是次品的概率是多少?
解: 设 A {抽出3件中至少有1件是次品}
法一: 利用对立事件 A {抽出3件中没有次品}, 有
45 P( A) 1 P( A) 1 3
P(A B C) P( A) P(B) P(C) P( AB) P( AC) P(BC) P( ABC)
推论2′：对任意 个n事件 A1, A2，, 有, An
n
n
P( Ai ) P(Ai )
P( Ai Aj )
P( Ai Aj Ak )
i 1
i 1
1i jn
1i jk n
例4 在所有的两位数10到99中任取一个数,求此数能被 2或3整除的概率 p?
解: 设 A {任取一个两位数能被2整除}
B {任取一个两位数能被3整除}, 则有 p P( A B)
按加法定理,有 p P(A B)
P( A) P(B) P( AB)
45 90
30 15 90 90
0.6667