与环境有关的贸易壁垒的第一次评估【外文翻译】
绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献
绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献绿色贸易壁垒的外文文献：Title: Green Trade BarriersAbstract: Green trade barriers refer to environmental regulations and standards imposed by countries on imported goods, with the aim of promoting environmental protection and sustainability. While these measures are intended to reduce the negative impacts of international trade on the environment, they can also create barriers to trade, especially for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. This paper examines the concept of green trade barriers, their impact on trade, and the policy options available to address these issues.Introduction: As global environmental concerns continue to grow, countries are increasingly adopting environmental regulations and standards to promote sustainability and protect natural resources. These measures can include a range of policies, such as emissions standards, energy efficiency requirements, and restrictions on hazardous substances. While these policies are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also have unintended consequences for international trade. Specifically, they can act as barriers totrade, particularly for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements.What are Green Trade Barriers? Green trade barriers could be defined as environmental regulations and standards that restrict the trade of goods based on their environmental impact. These measures are intended to promote environmental protection and sustainability, but can also create barriers to trade, especially for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. Examples of green trade barriers include:Emissions standards: These are regulations that limit the amount of pollution that can be produced by a particular product or industry. For example, the European Union has set strict emissions standards for automobiles, which can make it difficult for foreign automakers to sell their products in the EU.Energy efficiency requirements: These are regulations that require products to meet certain energy efficiency standards. For example, the United States has energy efficiency requirements for appliances, which can make it difficult for foreign appliance manufacturers to sell their products in the US.Restrictions on hazardous substances: These are regulations that limit or ban the use of certain hazardous substances in products. For example, the EU has banned the use of lead in certain products, which can make it difficult for foreign manufacturers to sell their products in the EU.Impact of Green Trade Barriers: While green trade barriers are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also have unintended consequences for trade. Specifically, they can act as barriers to trade, particularly for developing countries that may not have the resources to meet the stringent requirements. This can result in a number of negative impacts, including:Reduced export opportunities: Green trade barriers can limit the export opportunities for developing countries, particularly those that rely heavily on exports for economic growth.Increased costs: Compliance with green trade barriers can be costly, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries that may not have the resources to invest in new technology or processes.Unequal playing field: Green trade barriers can create an unequal playing field for developing countries, particularlythose that may not have the resources to meet the same standards as developed countries.Policy Options: There are a number of policy options available to address the issues of green trade barriers. These include:Capacity building: Developing countries can be supported through capacity building initiatives, such as technology transfer, to help them meet the requirements of green trade barriers.Harmonization of standards: Developing countries can be encouraged to adopt international environmental standards, which can help to harmonize regulations and reduce the potential for trade barriers.Mutual recognition agreements: Countries can enter into mutual recognition agreements, which recognize each other's environmental standards and reduce the potential for trade barriers.Conclusion: While green trade barriers are intended to promote environmental protection, they can also create barriers to trade, particularly for developing countries. There are a number of policy options available to address these issues, including capacity building, harmonization ofstandards, and mutual recognition agreements. By addressing these issues, it is possible to promote both environmental protection and trade, while ensuring that developing countries are not unfairly disadvantaged.。
绿色贸易壁垒外文文献
绿色贸易壁垒外文文献一、介绍1.1 任务背景绿色贸易壁垒是指为了保护环境和促进可持续发展而制定的对进口商品和服务的非关税性措施。
随着全球环境问题的日益严重，许多国家开始采取绿色贸易壁垒措施，以限制高碳排放和环境破坏的商品和服务的进口。
绿色贸易壁垒在一定程度上可以起到推动可持续发展的作用，但同时也可能导致贸易壁垒的出现，对国际贸易产生不利影响。
1.2 任务目的本文的目的是对绿色贸易壁垒进行全面、详细、完整且深入地探讨，分析绿色贸易壁垒的影响因素、类别和对全球贸易的影响，探讨绿色贸易壁垒的优势和不足，并提出应对绿色贸易壁垒的建议。
二、绿色贸易壁垒的影响因素2.1 环境保护要求绿色贸易壁垒的制定主要受到环境保护要求的影响。
随着人们对环境问题的日益关注，各国普遍制定了一系列环境保护措施，例如减少碳排放、限制化学物质使用等。
这些环境保护要求也反映到了国际贸易中，促使了绿色贸易壁垒的出现。
2.2 消费者需求消费者对环保产品的需求也是绿色贸易壁垒兴起的一个重要因素。
随着环保意识的提高，消费者越来越倾向于购买环保友好的商品和服务。
这种需求的不断增加促使了各国对进口商品和服务的环保要求提高，进而产生了绿色贸易壁垒。
2.3 国内产业保护许多国家对本国产业的保护也是绿色贸易壁垒产生的一个重要因素。
通过制定环保要求限制进口商品和服务，可以保护国内产业，提高其竞争力。
国内产业保护作为一个经济因素，对绿色贸易壁垒的制定起到了推动的作用。
三、绿色贸易壁垒的类别3.1 技术性障碍技术性障碍是绿色贸易壁垒的一种常见形式。
各国通过制定技术标准和认证要求，对进口商品和服务进行限制。
例如，一些国家规定进口电子产品必须符合特定的能效标准，否则将无法进入该市场。
技术性障碍的出现对贸易产生了一定的限制，但也为绿色可持续发展提供了机会。
3.2 税务障碍税务障碍是另一种常见的绿色贸易壁垒形式。
一些国家通过对进口商品征收高额的环保税或碳排放税，使得这些商品价格上涨，从而限制了进口。
贸易壁垒中英文对照外文翻译文献
贸易壁垒中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应分析摘要技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。
TBT对出口国出口贸易的影响主要通过数量抑制和价格抑制两个方面来实现。
在短期内,TBT将会阻碍出口国企业的出口,导致生产者福利的损失;但在中长期内,出口国若能对TBT进行合理的管理和利用,则TBT可能会促使出口国企业的产品与技术创新动力,从而对出口国贸易条件的改善具有促进作用。
关键词: 技术性贸易壁垒;数量抑制;价格抑制;消费者效应;产业效应技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)是指一国或一个区域组织以维护国家或区域基本安全、保障人类健康和安全、保护动植物健康和安全、保护环境、防止欺诈行为、保证产品质量等为由而采取的一些强制性或自愿性的技术性措施,这些措施对其他国家或区域组织的商品、服务和投资进入该国或该区域市场产生影响。
技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。
1 TBT的作用机制分析从技术贸易壁垒的作用机制来看,一方面,技术性贸易壁垒具有控制进口商品数量的作用，即数量抑制机制另一方面,技术性贸易壁垒具有控制进口商品价格的作用，即价格抑制机制。
1.1数量抑制效应当技术性要求标准较低时,商品或服务都因达到或超过规定的技术性要求而被允许进口。
但当进口国将进口品技术性要求提高时,商品或服务因为低于技术要求而被拒绝进口。
技术性要求的提高明显构成了对进口品的贸易障碍,产生对进口品的数量控制作用,。
1.2价格抑制效应出口商品或服务的质量由于没能达到进口国的最低标准而未获得进口许可,此时,如果出口企业仍想留在进口市场,就只有通过增加投资对产品或服务进行技术改进,出口企业为保住市场不得不改进技术调整生产或服务过程而付出额外费用使之达到新的要求，这样就导致了该产品或服务的单位成本提高，企业要想获得正常利润必须把价格提高,。
绿色壁垒的外文翻译
外文翻译一：Technical trade barriers could sour China tiesContenmporary Economic Research 2004,(05)WUZhen With the international society for environmental protection of the people environmental protection consciousness wide attention and the unceasing enhancement, the westMany countries use the party, in this era of international trade transactions of a new kind of non-tariff measures - green trade barriers, to limit the other countries to get their products into the best interests of foreign trade. The green trade barriers is a double-edged sword, for China's economy and the development of environmental protection industry, challenging has opportunity. Therefore, our country should be in opposition to high levels of environmental standards, at the same time, and to adapt to the international trend of environmental protection, and adopt feasible measures to promote the sustainable development of China's foreign trade.Chinese tiesChina announced a trade surplus of US$26.9bn for June, a record not just in China, but worldwide. Exports grew by 27.1% year on year, to US$103.3bn, while，import growth fell to 14.2%. The lood of Chinese goods on world markets is credited with having suppressed inflationary pressures in the global economy. At the local level, however, governments have come under strengthening pressure from domestic business sectors to halt the flow of goods that erode their profit margins and, in extreme cases, threaten their survival.However, governments are sharply constrained in their choice of responses. As a member of the WTO, China is protected from the most direct methods for restricting trade flows: import tariffs and trade quotas.Alternatives such as persuading China to adopt self-imposed export restraints or higher export taxes are unlikely to prosper. This is partly because the government in Beijing has shown itself capable of resisting international moral suasion. But it is also because the central government is not always able to implement coherent policy that achieves specific aims without causing problems elsewhere.For instance, the announcement last monththat export-tax rebates would be reduced on arange ofproducts starting on July 1at mayhave contributed to the June surplus byencouraging exporters to beat the rush.Restrictions imposed on some productclassifications have seen manufacturers tweaktheir production to put their products in a newand unrestricted category.The government also lacks clout when it comes to making centrally-imposed regulations stick in the regions, where political and business interests are often closely aligned.barriers influenceThe only option remaining to governments seeking to slow the tide of imports is using non-tariff barriers such as technical and safety standards. Like tariffs and quotas, these are regulated by the WTO, but the rules allow national governments much greater leeway in their use, as long as they match the standards applied to domestic producers and are applied equally in all foreign countries.As a result,the number of objections to Chinese imports on safety, phytosanitary or technical grounds is likely to increase sharply over the coming years. The need for such measures is also likely to become a central dispute between domestic actors in affected economies, with producers for home markets lobbying against importers.As China’s economic and geopolitical emergenc e proceeds, there will also be growing popular pressure on politicians to defend national interests. If the recent growth phase in the world’s leading economies moderates sharply or is reversed, pressure to protect domestic jobs will also intensify. In both circumstances, barriers to trade will offer politicians a convenient weapon.The protectionists will find their argument strengthened by China’s own record on quality and health standards; shortcomings in this area have been brought increasingly to the fore recently, both at home and abroad.Dodgy solutionAs the latest trade figures show, attempts to slow the Chinese juggernaut—imposed both from within and without—have had little impact, and the same is likely to be true of non-tariff barriers. These may act to slow imports at the margins, but growth in China’s low-cost manufacturing base and the slow pace of revaluation of the currency mean that the flood of Chinese goods onto world markets is unlikely to be stemmed. However, rising antagonism in dealings between the major economies and China over trade has implications in other areas. The tenor of relations between China and the leading powers it appears destined to join will help to define the character of the new global power structure.A China that feels victimised, resented and misrepresented will be more defensive and less likely to engage in global affairs in a cooperative way. Elsewhere, satisfying domestic lobbies threatened by China’s rise could encourage protectionist leanings more broadly, helping to sour the global trade negotiating process and denying the global economy the benefits of freer trade. Neither is China defenceless against an onslaught of technical barriers to trade; China has a long history of imposing retaliatory (and in some cases vastly disproportionate) phytosanitary and safety sanctions on countries that seek to obstruct its trade. When, in 2005,South Korea cited health concerns to ban the sale of Chinese Kimchi, a traditional Korean dish imbued with semi-magical properties, China retaliated by threatening imports of cars and mobile phones from Korea. Japan and the US have also been subject to a number of such measures.技术贸易壁垒对中国的关系来源：当代经济研究作者：武振时间：2004，（05）随着国际社会对环境保护的广泛关注和人们环保意识的不断增强，西方不少国家利用这一时代要求，在国际贸易交易中实行了一种新的非关税壁垒措施—绿色贸易壁垒,来限制其他国家产品的进入以获取本国对外贸易的最大利益。
Green-trade-barrier绿色贸易堡垒
It belongs to [technical trade barrier]
Green barrier, used by some developed countries with their technology advantages through formulating legislation, complicated environmental protection conventions, regulations, standards and some other patarrier
Definition
Green trade barrier(绿色贸易壁垒) is a set of rules, policies and regulations used to restrict and even ban certain export -and-import trade directly or indirectly in order to protect the ecological environment, natural resources and keep healthy of human being, animals and vegetation.
• Products without the green label packaging will be banned.
Solutions
• Improve the quality of the products to meet the standards
• Strengthen the communication and cooperation with other countries in the world and use the global power to repel the trade barriers
绿色贸易壁垒和农产品出口中英文外文文献翻译2017
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)文献出处：Martin B. The Green Barriers and Agricultural Product Export [J]. Asian Social Science, 2017, 1(6): 34-45.原文The Green Barriers and Agricultural Product ExportMartin Beck.AbstractAs an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on theother hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trade, trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the research of influence of green barriers on China's agricultural products is very realistic. According to the influence of green barriers on China's agricultural exports, the corresponding countermeasures can be made to deal with the green barriers and improvement of China's competitiveness in the international competition. This study examines the causes, influences and methods of green barriers on China's agricultural products export based on the questionnaires of 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. To address this issue, Partial Least Square method is applied and the empirical result shows that there is a positive and significant effect from causes, influences, and methods towards the China's agricultural products export.Keywords: green barriers, agricultural product, export, China1. IntroductionThe green barrier is one of the most frequent measures in developed countries from the 1990's (Feng, 2007). As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negativegreen barriers would increase the cost of trading, even cause trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. Green barriers are also called environmental barriers and green protectionism, which is a new trade barrier since 1990s. Buyers will impose green barriers on sellers' export when the buyers want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade. Green barriers take place when importers have strict environmental protection laws and regulations to manage their own environment and technology standards. The green barriers are becoming not only the serious challenges faced by China's agricultural export products but also the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural exports (Y u, 2010). To deal with the green barriers, it is important to identify the causes of green barriers on China's agricultural products export, which are from both import and export countries. The limited agricultural technology of China is one significant cause. Due to the limited agricultural technology of China, the agricultural export products can't meet the high environmental standards mentioned in "green barriers" of the import countries. In the process of export, the quarantine system, import standards and complex inspection process that are regulated by the import countries are also the main causes. The complex process built by import countries is the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural products export.As agricultural trade plays a key role in China's foreign trade, how to break restrictions of green barriers impacted on agricultural export products and how to effectively regulate China's agricultural production with the correct use of the green barriers are the big problems for China's future development (Wang &Liu, 2007). By changing the negative influence and making use of the positive in influences of green barriers in China, the sustainable development of China's agricultural trade can also be promoted in the future.In most previous researches, the authors focus on the negative influences of green barriers. But the green barriers also have positive influences on the agricultural products export. The most significant issue for further exploration in the study is to effectively take use of the positive influences to improve China's agricultural products export. This study will make an empirical analysis of the positive influences of green barriers with questionnaires. Therefore, examining the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export is the general objective of this study. More specifically the examination of the relationship between the causes, influences, and methods of green barriers with China's agricultural product export is taken into account in this paper.The focus of geographic location is Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. One of the core industries in Xi'an is agricultural products export,and recently the agricultural products export in Xi'an is developing increasingly. So Xi'an is chosen to be the geographic location for this research. The unit of analysis focus of the study is 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. The agricultural trade companies have comprehensive views about the green barriers. The research methods in this paper are questionnaire survey. SPSS and PLS will be used to analyze the data collecting from the survey.The organization of this paper is as follow: section 2 reviews the literature, section 3 describes the methods used, section 4 presents the empirical results and section 5 concludes. 2. Literature Review Green barriers are also called environment barriers, and green protectionism. Because the importers of products want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade, through the formulation and implementation, they issued strict environmental protection laws and regulations to achieve environment protection and technology standards. The green barriers prevent foreign products enter into the domestic markets. Their aim is to protect domestic products and one of the new type non-tariff barriers (Feng, 2007). 2.1 Causes of Green Barriers After China entered into WTO, most of the developed countries set up green restrictions to the export products of China. This leads thedramatic dropping of China's commodities, especially the agricultural products. The domestic and foreign experts have done a lot of research about the green barriers in China.As mentioned by Zhu, Guo and Lan (2008), the environmenta l standards of developed countries are generally much higher than those of the developing countries. Especially a few developed countries make different standards for the imported products and domestic products, which makes the products of developing countries have more difficult to enter into the developed markets.The comparative advantage of price in developing countries is an indirect cause of green barriers (Ren, 2010). Developing countries are often rich in resources, especially China. The rich natural resources make the lower price of exported products from developing countries. With the comparative advantage of price, the developing and developed countries will have an enormous trade surplus. The developed countries due to the protection of their domestic market, will work out a policy with strict technical standards (Zhao, 2004).2.2 Influence of Green BarriersSong (2009) analyses the formation and the new characteristics of green barriers in the global economic crisis. The author also points out that the new developing dynamic of each country's green barriers in theglobal economic crisis, and mainly from the laws and regulations puts forward the measures of green barriers for China. ChenXu (2009), points out that green barriers has the duality, on the one hand, they are used by some developed countries as a limit or hinder of foreign products or services to enter into the international market and the developed countries, and have certain "legitimate" status; On the other hand, they objectively protect the global natural environment, original resources and human health. In view of this situation, on the one hand China can strengthen the propaganda of education and legislation to solve the green barriers in the international trade (Huang, 2007); On the other hand, China should reasonably use the green barriers in the international trade to improve the agricultural products' quality, and improve the technology innovation of China's agricultural products. At present many areas of China have make corresponding measures for the green barriers. For example, the implementation of "Definite List System" in Japan has affected the exports of eel and tea in Jiang Xi province. In order to solve the problem, the Inspection and Quarantine Institutions of Jiang Xi province add a technology group to deal with the "Definite List System" and the new European Food Hygiene Regulations. This technology group specially analyses the influence and measures for Jiang Xi export commodities to deal with "Definite List System", and report information to the relevant departments and enterprises, give consultation, and solveproblems (Green, 2012). To some degree, the technology group has made great progress. The Chinese products that are most seriously affected by "green barriers" in global trade include agricultural products, textiles and clothing, leather products, electronic products and so on (Chen, 2009).The WTO accession has significantly lowered the tariff level to an average of 3.8% in developed countries and 14% for developing countries (Huang, 2007). The drop in tariff should presumably increase the market share of Chinese tea in importing countries, but that unfortunately did not happen. China's tea export, with its major markets in EU and Japan, has been substantially affected by the increasingly stringent pesticide residue control standards promulgated by China's trading partners (Zheng, 2003).2.3 Methods to Deal with Green Barriers Y u (2010) mentioned that many global experts have done quite a lot research about the negative influence of the green barriers on China agricultural products export and made deeply detailed analysis of the countermeasures, but proposed less ideas on the positive impact. Only through analyzing both the positive and negative influences, China can put forward the corresponding measures for the green barriers in the light of these influences.Yin (2009) argued that developing green industries and enhancing China's international image are the necessary methods to deal with green barriers. At present, China's trade dependence has been higher than the U.S., Japan, India and Brazil. If China only focuses on improvingopenness, due to the deteriorating terms of trade, it will result in an outflow of resources. Therefore China should improve the quality of trade and optimize trade structure, which make China's products achieve the environmental standards and improve the quality of export products. There are three important factors.As a developing country, China has little environmental and security standards and even no standards for majority products. So an effective measurement to deal with green barriers is to improve the domestic environmental and safety standards. Efforts to integrate the standards of international and developed country are still a beginning and continue to advance slowly. The Measures on the Management of Environmental Standards, promulgated by SEPA, reflect a growing awareness and recognition of international or developed-country environmental standards (Seffens, 2011). It provides that the Chinese monitoring organization may use current international standards and standards in developed countries when verbalizing new environmental standards. Therefore, based on the literature above quoted and also the objectives of the paper, following hypotheses will be tested: Hypothesis 1: There is a significant relationship between the causes of green barriers and China's agricultural product export. Hypothesis 2: The impact of green barriers influencers toward China's agricultural product export is significant. Hypothesis 3: The impact of effective solutions of green barriers towardChina's agricultural product export is significant. 2.4 Research Model In this paper, the relationship between green barriers and China's agricultural products export (dependent variable) is investigated. In order to vividly show the green barriers in China, this study will identify three aspects of green barriers, which are causes, influences and methods (independent variables). The three aspects are also the three steps to analyse green barriers in China. To analyse green barriers, the causes are the first step. Then identifying the influences is the second step. The last step is the suitable methods based on causes and influences. 3. Research MethodQuantitative research is chosen to be the main approach of this research. The data collection of this study will use survey, which is a non-experimental method. In survey research, respondents answer questions through interviews or questionnaires. In order to ensure the reliability of the survey, it is important that the questions are made appropriately. This research will use cross-sectional surveys. Cross-sectional surveys are used to gather information on a population at a single point in time. The sampling technique used in this paper is Cluster Sampling. This research focuses on the agricultural trade companies in China. All the samples are collected in Xi'an of Shaanxi province since the core industry of Xi'an is agriculture.译文绿色贸易壁垒与农产品出口Martin Beck.摘要：作为一个农业大国,中国农业产品的出口往往受到绿色壁垒的限制。
贸易壁垒中英文对照外文翻译文献
贸易壁垒中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应分析摘要技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。
TBT对出口国出口贸易的影响主要通过数量抑制和价格抑制两个方面来实现。
在短期内,TBT将会阻碍出口国企业的出口,导致生产者福利的损失;但在中长期内,出口国若能对TBT进行合理的管理和利用,则TBT可能会促使出口国企业的产品与技术创新动力,从而对出口国贸易条件的改善具有促进作用。
关键词: 技术性贸易壁垒;数量抑制;价格抑制;消费者效应;产业效应技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)是指一国或一个区域组织以维护国家或区域基本安全、保障人类健康和安全、保护动植物健康和安全、保护环境、防止欺诈行为、保证产品质量等为由而采取的一些强制性或自愿性的技术性措施,这些措施对其他国家或区域组织的商品、服务和投资进入该国或该区域市场产生影响。
技术性贸易壁垒的经济效应是指一国实行的技术性贸易壁垒所产生的各种经济影响,包括对相关国家及本国各利益集团的利益得失及其变动的影响。
1 TBT的作用机制分析从技术贸易壁垒的作用机制来看,一方面,技术性贸易壁垒具有控制进口商品数量的作用，即数量抑制机制另一方面,技术性贸易壁垒具有控制进口商品价格的作用，即价格抑制机制。
1.1数量抑制效应当技术性要求标准较低时,商品或服务都因达到或超过规定的技术性要求而被允许进口。
但当进口国将进口品技术性要求提高时,商品或服务因为低于技术要求而被拒绝进口。
技术性要求的提高明显构成了对进口品的贸易障碍,产生对进口品的数量控制作用,。
1.2价格抑制效应出口商品或服务的质量由于没能达到进口国的最低标准而未获得进口许可,此时,如果出口企业仍想留在进口市场,就只有通过增加投资对产品或服务进行技术改进,出口企业为保住市场不得不改进技术调整生产或服务过程而付出额外费用使之达到新的要求，这样就导致了该产品或服务的单位成本提高，企业要想获得正常利润必须把价格提高,。
绿色贸易壁垒的成因及对策【外文翻译】
外文翻译原文Causes and Countermeasures of Green Trade BarrierMaterial Source: Fiji Times Author: Steven W. Popper Abstract: The green trade barriers is the chronic problem of China's export enterprises, to China great economic losses to China in international trade at a very bad position. Its causes are mainly environmental issues of globalization, the rise of new trade protectionism and national technical level, differences in economic strength. The solution to this problem the most effective way is the enterprise of a green marketing strategy.In the process of economic globalization, trade and closer ties between the global environment, and a major impact on world economic development. States have introduced a variety of environmental protection laws, regulatory measures, however, these measures have resulted in a de facto trade barriers in developing countries from developed countries and even the challenges, so that China in international trade at a very bad position. According to statistics, join the WTO, the impact of green barriers by the year 2002 only the loss of China's export trade volume of up to about 170 billion U.S. dollars. Green trade barriers on China’s exports, market size and export trade, export growth, foreign trade and export sectors (agriculture, food, machinery and electronic products, textile and apparel products, medicines, etc.), export volume, export costs, the effectiveness of exports and so on have been produced varying degrees of impact, and even the credibility of China's export enterprises and commodities, etc. are all adversely affected, leading to some of the products of foreign consumer confidence in China's decline on China's exports have long-term adverse effects.First,Analysis of the formation of the green trade barriers(1) The globalization of environmental problems is the external reason for the formation of the green trade barriers. Environmentally sustainable development path chosen by triggered a worldwide environmental movement, it is in environmental issues against the backdrop of globalization, countries of the world throughparticipation in international conventions, international environmental organizations, aimed at protecting the natural resources, ecological environment and human health, environmental systems and standards. These systems and standards embodied in the trade, that is, from other countries, products and services to set up green barriers to restrict imports, thereby creating a de facto barriers.(2) The rise of new trade protectionism is the root cause of the green trade barriers. WTO trade protectionism did not make disappear, but increased competition forced the governments to reduce the level of protection in the tariff means the case, to find more effective non-tariff barriers to protect domestic markets and industries. Green barriers reasonable, legitimate and extensive features make it the preferred means of trade protectionism. Developing countries facing a hard choice: either to withdraw from the developed country markets, or followed by the developed countries, production and national economic strength is not consistent with the high input, high-tech "green products." But in any case, developing countries have to pay a heavy price. From both the developed countries to protect domestic industries, has become a standard setter. This is the "green barrier" as a new form of protectionism in international trade to the rapid development of the fundamental reason.(3) The national technical level, differences in economic strength is green trade barriers objective reasons. Although people have recognized the concept of sustainable development, but they differ on how to achieve. Developed countries due to economic development level and high level of environmental protection technology, its environmental requirements and standards is also high. In developing countries due to financial and technical constraints, simply can not meet the environmental requirements in developed countries. This is the objective, causing the green barriers. As world commodity with a wide range of production processes and standards varied, the development of uniform global environmental standards is extremely difficult Luoguo based on national interest considerations have to set their own environmental standards, resulting in vastly different green certification and implementation of the system and indirectly caused his country's products discrimination, the formation of a new green barriers.Second, in order to respond to green marketing, green trade barrierDeveloping countries should get rid of the dilemma of the situation as described above must be produced that meet environmental standards, and to achieve corporate profitability products. In my opinion, enterprises green marketingstrategy is the most effective approach. Green marketing refers to the promotion of sustainable development as the goal for the realization of economic benefits, consumer demand and environmental benefits of a unified, enterprise based on scientific and normative principles, through purposeful and planned to develop products and with other market players the exchange value of their products to meet market demand as a management process. Enterprises to implement green marketing strategies can not only make our products meet environmental standards, and by implementing green marketing idea can be realized cost reduction or increase value-added products in order to achieve profits. Specifically, companies must grasp the following aspects:(1)A development of green products: By implementing green marketing ideas to reduce business costsGreen marketing should be built on green production basis. Green Product refers to the production, use and disposal of environmentally friendly or endanger small conducive to recycling, and recycling products.Green production related to green product design, green materials, the use and the use of green packaging, and several other elements. In the green design, while ensuring quality of products under the premise firmly grasp the theme of the green, taking full account of products in the manufacture, sale, use and end of life issues such as post-recycling. Designed for use with a reusable, renewable, biodegradable and easy handling characteristics of the green material; attention to minimize the types of materials to increase their likelihood of re-use, and to simplify the follow-up treatment, reduce waste and reduce raw material consumption. This will not only be able to achieve the environmental objectives but can also reduce costs, improve product value, thereby improving economic efficiency; the same time, pay attention to the use of green packaging. Green packaging is conserving resources, reducing waste, recycling after use or recycled easily and do not pollute the environment packaging. Green packaging in the developed countries have been widely popular in China is still in its infancy. This requires the Chinese enterprises in the packaging process, China must strive to reduce packaging costs, but also taking into account packaging waste pollution on the environment, and constantly developed a new type of green packaging materials.(2)Development of green technology: through technological innovation to reduce costsGreen Marketing in China at the present stage of development a key issue ishow to do "both economical and environmental protection", to resolve this problem the most thorough way to great efforts to develop green technology, the implementation of technological innovation. With the knowledge economy era, the rapid development of high-tech world, an eco-friendly, green-oriented large groups of subjects is rising to the ecological and environmental protection as the center of wave shape. This green technology research and development has opened up broad prospects laid a solid foundation. Eco-technology innovation will not only allow rapid popularity of green products, but also prompted a significant decline in production costs, thus providing the rapid diffusion of green marketing might.(3)Establish a corporate brand image of green:The green brand to increase product value-added contentGreen Marketing in the enterprise is required to establish a corporate focus on green brand image, through the corporate brand to increase the green content of value-added products, thereby enhancing the product price. Enterprises can use various media to publicize himself has done in the green fields, and actively participate in various matters relating to environmental protection, with practical actions to strengthen enterprises in the public eye impression. At the same time, companies should vigorously promote green consumption and fashion, warning people to use green products, green marketing support and guide the green consumer demand.(4)To Green Governance: By turning waste into Bora improve enterprise profitabilityGreen governance. Is to take effective measures to tackle pollution. This will require enterprises not only to achieve a useful resource of waste in the use and development of chemical harm into, but also to carry out mutually beneficial cooperation between enterprises, will the other side of the waste as their raw materials or energy, turning waste into treasure, and thus to achieve the purpose of improving profitability of the business.Additionally, businesses should actively seek industry associations, government and business sector to support the diplomatic service. Through organized and exporting countries to negotiate as much as possible to develop practical products that environmentally friendly production standards in order to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of enterprises.译文绿色贸易壁垒的成因及对策资料来源:斐济时报作者：Steven W. Popper 摘要：绿色贸易壁垒是长期困扰中国出口企业的问题，给中国造成了极大的经济损失，使中国在国际贸易中处于极为不利的地位。
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与环境有关的贸易壁垒的第一次评估
摘要
国际贸易可以以不同的方式影响环境。
这可能证明是进口国引进的边境措施。
然而，环境参数滥用贸易保护主义的理由是可能的。
为解开保护主义的处置权，以合理的，环境问题的真正理由，在我们系统地审查所有税目进口国水平的通知。
一般认为贸易是可能受影响时，贸易壁垒是一项关于环境问题的理由，通知房协的立场：对环境，野生动物，以及人类健康的保护，人类安全，动物健康和植物的健康。
受影响行业定义为国家的进口壁垒等通知。
最后，保护主义的环境障碍，推测当数量有限国家规定了一项对某一特定产品的进口环境障碍。
我们发现，88％的世界贸易是有潜在的影响，而世界上一半的进口可能受到保护主义措施的影响，如农业，汽车业，制药业和其他许多部门等。
JEL分类：F130，F180，Q010
关键词：贸易政策，环境，贸易保护主义，卫生和植物检疫，贸易技术壁垒
简介
贸易与环境：这两个概念是全球化的辩论的中心。
然而，贸易与环境相互关系的解释性模型和实证证据不足方面的复杂性破坏了坚实的辩论理由。
首先提供多边贸易自由化对整个世界人口的污染程度较低的产品和工艺，以及去污染技术，其中90％集中在经合组织国家（经合组织，2000年）。
然而，多边贸易自由化也可能产生不利影响环境。
因此，一般是解决两个假说。
首先，要素比例理论认为污染行业，是一般资本相对密集，应设在发达国家。
而且因为这些国家在技术上先进，他们要依靠环境友好型技术。
与此相反，另一种所谓的«污染避风港»假说认为，低收入国家的支付有限重视环境将吸引那些污染行业，由于薄弱的环境法规。
总的来说，对环境的保护是有利于自由贸易？答案必须结合三个影响：规模效应，技术效应和结构效应（格罗斯曼和克鲁格，1991）。
规模效应和联合技术效果一般在环境库兹涅茨曲线：以上的人均收入临界水平，技术进步占主导地位的规模效应，因此经济增长对环境的好处。
该成分的影响，作为专业化的国家环境影响的定义，仍与前两次比较幅度相当有限。
每一个与贸易自由化有关的人均收入一增加百分之会转化为中污染物质根据Antweiler，科普兰和泰勒（1998）浓度一下降了百分之。
至于最近的经验而言，乌拉圭回合谈判中的污染物质排放方面的影响进行评估可以使用三种工具的组合：CGE模型的贸易自由化;部门对污染物质的排放量矩阵估算的库兹涅茨曲线在世界水平。
因此，科尔等人。
（1998年），在麦当劳和专家咨询小组努德斯特伦注重成果的基础上，发现该技术效果比成分或更大的规模效应，不同污染物质（二氧化硫，一氧化碳，...），至于欧洲，日本和美国的关注。
然而，在世界一级，这个有利的结果是补偿由所在国的诱导专业化«不好的一面的库兹涅茨曲线»。
在世界一级，污染物质的排放量可能增加0.1％至0.5％。
更普遍的，因为世贸组织强调的潜在的负面影响，自由贸易对环境不局限于
狭义的工业污染问题：森林砍伐，不可持续的渔业，温室效应和农业技术必须被认为太（努德斯特伦＆沃恩，2000年）。
总体而言，国际贸易自由化将提高福利，有条件的纠正环境政策的执行。
相反，可能会妨碍贸易的障碍，却不能改善环境，资源配置效率：以农产品为例，实施这些政策，以解决环境问题可能会影响贸易，而导致意外的环境结果。
贸易自由化对环境的潜在有害影响，的确是一个农业有挑战性的问题，这个问题引起了越来越多的关注（OCDE，2000年）项。
温室效应，对transportrelated 活动的排放，集约化进程的灌溉和各种化学投入和异体物种的引入基于环境的不利影响转化为弥补损失，与自由贸易有关的效率收益。
但是我们必须小心处理这些问题：从最初的情况已经是第二个最好的，贸易自由化的影响可以是模糊的。
最初的情况，在贸易自由化，其特点是大量补贴，以及这些政策对环境的影响也应考虑采取的平衡。
总体而言，对环境的压力很可能是轻松的国家，价格将下跌的自由化的结果，而在其他国家日益加剧，以生产出口。
如果后者调动了技术密集型环境资源少，自由化的影响将是有益的。
两个附加的结果将导致在农业食品部门的巨大变化未来：世界人口以及对耕地曲面的扩展限制的动态。
这些结果将导致在部门的深刻变化，比较其中贸易自由化本身的影响肯定是有限的，根据经合组织的模拟实现了AGLINK。
后者的结论是否会导致一种良性的忽视态度呢？当然不是。
尽管上面提到的影响，也有具体的风险，对国际贸易，公共政策必须解决。
这些风险有两方面：生物和信息。
前者的风险相对应的异体种，引进天敌疾病。
该信息的风险是与出口者（信息不对称的行为，道德风险）。
为了解决这些风险，«在边境措施？可以是必要的：检疫，检查等的挑战是实现这些没有上升贸易壁垒«措施»。
据
经合组织（经合组织，2000年，第39页）
政府可以限制自由贸易，以保护人类和动物健康，或保护植物，据被强迫限制是透明的，依靠科学的评价，提供了一个保护级别兼容国际规范，或与科学评估，并提议作为一个整体国民待遇»进口。
之间«分离措施在边境»线和相应的贸易壁垒难以draw.This文章旨在分析的规模和结构与环境有关的贸易障（ETBs），从而得出这样的分割线。
事实上，鉴于对非关税贸易障碍大幅降低，如配额，已记录的数量和被通报的ETBs程度令人印象深刻。
如果这个速度保持下去，环境壁垒将成为世界上最具争议的问题之一贸易管理。
在何种程度上对环境问题成为严重的国际贸易壁垒决定什么贸易壁垒的进
口份额由国家强制执行的有关环境因素的基础上，哪个国家都作出最密集的ETBs使用？哪些是受影响最严重的部门和出口国？什么类型的贸易壁垒是最常用的？所有这些问题都是暂时解决此处输入文章的目的不是导电的收益，并与这些壁垒实施贸易有关的损失一般均衡的方法。
它也不在量化«遗失的贸易»量，这些障碍可能是负责为宗旨。
我们的目标是比较有限的：我们的范围和对环境的关注理由贸易壁垒执法的重点。
我们试图确定是否«通知措施»用于保护主义的方式，或仅限于原来的环境目标。
我们研究的执行这项环保措施的国家的动机和量化世界贸易中所占份额是潜在的和有效的，由这些障碍的影响。