翻译基本知识

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英语翻译的基本常识解析

英语翻译的基本常识解析

翻译的基本知识一、翻译的定义奈达:Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the sourcelanguage message, first in terms of meaning andsecondly in terms of style. —— Eugene A. Nida二、翻译的标准奈达:The receptors of a translation should comprehendthe translated text to such an extent that they canunderstand how the original receptor must have understood the original text.——Eugene A. NidaEugene A. Nida (November 11, 1914 – August 25, 2011)was the developer of the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translation theory.四、翻译的方法1 . 直译(Literal translation)例子: C.O.D. (cash on delivery) 货到付现blue chip 蓝筹股一箭双雕hit two hawks with one arrow意译(Free translation)例子:WPA 水渍blue chip 绩优股一箭双雕kill two birds with one stone一、广告的定义Advertising is the non-personal communication ofinformation usually paid for and usually persuasive innature about products, services or ideas by identifiedsponsors through the various media.—— American Marketing Association二、广告的分类1.理性广告(Rational ads)情感广告(Emotional ads)三、广告的组成部分1.Headline Subhead Text (body) Logo sloganI’m lovin’ it! (麦当劳)我就喜欢!Good to the last drop. (Maxwell coffee)滴滴香浓,意犹未尽。

翻译的基本知识

翻译的基本知识

一、翻译的定义什么时候有了一个民族或部落同另一个民族或部落的接触,什么时候就有了翻译。

西方自一世纪、中国自商周时期开始就有了跨语言翻译(inter-lingual translation)。

唐代贾公彦在《义疏》中写道:“译即易,谓换易言语使相解也。

”《辞源》对翻译的解释是:“用一种语言表达他种语文的意思。

”《大英百科全书》:“将用一种语言或者一套语言符号所表示的内容用另一种语言或者一套语言符号进行转换的行为或者过程。

”对于翻译较为完整的定义,要数现代翻译家奈达的:Translation consists in producing in the receptor language the closestnatural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.即所谓翻译,是指从语义到文体上在译语中用最切近而且最自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先在语义上,其次在文体上。

人物简介贾公彦-贾公彦(生卒年不详,活动期公元7世纪中叶)中国唐代学者。

铭州永年(今河北永年县)人,唐高宗永徽元年(650年)发现指纹的特征及用途。

他官至太学博士。

撰《周礼义疏》50卷、《仪礼义疏》40卷。

指纹是手指远端掌面的凹凸花纹。

由长短、形状、粗细、结构不同的纹线组成,分弓、箕、斗三种基本类型,具有终生不变、各不相同的特点。

因此,指纹被广泛用作侦破案件、人身保险、研究遗传疾病和人的自然素质的依据,成为法医学和遗传学等学科的重要研究课题。

据德国R·海因德尔撰写的《指纹鉴定》(1927年)一书中指出:“世界上第一个用作鉴定的指纹的著作者是中国唐朝的贾公彦,他是唐代的著作家。

他的作品大约写于公元650年,他是着重指出指纹是确认个人的方法的第一人”。

贾公彦,其字不详,唐州永年(今河北邯郸市东北)人。

翻译基础知识

翻译基础知识

翻译基础知识一、翻译的分类1.按所涉及的两种代码的性质,可分为语内翻译(intralingual translation)、语际翻译(interlingualtranslation)、语符翻译(inersemiotic translation)。

2.按翻译主体的性质,可分为人工翻译、机器翻译(Machine Translation)两类。

3.按翻译的工具和成品形式,可分为口译和笔译。

4.按翻译的客体,亦即所译资料的性质,可分为文学翻译(literal translation)和实用翻译(pragmatictranslation)。

二、译家译论1.支谦:在三国时期,支谦的《法句经序》中提出了“因循本旨,不加文饰”的译经原则。

2.道安:晋、前秦时道安在《革卑婆沙序》中提出,“案本而传,不令有损言游字;时改倒句,余尽实录。

”道安涉及译论的佛经序文较多,最有名的是提出“五失本”、“三不易”之说。

其意思是,翻译佛经在五种情况下会失去本来面目,有三件事决定了译事是很不容易的,因此必须慎之又慎。

3.彦琮:北朝末年及隋初,彦琮著《辨证论》,它可以看作是我国第一篇翻译专论,他主张译经“宁贵朴而近理,不用巧而背源”。

可见他是坚持忠实第一并倾向于直译的。

4.玄奘:唐代僧人玄奘的指导原则是:“既须求真,又须喻俗”。

“求真”即追求准确,要力求“忠实原作”,这是一切认真负责的翻译工作者的共同理想。

同时必须“喻俗”,亦即使群众理解,这就是说要“通顺”。

玄奘在译经中成功地运用了补充法、省略法、变位法、分合法、译名假借法、代词还原法等等翻译技巧。

5.马建忠:清末,马建忠在其《马氏文通》中提出“善译”之说:“必先将所译者与所以译者两国之文字,深嗜笃好,字栉句比,以考彼此文字孳生之源,同异之故。

所有当相之实义,委曲推究,务审其声音之高下,析其字句之繁简,尽其文体之变态,及其义理精深奥折之所由然。

”6.林纾:林纾强调在翻译时译者应该投入自己的主观感情,译者须与原作者或作品中人物的心灵相交流。

英文翻译知识点总结

英文翻译知识点总结

英文翻译知识点总结I. IntroductionTranslation is the process of transferring the meaning of a text from one language to another while maintaining the essence and the style of the original. It is a complex and challenging task, requiring an in-depth understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and social context in which the original text was created. In this knowledge point summary, we will discuss the key points and principles of English translation, including linguistic, cultural, and stylistic considerations.II. Linguistic Considerations1. Language Proficiency: A proficient translator must have a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, including grammar, vocabulary, syntax, and idiomatic expressions. This requires regular practice and immersion in both languages.2. Contextual Understanding: Translators need to consider the context in which the original text was written, including the intended audience, purpose, and cultural references. This helps in accurately conveying the meaning and tone of the original text.3. Accuracy and Clarity: A good translation should be accurate, conveying the exact meaning of the original text, while also being clear and easily understandable in the target language. This requires attention to detail and linguistic precision.4. Linguistic Equivalents: Translators often encounter words, phrases, or concepts that do not have direct equivalents in the target language. In such cases, they need to use their creativity and linguistic skills to find suitable alternatives that convey the same meaning and nuance.III. Cultural Considerations1. Cultural Sensitivity: Translators need to be culturally sensitive and aware of the customs, traditions, and social norms of both the source and target cultures. This helps in avoiding misunderstandings and ensuring that the translation is culturally appropriate.2. Localization: In some cases, a literal translation may not effectively convey the intended message in the target culture. Translators may need to adapt the text to the local cultural context, using idiomatic expressions, references, and examples that resonate with the target audience.3. Taboos and Sensitive Topics: Certain topics or concepts may be considered taboo or sensitive in some cultures. Translators need to be aware of these cultural sensitivities and handle them with care to avoid causing offense or misunderstanding.4. Historical and Political Context: Historical and political references in the original text may not be readily understood in the target culture. Translators need to provide explanations or contextual information to help the reader grasp the significance of these references.IV. Stylistic Considerations1. Register and Tone: Translators need to match the register and tone of the original text in the target language, whether it is formal, informal, technical, or literary. This ensures that the translation reflects the style and voice of the original author.2. Cohesion and Coherence: A good translation maintains the cohesion and coherence of the original text, ensuring that the ideas flow logically and smoothly in the target language. This requires careful attention to transitions, pronoun references, and sentence structure.3. Rhythm and Style: In literary translations, the rhythm and style of the original work need to be preserved to the extent possible. This may involve creative choices in the use of language and imagery that capture the essence of the original.4. Idiomatic Expressions: Translators need to be adept at handling idiomatic expressions, proverbs, and wordplay, finding creative ways to convey the same meaning and impact in the target language.V. Practical Considerations1. Translation Tools: Translators often use computer-assisted translation tools, such as CAT software, dictionaries, and glossaries, to aid in the translation process. These tools can help maintain consistency and accuracy across large or complex projects.2. Proofreading and Editing: A thorough proofreading and editing process is essential to ensure the quality and accuracy of the translation. This may involve multiple revisions and feedback from other language experts.3. Specialized Knowledge: Translating technical, medical, legal, or scientific texts may require specialized knowledge and terminology in the relevant fields. Translators need to familiarize themselves with the specific language and conventions of these domains.4. Client and Audience Expectations: Translators need to understand the needs and expectations of their clients or target audience, whether it is for marketing, education, entertainment, or information. Adapting the translation to meet these expectations is crucial.VI. ConclusionIn conclusion, English translation is a multifaceted process that requires a deep understanding of linguistic, cultural, and stylistic considerations. It demands a high level of language proficiency, cultural sensitivity, and creativity to produce accurate and effectivetranslations. By mastering these key points and principles, translators can bring the richness and diversity of the world's languages and cultures to a global audience.。

小学生英语翻译知识点整理

小学生英语翻译知识点整理

小学生英语翻译知识点整理翻译是语言交流的重要环节,对于小学生学习英语来说,掌握一些基本的翻译知识点是非常有帮助的。

在这篇文章中,我将为您整理一些小学生英语翻译的知识点。

1. 词汇翻译首先,词汇翻译是非常基础的翻译知识点。

在进行单词的翻译时,我们需要注意词义、词类和语境等因素。

例如,将中文的“苹果”翻译成英文时,可以使用“apple”。

而将英文的“apple”翻译成中文时,则应使用“苹果”。

2. 句子翻译除了词汇的翻译,我们还需要掌握句子翻译的方法。

在进行句子的翻译时,通常需要注意语序、时态和语气等因素。

例如,将中文的“我喜欢吃巧克力”翻译成英文时,可以说“I like eating chocolate”。

而将英文的“I like eating chocolate”翻译成中文时,则应说“我喜欢吃巧克力”。

3. 语法翻译英语和中文的语法结构有所不同,因此在进行翻译时需要注意语法的变化。

例如,中文中的动宾结构在英文中通常使用主谓结构。

如将中文的“他喜欢跳舞”翻译成英文时,可以说“He likes to dance”。

而将英文的“He likes to dance”翻译成中文时,则应说“他喜欢跳舞”。

4. 文化翻译文化因素在翻译中也是非常重要的。

有时,我们需要根据不同的文化背景来进行翻译,以使翻译更具准确性和可读性。

例如,将中文的“过年好”翻译成英文时,可以说“Happy New Year”。

而将英文的“Happy New Year”翻译成中文时,则应说“新年快乐”。

5. 上下文翻译在翻译过程中,上下文也是需要考虑的关键因素之一。

有时一个词汇或句子的翻译需要依赖于上下文来确定其准确含义。

例如,将中文的“他很酷”翻译成英文时,如果上下文是在形容一个人很帅或很厉害,可以说“He's cool”。

而如果上下文是在形容一个人态度冷漠或不友善,可以说“He's cold”。

6. 实践积累最后,对于小学生来说,通过大量的实践翻译积累也是非常重要的。

英语基础体系教程(精)-第12章 翻译知识

英语基础体系教程(精)-第12章 翻译知识
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
③转折关系:对同一事物进行对比性描述时,常代表转折含义,译为“而, 却,反之,相反”。
e.g. I was received by a little vibrant lady in her 70’s, grey-haired and beautiful. 可译为:接待我的是一位身材娇小而又神采奕奕的女士。虽然这位女 士已年逾古稀,满头银发,但却风韵犹存。
Step3: Checking 检查:漏译/错译(观点等)
(二)Principles 原则
1、增词法(结构;语义) 结构上:时态,数,不同的句子结构等 e.g. We are taking English class now. 我们现在正在上英文课。
because, although,if 等这些连接词在英文中不能配对出现,因为英 文中可以有多个从句,但只能有一个主句。
⑤双重否定=肯定 e.g. There is nothing unusual here. 这儿一切正常。
No pains, no gains. 一分耕耘一分收获。
There is no grammatical rule without exceptions. 凡语法规则都有例外。 There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪。(事出有因。)
④词义转换 e.g. Jack was a fixture of Real Madrid’s games in his
schooldays. 杰克在学生时代是皇家马德里队的忠实球迷,场场必到。 Beckham has become a fixture of Real Madrid’s games since he joined this team. 自从贝克汉姆加入皇家马德里队,他就成为了这支球队的绝对主力,场场 首发。 We do chicken right. 我们是烹鸡专家。

专业英语翻译基本知识

专业英语翻译基本知识

专业英语翻译基本知识(仅供参考)1.英语翻译的标准专业英语的翻译注重客观性、准确性,不强调翻译者的主观色彩。

翻译的用词应该准确、恰当,句子叙述清楚,表达简洁、流畅。

(1)准确忠实:准确无误,不得有错。

即要如实表达原文的含义,不缺漏原文表达的每一层意思,也不添加任何原文没有的含义。

(2)通顺流畅:译文必须符合汉语的语法要求、修辞规则和通常习惯,使读者易看易懂易读。

因此,要求译文不能逐字逐句死译,而是要按照汉语的语法规律和习惯表达出来,做到通俗易懂。

(3)简练清楚:译文在清楚明白表达原文意思,不使人产生歧义和模糊不清的前提下,尽可能简洁、精炼、不重复啰嗦。

2.英语翻译的基本技巧2.1词性转译法在翻译过程中,为了符合汉语的表达习惯,使译文更加通顺,或为达到一定的修饰目的,可以适当改变一下原文中某些词的词类,将原句中属于某词类的词转译成为另一类词。

一般而言有四种(1)转译成名词(动词、形容词、副词等转译为名词)例:The cutting tool must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant.(形容词转译为名词)刀具必须有足够的强度、韧性、硬度,而且耐磨。

(2)转译成动词(名词、形容词、介词和副词等转译成动词)例:Rigid pavements are made from cement concrete.刚性路面是用水泥混凝土建造的(介词转译成动词)(3)转译成形容词(名词、副词等转译成形容词)例:This experiment in a success这个实验是成功的。

(名词转译成形容词)(4)转译成副词(名词、动词和形容词译成副词)例:Although the basic materials for bridge building remain either prestressed concrete orsteel, there have been some recent changes尽管建桥的基本材料仍然是预应力混凝土或钢材,但近来已经有些变化了。

英汉翻译基础知识

英汉翻译基础知识
2. Joanna Stern had come to New York with a liberal arts degree from Boston University, which she discovered was not the key to the city.
3. The Pananmanian leader publicly insinuated that he possessed compromising information about Mr.Bush that was liable to harm his bid for the White House.
8. 生产多了,价格就稳定,甚至下降一点。 (这两组例句可供学生尝试翻译并与原文进行对比, 从而加深对英汉两种语言各自特征的认识。)
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总结说明
对这两组例句进行对比,可以得出如下结论:
1 .英语句子大多开门见山,搭起主谓空间结构(SV) ,形成句子主干(如句中划线部分所示),可参照下 页英语句子的树式结构;汉语则不一定是主谓结构, 如例(6)就属于“话题---说明”框架
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汉英语言文化对比
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1. 谱系(family):汉语属于汉藏语系,英语属于印欧语 系
2. 类型(type):汉语是分析型(analytic)语言,其典型 特征是没有屈折变化(inflection),即汉语的词没有词 性和词形的变化;英语是分析型和综合型(synthetic) 语言,有丰富的屈折变化形式。
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再看一组汉语句子:
5.老关忙即跳下车去,摸摸腰间的勃郎宁,又向四下里 瞥了一眼,就过去开了车门,站在门旁边。
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Translation
Translation Technique —Proper Omission of Words
省 略 译 法
由于中文和英文存在许多差异, 翻译时除了增添词语之外,还要适当 省略词语。汉语是意合语言,尤其讲 究简洁顺畅,英译汉时,要舍去原文 需要而译文不需要的成分。汉语也有 其自身的表达特点,汉译英时,也要 省略原文需要而译文不需要的成分。
省略其他词
英 译 汉 省 略 其 他 词
为了译文的流畅,根据上下文意思,其他 一些可有可无的词也可省略,完全直译反 而显得啰嗦。
To be continued
Part Four: Writing and Translation>>Translation
1) The fact that she was sacrificing her resting time before going to work so that I could learn English made me see the strength she possessed.
每个人生来都是独特的。(The word “something” is omitted. )
Part Four: Writing and Translation>>Translation
Section B Translate the following sentences into English. Pay attention to the omission of words.
Part Four: Writing and Translation>>Translation
Translation Practice
Proper Omission of Words
● ●
Translate the following sentences into Chinese.
Translate the following sentences into English.
这种打字机携带轻便,经久耐用,经济实惠,适合高中生使 用。
英 译 汉 省 略 动 词
2) “We never go out.” “That’s not true. We went out last week.” “我们从不一起出去。” “不对,我们上周还出去过。” 3) These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.
1) 台湾海峡两岸的中国人都是骨肉同胞,手足兄弟。 The Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Straits are of the same flesh and blood. 2) 如果你觉得合适就干,不合适就别干,你自个儿看着办
吧。
Go ahead if you think the job suits you. It’s all up to you to decide.
这项工艺非常先进,制作的产品舒适大方,携带方便。
(The verbs “is” and “are” are omitted.)
2. A winner is not afraid to do his own thinking.
成功者不怕独立思考。(The verb “do” is omitted.)
To be continued
Part Four Writing and Translation
Translation
Knowing About Translation Translation Practice
Writing
Writing Practice
Part Four: Writing and Translation>>Translation
1) 她连续讲了两小时法语, 没有出现任何错误。 She has been talking in French for two hours without any mistakes.
Part Four: Writing and Translation>>Translation
省略原文中的重复部分
汉 译 英 省 略 原 文 中 的 重 复 部 分
Part Four: Writing and Translation>>Translation
3. He has the constant feeling that he is being manipulated. 他经常感觉自己被别人操纵。(The verb “has” is omitted.) 4. A winner has a love for life.
To be continued
Part Four: Writing and Translation>>Translation
1) 他的秘书没有告诉他那次会议的情况。 His secretary failed to tell him about the meeting.
汉 译 英 省 略 某 些 范 畴 词
英 译 汉 省 略 其 他 词
她牺牲了工作前的休息时间让我学英语,这使我看到了她 所具有的意志力。
2) Their respective destinies are becoming increasingly interdependent.
他们的命运日益休戚相关。
3) He had held out his arms, but they had fallen again to his sides; for she had not come forward, standing still in the opening of the doorway.
1. 总之,就全国范围来说,我们一定能够逐步顺利解决沿海同 内地贫富差距的问题。
In short, taking the country as a whole, we are certainly able to gradually bridge the wealth gap between coastal and inland areas.
Part Four: Writing and Translation>>Translation
英译汉省略译法
省略动词
省略其他词
省 略 译 法
汉译英省略译法 省略某些范畴词
省略原文中的累赘语言 省略原文中的重复部分
Part Four: Writing and Translation>>Translation
Part Four: Writing and Translation>>Translation
Translation of Some Useful Sentences
Translate the following sentences into English. You may find some of them useful in your writing.
成功者热爱生活。(The verb “has” is omitted.)
5. Surprising, the dish remained unbroken after it fell off the shelf.
令人惊奇的是盘子从架子上掉下来后竟然没有摔碎。
(The verb “remained” is omitted.) 6. Each human being is born as something unique.
这些发展中国家土地辽阔,人口众多,资源丰富。
4) He had uncombed hair, dirty clothes, and only 35 cents in his pocket.
他头发凌乱,衣衫肮脏,口袋里仅有35பைடு நூலகம்分。
Part Four: Writing and Translation>>Translation
英译汉省略译法
省略动词
英 译 汉 省 略 动 词
根据汉语的修辞习惯,英语系动词在翻译 中经常被省略,只留下形容词等词;其他 一些动词有时也可以省略。
To be continued
Part Four: Writing and Translation>>Translation
1) This type of typewriter is portable, durable, economical and practical for high school students.
Part Four: Writing and Translation>>Translation
省略原文中的累赘语言
汉 译 英 2) 在工作中, 我们必须避免犯不必要的错误。 省 We must avoid making mistakes in our works. 略 原 他的那些构图生动、色彩丰富、内涵深刻的水彩画颇具 文 3) 西方绘画艺术的特色。 中 His watercolors, vivid, rich, and profound, are 累 tinged with the flavor of Western painting. 赘 语 言
2. 他看书看得太久,眼睛都红了。
His eyes were red from excessive reading.
3. 医生给她开了一些治疗感冒的药。
The doctor prescribed some medicine for her cold.
To be continued
Part Four: Writing and Translation>>Translation
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