介词和介词短语(知识梳理)

介词和介词短语(知识梳理)

真题再现：

1. 〔They believe that there are transport developments ______ that will bring a lot of changes for the better.

A. out of date

B. out of order

C. around the clock

D. around the corner

2. Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperatur

e 0.68 ℃____ the average.

A. below

B. on

C. at

D. above

3. Have you ever heard of the trees that are homes _________ anim als both on land and sea?

A. about

B. to

C. with

D. over

4. Most people work because it’s unavoidable. , there are some people who actually enjoy work.

A. As a result

B. In addition

C. By contrast

D. In conclusion

5. These comments came specific questions often asked b y local newsmen.

A. in memory of

B. in response to

C. in touch with

D. in possession of

6. Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around __ ______ Thomas Edison.

A. thanks to

B. regardless of

C. aside from

D. but for

7. This meeting room is a non-smoking area. I would like to warn y ou _______ that if you smoked here you would be fined.

A. in advance

B. in detail

C. in total

D. in general

8. Human life is regarded as part of nature and, as such, the only w ay for us to survive is to live ＿＿＿＿nature.

A. in view of

B. in need of

C. in touch with

D. in harmony with

9. The little pupil took his grandma the arm and walked her across the street.

A. on

B. by

C. in

D. at1

10. A common memory they all have___________ their school days is the school uniform.

A. of

B. on

C. to

D. with

答案与解析：

1.解析: D。此题考查的是介词短语，A选项过时的，B选项无秩序，C 选项夜以继日地，D选项即将到来。根据语意, 应选：D

2. 解析：D。此题考查的知识点是介词。on record 有记载的，below the average平均水平以下，above the average平均水平以上，on the avera ge平均来说。故D正确。

3. 解析：B。句意：你是否有听说过树是陆上动物和海上动物的家？h ome to sth. 固定搭配，〝是什么的家园〞的意思。该句是一个疑问句，其中还含有一个定语从句。

4. 解析：C。句意：很多人工作是因为这是不可避免的，相反，有一些人是的确喜欢工作的。根据前后的意思，可以知道前后是表示对比。A 意为〝结果〞，B意为〝此外〞，C意为〝相反〞，D意为〝结论〞。〝不可避免〞表述到一种无奈，也就是说，很多人是不得不工作的。后句的表达是〝事实上有些人喜欢工作〞，〝喜欢〞和〝不得不〞刚好构成一种否定，所以答案只能是选C。

5. 解析：B。句意：这些评论是对某些经常被当地记者问到的问题的回应。in memory of意为〝纪念〞，in response to意为〝回应〞，in touc h with意为〝联系〞，in possession of意为〝拥有〞。分析句子成分知道空格处充当介词短语作状语的作用，根据常识和句意，评论应该是对问题的回应。

6. 解析：D。此题考察虚拟语气but for的用法，句意为：如果没有T homas，对我们有益处的很多东西就不会来到我们身边。

7. 解析：A。考查介词短语辨析。句意：这个会议室是非吸烟区。我要提前提醒你，如果你在这里吸烟，你会被罚款的。

8. 解析：D。in view of在……眼里；in need of需要；in touch with 和……接触；in harmony with与……和谐相处。这四个短语后面都应该接名词，该句意思为：人的生活是自然的一部分，因此，我们生存下来的唯一的方法就是与自然和谐相处。根据句意，应选D。

9. 解析：B。句意：这个小学生拉住他奶奶的膀子和她一起穿过街道。take sb. by the arm拉住某人的膀子，所以选B。

10. 解析：A。of关于，表示从属关系；on在……之上；to对于；wit h和……在一起。该句意思为：他们共有的关于他们学校的记忆是校服。应选A。难点是介词放在定语从句部分考查。

语法讲解：

介词主要考查近义词的用法区别、介词的特定含义、介词和连词易混淆的项目、介词的固定用法等。在历年全国各地高考试题中，都涉及到介词的考查，不仅在单项填空中进行考查，在短文改错题中，对于介词的有无、介词与其他词的固定搭配的考查尤为频繁。

介词是英语中比较活跃的词，中学阶段所学的介词有40多个。它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活，意义丰富。搭配比较活跃的介词主要有in，out，up，down，on，off，to，from，for，over，with等。介词的考查将以介词的固定短语和介词辨析为主。

介词的定义及分类

介词又叫前置词，属于虚词，后面必须接名词、代词或相当于名词或代词的词、短语、句子作宾语。介词本身数量不大，但它与动词、形容词和名词等实词的搭配力极强。

介词可按其构成分为：

简单介词，即一个介词，如about，at，in，of，since等。

复合介词，由两个介词组成，如as for，as to，out of等。

二重介词，由两个介词搭配而成，但没有复合介词那样固定，如fro m under，from behind，until after，except in等。

短语介词，由短语构成，如according to，because of，in spite of，on behalf of，with reference to等。

分词介词，由现在分词构成，如regarding，concerning，including等。

〝动词+介词〞短语举例：

look after sb/sth 照顾，看管

look at sb/sth 注视，着眼于

look for sb/sth 寻找；期待，期望

look forward to sth/doing sth 盼望，期待

look into sth 窥视；调查；浏览

look like sb/sth 看起来像

look up sth查阅

〝形容词+介词〞短语举例：

be afraid of sth.害怕某事

be curious about 对什么好奇

be different from 与什么不同

be interested in sth. /sb. 对某人或某物很感兴趣

be proud of 骄傲，自豪

be similar to 与……相似

be strict with 对……严格要求

〝名词+介词〞短语举例：

attitude to/towards 态度，看法

belief in sth./sb.相信某人或某事

congratulation on sth 对…(表示)祝贺

interest(n.)in sth 对…的兴趣

respect(n.)for sb/sth.对…的尊敬

satisfaction with sb/sth 对…满意

〝介词+名词〞短语举例：

at hand 在手边，在附近

by accident 偶然

beyond doubt 毫无疑问

in addition 另外

for the moment 现在，暂时

from time to time 有时，不时

with the purpose of 为了

常见介词用法

against

Nobody has got anything against you at all. 〔反对〕

He saw a girl sitting alone on a bench against the wall. 〔靠着〕

We have saved some money against old age. 〔防备〕

The little red house looks so beautiful against the green woods. 〔在……映衬下〕

at

They left their luggage at the station. 〔at后接地点〕

At noon there was still no news. 〔at后接时间〕

What are you laughing at? 〔at后接原因〕

I was surprised at his words.〔at强调引起某种情感的原因〕

I came here at her invitation/request. 〔at表示〝应要求、请求等〞〕

When I arrived, they were at their meal. 〔at固定搭配，吃饭〕

I am rather slow at drawing. 〔at强调在某方面〕

I won’t buy it at that price. 〔at后接价格〕

beyond

He saw a house beyond the woods. 〔在……那边〕

It was quite beyond me. 〔超出能力、范围等〕

by

He left by the nearest exit.〔通过〕

We traveled by sea/plane to save time. 〔表示手段、方式，无冠词〕By next Friday I will have finished the job. 〔到……为止〕

He taught himself English by practicing all day long. 〔by doing表示手段、方式〕

He took her by the hand. 〔by the 〝身体部位〞〕

I did that by accident/mistake/nature. 〔固定搭配〕

Sugar is sold by the pound/weight. 〔by the具体单位/重量、面积等〕He is older than Mike by five years. 〔表示差距〕

The room is forty feet by twenty. 〔表示乘号〕

with

Who is that with brown hair? 〔表示伴随特征〕

He was asleep with his head on his arms. 〔表示伴随动作〕

Weather changes with the season.〔随着〕

above

1.表示位置、年龄、职位、数量：在……上面，在……之上

above the sea level 海平面以上two degrees above zero零上二度

2.表示品质、行为、能力等〝超出……之外〞

The maths problem is above (beyond) me. 这个问题我解决不了。

He is a man beyond personal interests. 他是一个超越个人利益的人。

across

1.表示动作的方向、位置：穿过、横过

push the cart across the bridge 把车子推过桥

fly across the Atlantic 飞越大西洋

2.表示地点：在……对面

across the room 在房间另一头

主要介词区别

表示时间的at, in, on：

at表示片刻的时间，如：at 8 o’clock ，常用词组有：at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。

in表示一段的时间，如：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the e vening, in October, in 2019, in summer, in the past, in the future等。

on总是跟日子有关，on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the fol lowing day, on May Day, on a warm morning等。

over, above, on

over, on 和above 都可表示〝在……上面〞，但具体含义不同。Ov er 表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under。above 也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是below。On 指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一个的上面。

There is a bridge over the river.

We flew above the clouds.

They put some flowers on the teacher's desk.

表示时间的since和from：

since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用。

from表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。

I hope to do morning exercises from today.

We have not seen each other since 2019.

表示时间的in和after：

两者都表示〝在〔某个时间〕之后〞，区别在于in表示〝在〔一段时间〕之后〞，而after那么表示〝在〔某一具体时间点之后〕〞；in短语和将来时态连用，after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。

We’ll be back in three days.

After seven the rain began to fall.

What shall we do after graduation?

注意：after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后〔常用在过去时里〕。

After two months he returned.

within与in

within 和in 后都必须跟时间段。within 强调〝在……时间之内〞，没有时态的限制；in 是以现在为基准，in an hour 是指从现在起1小时之后，所以一般用于将来时：

He will be back in five hours.

They worked hard. They finished the work within 2 days at last.

I must finish painting the cat within/in five minutes.

表示地理位置的in, on, to：

in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某范围之外。

Changchun is in the northeast of China.

Mongolia is on the north of China.

Japan is to the east of China.

表示〝在……上〞的on和in：

on只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。

There is a book on the piece of paper.

There is an interesting article in the newspaper.

He dug a hole in the wall.

表示〝穿过……〞的through和across：

through表示从内部通过，与in 有关；across那么表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过，与on有关。

Water flows through the pipe.

The old man walked across the street.

until, till, to

until/till 指〝直到……为止〞，until 和till可以通用。until/till seven o'clock直到7点

由until/till形成的句子，句中的动词如果是短暂性动词，那么必须用否定句：

I'll wait for him until he comes here.〔wait是延续动词，用肯定式〕We didn't begin to watch TV until/till nine o'clock.〔begin是短暂性动词，所以用否定式〕

in the corner, on the corner, at the corner：

in the corner表示在角落里，in指角的内面；on the corner表示〝在角上〞，on指的不是内面，也不是外面，而含内外兼有之意；at the corne r指〝在拐角处〞，at指的是拐角外面附近的外面。

The lamp stands in the corner of the room.

I met with him at the street corner.

He sat on the corner of the table.

in the end, at the end of, by the end of：

in the end作〝最后〞、〝终于〞解，可单独使用，后不接介词of；at the end of 表示〝在……末梢〞，〝到……尽头〞，既可指时间，也可以指地点或物体，不可单独使用；by the end of 作〝在……结束时〞，〝到……末为止〞解，只能指时间，不可单独使用。

In the end they reached a place of safety.

At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden.

They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week.

By the end of last month he had finished the novel.

表示〝关于〞的about 和on：

两者都有〝关于〞的意思，不过前者为一般用词，而后者为较正式的〝论述〞。

He came to tell me about something important.

He wrote a book on science.

between, among：

一般说来，between表示两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间。You are to sit between your father and me.

He is always happy among his classmates.

但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西，如果强调的是两两相互间接关系，适用于between。

Agreements were made between the different countries.

在谈到一些事物或一组事物，而把它们视为分别位于两边时用betwe en。

The little valley lies between high mountains.。

在谈事物间的差别时，总是用between。

They don’t know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.

besides, except, but, except for：

besides指〝除了……还有，再加上〞。except指〝除了，减去什么〞，不能放在句首。如：All went out except me.；but 与except意思近似，表示〝除了……外〞经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。except for表示〝如无……就，只是〞说明理由细节。

Nobody but you could be so selfish.

He could do little except write.

He had other people to take care of besides me.

His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.

but和except在表示〝除了……以外〞时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。

All but one are here.

Nobody but I likes making model ships.

后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用but。

He has nothing to do but wait. (前有do,后省to)；

but与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事；can not but do sth.不得不；can not help but do sth.不得不……；but for...如不是……

表示〝用〞的in和with：

表示工具的〝用〞，用with，而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的〝用〞，用in。

He is writing a letter with a pen.

He wrote the letter in pencil.

We measured it in pounds.

Read the text in a loud voice.

Tell me the story in English.

as, like：

as作〝作为〞、〝以……地位或身份〞解。Let me speak to you as a father.〔事实是父亲〕；like作〝象……一样〞解。Let me speak to you like a father.〔事实上不是父亲〕。

in, into：

into表示动作的方向，不表示动作的目的地或位置。〔如：We walke d into the park.〕in通常表示位置。We walked in the park；in和drop, f all, put, throw, break等终止性动词连用时，也可以表示动向。I have put t he coin in (into) my pocket.

介词短语与短语介词

介词+ 名词〔或者代词，或者相当于名词的其他词类、短语、从句〕= 介词短语。如：

in the morning 在早晨under the tree 在树下from China 来自中国，介词短语是可以单独作为句子成分；而短语介词是〔一个相当于介词的短语〕，不能单独作为句子成分。如：

according to 根据ahead of 在……之前apart from 在……之外be cause of 由于

by means of 以……之手段by way of 通过……的方式

介词短语的句法功能

作表语

The book you want is on the table.

作宾补

I saw a tall man under the tree.

作定语〔后置定语〕

The man under the tree is my father.

作状语

1. 作地点状语

We live in Hangzhou.

2. 作时间状语

She got here at four.

3. 作方式状语

They came here by train.

4. 作原因状语

The game was postponed because of rain.

5. 作条件状语

There will be no living things without water.

6. 作目的状语

He ran for shelter.

7. 作让步状语

They play football in spite of the rain.

8. 作程度状语

To what extent would you trust them?

注意：

1. 介词一般放在名词之前，但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词、疑问副词、关系代词或被动语态时，这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。

2. over可表位置，意为〝在……上方，越过；遮住，盖住〞，也可表时间，意为〝在……期间，(多年)以来〞等，它还有〝在……(问题)上，对(某事)〞等引申意义。

You can’t wear a blue jacket over that shirt—it’ll look terriblE、〔你不能在那件衬衣外面再穿上蓝色的夹克——太难看了。〕

We had a pleasant chat over a cup of teA、〔我们一边喝茶一边愉快地交谈。〕

We heard it over the radio．〔我们从广播中听到了它。〕

3. by的主要意思有〝在……旁，靠近；乘(车、船等)；不迟于；到……为止；被，由；根据，按照(关系)；通过……方式〞等，还可以用来表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有：

by and by不久，迟早by and large大体上

by oneself单独by the way顺便说说

by far……得多，最……by chance碰巧

by accident偶然地by means of借助

by no means绝不，一点也不by mistake错误地

The water in the river rose by two meters．

He is an Englishman by birth．

3．with可以用来表示〝带有，拥有；随着；就……来说；用，以；和，与；对于，关于〞等意思。with还可用来表示原因。

He turned red with anger．

4．beyond是一个考查热点。beyond表示〝(时间)过了，比……晚，迟于；(位置)在……那边，超出……之外；(范围)超过，为……所不及，超出……的范围〞等意思。

They arrived beyond nine o’clock．

The book is beyond mE、

Tom is far beyond his elder brother in math．

5. 要求接to的名词有：key, answer, visit, entrance, apology, introduct ion, road等。

要求接in 的名词有：interest, satisfaction, expert等。介词的省略：

1. 以all开头的名词短语，for要省略。

I stayed with her all the morning.

2. 否定句中，表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。

I haven’t seen you for thirty years.

3. 时间状语在主句之前，for不能省略。

For the whole morning, the old man kept reading.

介词的误用：

Whom are you writing to?

laugh at others

a tree to sit under

prepare for the exam

wait for the bus

knock at the door

come in from the window

serve (不用for) the people

marry (不用with) sb

enter (不用into) the room