汉英科技翻译
Unit 6 科技翻译

Unit 6 科技文体翻译教学目标及基本要求:了解科技英语的词汇、句法特点,掌握科技文体的翻译技巧。
教学重点:1)英语科技词语的构成2)科技英语的句法特点教学难点:科技英语的翻译方法实用训练:英译汉:Scientific prediction for the next 30 years汉译英:技术创新1 .Formation of English Technical TermsOne of the most distinctive features of EST is its technical terms,which not only account for a large part of English vocabulary,but also are the must important source of new coined words in modern English,ranging over an extensive area of various fields. A mastery of them will benefit us a great deal in the translation of EST.In terms of form,English technical terms may be classified into three categories, namely, single words (e. g. robot机器人,Internet因特网,etc. ) , compound forms(e.g. feedback反馈,splashdown溅落,etc.)and phrases(e. g. on-and-off-the- road路面越野两用的,anti- armored-fight-vehicle-missile 反装甲车导弹,power transmission relay system送电中继体系,etc. ). Since most of the technical terms come out of the basic rules of word-formation,it's necessary for us to conduct a Brief survey of their formation.1. Affixation 缀合式科技词语Affixation is an important means of coining new English words and technical terms,with prefix and suffix as inseparable elements of the words being coined. The advantage of affixation is evident: it is the most flexible means of forming new woods and its potential of creation is almost boundless,therefore it is extensively used in the formation of technical terms. Besides prefix and suffix of English origin,there are some foreign borrowings,noticeably the Latin ones, e.g. bio-(生命、生物) thermo-(热),electro- (电),aero-(空气),carbo- (碳), hydro-(水), -ite(矿物),-mania(热、狂), etc. If we are familiar with these prefixes and suffixes,many technical terms of such formation can be translated appropriately. The following are some typical examples.miniultrasonicprober =mini +ultra +sonic +prober微型超声波金属探伤仪macrospacetransship=macro +space +trans +ship巨型空间转运飞船teletypesetter=tele +type +setter电传排字机bathythermograph=bathy +thermo +graph海水测温仪barothermograph=baro +thermo +graph气压温度记录器deoxyrihonucleic=de +oxy +ribo+ nucleic脱氧核糖核的photomorphogenesis=photo +morpho +genesis光形态发生2. Compounding复合式科技词语Two or more words combined to form a new word is called compounding. English technical terms formed by compounding generally take three forms: combining with a hypthen (e.g. salt-former卤素,dew-point露点, pulse-scaler脉冲定标器) or without it (e.g. fallout放射性尘埃,hovercraft 气垫船,waterlock水闸,thunderstorm雷暴),or two or more separate words forming a word combination ( e.g. stem cell 干细胞,optical drive光驱,satellite antimissile observation system卫星反导弹观察系统). Most of such compound words may be translated literally, i.e., Put the Chinese equivalents of the separate elements together and we get the Chinese equivalents of the compound words. Sometimes,however,there are exceptions. For example,bull's eye靶心),cat-and-mouse航向与指挥的),dog house(高频高压电源屏蔽罩),etc.一literal translation in tackling such terms may lead astray. Therefore whenever we are confronted with unfamiliar terms and are not sure of their meaning,we should frequently consult dictionaries of relevant specialties. In many cases some additional explanations are needed to make the original meaning clear and accurate.3 .Blending缩合式科技词语This is a variant of compounding,omitting the latter part of the first word and clipping off the first part of the second word. Sometimes,however, either the first part or the second part of the overlapped word may be clipped to form a new word. This blending of words generally possesses the combined meaning of both; therefore, literal translation is used in translating such terms,with one element modifying the other. Occasionally,a new name is given to the blending.bit=binary+ digit(二进制)位,比特blog=web +log博客brunch=breakfast十lunch早午餐/晚早餐copytron = copy+ electron电子复写技术gravisphere=gravity +sphere引力范围medicare= medical +care医疗保健netizen=net+ citizen网民smog=smoke +fog烟雾telex=teleprinter+ exchange电传4.Acronyms 首字母缩略式科技词语An acronym is a word formed from the initials or other of several words.Acronyms are widely accepted to coin English technical terms. With the rapid development of science and technology,more and more acronyms are being extensively used in various fields. Simple and brief, acronyms sometimes tend to cause ambiguity in meaning. Therefore,it is up to the translator to discern their actual meaning in different contexts.ADP automatic data processing自动数据处理AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome艾滋病EDF'M electronic data processing machine电子数据处理机DINK double income , no kids双收人无子女家庭GSV guided space vehicle制导宇宙飞船Laser light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation激光RAM random access memory随机存取存储器UFO unidentified flying object不明飞行物WWW World Wide Web万维网Sometimes,an acronym happens to be an actual English word,or it may possess more than one meaning. In this case,special attention should be paid to pick out the right equivalent in Chinese.MOUSE minimum orbital unmanned satellite of the earth(仪表载重50公斤以下的)不载人的最小人造地球卫星SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks限制战略武器会谈SNAP subsystem for nuclear}auxiliary power辅助(原子)核动力子系统space nuclear auxiliary power空间核辅助能源systems for nuclear auxiliary power辅助核动力系统AS air scoop空气收集器air seasoned风干的(木材)air speed空速,气流速率air station航空站,飞机场American Standard美国标准atmosphere arid space大气层与宇宙空间automatic sprinkler自动洒水车automatic synchronizer自动同步器5 .Proper Nouns 专有名词科技词语Many of the technical terms in English are borrowed from proper nouns such as names of people,places,firms,trade marks,organizations,etc.,normally beginning with a capital letter. In such cases,consulting relevant dictionaries will be of great help . Transliteration is the usual way in translating proper nouns. Sometimes,a label to the corresponding translation is necessary to indicate the nature of the given words.Xerox静电复制(derived from a trademark )IBM System IBM系统(derived from a US corporation)Kuru库鲁病} derived from a place in eastern New Guinea)Alfven wave阿尔文波(derived from the Swedish astrophysicist Hannes Alfven) Chandler's wobble钱得拉波动说(derived from the US astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler )Of course,there are some other forms of technical terms in English. To name a few,Clipping(e. g.“lab”comes from“laboratory”),Back-formation(e. g.“to lase" comes from“laser"),Coinage(e. g.“quark" in physics),Functional Shift (e. g. in the phrase“to contract the terminal",the word“contract" is converted from a noun to a verb),Borrowing(e. g.“gene" is borrowed from German),and so on. In whatever circumstances,the discrimination of the original meaning and the contextual analysis are of vital importance. Only when we get an accurate understanding of them,can we put them into Chinese exactly as they actually mean.II .Characteristic Syntax of EST1.More bong and complicated Sentences 大量使用长句EST as a formal style of writing usually consists of more long and complicated sentences. When translated into Chinese,a long sentence may be cut into several parts. For example:The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led,in the first instance,to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibration but later to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.为了解释光学现象,人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相伺的物理性的介质。
科技英汉翻译练3.1

Ex. 3 (1)1.The voltage across this capacitor is a few hundredths of a volt.该容器两端的电压为零点零几伏。
2.The output of the factory ten years ago was only one fifth what it is now [onefifth its present output].十年前该厂的产量仅是现在的五分之一。
3.The difference between these two values is 13 parts in 104.这两个数值之差为万分之十三。
4.Of the first four chapters, Chapter 3 is the most important.前四章中,第三章最为重要。
/第三章是前四章中最重要的。
5.In this case, current leads voltage by 90o.这种情况下,电流导前电压90°。
6.Now it is necessary for us to solve this equation for that unknown.现在我们需要解出这个方程,求出那个未知数。
7.Upon substitution of these values, it is found that v is equal to the velocity oflight.代入这些值后,即可得v等于光速。
8.In their study of electricity, physicists defined electric field intensity.在电学研究中,物理学家们给出了电场强度的定义。
9.This coefficient remains to be determined.这一系数待定。
10.Here we use two metal balls two meters apart.这里我们使用相距两米的两个金属球。
科技英语翻译 (18)

•Present at the meeting were the heads of government of the four countries.
出席会议的有4国政府的首脑。 •Heads or tails? 正面还是反面?
•她正在梳头。 She was combing her hair. •一辆小车停在桥西头。A car was parked at the west end of the bridge. •让我从头讲起吧。 Let me tell the story from the very beginning. •他们是一头儿的。 They are on the same side. •事情不能只顾一头。 We mustn’t pay attention to only one aspect of the
英汉互译 Unit 2
语义翻译
Chapter 1 Deciding the correct meanings of words 理解中的选义
Both in English and Chinese, it is not uncommon for words to be polysemous (多义的), that is, one word matches a variety of meanings. Here are some examples:
《英汉互译实践与技巧》第十三章-科技英语翻译教案资料

Ⅰ. Formation of English Technical Terms
英语技术词语的构成
2. Compounding复合法
• Combining with a hyphen:salt-former卤素,dewpoint露点,pulse-sealer 脉冲定标器
• bull’ s eye (靶心),cat-and-mouse (航向与指挥的), dog house (高频高压电源屏蔽罩)
Ⅰ. Formation of English Technical Terms
英语技术词语的构成
3. Blending 缩合法 • smog = smoke + fog 烟雾 • brunch = breakfast + lunch 早午餐/晚早餐 • telex = teleprinter + exchange 电传 • gravisphere = gravity + sphere 引力范围 • medicare = medical + care 医疗保健 • biorhythm = biological + rhythm 生理节奏 • copytron = copy + electron 电子复写(技术)
• SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 限制战略武器会谈
• SNAP subsystem for nuclear auxiliary power (原子)核辅助动 力子系统
• AS air scoop 空气收集器
•
air seasoned 风干的(木材)
•
airspeed 空速、气流速率
大学英语科技翻译知识及材料

大学英语科技翻译知识及材料标志用语的表达与翻译1. 用词特征及其翻译标志用语常以独立的词出现。
例如:动词:START 启动STOP 停车PULL 推PRESELECT 预选名词:INLET 入口OUTLET 出口DANGER 危险GLASS 小心玻璃AUTO 自动形容词:OPEN 开(正在营业)CLOSED 关(停止营业)LEFT 左RIGHT 右POISONOUS 有毒物品副词:CLOCKWISE 顺时针COUNTER-CLOCKWISE 逆时针UP 向上DOWN 向下介词:ON 开OFF 关其中以形容词为单位的独立词可译为“……品”。
例如:Dangerous 危险品Perishable 易腐品Explosive 易爆品Radial 放射品Inflammable 易燃品大量使用词组、短语也是科技英语中标志影只用于的特征之一,从而体现出其简洁、客观、信息量大的特点。
例如:HOT WORK IN PROGRESS 正在施工SAFETY FOOTWEAR 穿安全靴NO PHOTOS 禁止拍照NO ADMISSION 禁止入内NO ENTRY 禁止驶入PERSONNEL ONLY 闲人免进HANDS OFF 请勿触碰KEEP CLEAN 保持整洁KEEP DRY 保持干爽Site entrance, dangerous 工地入口,危险Slow, site entrance 工地入口请慢行MAN: 10/03/2007 生产日期:2007年3月10日EXP: 10/03/2008 失效期:2007年3月10日OIL ONCE EVERY SHIFT 每班加油一次2. 句型特征及其翻译标志用语在实际运用中具有指示性、提示性、限制性、强制性等应用功能,经常使用祈使句来实现这些功能。
例如:Handle with care 小心轻放Insert here 由此处插入Do not pass 禁止超车Open here 由此处开启Keep away from moisture 切勿受潮Keep off the grass 勿踏草坪Keep cool 冷藏Protect against heat 注意高温Keep away from heat 切勿受热Stand clear of the door 勿靠(车)门Mind the step 小心台阶Do not turn upside down 切勿倒置Split here 由此处撕开Keep away from fire 切勿近火Keep on deck 甲板装运Stand on end 竖着放Open daily 每天开放在英美国家中,有很多温馨、亲和的提示和请求标志用语,这类标志语多以带祈使语气的单词please开头,因此在翻译成汉语时用语气较温和的“请”字。
科技英语翻译

科技英语翻译科技英语(English for Science and Technology,简称EST)是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语,是英语的一种变体(科技文体)。
科技英语自70年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和研究,目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体。
本节所讨论的科技英语主要指描述、探讨自然科学各专业的著作、论文、实验报告,科技实用手段(包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等)的结构描述和操作说明等。
一、科技英语的文体特点科技英语由于其内容、使用域和语篇功能的特殊性,也由于科技工作者长期以来的语言使用习惯,形成了自身的一些特点,使其在许多方面有别于日常英语、文学英语等语体。
这些特点主要表现在词汇和句法两个层面上:(一)词汇层面(1)专业术语多。
专业术语指某一学科领域所特有或专用的语汇,其词义常不为专业外读者所明白,如cryogenics (低温学)、norepinephrine (新肾上腺素)等。
这些专业术语的特点是:a. 词形较长,大多含有源于拉丁语、希腊语和法语的词根、词缀。
这类词语的语义范围较为狭窄,意义较为明确固定,符合科技英语准确明晰的要求。
如:nucleonics (核子学),semisomnus (半昏迷),autoradiography (自动射线照相术),excoriation (表皮脱落)等。
b. 多复合词。
人们常常通过各种构词方法创造出一些复合词来表示科技发展中出现的新事物,如radiophotography (无线电传真),anti-armored fighting vehicle missile(反装甲车导弹)等。
c. 多缩略词。
为使用便利和节省时间,科技英语同经贸英语一样,也有许多缩略词,如cpd (compound化合物),FM (frequency modulation 调频),telesat(telecommunications satellite通讯卫星)等。
(2)准专业术语和词汇多。
英汉科技语言中的概念隐喻及翻译策略

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科技英语的特点与翻译

科技英语的特点与翻译一、科技英语的特点科技英语(English for science and technology,EST)指与用于科学和技术交流方面的英语口语和书面语。
作为一种重要的英语语体,其特点主要体现在以下几个方面。
1、词汇方面大量使用专业词汇、复合词、缩略词及利用前后缀构成的派生词。
专业词汇意义专一,用来表示明确的含义。
科技词汇多源于希腊语和拉丁语,是因为这两种语言作为英语的重要来源,是世界上成熟最早和最完备的语言中的两种,词汇不再发生词形、词义上的变化,具有稳定性。
2、句子方面多使用长句和被动语态,大量使用名词化结构(nominalization)和非限定动词。
另外,各种成份(如介词短语、形容词及其短语、副词、分词及从句等)作定语并后置,多使用It…that…结构句型、被动结构句型、as结构句型、分词短语结构句型和省略句结构句型等常用句型。
名词化结构有利于行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切,也可使所含信息量增大,尤其是科技英语强调存在的事实,而非个别行为。
不定式短语、-ing分词短语和-ed分词短语这三种非限定动词形式具有齐备的语法功能,可代替各种从句,这样既可缩短句子,行文简练,结构紧凑,又比较醒目。
3、形态方面科技英语在时态运用上有限,多用过去时和现在时。
尤其是多用一般现在时,以表述无时间性的科学定义、定理、公式、现象、过程等。
另外,科技英语多用逻辑性语法词(logical grammatical operators),如表示原因的如because (of)、due (owing) to、as (a result of)、caused by、for等,表示语气转折的如but、however、nevertheless、otherwise、yet 等,表示逻辑顺序的如so、therefore、thus、furthermore、moreover、in addition to等。
4、文体方面科技英语注重行文的连贯(coherence)、清晰(clarity)、流畅(fluency),避免行文晦涩、表露个人感情、过多运用修辞手法等。
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√ A is (n+1) times as heavy/great/tall/wide/bright/long as B 3 A 比B 增多了n倍 A increase(ed) by (n+1) times compared with B
4 A 的(能量)是B的N倍 A +is +N times +B
(2) 在大规模培养(mass culture)时,轮 虫(rotifer)种群生长会出现滞后期,人们 往往朝培养液中添加营养物质,这是非 常有效的。 Nutritional substance is most effective when added to rotifer cultures fluid at the lag phase of growth in mass culture.
(2) 冬眠动物保存能量的习性胜过不冬眠 的动物。 Animals ______ practice energy conservation to a greater extent than those____
2.7 The use of inversion (1) 后来,微型计算机发展起来了。 Then ____________of the micro-computer. (2)这样管中就此产生了或多或少的稳定的水流。 There _________in this way a more or less steady stream of water through the pipe.
(3) 它只是星际空间的一块岩石,受火星 引力作用而被吸引住,并沿着轨道环绕 火星运动。 It is a space rock captured and held in orbit by the gravity force of Mars.
(4) 大家都知道,人体能产生微弱的磁场。 Weak magnetic fields are known to come from the human body.
2.8 The Translation of Numeral 1)A 比B 多 N 倍数 A is (N+1) times more than B
2) A 比 B (重,大,高,宽,亮,长。。。) n倍
√A is (n+1) times+
heavier/greater/taller/wider/brighter/longer than B
(5) 我们知道,卡路里(calorie)是指食物 供给身体的热量单位。
(6) 为了取代那些燃料,我们应较多利用 太阳能与风能来提供电力、热能和运输 的动力。
√It is believed that.. √It is considered that…
2.3 Nominalization (行文简洁,表达客观,内容确切,负载 信息量大) 1)电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物 体的图像。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.
2)在无模型的情况下进行试验。 The test is ____without____. 3) 大气中的臭氧层保护地球免受太阳的 有害辐射。 ____in the atmosphere protects earth from ______.
4)悬浮液是一种混合物,如果让它静止, 它就会发生分离。 ____is a _____that will____ if left to stand. 5)流沙的运动与太阳上的自然爆炸存在 共性。 There are ____between _____and ______on the sun.
3 About Abstract
关于科技论文摘要的语言特点:(P254)
(1)The author(or writer)of this article(paper、 dissertation、thesis)reviews(discusses、tries to describe、explores、deal with、summarizes、gives an account of、etc.)something… (2)The aim(purpose、objective)of this article is to determine(explore、review)sth…
√The present perfect tense 9.11恐怖分子的袭击对全球经济产生深 刻的影响。 The September 11 terrorist attacks have caused great impact on the global economy.
1) 表层的粒子数比表壳下的粒子数多2倍 2) 这一距离比前者长7倍 3)一个人在月球上所能举起的重物要比他在地 球上所能举起的最重的物体重5 倍。 4)车祸比六十年代增多了1.5倍。 5) 撞击强度(the intensity of the impact)是动 量变化( momentum change)的11倍。
(3) 当今世界科学技术正在迅速发展。 The modern world is experiencing ________of science and technology.
2.6 The use of adverbial/attributive clause (to make original meaning clearer and more specific to the readers) (1) 电能通过输电线送到需要的地方。 Through Power lines, electricity power goes ______. (adverbial clause)
2.5 Conversion of Part of Speech (1)新型液晶的特点是工作温度范围广, 工作电压低和可靠性。 The new liquid crystals ____wide working temperature, low operation voltage and high reliability.
(2)地球完成一次自传需要23小时56分4 秒多。
2.4.2符合英语国家人的思维习惯 (1)人们对这种情况有各种各样的描述, 有的说是 “好心的遗忘”,有的说是 “逃避现实的疗法”。 This condition has been described as anything from “merciful loss of memory” to “escapist therapy”.
√The past tense 在古代 ,人们认为地球是宇宙的中心。 In ancient times, people thought that the earth was the center of the universe
2.2 passive voice (1) 自动生产线工作正常。 The automatic production line is found in proper operation. (2)自从采用数控以来,生产效率大大提高了。 Since numerical control was applied to machine tools, the productivity has been raised greatly.
2.4 The confirmation of Subject 遵循三个习惯 √符合英语国家人的语言习惯 √符合英语国家人的思维习惯 √主语必须符合句中的逻辑关系
2.4.1符合英语国家人的语言习惯 (1)在这个季节经常有雨。 It rains a lot during this season
2 Translation of sentences
2.1 Tense
√ Present tense
(1)声音以光波的形式在空气中传播。 Sound travels through the air in waves. √ Future tense (2)电子产品在不远的将来将会越来越普及。 Electronic products will become more and more popular in the near future.
2.4.3 √主语必须符合句中的逻辑关系 (1)比目鱼的营养价值和经济价值高,生长快, 适应于养殖环境,是颇有养殖前景的鱼类。 The turbot shows considerable promise as a species for marine culture because of its high value nutritionally and economically, rapid growth rate and ready adaptation to the fish farm environment.
(2) 随着大规模集成电路的出现,电子工 业在60年代取得了巨大的进展。 ______saw the great advance in electronics industry with the emergence of the large-scale integrated circu菌的碳的 释放量有可能大于林木的吸收量,地球 会加速变暖。 Around 2050, ______released from the soil by bacteria would be greater than the amount soaked up by trees, and ____would be accelerated.