1994考研数四真题及解析

合集下载

1994年考研数学(四)试题

1994年考研数学(四)试题
1994 年数学四试题 一、填空题
2 x+ x
∫ (1) −2 2 + x2 dx =_____________.
(2)
已知
f
′(x0
)
=
−1,则
lim
x→ 0
x f ( x0 − 2x) −
= __________. f ( x0 − x)
(3) 设方程 exy + y2 = cos x 确定 y 为 x 的函数,则 dy = _________. dx
⎪⎩−5, X > 12.
问平均内径 µ 取何值时,销售一个零件的平均利润最大?
(A) 事件 A和 B 互不相容 (C) 事件 A和 B 互不独立
(B) 事件 A和 B 相互对立 (D) 事件 A和 B 相互独立
三、求极限 lim[ x − x2 ln(1 + 1 )].
x →∞
x
四、已知 f (x, y) = x2 arctan y − y2 arctan x ,求 ∂2 f .
(1) 常数 a 及切点 ( x0, y0) ;
(2) 两曲线与 x 轴围成的平面图形的面积 S .
∫ 八、设函数
f (x) 有导数,且 f (0) =0, F( x) =
xt n−1 f
0
(x n
−t
n)dt
,证明
F (x)
lim
x →0
x2n
=
1 2n
f
′(0) .
九、设α1,α2,α3是齐次线性方程组 Ax = 0的一个基础解系.
证明α1 +α2 ,α2 +α3 , α3 +α1 也是该方程组的一个基础解系.
⎡0 0 1 ⎤

1994考研数二真题及解析

1994考研数二真题及解析

1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.把答案填在题中横线上.)(1) 若2sin 21,0,() , 0ax x e x f x xa x ⎧+-≠⎪=⎨⎪=⎩在(,)-∞+∞上连续,则a =______. (2) 设函数()y y x =由参数方程32ln(1),x t t y t t=-+⎧⎨=+⎩所确定,则22d ydx =______. (3)cos30()x d f t dtdx ⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎣⎦⎰______. (4) 23x x e dx =⎰______.(5) 微分方程2(4)0ydx x x dy +-=的通解为______.二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内.)(1) 设220ln(1)()lim2x x ax bx x →+-+=,则 ( ) (A) 51,2a b ==-(B) 0,2a b ==- (C) 50,2a b ==- (D) 1,2a b ==-(2) 设322,1()3 , 1x x f x x x ⎧≤⎪=⎨⎪>⎩,则()f x 在点1x =处的 ( )(A) 左、右导数都存在 (B) 左导数存在,但右导数不存在 (C) 左导数不存在,但右导数存在 (D) 左、右导数都不存在(3) 设()y f x =是满足微分方程sin 0xy y e'''+-=的解,且0()0f x '=,则()f x 在 ( ) (A) 0x 的某个领域内单调增加 (B) 0x 的某个领域内单调减少 (C) 0x 处取得极小值 (D) 0x 处取得极大值(4) 曲线2121arctan (1)(2)x x x y e x x ++=-+的渐近线有 ( )(A) 1条 (B) 2条 (C) 3条 (D) 4条(5)设43422222sin cos ,(sin cos )1x M xdx N x x dx x ππππ--==++⎰⎰,23422(sin cos )P x x x dx ππ-=-⎰,则有 ( )(A) N P M << (B) M P N << (C) N M P << (D) P M N <<三、(本题共5小题,每小题5分,满分25分.)(1) 设()y f x y =+,其中f 具有二阶导数,且其一阶导数不等于1,求22d ydx.(2) 计算3142(1)x x dx -⎰.(3) 计算2lim tan ()4nn nπ→∞+.(4) 计算sin 22sin dxx x+⎰.(5) 如图,设曲线方程为212y x =+,梯形OABC 的面积为D ,曲边梯形OABC 的面积为1D ,点A 的坐标为(,0)a ,0a >,证明:3D <.四、(本题满分9分)设当0x >时,方程211kx x +=有且仅有一个解,求k 的取值范围.五、(本题满分9分)设324x y x +=,(1) 求函数的增减区间及极值; (2) 求函数图像的凹凸区间及拐点; (3) 求其渐近线; (4) 作出其图形.六、(本题满分9分)求微分方程2sin y a y x ''+=的通解,其中常数0a >.七、(本题满分9分)设()f x 在[0,1]上连续且递减,证明:当01λ<<时,1()()f x dx f x dx λλ≥⎰⎰.八、(本题满分9分)求曲线23|1|y x =--与x 轴围成的封闭图形绕直线3y =旋转所得的旋转体体积.1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题解析一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1)【答案】2-【解析】2sin 21ax x e x+-在0x ≠时是初等函数,因而连续;要使()f x 在(,)-∞+∞上连续,()f x 在0x =处也连续,这样必有0lim ()(0)x f x f →=.由极限的四则混合运算法则和等价无穷小,0x →时,sin xx ;1x e x -.2200sin 21sin 21lim lim()ax ax x x x e x e x x x→→+--=+ 0022limlim 22x x x axa a x x→→=+=+=,从而有2a =-. (2)【答案】(1)(65)t t t++【解析】 dy dy dt dydx dtdt dx dt dx =⋅=2232352111t t y t t t t x t'+===++'-+, ()65(1)(65)111x txx t y t t t y x t t''+++''==='-+. 【相关知识点】复合函数求导法则:如果()u g x =在点x 可导,而()y f x =在点()u g x =可导,则复合函数[]()y f g x =在点x 可导,且其导数为()()dy f u g x dx ''=⋅ 或 dy dy dudx du dx=⋅. (3)【答案】3sin3(cos3)xf x -【解析】原式(cos3)(cos3)(cos3)(sin3)33sin3(cos3)f x x f x xxf x '=⋅=⋅-⋅=-. 【相关知识点】对积分上限的函数的求导公式:若()()()()t t F t f x dx βα=⎰,()t α,()t β均一阶可导,则[][]()()()()()F t t f t t f t ββαα'''=⋅-⋅.(4)【答案】221(1)2x x e C -+,其中C 为任意常数【解析】本题利用不定积分的分部积分法求解.显然是2x e 先进入积分号,原式22222211()()22x x x x d e x e e d x ⎡⎤==-⎣⎦⎰⎰ 221(1)2x x e C =-+ 其中C 为任意常数. 注:分部积分法的关键是要选好谁先进入积分号的问题,如果选择不当可能引起更繁杂的计算,最后甚至算不出结果来.在做题的时候应该好好总结,积累经验.【相关知识点】分部积分公式:假定()u u x =与()v v x =均具有连续的导函数,则,uv dx uv u vdx ''=-⎰⎰ 或者 .udv uv vdu =-⎰⎰(5)【答案】4(4)x y Cx -⋅=,C 为任意常数 【解析】这是可分离变量的方程. 分离变量得0(4)dx dyx x y+=-,两项分别对x 和对y 积分得到114ln ln ,4x y C x-+= 化简有44x y C x-⋅=,即 4(4)x y Cx -⋅=,C 为任意常数.二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1)【答案】(A)【解析】方法1:将极限中的分子用泰勒—皮亚诺公式展开得2222ln(1)()(())()2x x ax bx x o x ax bx +-+=-+-+221(1)()()2a xb x o x =--++,由假设,应该有101()22a b -=⎧⎪⎨-+=⎪⎩,故由此51,2a b ==-,故应选(A).方法2:用洛必达法则.220ln(1)()lim x x ax bx x →+-+为“0”型的极限未定式,又分子分母在点0处导数都存在,所以,0121lim 2x a bxxx→--+=原式左边 20(1)(2)2lim 2(1)x a a b x bx x x →--+-=+(若10a -≠,则原式极限为∞,必有10a -=)122,2b +=-= 51,2a b ⇒==-. 故应选(A).(2)【答案】(B)【解析】方法1:因32(),(1)()3f x x x f x =≤⇒左可导,312(1)23x f x --='⎛⎫'== ⎪⎝⎭.又211lim ()lim 1(1)()x x f x x f f x ++→→==≠⇒不右连续()f x ⇒在1x =的右导数不存在, 故选(B). 方法2:2(1)3f =,而 211lim ()lim 1(1)x x f x x f ++→→==≠, 所以,()f x 在1x =点不连续,故不可导,但左,右导数可能存在,这只需要用左,右导数定义进行验证.2113112()(1)3(1)lim lim ,1122()(1)33(1)lim lim 2.11x x x x x f x f f x x x f x f f x x ++--+→→-→→--'===+∞----'===--故()f x 在1x =点左导数存在,但右导数不存在,故应选(B). (3)【答案】(C)【解析】由于()f x 满足微分方程sin 0xy y e'''+-=,当0x x =时,有0sin 00()()x f x f x e '''+=.又由0()0f x '=,有0sin 0()0x f x e ''=>,因而点0x 是()f x 的极小值点,应选(C).(4)【答案】(B)【解析】用换元法求极限,令1t x=,则当x →±∞时,0t →,且有 2201lim lim arctan ,(1)(12)4t x t t t y e t t π→±∞→++==-+ 0lim x y →=-∞,所以y 轴和4y π=是曲线的两条渐近线.而1x =和2x =-并非曲线的渐近线,因当1x =和2x =-时,y 分别趋向于2eπ±和142eπ±.故应选(B).【相关知识点】渐近线的相关知识:水平渐近线:若有lim ()x f x a →∞=,则y a =为水平渐近线;铅直渐近线:若有lim ()x af x →=∞,则x a =为铅直渐近线;斜渐近线:若有()lim,lim[()]x x f x a b f x ax x→∞→∞==-存在且不为∞,则y ax b =+为斜渐近线.(5)【答案】(D)【解析】对于关于原点对称的区间上的积分,应该关注被积函数的奇偶性.由对称区间上奇偶函数积分的性质,被积函数是奇函数,积分区间关于原点对称,则积分为0,故0M =,且由定积分的性质,如果在区间[],a b 上,被积函数()0f x ≥,则()0 ()baf x dx a b ≥<⎰.所以 4202cos 0N xdx π=>⎰, 4202cos 0P xdx N π=-=-<⎰.因而 P M N <<,应选(D).三、(本题共5小题,每小题5分,满分25分.)(1)【解析】方程两边对x 求导,得(1)y f y '''=⋅+,两边再求导,得2(1)y f y f y ''''''''=⋅++⋅,由于一阶导数不等于1,所以10f '-≠. 以1f y f ''='-代入并解出y '',得 3(1)f y f ''''='-. 【相关知识点】复合函数求导法则:如果()u g x =在点x 可导,而()y f x =在点()u g x =可导,则复合函数[]()y f g x =在点x 可导,且其导数为()()dy f u g x dx ''=⋅ 或 dy dy dudx du dx=⋅. (2)【解析】用换元积分法.观察被积函数的特点,可考虑引入三角函数化简.令2sin x t =,则2cos xdx tdt =.当0x =时,0t =;当1x =时,2t π=,故原式4201cos 2tdt π=⎰1313()242232ππ=⋅⋅⋅=.【相关知识点】定积分关于单三角函数的积分公式:2200(1)!!, !!2sin cos (1)!!, !!n n n n n n I xdx xdx n n n πππ-⎧⎪⎪===⎨-⎪⎪⎩⎰⎰为偶数为奇数,.注:对于双阶乘!!n 的定义如下:当n 为奇数时,!!13n n =⨯⨯⨯;当n 为偶数时,!!24n n =⨯⨯⨯.(3)【解析】方法1:用三角函数公式将2tan()4n π+展开,再化为重要极限1lim(1)x x e x→∞+=的形式,利用等价无穷小因子替换,即0x →时,tan x x ,从而求出极限.221tan 2tan 2lim tan ()lim lim 12241tan 1tan nnn n n n n n n n n π→∞→∞→∞⎡⎤⎡⎤+⎢⎥⎢⎥+==+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦⎣⎦ 221tan 4tan 124tan22212tan 1tanlim221tan422tan lim 121tan n n n n n n nnnn n ee n →∞-⋅⋅-⋅-→∞⎡⎤⎢⎥=+==⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦.方法2:先取自然对数,求出极限后再用恒等式 lim ln ()lim ()x f x x e f x →∞→∞=.因为221tan2tan2lim ln tan ()lim ln lim ln 12241tan1tan n n n n n n n n n n n π→∞→∞→∞⎡⎤+⎢⎥+==+⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦ 222tan tan 4lim lim 42221tan 1tann n n n n n n n →∞→∞⎡⎤⎢⎥===⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦, 于是 2ln tan ()442lim tan ()lim 4n nn n n e e n ππ+→∞→∞+==.(4)【解析】方法1:利用三角函数的二倍角公式sin 22sin cos ααα=⋅,并利用换元积分,结合拆项法求积分,得sin 22sin 2sin (cos 1)dx dxx x x x =++⎰⎰22sin 11cos 2sin (cos 1)2(1)(1)xdx x u du x x u u ==-+-+⎰⎰(22sin 1cos x x =-)221(1)(1)1112()4(1)(1)811(1)u u du du u u u u u ++-=-=-++-+-++⎰⎰12ln |1|ln |1|8(1)u u C u ⎡⎤=--+++⎢⎥+⎣⎦()()12ln 1cos ln 1cos 81cos x x C x ⎡⎤=--+++⎢⎥+⎣⎦, 其中C 为任意常数.方法2:换元cos x u =后,有原式22sin 12sin (cos 1)2sin (cos 1)2(1)(1)dx xdx dux x x x u u ===-++-+⎰⎰⎰.用待定系数法将被积函数分解:221(1)(1)11(1)A B Du u u u u =++-+-++22()(2)()(1)(1)A B u A D u A B D u u -+-+++=-+,1120,421A B A D A B D A B D -=⎧⎪⇒-=⇒===⎨⎪++=⎩.于是,2111212()ln 1ln 1811(1)81du u u C u u u u ⎡⎤-++=--+++⎢⎥-+++⎣⎦⎰原式= ()()12ln 1cos ln 1cos 81cos x x C x ⎡⎤=--+++⎢⎥+⎣⎦. (5)【解析】对梯形OABC 的面积为D ,可用梯形面积公式()2ha b +,其中h 为梯形的高,a 、b 分别为上底和下底长度.对于曲边梯形OABC 的面积则用积分式求解.222231011()(1)22,22111(32)().2326a a a a D a a a D x dx a a +++==+=+=+=⎰ 由于 22312a a +<+,所以221132a a +<+,由此, 2222221(1)3(1)31323(32)322226a a D a a a a D a a +++===<+++.四、(本题满分9分)【解析】方程211kx x +=的解即为32()1x kx x ϕ=-+的零点. 要证明方程211kx x+=有且仅有一个解,只需要证明()x ϕ是单调函数,且它的函数图像仅穿过x 轴一次就可以了.以下是证明过程.对()x ϕ求一阶导数,有2()32(32)x kx x x kx ϕ'=-=-.当0k ≤时,()0x ϕ'<,()x ϕ单调减少,(0)10,lim (),x x ϕϕ→+∞=>=-∞()x ϕ在0x >有唯一的零点;当0k >时,()x ϕ在2(0,)3k 单调减少,在2(,)3k +∞单调增加,224()1327k k ϕ=-,而(0)10,lim (),x x ϕϕ→+∞=>=+∞当且仅当最小值2()03k ϕ=时,()x ϕ才在0x >有唯一零点,这时应该有k =总之,当0k ≤或k =,原方程有唯一实根.五、(本题满分9分)【解析】求函数的增减区间一般先求出函数的不连续点和驻点,根据这些点将函数的定义域分成不同区间,然后根据y '在此区间上的正负来判断该区间上函数的增减性以及极值点;根据y ''的正负判定区间的凹凸性;求渐近线时除判定是否存在水平或垂直渐近线外,还要注意有没有斜渐近线.作函数图形时要能综合(1)、(2)、(3)所给出的函数属性,尤其注意渐近线、拐点、极值点和零点.2344824,1,0y x y y x x x '''=+=-=>. 无定义点:0x =,驻点:2x =.函数在(,0)(2,)-∞+∞单调增加,在(0,2)单调减少,在(,0)(0,)-∞+∞凹,在2x =取极小值23x y ==;由于 0lim ,x y →=∞所以0x =为垂直渐近线.由于 24lim1,lim()lim 0,x x x y y x xx →∞→∞→∞=-==所以y x =是斜渐近线.粗略草图如下:【相关知识点】渐近线的相关知识:水平渐近线:若有lim ()x f x a →∞=,则y a =为水平渐近线; 铅直渐近线:若有lim ()x af x →=∞,则x a =为铅直渐近线;斜渐近线:若有()lim,lim[()]x x f x a b f x ax x→∞→∞==-存在且不为∞,则y ax b =+为斜渐近线.六、(本题满分9分)【解析】所给方程为常系数的二阶线性非齐次方程,对应的齐次方程的特征方程220r a +=有两个根为12,r r ai =±.当1a ≠时,非齐次方程的特解应设为 sin cos Y A x B x =+.代入方程可以确定 221sin ,0,11xA B Y a a ===--. 当1a =时,应设 sin cos Y xA x xB x =+,代入方程可以确定 10,,cos 22xA B Y x ==-=-.由此,所求的通解为当1a ≠时,122sin cos sin 1xy c ax c ax a =++-; 当1a =时,12cos sin cos 2xy c x c x x =+-. 【相关知识点】1.二阶线性非齐次方程解的结构:设*()y x 是二阶线性非齐次方程()()()y P x y Q x y f x '''++=的一个特解.()Y x 是与之对应的齐次方程 ()()0y P x y Q x y '''++=的通解,则*()()y Y x y x =+是非齐次方程的通解.2. 二阶常系数线性齐次方程通解的求解方法:对于求解二阶常系数线性齐次方程的通解()Y x ,可用特征方程法求解:即()()0y P x y Q x y '''++=中的()P x 、()Q x 均是常数,方程变为0y py qy '''++=.其特征方程写为20r pr q ++=,在复数域内解出两个特征根12,r r ; 分三种情况:(1) 两个不相等的实数根12,r r ,则通解为1212;rx r x y C eC e =+(2) 两个相等的实数根12r r =,则通解为()112;rxy C C x e =+(3) 一对共轭复根1,2r i αβ=±,则通解为()12cos sin .xy e C x C x αββ=+其中12,C C 为常数.3.对于求解二阶线性非齐次方程()()()y P x y Q x y f x '''++=的一个特解*()y x ,可用待定系数法,有结论如下:如果()(),x m f x P x e λ=则二阶常系数线性非齐次方程具有形如*()()k xm y x x Q x e λ=的特解,其中()m Q x 是与()m P x 相同次数的多项式,而k 按λ不是特征方程的根、是特征方程的单根或是特征方程的重根依次取0、1或2.如果()[()cos ()sin ]xl n f x e P x x P x x λωω=+,则二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程()()()y p x y q x y f x '''++=的特解可设为*(1)(2)[()cos ()sin ]k x m m y x e R x x R x x λωω=+,其中(1)()m R x 与(2)()m R x 是m 次多项式,{}max ,m l n =,而k 按i λω+(或i λω-)不是特征方程的根、或是特征方程的单根依次取为0或1.七、(本题满分9分)【解析】方法一:用积分比较定理.首先需要统一积分区间:换元,令x t λ=,则 1()()f x dx f t dt λλλ=⎰⎰,由此[]11()()()()f x dx f x dx f x f x dx λλλλ-=-⎰⎰⎰.因为()f x 递减而x x λ<,所以()()f x f x λ≥,上式的右端大于零,问题得证. 方法二:用积分中值定理.为分清两中值的大小,需要分别在(0,),(,1)λλ两区间内用积分中值定理:11()()()f x dx f x dx f x dx λλ=+⎰⎰⎰,由此,11()()(1)()()f x dx f x dx f x dx f x dx λλλλλλ-=--⎰⎰⎰⎰12(1)()(1)()f f λλξλλξ=-⋅-⋅-[]12(1)()()f f λλξξ=-⋅-,其中,1201ξλξ<<<<;又因()f x 递减,12()()f f ξξ≥.上式的右端大于零,问题得证. 方法三:作为函数不等式来证明.令1()()()f x dx f x dx λϕλλ=-⎰⎰, [0,1]λ∈.则 1()()()f f x dx ϕλλ'=-⎰.由积分中值定理,有()()()f f ϕλλξ'=-,其中(0,1)ξ∈为常数.由()f λ递减,λξ=为唯一驻点,且()ϕλ'在λξ=由正变负,λξ=是()ϕλ的极大值点也是最大值点;由此,最小点必为端点0λ=或1.从而有()(0)(1)0,0 1.ϕλϕϕλ≥==<<命题得证.【相关知识点】积分上限的函数的求导公式:若()()()()t t F t f x dx βα=⎰,()t α,()t β均一阶可导,则[][]()()()()()F t t f t t f t ββαα'''=⋅-⋅.八、(本题满分9分)【解析】如右图所示,曲线左右对称, 与x 轴的交点是(2,0),(2,0)-. 只计算右半部分即可.作垂直分割, 相应于[],x x dx +的小竖条的体积微元:222223(3)3(1)dV y dx x dx π⎡⎤⎡⎤=--=--⎣⎦⎣⎦24(82),02x x dx x π=+-≤≤,于是 22404482(82)15V x x dx ππ=+-=⎰.y =。

1994考研数学一真题及答案解析

1994考研数学一真题及答案解析

1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题一、填空题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1) 011limcot ()sin x x x x→-=_____________. (2) 曲面23zz e xy -+=在点(1,2,0)处的切平面方程为_____________.(3) 设sin xx u e y -=,则2u x y ∂∂∂在点1(2,)π处的值为_____________.(4) 设区域D 为222x y R +≤,则2222()Dx y dxdy a b +=⎰⎰_____________.(5) 已知11(1,2,3),(1,,)23αβ==,设TA αβ=,其中T α是α的转置,则nA =_________.二、选择题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)(1) 设4222sin cos 1x M xdx x ππ-=+⎰,3422(sin cos )N x x dx ππ-=+⎰,23422(sin cos )P x x x dx ππ-=-⎰, 则 ( )(A) N P M << (B) M P N << (C) N M P << (D) P M N <<(2) 二元函数(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 处两个偏导数00(,)x f x y '、00(,)y f x y '存在是(,)f x y 在该点连续的 ( ) (A) 充分条件但非必要条件 (B) 必要条件而非充分条件(C) 充分必要条件 (D) 既非充分条件又非必要条件 (3) 设常数0λ>,且级数21n n a ∞=∑收敛,则级数1(1)nn ∞=-∑ ( )(A) 发散 (B) 条件收敛 (C) 绝对收敛 (D) 收敛性与λ有关 (4) 2tan (1cos )lim2ln(12)(1)x x a x b x c x d e -→+-=-+-,其中220a c +≠,则必有 ( )(A) 4b d = (B) 4b d =- (C) 4a c = (D) 4a c =-(5) 已知向量组1234αααα、、、线性无关,则向量组 ( ) (A) 12αα+、23αα+、34αα+、41αα+线性无关 (B) 12αα-、23αα-、34αα-、41αα-线性无关(C) 12αα+、23αα+、34αα+、41αα-线性无关 (D) 12αα+、23αα+、34αα-、41αα-线性无关 三、(本题共3小题, 每小题5分,满分15分.)(1)设2221cos(),cos(),t x t y t t udu ⎧=⎪⎨=-⎪⎩⎰ 求dy dx 、22d y dx在t =. (2) 将函数111()ln arctan 412x f x x x x +=+--展开成x 的幂级数. (3) 求sin 22sin dxx x +⎰.四、(本题满分6分)计算曲面积分2222Sxdydz z dxdy x y z +++⎰⎰,其中S 是由曲面222x y R +=及两平面,z R = (0)z R R =->所围成立体表面的外侧.五、(本题满分9分)设()f x 具有二阶连续导数,(0)0,(0)1f f '==,且2[()()][()]0xy x y f x y dx f x x y dy '+-++=为一全微分方程,求()f x 及此全微分方程的通解.六、(本题满分8分)设()f x 在点0x =的某一领域内具有二阶连续导数,且0()lim0x f x x→=,证明级数 11()n f n∞=∑绝对收敛. 七、(本题满分6分)已知点A 与B 的直角坐标分别为(1,0,0)与(0,1,1).线段AB 绕z 轴旋转一周所围成的旋转曲面为S .求由S 及两平面0,1z z ==所围成的立体体积. 八、(本题满分8分)设四元线性齐次方程组()I 为12240,0,x x x x +=⎧⎨-=⎩ 又已知某线性齐次方程组()II 的通解为12(0,1,10)(1,2,2,1)k k +-.(1) 求线性方程组()I 的基础解系;(2) 问线性方程组()I 和()II 是否有非零公共解?若有,则求出所有的非零公共解.若没有,则说明理由.九、(本题满分6分)设A 为n 阶非零方阵,*A 是A 的伴随矩阵,T A 是A 的转置矩阵,当*T A A =时,证明||0A ≠.十、填空题(本题共2小题, 每小题3分,满分6分.)(1) 已知A 、B 两个事件满足条件()()P AB P AB =,且()P A p =,则()P B =__________. (2)则随机变量{}max ,Z X Y =的分布律为_______. 十一、(本题满分6分)已知随机变量(,)X Y 服从二维正态分布,且X 和Y 分别服从正态分布2(1,3)N 和2(0,4)N ,X 与Y 的相关系数12XY ρ=-,设32X YZ =+,(1) 求Z 的数学期望()E Z 和方差()D Z ; (2) 求X 与Z 的相关系数XZ ρ; (3) 问X 与Z 是否相互独立?为什么?1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题解析一、填空题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1)【答案】16【解析】原式变形后为“0”型的极限未定式,又分子分母在点0处导数都存在,所以连续应用两次洛必达法则,有原式20cos (sin )limsin x x x x x x →-=300sin limcos lim x x x xx x→→-=⋅ 2001cos sin 1lim lim 366x x x x x x →→-===. (由重要极限0sin lim 1x x x→=) (2)【答案】240x y +-=【解析】所求平面的法向量n 为平行于所给曲面在点(1,2,0)处法线方向的方向向量l ,取n l =,又平面过已知点(1,2,0)M .已知平面的法向量(,,)A B C 和过已知点000(,,)x y z 可唯一确定这个平面:000()()()0A x x B y y C z z -+-+-=.因点(1,2,0)在曲面(,,)0F x y z =上.曲面方程(,,)23zF x y z z e xy =-+-. 曲面在该点的法向量{}{}{}(1,2,0)(1,2,0),,2,2,14,2,022,1,0z F F F n y x e x y z ⎧⎫∂∂∂ ==-==⎨⎬∂∂∂⎩⎭, 故切平面方程为 2(1)(2)0x y -+-=, 即 240x y +-=.(3)【答案】22eπ【解析】由于混合偏导数在连续条件下与求导次序无关,为了简化运算,所以本题可以先求u y ∂∂,再求u x y ⎛⎫∂∂ ⎪∂∂⎝⎭. 2cos x u x xe y y y-∂=-∂, 2222((1)cos )0xx e x x e πππ-==--+=.(可边代值边计算,这样可以简化运算量.)【相关知识点】多元复合函数求导法则:如果函数(,),(,)u x y v x y ϕψ==都在点(,)x y 具有对x 及对y 的偏导数,函数(,)z f u v =在对应点(,)u v 具有连续偏导数,则复合函数((,),(,))z f x y x y ϕψ=在点(,)x y 的两个偏导数存在,且有12z z u z v u vf f x u x v x x x∂∂∂∂∂∂∂''=+=+∂∂∂∂∂∂∂; 12z z u z v u v f f y u y v y y y∂∂∂∂∂∂∂''=+=+∂∂∂∂∂∂∂. (4)【答案】42211()4R a b π+ 【解析】很显然,根据此题的特征用极坐标变换来计算: 原式222222232222000cos sin cos sin RR d r rdr d r dr a b a b ππθθθθθθ⎛⎫⎛⎫=+=+⋅ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰.注意:22220cos sin d d ππθθθθπ==⎰⎰,则 原式4422221111144R R a b a b ππ⎛⎫⎛⎫=+⋅=+⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭. (5)【答案】111123232133312n -⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦【解析】由矩阵乘法有结合律,注意 1111,,23233Tβα⎡⎤⎛⎫⎢⎥== ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎢⎥⎣⎦是一个数,而 11123111221,,2123333312T A αβ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎡⎤⎢⎥⎛⎫⎢⎥⎢⎥=== ⎪⎢⎥⎢⎥⎝⎭⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦,(是一个三阶矩阵) 于是,11111232332133312n T n αβ--⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦. 二、选择题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)(1)【答案】(D)【解析】对于关于原点对称的区间上的积分,应该关注被积函数的奇偶性.由对称区间上奇偶函数积分的性质,被积函数是奇函数,积分区间关于原点对称,则积分为0,故0M =,且由定积分的性质,如果在区间[],a b 上,被积函数()0f x ≥,则()0 ()baf x dx a b ≥<⎰.所以 4202cos 0N xdx π=>⎰, 4202cos 0P xdx N π=-=-<⎰.因而 P M N <<,应选(D). (2)【答案】(D)【解析】(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 连续不能保证(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 存在偏导数00(,),x f x y '00(,)y f x y '.反之,(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 存在这两个偏导数00(,),x f x y '00(,)y f x y '也不能保证(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 连续,因此应选(D).二元函数(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 处两个偏导数存在和在点00(,)x y 处连续并没有相关性. (3)【答案】(C)【解析】考查取绝对值后的级数.因2222111112222n n a a n n λ≤+<++, (第一个不等式是由2210,0,()2a b ab a b ≥≥≤+得到的.) 又21nn a ∞=∑收敛,2112n n ∞= ∑收敛,(此为p 级数:11p n n∞=∑当1p >时收敛;当1p ≤时发散.) 所以2211122n n a n ∞=+∑收敛,由比较判别法,得1n ∞=收敛.故原级数绝对收敛,因此选(C). (4)【答案】(D)【解析】因为 22211cos (),1()2x xx o x e x o x --=-=,故 tan (1cos )(0)a x b x ax a +-≠,2ln(12)(1)2 (0)x c x d e cx c --+--≠,因此,原式左边0lim222x ax acx c→====--原式右边,4a c ⇒=-.当0,0a c =≠时,极限为0;当0,0a c ≠=时,极限为∞,均与题设矛盾,应选(D). 【相关知识点】1.无穷小的比较:设在同一个极限过程中,(),()x x αβ为无穷小且存在极限 ()lim.()x l x αβ= (1) 若0,l ≠称(),()x x αβ在该极限过程中为同阶无穷小; (2) 若1,l =称(),()x x αβ在该极限过程中为等价无穷小,记为()()x x αβ;(3) 若0,l =称在该极限过程中()x α是()x β的高阶无穷小,记为()()()x o x αβ=.若()lim()x x αβ不存在(不为∞),称(),()x x αβ不可比较. 2. 无穷小量的性质:当0x x →时,(),()x x αβ为无穷小,则()()()()(())x x x x o x αβαββ⇔=+.(5)【答案】(C)【解析】这一类题目应当用观察法.若不易用观察法时可转为计算行列式. (A):由于()()()()122334410αααααααα+-+++-+=,所以(A)线性相关. (B):由于()()()()122334410αααααααα-+-+-+-=,所以(B)线性相关.对于(C),实验几组数据不能得到0时,应立即计算由α的系数构成的行列式,即100111002001100011-=≠,由行列式不为0,知道(C)线性无关.故应选(C). 当然,在处理(C)有困难时,也可来看(D),由12233441()()()()0αααααααα+-++-+-=,知(D)线性相关,于是用排除法可确定选(C). 【相关知识点】12,,,s ααα线性相关的充分必要条件是存在某(1,2,,)i i s α=可以由111,,,,i i s αααα-+线性表出.12,,,s ααα线性无关的充分必要条件是任意一个(1,2,,)i i s α=均不能由111,,,,i i s αααα-+线性表出.三、(本题共3小题, 每小题5分,满分15分.)(1)【解析】dy dy dt dy dx dtdt dx dt dx =⋅=222221cos 2sin cos 22(0),2sin t t t t t t t y t t t x t t--⋅'===>'- 同理 2()12sin x txx t y y x t t ''''=='-,代入参数值t =则xt y '=, xxt y ''=【相关知识点】1.复合函数求导法则:如果()u g x =在点x 可导,而()y f x =在点()u g x =可导,则复合函数[]()y f g x =在点x 可导,且其导数为()()dy f u g x dx ''=⋅ 或 dy dy du dx du dx=⋅. 2.对积分上限的函数的求导公式:若()()()()t t F t f x dx βα=⎰,()t α,()t β均一阶可导,则[][]()()()()()F t t f t t f t ββαα'''=⋅-⋅.(2)【解析】111()ln(1)ln(1)arctan 442f x x x x x =+--+-. 先求()f x '的展开式.将()f x 微分后,可得简单的展开式,再积分即得原函数的幂级数展开.所以由该级数在端点1x =±处的收敛性,视α而定.特别地,当1α=-时,有 得 2221111111111()114141212121f x x x x x x'=++-=+-+-+-+ 44401111(||1)1n n n n x x x x ∞∞===-=-=<-∑∑, 积分,由牛顿-莱布尼茨公式得4140011()(0)() (||1)41n xx nn n x f x f f x dx t dt x n +∞∞=='=+==<+∑∑⎰⎰.(3)【解析】方法1:利用三角函数的二倍角公式sin 22sin cos ααα=⋅,并利用换元积分,结合拆项法求积分,得(22sin 1cos x x =-)()()12ln 1cos ln 1cos 81cos x x C x ⎡⎤=--+++⎢⎥+⎣⎦, 其中C 为任意常数.方法2:换元cos x u =后,有原式22sin 12sin (cos 1)2sin (cos 1)2(1)(1)dx xdx dux x x x u u ===-++-+⎰⎰⎰.用待定系数法将被积函数分解:22()(2)()(1)(1)A B u A D u A B D u u -+-+++=-+,1120,421A B A D A B D A B D -=⎧⎪⇒-=⇒===⎨⎪++=⎩.于是,2111212()ln 1ln 1811(1)81du u u C u u u u ⎡⎤-++=--+++⎢⎥-+++⎣⎦⎰原式= ()()12ln 1cos ln 1cos 81cos x x C x ⎡⎤=--+++⎢⎥+⎣⎦. 四、(本题满分6分)【解析】求第二类曲面积分的基本方法:套公式将第二类曲面积分化为第一类曲面积分,再化为二重积分,或用高斯公式转化为求相应的三重积分或简单的曲面积分.这里曲面块的个数不多,积分项也不多,某些积分取零值,如若∑垂直yOz 平面,则0Pdydz ∑=⎰⎰.化为二重积分时要选择投影平面,注意利用对称性与奇偶性.先把积分化简后利用高斯公式也很方便的.方法1:注意 22220Sz dxdyx y z =++⎰⎰,(因为S 关于xy 平面对称,被积函数关于z 轴对称) 所以 222SxdydzI x y z =++⎰⎰. S 由上下底圆及圆柱面组成.分别记为123,,S S S . 12,S S 与平面yOz 垂直⇒122222220s s xdydz xdydzx y z x y z ==++++⎰⎰⎰⎰. 在3S 上将222x y R +=代入被积表达式⇒322s xdydzI R z =+⎰⎰. 3S 在yz 平面上投影区域为:,yz D R y R R z R -≤≤-≤≤,在3S 上,x =3S 关于yz 平面对称,被积函数对x 为奇函数,可以推出2201arctan 42Rz R R R R ππ1=8⋅⋅=.方法2:S 是封闭曲面,它围成的区域记为Ω,记 22SxdydzI R z =+⎰⎰. 再用高斯公式得 222222()1R R D z x dxdyI dV dV dz x R z R z R z -ΩΩ∂⎛⎫=== ⎪∂+++⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ 222201122RRdz R R z ππ==+⎰(先一后二的求三重积分方法)其中()D z 是圆域:222x y R +≤.【相关知识点】高斯公式:设空间闭区域Ω是由分片光滑的闭曲面∑所围成,函数(,,)P x y z 、(,,)Q x y z 、(,,)R x y z 在Ω上具有一阶连续偏导数,则有或()cos cos cos ,P Q R dv P Q R dS x y z αβγΩ∑⎛⎫∂∂∂++=++ ⎪∂∂∂⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰这里∑是Ω的整个边界曲面的外侧,cos α、cos β、cos γ是∑在点(,,)x y z 处的法向量的方向余弦.上述两个公式叫做高斯公式.五、(本题满分9分)【解析】由全微分方程的条件,有2[()()][()]xy x y f x y f x x y y x∂∂'+-=+∂∂, 即 22()()2x xy f x f x xy ''+-=+,亦即 2()()f x f x x ''+=.因而是初值问题 200,0,1,x x y y x y y ==''⎧+=⎪⎨'==⎪⎩ 的解,此方程为常系数二阶线性非齐次方程,对应的齐次方程的特征方程为210r +=的根为1,2r i =±,原方程右端202x x e x =⋅中的0λ=,不同于两个特征根,所以方程有特解形如 2Y Ax Bx C =++. 代入方程可求得 1,0,2A B C ===,则特解为22x -.由题给(0)0,(0)1f f '==,解得 2()2cos sin 2f x x x x =++-.()f x 的解析式代入原方程,则有22[2(2cos sin )][22sin cos ]0xy y x x y dx x y x x x dy +-+++-+=.先用凑微分法求左端微分式的原函数:222211()2()(2sin cos )(2sin cos )022y dx x dy ydx xdy yd x x x x dy +++----=, 221(2(cos 2sin ))02d x y xy y x x ++-=. 其通解为 2212(cos 2sin )2x y xy y x x C ++-= 其中C 为任意常数.【相关知识点】1.二阶线性非齐次方程解的结构:设*()y x 是二阶线性非齐次方程()()()y P x y Q x y f x '''++=的一个特解.()Y x 是与之对应的齐次方程 ()()0y P x y Q x y '''++=的通解,则*()()y Y x y x =+是非齐次方程的通解.2. 二阶常系数线性齐次方程通解的求解方法:对于求解二阶常系数线性齐次方程的通解()Y x ,可用特征方程法求解:即()()0y P x y Q x y '''++=中的()P x 、()Q x 均是常数,方程变为0y py qy '''++=.其特征方程写为20r pr q ++=,在复数域内解出两个特征根12,r r ; 分三种情况:(1) 两个不相等的实数根12,r r ,则通解为1212;rx r x y C eC e =+(2) 两个相等的实数根12r r =,则通解为()112;rxy C C x e =+(3) 一对共轭复根1,2r i αβ=±,则通解为()12cos sin .xy e C x C x αββ=+其中12,C C 为常数.3.对于求解二阶线性非齐次方程()()()y P x y Q x y f x '''++=的一个特解*()y x ,可用待定系数法,有结论如下:如果()(),x m f x P x e λ=则二阶常系数线性非齐次方程具有形如*()()k xm y x x Q x e λ=的特解,其中()m Q x 是与()m P x 相同次数的多项式,而k 按λ不是特征方程的根、是特征方程的单根或是特征方程的重根依次取0、1或2.如果()[()cos ()sin ]xl n f x e P x x P x x λωω=+,则二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程()()()y p x y q x y f x '''++=的特解可设为*(1)(2)[()cos ()sin ]k x m m y x e R x x R x x λωω=+,其中(1)()m R x 与(2)()m R x 是m 次多项式,{}max ,m l n =,而k 按i λω+(或i λω-)不是特征方程的根、或是特征方程的单根依次取为0或1. 六、(本题满分8分)【解析】0()lim0x f x x→=表明0x →时()f x 是比x 高阶的无穷小,若能进一步确定()f x 是x 的p 阶或高于p 阶的无穷小,1,p >从而1()f n也是1n的p 阶或高于p 阶的无穷小,这就证明了级数11()n f n∞=∑绝对收敛. 方法一:由0()lim0x f x x→=及()f x 的连续性得知(0)0,(0)0f f '==,再由()f x 在点0x =的某一领域内具有二阶连续导数以及洛必达法则,20()lim x f x x →为“0”型的极限未定式,又分子分母在点0处导数都存在,连续运用两次洛必达法则,有2()1lim(0)2x f x f x →''⇒=. 由函数极限与数列极限的关系 21()1lim(0)12n f nf n→+∞''⇒=. 因211n n ∞=∑收敛11()n f n ∞=⇒∑收敛,即 11()n f n ∞=∑绝对收敛.方法二:由0()lim0x f x x→=得知(0)0,(0)0f f '==,可用泰勒公式来实现估计.()f x 在点0x =有泰勒公式:因()f x 在点0x =的某一领域内具有二阶连续导数,0,()f x δ''⇒∃>在[,]x δδ∈-有界,即0M ∃>,有|()|,[,]f x M x δδ''≤∈-2211()(),[,]22f x f x x Mx x θδδ''⇒=≤∈-. 对此0δ>,,N n N ∃>时,211110()2f M n n nδ<<⇒≤. 又211n n ∞=∑收敛11()n f n ∞=⇒∑收敛,即 11()n f n ∞=∑绝对收敛.【相关知识点】正项级数的比较判别法:设1n n u ∞=∑和1n n v ∞=∑都是正项级数,且lim,nn nv A u →∞=则⑴ 当0A <<+∞时,1nn u∞=∑和1nn v∞=∑同时收敛或同时发散;⑵ 当0A =时,若1nn u∞=∑收敛,则1nn v∞=∑收敛;若1nn v∞=∑发散,则1nn u∞=∑发散;⑶ 当A =+∞时,若1nn v∞=∑收敛,则1nn u∞=∑收敛;若1nn u∞=∑发散,则1nn v∞=∑发散.七、(本题满分6分)【解析】方法1:用定积分.设高度为z 处的截面z D 的面积为()S z ,则所求体积1()V S z dz =⎰.,A B 所在的直线的方向向量为()()01,10,101,1,1---=-,且过A 点,所以,A B 所在的直线方程为1111x y z-== - 或 1x z y z=-⎧⎨=⎩. 截面z D 是个圆形,其半径的平方 22222(1)R x y z z =+=-+,则面积222()[(1)]S z R z z ππ==-+,由此 1220[(1)]V z z dz π=-+⎰()120122z z dz π=-+⎰123023z z z π⎛⎫=-+ ⎪⎝⎭23π=.方法2:用三重积分.2123V dV d dz ππθΩ===⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰, 或者 11220[(1)]zD V dV dz d z z dz σπΩ===-+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰123023z z z π⎛⎫=-+ ⎪⎝⎭23π=.八、(本题满分8分)【解析】(1)由已知,()I 的系数矩阵,11000101A ⎡⎤=⎢⎥-⎣⎦.由于()2,n r A -=所以解空间的维数是2.取34,x x 为自由变量,分别令()()()34,1,0,0,1x x =,求出0Ax =的解.故()I 的基础解系可取为 (0,0,1,0),(1,1,0,1)-. (2)方程组()I 和()II 有非零公共解.将()II 的通解 1221231242,2,2,x k x k k x k k x k =-=+=+=代入方程组()I ,则有212121222020k k k k k k k k -++=⎧⇒=-⎨+-=⎩. 那么当120k k =-≠时,向量121(0,1,1,0)(1,2,2,1)(1,1,1,1)k k k +-=---是()I 与()II 的非零公共解.九、(本题满分6分)【解析】证法一:由于 *T A A =,根据*A 的定义有(,1,2,,)ij ij A a i j n =∀=,其中ij A 是行列式||A 中ij a 的代数余子式.由于0A ≠,不妨设0ij a ≠,那么2222112212||0ij i i i i in in i i in A a A a A a A a a a a =+++=+++≥>,故 ||0A ≠.证法二:(反证法)若||0A =,则*TAA AA ==||0A E =. 设A 的行向量为(1,2,,)i i n α=,则 222120T i i i i in a a a αα=+++= (1,2,,)i n =.于是 12(,,,)0i i i in a a a α== (1,2,,)i n =.进而有0A =,这与A 是非零矩阵相矛盾.故||0A ≠. 十、填空题(本题共2小题, 每小题3分,满分6分.)(1)【解析】利用随机事件的概率运算性质进行化简.由概率的基本公式(广义加法公式),有1()()()P A P B P AB =--+.因题目已知 ()()P AB P AB =,故有()()1P A P B +=,()1()1P B P A p =-=-.(2)【解析】由于X 、Y 相互独立且同分布,只能取0、1两个数值,易见随机变量{}max ,Z X Y =只取0与1两个可能的值,且{}{}{}0max ,0P Z P X Y ==={}{}{}10,0004P X Y P X P Y =====⋅==,{}{}31104P Z P Z ==-==. 所以随机变量{}max ,Z X Y =的分布律为:十一、(本题满分6分)【解析】此题的第一小问是求数学期望()E Z 和方差()D Z ,是个常规问题;(2)求相关系数XZ ρ,关键是计算X 与Z 的协方差;(3)考查相关系数为零与相互独立是否等价.(1) 由2(1,3)XN ,2(0,4)Y N ,知()1,()9,()0,()16E X D X E Y D Y ====.由数学期望和方差的性质:()()()E aX bY c aE X bE Y c ++=++,22()()()2Cov(,)D aX bY c a D X b D Y ab X Y ++=++,其中,,a b c 为常数.得 111,323EZ EX EY =+= (2) 因为11Cov(,)Cov(,)32X Z X X Y =+所以 0XZ ρ==.(3) 由于(,)X Y 服从二维正态分布,则其线性组合构成的随机变量也服从二维正态分布,而32X YZ =+,0X X Y =+,故X 和Z 都是其线性组合,则(,)X Z 服从二维正态分布,根据 0XZ ρ==,所以X 与Z 是相互独立的.。

1994年考研数学试题详解及评分参考

1994年考研数学试题详解及评分参考

该点连续的
(A) 充分条件而非必要条件 (C) 充分必要条件
(B) 必要条件而非充分条件 (D) 既非充分条件又非必要条件
【答】 应选 (D) .
【解】

f
ì xy
(x,
y)
=
ï í
x2
+
y2
, x2
+
y2
¹0
,易见
fx¢(0, 0),
fy¢(0, 0) 存在,但
f
(x, y) 在
ïî0,
x2 + y2 = 0
)dxdy
+
D
(
y2 a2
+
x2 b2
)dxdy]
1994 年 • 第 1 页
郝海龙:考研数学复习大全·配套光盘·1994 年数学试题详解及评分参考
òò ò ò =
1 2
×
(
1 a2
+
1 b2
)
D
(x2
+
y2 )dxdy
=
1 2
(
1 a2
+
1 b2
)
2p dq
0
R 0
r2
×
rdr
=
1 4
p
R
4
(
1 a2
,其中
S
是由曲面
x2
+
y2
=
R2
及两平面
z = R, z = -R (R > 0) 所围成立体表面的外侧.
1994 年 • 第 4 页
郝海龙:考研数学复习大全·配套光盘·1994 年数学试题详解及评分参考
解:设 S1,S2 ,S3 依次为 S 的上、下底和圆柱面部分,则

1994考研数一真题及解析

1994考研数一真题及解析

1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题一、 填空题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)1 1(1) lim cot x( -- --) = ______________ .x -S > sin x x⑵曲面z-誉+2xy = 3在点(1,2,0)处的切平面方程为 ______________ .宀2 ⑶设u = e 」sin x,则 色U在点(2,—)处的值为 ______________ . y 阴均 2⑷设区域D 为x 2 +y 2兰R 2,则J J (x 2十y 2)dxdy=__________________ .D a b⑸已知〉=(1,2,3),」(1,丄,丄),设,其中门是〉的转置,则A n 二2 3二、 选择题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)~2 Sin x 42 3 4 -2 2 3 422cos xdx , N (sin x cos x)dx , P (x sin x —cos x)dx , 三1X 2 -2 则()⑵二元函 数f(x, y)在点(by 。

)处两个偏导数f x (x °,y 。

)、 f y (X o ,y o )存在是f(x, y)在该点连续的()(A)充分条件但非必要条件(B)必要条件而非充分条件(C)充分必要条件(D)既非充分条件又非必要条件0000| a |⑶设常数'0,且级数a 2收敛,则级数(-1)"」0丄() n 二 n m J n +&(A)发散(B)条件收敛(C)绝对收敛(D)收敛性与,有关⑷怙atanx bdosx :詔,其中a2 c 2= 0,则必有() x 0cln(1-2x) d(1-e^ ) (A) b =4d (B)b =—4d(C) a =4c (D) a 二 _4c⑸已知向量组〉1、〉2、〉3、>4线性无关,则向量组()(A)N ::P :: M (B) M :: P :: N (C)N ::M :: P (D) P M :: N(A) 〉2、>3、〉3*4、〉4 * -线性无关(B) :1 一°2、a 2-^3、G 3-^4、 a 4 一°1 线性无关(C) 心亠-::2、-:込亠'::3、>3亠二4、〉4-「线性无关(D) 宀亠-::2、〉2亠二3 > :- 3—4、二4 线性无关 三、(本题共3小题,每小题5分,满分15分.)X =CO s(t ), , ,2(1) 设」 2 t 21 求或、4在t =匸的值.l y =tcos(t 2) - [ — cosudu, dx dx \ 2 ⑵将函数f (x) arctanx-x 展开成x 的幕级数.4 1 -x 2四、(本题满分6分)2计算曲面积分xdy dz 2zd x dy,其中S 是由曲面x 2• y 2二R 2及两平面z 二R,Sx+y+zz =-R(R 0)所围成立体表面的外侧.五、(本题满分9分)设f(x)具有二阶连续导数,f (0) =0, f (0) =1,且[xy(x y) - f (x)y]dx [f (x) - x 2y]dy =0为一全微分方程,求f (x)及此全微分方 程的通解.六、 (本题满分8分)设f(x)在点x = 0的某一领域内具有二阶连续导数,且lim-^^ -0,证明级数 001 xf (丄)绝对收敛. n 生 n七、 (本题满分6分)已知点A 与B 的直角坐标分别为(1,0,0)与(0,1,1).线段AB 绕z 轴旋转一周所 围成的旋转曲面为S .求由S 及两平面z=0,z=1所围成的立体体积. 八、 (本题满分8分)x + x — 0设四元线性齐次方程组()为 12'又已知某线性齐次方程组(二)的通 〔X 2 - = 0,解为 k 1(0,1,10) k 2(—1,2,2,1).(1)求线性方程组()的基础解系;⑶求dxsin 2x 2sin x⑵问线性方程组()和(「)是否有非零公共解?若有,则求出所有的非零公共解若没有,则说明理由•九、(本题满分6分)设A为n阶非零方阵,A*是A的伴随矩阵,A T是A的转置矩阵,当A =A时, 证明| A| = 0.十、填空题(本题共2小题,每小题3分,满分6分.)(1)已知A、B两个事件满足条件P(AB)二P(AB),且P(A)二p ,则P(B)= ____________(2)设相互独立的两个随机变量X、Y具有同一分布律,且X的分布律为则随机变量Z二max 仅,丫}的分布律为 ______ .十、(本题满分6分)已知随机变量(X,Y)服从二维正态分布,且X和Y分别服从正态分布N(1,32) 和1X YN(0,42),X与Y的相关系数,设Z二一一,2 3 2(1)求Z的数学期望E(Z)和方差D(Z);⑵求X与Z的相关系数‘XZ ;(3)问X与Z是否相互独立?为什么?1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题解析、填空题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)⑴【答案】-6【解析】原式变形后为“ 0”型的极限未定式,又分子分母在点0处导数都存在,所以连续应用两次洛必达法则,有cosx(x —sin x) x — sin x原式二 lim 2lim cosx lim 7 xsin x T T1-cosx si nx 1 si nx 、 =lim 2 lim .(由重要极限lim 1)x 刃 3x 2 x e 6x 6 x>0x⑵【答案】2x y -4 =0【解析】所求平面的法向量n 为平行于所给曲面在点(1,2,0)处法线方向的方向向量l ,取n = l ,又平面过已知点M (1,2,0).已知平面的法向量(A,B,C )和过已知点(冷』。

TEM41994年英语专业四级真题及答案

TEM41994年英语专业四级真题及答案

TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJOR (1994)-GRADE FOUR-TIME LIMIT: 140 MIN. Part ⅠWRITING [45 MIN.]SECTION A COMPOSITIONWrite a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:TV: a good thing or a bad thing?You are to write three paragraphs:In the first paragraph, state clearly your viewpoint.In the second paragraph, support your viewpoint with details or examples.In the last paragraph, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or a suggestion.Marks will be awarded for content, organization and appropriate use of language. SECTION B NOTE-WRITING [10 MIN.]Write a note of about 60 words based on the following situation.You were supposed to hand in your book report for the Extensive Reading Course on Monday, but you are two days late. Now you are outside Professor Lin’s office as you want to hand in your assignment, but he is not in. Write a note to him, apologizing and explaining why you did not give him your work on time.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy.Part ⅡDICTATION [15 MIN.]Listen to the following passage. All together the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be read at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and the third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 to 20 seconds. The last reading will be read at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work.Part Ⅲ LISTENING COMPREHENSION [20 MIN.]SECTION A STATEMENTIn this section you will hear 10 statements. The statements will be read only once. After each statement, you will hear a question. You will then be given a period of 15 seconds to read the four choices and decide which one is the correct answer. Now, listen to the statements.1. A. Invite a friend to dinner.B. Ask for help.C. Make a date.D. Visit a friend.2. A. She is a bank clerk.B. She is a shop assistant.C. She is a waitress.D. She is a receptionist.3. A. To inquire.B. To request.C. To help.D. To offer.4. A. Mark hadn’t got any money.B. Mark rented a sports car.C. Mark had got enough money for the car.D. Mark didn’t buy the sports car.5. A. In a bookstore.B. In a newsagent’s.C. In a library.D. In a gift shop.6. A. Jane wanted to be alone.B. Jane hoped to see Tom.C. Tom broke Jane’s heart.D. Tom interrupted Jane’s sleep.7. A. 25 minutes.B. 35 minutes.C. 15 minutes.D. 20 minutes.8. A. Cake.B. Toast.C. Fried eggs.D. Milkshake.9. A. She found a dress Larry had never seen.B. She found a dress she’d worn at Larry’s before.C. She found a dress she had never worn.D. She found a dress she had never seen.10. A. She refused to lend Jim her car.B. Jim got fined while driving her car.C. She knew nothing about Jim’s driving record.D. Jim drove her car without a driver’s license.SECTION B CONVERSATIONIn this section, you will hear 10 short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a third voice will ask a question about what was said. You will hear both the conversation and the question once only. After you hear each question, you will have a period of 15 seconds to read the four possible answers and decide which is the correct answer. Now, listen to the conversations.11. A. Turn right.B. Turn left.C. Drive two blocks.D. Go straight on.12. A. The man had flu.B. The man was in class Friday.C. The woman was in class Friday.D. Neither of them was in class Friday.13. A. A television.B. A washing machine.C. A cooker.D. A fridge.14. A. 7643388.B. 7638558.C. 7683384.D. 7688443.15. A. The shop has dispatched her order.B. The customer has received the blue jacket.C. The shop has still got the blue jacket.D. The customer has ordered the wrong jacket.16. A. In a restaurant.B. In a supermarket.C. In a hotel.D. In a kitchen.17. A. Windy.B. Fine.C. Rainy.D. Overcast.18. A. The man’s.B. Mary’s.C. Her own.D. The woman’s.19. A. $ 140.B.$120.C. $130.D. $ 170.20. A. In the side street.B. At the crossroads.C. On the main road.D. On the motorway.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section, you will hear several news broadcasts from the BBC and VOA. You will hear them once only. After each news item, you will hear some questions. You will hear each question only once. After you hear each question, you will have 20 seconds to choose the correct answer from the four choices given. Now, listen to the broadcasts.Questions 21 to 23 are based on the following news item.21. A. To move their base to Sweden.B. To work together.C. To sell more cars to Japan.D. That Volvo will take over Renault.22. A. Today.B. Next week.C. Tomorrow.D. In two days’ time.23. A. To reduce the number of their employees.B. To become the world’s leading car producer.C. To compete with Japanese auto makers.D. To become the largest auto company in Europe.Questions 24 to 26 are based on the following news item.24. A. An agreement with Russia.B. A reshuffle of the Government.C. Cooperation with Russia.D. The resignation of the President.25. A. They will be disassembled in Russia.B. They will be disassembled in Ukraine.C. They will be controlled by Russia.D. They will be controlled by the Black Sea Fleet.26. A. The Russian President.B. The Russian Parliament.C. The Ukraine President.D. The Ukraine Parliament.Questions 27 to 28 are based on the following news item.27. A. The new alliance in Southern Europe.B. The possible possession of nuclear weapons and missiles by some countries.C. The possible acquisition of advanced technology by some countries.D. NATO’s hesitation to build new defences.28. A. NATO allies are expected to hold a summit.B. Nuclear technology is available on the black market.C. NATO is being urged by the U.S. to set up a new defence system.D. European countries have cut down on defence budgets.Questions 29 to 30 are based on the following news item.29. A. $ 650 million.B. $ 400 million.C. $ 250 million.D. $ 450 million.30. A. Applications outnumber availability.B. Lack of government support.C. Insufficient trained personnel.D. Uncertainty of the future market.Part Ⅳ CLOZE [15 MIN.]Decide which of the choices given below would correctly complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Choose the best one for each blank.Most people have no idea of the hard work and worry that go into the collecting of those fascinating birds and animals that they pay to see in the zoo. One of the questions that is always asked of me is ( 31 ) I became an animal collector in the first ( 32 ) . The answer is that I have always been interested in animals and zoos. According to my parents, the first word I was able to say with any ( 33 ) was not the conventional ‘ mamma’ or ‘ daddy’, ( 34 ) the word ‘zoo’, which I would ( 35 ) over and over again with a shrill ( 36 ) until someone, in order to ( 37 ) me up, would take me to the zoo. When I ( 38 ) a little older, we lived in Greece and I had a great ( 39 ) of pets, ranging from owls to seahorses, and I spent all my spare time ( 40 ) the countryside in search of fresh specimens to ( 41 ) to my collection of pets. ( 42 ) on I went for a year to the City Zoo, as a student ( 43 ) , to get experience of the large animals, such as lions, bears, bison and ostriches, ( 44 ) were not easy to keep at home. When I left, I ( 45 ) had enough money of my own to be able to ( 46 ) my first trip and I have been going ( 47 ) ever since then. Though a collector’s job is not an easy one and is full of ( 48 ) , it is certainly a job which will appeal ( 49 ) all those who love animals and ( 50 ) .31. A. how B. where C. when D. whether32. A. region B. field C. place D. case33. A. clarity B. emotion C. sentiment D. affection34. A. except B. but C. except for D. but for35. A. recite B. recognize C. read D. repeat36. A. volume B. noise C. voice D. pitch37. A. close B. shut C. stop D. comfort38. A. grew B. was growing C. grow D. grown39. A. many B. amount C. number D. supply40. A. living B. cultivating C. reclaiming D. exploring41. A. increase B. include C. add D. enrich42. A. Later B. Further C. Then D. Subsequently43. A. attendant B. keeper C. member D. aide44. A. who B. they C. of which D. which45. A. luckily B. gladly C. nearly D. successfully46. A. pay B. provide C. allow D. finance47. A. normally B. regularly C. usually D. often48. A. expectations B. sorrows C. excitement D. disappointments49. A. for B. with C. to D. from50. A. excursion B. travel C. journey D. tripPart Ⅴ GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY [15 MIN.]There are 30 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are 4 words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one word or phrase that correctly completes the sentence.51. A ship with a heavy load of timber is reported to have sunk ___ the coast of California.A. offB. onC. atD. in52. Arriving at the bus stop, ___ waiting there.A. a lot of people wereB. he found a lot of peopleC. a lot of peopleD. people were found53. ___ your timely advice, I would never have known how to go about the work.A. UnlessB. But forC. Except forD. Not for54. We can assign the task to ___ is capable and trustworthy.A. whomeverB. whoC. whomD. whoever55. ___ regular training in nursing, she could hardly cope with the work at first.A. Not receivedB. Since receivingC. Having receivedD. Not having received56. So badly ___ in the car accident that he had to stay in hospital for a few months.A. did he injureB. injured himC. was he injuredD. he was injured57. The country’s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars ___ the most important of these.A. have beenB. areC. beingD. are being58. It was recommended that passengers ___ smoke during the flight.A. notB. need notC. could notD. would not59. “She must be in the dormitory now. ”“No, she ___ be there. I saw her in the classroom a minute ago.”A. mustn’tB. can’tC. couldn’tD. wouldn’t60. ___ human problems that repeat themselves in ___ life repeat themselves in ___ literature.A. /,/,theB. /,the,/C. The, /,/D. The, the, the61. Only take such clothes ___ really necessary.A. as wereB. as they areC. as they wereD. as are62. ___you were busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with my questions.A. If I realizedB. Had I realizedC. I realized thatD. As I realized63. She has taken great pains to conceal her emotions, and thereby made them ___conspicuous.A. all the moreB. all the muchC. all moreD. all much64. He ___ the 8:20 bus because he didn’t leave home till 8:25.A. couldn’t have caughtB. ought to have caughtC. shouldn’t have caughtD. must not have caught65. ___ is often the case with a new idea, much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produced no concrete proposals.A. ThatB. ItC. ThisD. As66. Please dispose ___ those old newspapers while you’re cleaning up the room.A. outB. ofC. awayD. in67. One can ___ even from one’s unpleasant experiences.A. obtainB. improveC. benefitD. continue68. This automobile plant has a monthly ___ of 500 cars.A. proficiencyB. capabilityC. strengthD. capacity69. At present there is a ___ of iron and steel and more must be produced.A. limitB. lossC. povertyD. scarcity70. He was ___ admittance to the concert hall for not being properly dressed.A. rejectedB. deniedC. withheldD. deprived71. Because of the strong sun the new sitting-room curtains have ___ from dark blue to grey.A. faintedB. paledC. bleachedD. faded72. My new sweater ___ when I washed it.A. shrankB. shortenedC. contractedD. condensed73. He was so ___ on his work that he didn’t hear her come in.A. intentB. absorbedC. engrossedD. involved74. George has a big coffee ___ on the front of his jacket.A. spotB. markC. stainD. patch.75. The problem has ___ simply because you didn’t follow the instructions in the handbook.A. assembledB. arisenC. risenD. resulted76. Try not to say anything hurtful to her. She is a very ___ person.A. sensibleB. sensitiveC. toughD. reasonable77. The ___ driver thinks accidents only happen to other people.A. averageB. commonC. usualD. normal78. The boxer ___ his opponent as hard as he could.A. punchedB. slappedC. knockedD. whipped79. The Christmas present were all ___ in shiny paper.A. done overB. done withC. done outD. done up80. In the next few years major changes will be ___ in China’s industries.A. brought forwardB. brought aboutC. brought onD. brought upPart Ⅵ READING COMPREHENSION [30 MIN.]SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION[25 MIN.]In this part there are several passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.TEXT AA Wise ManHe was a funny looking man with a cheerful face, good natured and a great talker. He was described by his student, the great philosopher Plato, as “the best and most just and wisest man. ”Yet, this same man was condemned to death for his beliefs.The man was the Greek philosopher, Socrates, and he was condemned for not believing in the recognized gods and for corrupting young people. The second charge stemmed from his association with numerous young men who came to Athens from all over the civilized world to study under him.Socrates’ method of teaching was to ask questions and, by pretending not to know the answers, to press his students into thinking for themselves. His teachings had unsurpassed influence on all the great Greek and Roman schools of philosophy. Yet, for all his fame and influence, Socrates himself never wrote a word.Socrates encouraged new ideas and free thinking in the young, and this was frightening to the conservative people. They wanted him silenced. Yet, many were probably surprised that he accepted death so readily.Socrates had the right to ask for a lesser penalty, and he probably could have won over enough of the people who had previously condemned him. But Socrates, as a firm believer in law, reasoned that it was proper to submit to the death sentence. So, he calmly accepted his fate and drank a cup of poison hemlock in the presence of his grief-stricken friends and students.81. In the first paragraph, the word yet is used to introduce ___.A. contrastB. a sequenceC. emphasisD. an example82. Socrates was condemned to death because he ___.A. believed in lawB. was a philosopherC. published outspoken philosophical articlesD. advocated original opinions83. The word unsurpassed in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to ___.A. untoldB. unequalledC. unnoticedD. unexpected84. By mentioning that Socrates himself never wrote anything, the writer implies that ___.A. it was surprising that Socrates was so famousB. Socrates was not so learned as he is reputed to have beenC. Socrates used the work of his students in teachingD. the authorities refused to publish Socrates’ works85. Socrates accepted the death penalty to show ___.A. his belief in his studentsB. his contempt for conservativesC. his recognition of the legal systemD. that he was not afraid of deathTEXT BIn England, along a stretch of the north-east coast which gently curves from Northumberland to the estuary of the river Tees, there was a spot, typical of many on that coast, where sea-coal collected richly and effortlessly. This coal was a coarse powder, clean and brilliant. It seemed to bear little resemblance to the large, filthy lumps put onto the fire. Although it was coal, it was perfectly clean and it was silently deposited at high tide in a glittering carpet a kilometre long for the local community to gather up.The gear needed for sea-coaling expeditions was a curious and traditionally proven assortment which never varied from community to community along the entire north-east coastline. Sacks were essential to put the coal in, and string to tie the neck of each sack when it was full. A wooden rake was used to serape the coal from the beach. The only alternative to the rake was a flat piece of board held in the hand. A flat, broad shovel to lift the raked coal into the bags, completed the portable hardware.But the most crucial item of equipment was a bicycle, a special kind of rusty, stripped down model which was the symbol of the sea-coaling craft. A lady’s bike was no good because it lacked a crossbar, and that was an essential element in transporting sea-coal. One full sack could be slung through the triangular frame of a man’s bike, another over the crossbar and, sometimes, even a third on top of that. It not only enabled one to move the sea coal from place to place, but the pressure of the metal bar against the full, wet sacks forced excess water out of the coal while it was being wheeled home. On a good day, the path to the beach was generally a double snailtrack of water that had been forced from each end of a trail of coal sacks.86. The difference between the two types of coal was that ___.A. sea coal burnt betterB. sea coal was cheaperC. sea coal was more finely-grainedD. sea coal came in big pieces87. Certain equipment was used because ___.A. the people were very traditionalB. it could be made by the communities themselvesC. it had proved to be practicalD. the communities had curious habits88. Which piece of equipment was not vital to sea-coal collecting?A. A rakeB. A sackC. A lady’s bikeD. A piece of string89. To carry three sacks of coal on a bicycle it was necessary to ___.A. put one of them on the saddleB. balance them all on the crossbarC. balance two on the crossbarD. put two through the framework90. By using the bicycle ___.A. the collectors could ride homeB. the coal could be moved easily over the sandC. the collectors could sell more coalD. excess liquid could be removedTEXT CDid you know that all human beings have a “comfort zone”regulating the distance they stand from someone when they talk? This distance varies in interesting ways among people of different cultures.Greeks, others of the Eastern Mediterranean, and many of those from South America normally stand quite close together when they talk, often moving their faces even closer as they warm up in a conversation. North Americans find this awkward and often back away a few inches. Studies have found that they tend to feel most comfortable at about 21 inches apart. In much of Asia and Africa, there is even more space between two speakers in conversation. This greater space subtly lends an air of dignity and respect. This matter of space is nearly always unconscious, but it is interesting to observe.This difference applies also to the closeness with which people sit together, the extent to which they lean over one another in conversation, how they move as they argue or make an emphatic point. In the United States, for example, people try to keep their bodies apart even in a crowded elevator; in Paris they take it as it comes!Although North Americans have a relatively wide “comfort zone” for talking, they communicate a great deal with their hands—not only with gesture but also with touch. They put a sympathetic hand on a person’s shoulder to demonstrate warmth of feeling or an arm around him in sympathy; they nudge a man in the ribs to emphasize a funny story; they pat an arm in reassurance or stroke a child’s head in affection; they readily take someone’s arm to help him across a street or direct him along an unfamiliar route. To many people—especially those from Asia or the Moslem countries—such bodily contact is unwelcome, especially if inadvertently done with the left hand. (The left hand carries no special significance in the U. S.. Many Americans are simply left-handed and use that hand more. )91. In terms of bodily distance, North Americans ___.A. are similar to South AmericansB. stand farthest apartC. feel ill at ease when too closeD. move nearer during conversations92. For Asians, the comfort zone ___.A. is deliberately determinedB. measures 21 inchesC. varies according to statusD. implies esteem93. It can be inferred from the passage that in a crowded elevator, a Frenchman ___.A. would behave in the same way as an American wouldB. would make no particular effort to distance himselfC. would be afraid of bodily contactD. would do his best to leave94. When Americans tell a joke, they often ___.A. pat people on the headB. give people a hugC. dig people in the ribsD. touch people on the arm95. The passage mainly concerns ___.A. distance and bodily contactB. body languageC. cultural differences between the East and the WestD. hand signalsTEXT DDo Insects Think?In a recent book entitled The Psychic Life of Insects, Professor Bouvier says that we must be careful not to credit the little winged fellows with intelligence when they behave in what seems like an intelligent manner. They may be only reacting. I would like to confront the Professor with an instance of reasoning power on the part of an insect which cannot be explained away in any other manner.During the summer of 1899, while I was at work on my doctoral thesis, we kept a female wasp at our cottage. It was more like a child of our own than a wasp, except that it looked more like a wasp than a child of our own. That was one of the ways we told the difference.It was still a young wasp when we got it (thirteen or fourteen years old) and for some time we could not get it to eat or drink, it was so shy. Since it was a female we decided to call it Miriam, but soon the children’s nickname for it—“Pudge”—became a fixture, and“Pudge” it was from that time on.One evening I had been working late in my laboratory fooling around with some gin and other chemicals, and in leaving the room I tripped over. a nine of diamonds which someone had left lying on the floor and knocked over my card index which contained the names and addresses of all the larvae worth knowing in North America. The cards went everywhere.I was too tired to stop to pick them up that night, and went sobbing to bed, just as mad as I could be. As I went, however, I noticed the wasp was flying about in circles over the scattered cards. “Maybe Pudge will pick them up”, I said half laughingly to myself, never thinking for onemoment that such would be the case.When I came down the next morning Pudge was still asleep in her box, evidently tired out. And well she might have been. For there on the floor lay the cards scattered all about just as I had left them the night before. The faithful little insect had buzzed about all night trying to come to some decision about picking them up and arranging them in the boxes for me, and then had figured out for herself that, as she knew practically nothing of larvae of any sort except wasp larvae, she would probably make more of a mess of rearranging them than if she had left them on the floor for me to fix. It was just too much for her to tackle, and, discouraged, she went over and lay down in her box, where she cried herself to sleep.If this is not an answer to Professor Bouvier’s statement, I do not know what is.96. Professor Bouvier believes that insects ___.A. do not have intelligenceB. behave in an intelligent wayC. are capable of reasoningD. are more intelligent than we thought97. On the evening the author fell over, someone ___.A. had moved his card indexB. had been playing card gamesC. had knocked over his boxes containing cardsD. had looked at his collection of diamonds98. When he came to the laboratory the next morning, the author ___.A. saw that his cards had already been rearrangedB. realized that the wasp had been trying to helpC. found evidence of the wasp’s intelligenceD. found his index cards still scattered about the room99. The author’s account of his wasp’s intelligence ___.A. is imaginaryB. is convincingC. firmly proves his point of viewD. is valuable for insect study100. The purpose of this article is to ___.A. oppose Professor Bouvier’s point of viewB. support Professor Bouvier with his own experienceC. further discuss whether insects are intelligentD. illustrate the working theory behind the author’s thesisSECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING [5 MIN.]In this section there are 6 passages with a total of 10 multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then answer the questions.Skim Text E and answer questions 101 to 102.TEXT EMaybe you’d like to have a vegetable garden, but you live in a room, an apartment, a townhouse or a mobile home, and you think there is no place at all for such activity. But if you have a doorstep, a balcony or even just a windowsill, you can have your own mini-garden.Mini-gardening with vegetables, fruit trees and herbs can be fascinating fun, and you can mix or match all vegetables or vegetables and flowers. You can grow them in greenhouses, under fluorescent lights, or in a sunny window.Perhaps now, with the prices of fresh vegetables competing with those of meats and dairy products, this is more than ever an important aspect of indoor gardening. But entirely aside from the economic dividends, there is the pleasure of enjoying a truly fresh product, one you grew yourself from plant to plate.Vegetable plants grow better in full sunlight than in the shade. Some vegetables need more light than others. Leafy vegetables (lettuce) can stand more shade than root vegetables (beets). Root vegetables can stand more shade than vegetable fruit plants (cucumbers) which do very poorly in the shade. Plant your vegetable fruit plants where they will get the most sun, and your leafy vegetables and root vegetables in the shadier areas.101. The passage is mainly concerned with ___.A. fruit growingB. outdoor gardeningC. leafy vegetablesD. indoor gardening102. The author’s attitude towards the topic in the passage is ___.A. neutralB. positiveC. contradictoryD. indifferentSkim Text F and answer question 103.TEXT F28 Beach Road, Newtown. The Manager,Royal Publishers,P. O. Box 446NewtownMarch 11th. 1994 Dear Sir,I am 18 years old, and I graduated from Newtown High School last October. At high school my main subjects were English, business studies, history, athletics and science.I would be very interested in working as a salesman. I am very interested in books, and I have always been interested in the publishing business. I enjoy meeting and talking to people.I enclose two letters of reference, a photograph, and my school academic record. I would be available for an interview at any time. I look forward to hearing from you.Yours sincerely,Jack Eastwood。

1994考研数学一真题及答案详解

1994考研数学一真题及答案详解

1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题一、填空题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1) 011lim cot ()sin x x x x→-=_____________. (2) 曲面23z z e xy -+=在点(1,2,0)处的切平面方程为_____________.(3) 设sin xx u e y -=,则2ux y∂∂∂在点1(2,)π处的值为_____________.(4) 设区域D 为222x y R +≤,则2222()Dx y dxdy a b +=⎰⎰_____________.(5) 已知11(1,2,3),(1,,)23αβ==,设TA αβ=,其中T α是α的转置,则n A =_________.二、选择题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)(1) 设4222sin cos 1x M xdx x ππ-=+⎰,3422(sin cos )N x x dx ππ-=+⎰,23422(sin cos )P x x x dx ππ-=-⎰, 则 ( )(A) N P M << (B) M P N << (C) N M P << (D) P M N <<(2) 二元函数(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 处两个偏导数00(,)x f x y '、00(,)y f x y '存在是(,)f x y 在该点连续的 ( ) (A) 充分条件但非必要条件 (B) 必要条件而非充分条件(C) 充分必要条件 (D) 既非充分条件又非必要条件 (3) 设常数0λ>,且级数21n n a ∞=∑收敛,则级数1(1)nn ∞=-∑ ( )(A) 发散 (B) 条件收敛 (C) 绝对收敛 (D) 收敛性与λ有关 (4) 2tan (1cos )lim2ln(12)(1)x x a x b x c x d e -→+-=-+-,其中220a c +≠,则必有 ( )(A) 4b d = (B) 4b d =- (C) 4a c = (D) 4a c =-(5) 已知向量组1234αααα、、、线性无关,则向量组 ( ) (A) 12αα+、23αα+、34αα+、41αα+线性无关(B) 12αα-、23αα-、34αα-、41αα-线性无关(C) 12αα+、23αα+、34αα+、41αα-线性无关 (D) 12αα+、23αα+、34αα-、41αα-线性无关三、(本题共3小题, 每小题5分,满分15分.)(1)设2221cos(),cos(),t x t y t t udu ⎧=⎪⎨=-⎪⎩⎰ 求dy dx 、22d y dx在t =. (2) 将函数111()ln arctan 412x f x x x x +=+--展开成x 的幂级数. (3) 求sin 22sin dxx x +⎰.四、(本题满分6分)计算曲面积分2222Sxdydz z dxdyx y z +++⎰⎰,其中S 是由曲面222x y R +=及两平面,z R = (0)z R R =->所围成立体表面的外侧.五、(本题满分9分)设()f x 具有二阶连续导数,(0)0,(0)1f f '==,且2[()()][()]0xy x y f x y dx f x x y dy '+-++=为一全微分方程,求()f x 及此全微分方程的通解.六、(本题满分8分)设()f x 在点0x =的某一领域内具有二阶连续导数,且0()lim0x f x x→=,证明级数 11()n f n∞=∑绝对收敛.七、(本题满分6分)已知点A 与B 的直角坐标分别为(1,0,0)与(0,1,1).线段AB 绕z 轴旋转一周所围成的旋转曲面为S .求由S 及两平面0,1z z ==所围成的立体体积.八、(本题满分8分)设四元线性齐次方程组()I 为12240,0,x x x x +=⎧⎨-=⎩ 又已知某线性齐次方程组()II 的通解为12(0,1,10)(1,2,2,1)k k +-.(1) 求线性方程组()I 的基础解系;(2) 问线性方程组()I 和()II 是否有非零公共解?若有,则求出所有的非零公共解.若没有,则说明理由.九、(本题满分6分)设A 为n 阶非零方阵,*A 是A 的伴随矩阵,TA 是A 的转置矩阵,当*TA A =时,证明||0A ≠.十、填空题(本题共2小题, 每小题3分,满分6分.)(1) 已知A 、B 两个事件满足条件()()P AB P AB =,且()P A p =,则()P B =__________. (2) 设相互独立的两个随机变量X 、Y 具有同一分布律,且X 的分布律为则随机变量{}max ,Z X Y =的分布律为_______.十一、(本题满分6分)已知随机变量(,)X Y 服从二维正态分布,且X 和Y 分别服从正态分布2(1,3)N 和2(0,4)N ,X 与Y 的相关系数12XY ρ=-,设32X YZ =+,(1) 求Z 的数学期望()E Z 和方差()D Z ; (2) 求X 与Z 的相关系数XZ ρ; (3) 问X 与Z 是否相互独立?为什么?1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题解析一、填空题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1)【答案】16【解析】原式变形后为“0”型的极限未定式,又分子分母在点0处导数都存在,所以连续应用两次洛必达法则,有原式20cos (sin )limsin x x x x x x →-=300sin lim cos lim x x x xx x→→-=⋅ 2001cos sin 1lim lim 366x x x x x x →→-===. (由重要极限0sin lim 1x x x→=) (2)【答案】240x y +-=【解析】所求平面的法向量n 为平行于所给曲面在点(1,2,0)处法线方向的方向向量l ,取n l =,又平面过已知点(1,2,0)M .已知平面的法向量(,,)A B C 和过已知点000(,,)x y z 可唯一确定这个平面:000()()()0A x x B y y C z z -+-+-=.因点(1,2,0)在曲面(,,)0F x y z =上.曲面方程(,,)23z F x y z z e xy =-+-. 曲面在该点的法向量{}{}{}(1,2,0)(1,2,0),,2,2,14,2,022,1,0z F F F n y x e x y z ⎧⎫∂∂∂ ==-==⎨⎬∂∂∂⎩⎭, 故切平面方程为 2(1)(2)0x y -+-=, 即 240x y +-=.(3)【答案】22eπ【解析】由于混合偏导数在连续条件下与求导次序无关,为了简化运算,所以本题可以先求u y ∂∂,再求u x y ⎛⎫∂∂ ⎪∂∂⎝⎭. 2cos x u x xe y y y-∂=-∂, ()2221112(2,)(2,)2cos xy x x u u uxe x x y y x x y x ππππ-===⎛⎫∂∂∂∂∂===-⎪ ⎪∂∂∂∂∂∂∂⎝⎭2222((1)cos )0xx e x x e πππ-==--+=.(可边代值边计算,这样可以简化运算量.)【相关知识点】多元复合函数求导法则:如果函数(,),(,)u x y v x y ϕψ==都在点(,)x y 具有对x 及对y 的偏导数,函数(,)z f u v =在对应点(,)u v 具有连续偏导数,则复合函数((,),(,))z f x y x y ϕψ=在点(,)x y 的两个偏导数存在,且有12z z u z v u v f f x u x v x x x∂∂∂∂∂∂∂''=+=+∂∂∂∂∂∂∂; 12z z u z v u v f f y u y v y y y∂∂∂∂∂∂∂''=+=+∂∂∂∂∂∂∂. (4)【答案】42211()4R a bπ+ 【解析】很显然,根据此题的特征用极坐标变换来计算: 原式2222222322220000cos sin cos sin RR d r rdr d r dr ab a b ππθθθθθθ⎛⎫⎛⎫=+=+⋅ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰. 注意:22220cos sin d d ππθθθθπ==⎰⎰,则 原式4422221111144R R a b a b ππ⎛⎫⎛⎫=+⋅=+⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭. (5)【答案】111123232133312n -⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦【解析】由矩阵乘法有结合律,注意 1111,,23233Tβα⎡⎤⎛⎫⎢⎥== ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎢⎥⎣⎦是一个数,而 11123111221,,2123333312TA αβ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎡⎤⎢⎥⎛⎫⎢⎥⎢⎥=== ⎪⎢⎥⎢⎥⎝⎭⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦,(是一个三阶矩阵)于是,()()()()()()()n T T T T T T T TA αβαβαβαβαβαβαβαβ==11111232332133312n T n αβ--⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦.二、选择题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)(1)【答案】(D)【解析】对于关于原点对称的区间上的积分,应该关注被积函数的奇偶性.由对称区间上奇偶函数积分的性质,被积函数是奇函数,积分区间关于原点对称,则积分为0,故0M =,且由定积分的性质,如果在区间[],a b 上,被积函数()0f x ≥,则()0 ()baf x dx a b ≥<⎰.所以 4202cos 0N xdx π=>⎰, 4202cos 0P xdx N π=-=-<⎰.因而 P M N <<,应选(D). (2)【答案】(D)【解析】(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 连续不能保证(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 存在偏导数00(,),x f x y '00(,)y f x y '.反之,(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 存在这两个偏导数00(,),x f x y '00(,)y f x y '也不能保证(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 连续,因此应选(D).二元函数(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 处两个偏导数存在和在点00(,)x y 处连续并没有相关性. (3)【答案】(C)【解析】考查取绝对值后的级数.因2222111112222n n a a n n λ≤+<++, (第一个不等式是由2210,0,()2a b ab a b ≥≥≤+得到的.) 又21nn a ∞=∑收敛,2112n n ∞= ∑收敛,(此为p 级数:11p n n∞=∑当1p >时收敛;当1p ≤时发散.)所以2211122n n a n ∞=+∑收敛,由比较判别法,得1n ∞=收敛.故原级数绝对收敛,因此选(C). (4)【答案】(D)【解析】因为 22211cos (),1()2x xx o x e x o x --=-=,故 tan (1cos )(0)a x b x ax a +-≠,2ln(12)(1)2 (0)x c x d e cx c --+--≠,因此,原式左边0lim222x ax acx c→====--原式右边,4a c ⇒=-.当0,0a c =≠时,极限为0;当0,0a c ≠=时,极限为∞,均与题设矛盾,应选(D). 【相关知识点】1.无穷小的比较:设在同一个极限过程中,(),()x x αβ为无穷小且存在极限 ()lim.()x l x αβ= (1) 若0,l ≠称(),()x x αβ在该极限过程中为同阶无穷小; (2) 若1,l =称(),()x x αβ在该极限过程中为等价无穷小,记为()()x x αβ;(3) 若0,l =称在该极限过程中()x α是()x β的高阶无穷小,记为()()()x o x αβ=.若()lim()x x αβ不存在(不为∞),称(),()x x αβ不可比较. 2. 无穷小量的性质:当0x x →时,(),()x x αβ为无穷小,则()()()()(())x x x x o x αβαββ⇔=+.(5)【答案】(C)【解析】这一类题目应当用观察法.若不易用观察法时可转为计算行列式. (A):由于()()()()122334410αααααααα+-+++-+=,所以(A)线性相关. (B):由于()()()()122334410αααααααα-+-+-+-=,所以(B)线性相关.对于(C),实验几组数据不能得到0时,应立即计算由α的系数构成的行列式,即100111002001100011-=≠,由行列式不为0,知道(C)线性无关.故应选(C). 当然,在处理(C)有困难时,也可来看(D),由12233441()()()()0αααααααα+-++-+-=,知(D)线性相关,于是用排除法可确定选(C). 【相关知识点】12,,,s ααα线性相关的充分必要条件是存在某(1,2,,)i i s α=可以由111,,,,i i s αααα-+线性表出.12,,,s ααα线性无关的充分必要条件是任意一个(1,2,,)i i s α=均不能由111,,,,i i s αααα-+线性表出.三、(本题共3小题, 每小题5分,满分15分.)(1)【解析】dy dy dt dy dx dtdt dx dt dx =⋅=222221cos 2sin cos 22(0),2sin t t t t t t t y t t t x t t--⋅'===>'- 同理 2()12sin x txx t y y x t t''''=='-, 代入参数值t =则xt y '=, xxt y ''=【相关知识点】1.复合函数求导法则:如果()u g x =在点x 可导,而()y f x =在点()u g x =可导,则复合函数[]()y f g x =在点x 可导,且其导数为()()dy f u g x dx ''=⋅ 或 dy dy du dx du dx=⋅. 2.对积分上限的函数的求导公式:若()()()()t t F t f x dx βα=⎰,()t α,()t β均一阶可导,则[][]()()()()()F t t f t t f t ββαα'''=⋅-⋅.(2)【解析】111()ln(1)ln(1)arctan 442f x x x x x =+--+-. 先求()f x '的展开式.将()f x 微分后,可得简单的展开式,再积分即得原函数的幂级数展开.所以由2(1)(1)(1)(1)1,2!!nn x x x x n ααααααα---++=+++++(11)x -<<该级数在端点1x =±处的收敛性,视α而定.特别地,当1α=-时,有2311(1),1n n x x x x x =-+-++-++ (11)x -<< 2311,1n x x x x x =++++++- (11)x -<< 得 2221111111111()114141212121f x x x x x x '=++-=+-+-+-+ 44401111(||1)1n n n n x x x x ∞∞===-=-=<-∑∑, 积分,由牛顿-莱布尼茨公式得4140011()(0)() (||1)41n xx nn n x f x f f x dx t dt x n +∞∞=='=+==<+∑∑⎰⎰.(3)【解析】方法1:利用三角函数的二倍角公式sin 22sin cos ααα=⋅,并利用换元积分,结合拆项法求积分,得sin 22sin 2sin (cos 1)dx dxx x x x =++⎰⎰22sin 11cos 2sin (cos 1)2(1)(1)xdx x u du x x u u ==-+-+⎰⎰ (22sin 1cos x x =-)221(1)(1)1112()4(1)(1)811(1)u u du du u u u u u ++-=-=-++-+-++⎰⎰12ln |1|ln |1|8(1)u u C u ⎡⎤=--+++⎢⎥+⎣⎦()()12ln 1cos ln 1cos 81cos x x C x ⎡⎤=--+++⎢⎥+⎣⎦, 其中C 为任意常数.方法2:换元cos x u =后,有原式22sin 12sin (cos 1)2sin (cos 1)2(1)(1)dx xdx dux x x x u u ===-++-+⎰⎰⎰.用待定系数法将被积函数分解:221(1)(1)11(1)A B Du u u u u =++-+-++ 22()(2)()(1)(1)A B u A D u A B D u u -+-+++=-+, 01120,421A B A D A B D A B D -=⎧⎪⇒-=⇒===⎨⎪++=⎩.于是,2111212()ln 1ln 1811(1)81du u u C u u u u ⎡⎤-++=--+++⎢⎥-+++⎣⎦⎰原式= ()()12ln 1cos ln 1cos 81cos x x C x ⎡⎤=--+++⎢⎥+⎣⎦.四、(本题满分6分)【解析】求第二类曲面积分的基本方法:套公式将第二类曲面积分化为第一类曲面积分,再化为二重积分,或用高斯公式转化为求相应的三重积分或简单的曲面积分.这里曲面块的个数不多,积分项也不多,某些积分取零值,如若∑垂直yOz 平面,则0Pdydz ∑=⎰⎰.化为二重积分时要选择投影平面,注意利用对称性与奇偶性.先把积分化简后利用高斯公式也很方便的.方法1:注意 22220Sz dxdy x y z =++⎰⎰,(因为S 关于xy 平面对称,被积函数关于z 轴对称) 所以 222SxdydzI x y z =++⎰⎰. S 由上下底圆及圆柱面组成.分别记为123,,S S S . 12,S S 与平面yOz 垂直⇒122222220s s xdydz xdydzx y z x y z ==++++⎰⎰⎰⎰. 在3S 上将222x y R +=代入被积表达式⇒322s xdydzI R z =+⎰⎰. 3S 在yz 平面上投影区域为:,yz D R y R R z R -≤≤-≤≤,在3S 上,x =,3S 关于yz 平面对称,被积函数对x 为奇函数,可以推出22002222yzR R D dz I R z==⨯⨯ +⎰⎰ 2201arctan 42Rz R R R R ππ1=8⋅⋅=.方法2:S 是封闭曲面,它围成的区域记为Ω,记 22SxdydzI R z =+⎰⎰. 再用高斯公式得 222222()1R R D z x dxdyI dV dV dz x R z R z R z -ΩΩ∂⎛⎫=== ⎪∂+++⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ 222201122RRdz R R z ππ==+⎰(先一后二的求三重积分方法)其中()D z 是圆域:222x y R +≤.【相关知识点】高斯公式:设空间闭区域Ω是由分片光滑的闭曲面∑所围成,函数(,,)P x y z 、(,,)Q x y z 、(,,)R x y z 在Ω上具有一阶连续偏导数,则有,P Q R dv Pdydz Qdzdx Rdxdy x y z Ω∑⎛⎫∂∂∂++=++ ⎪∂∂∂⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰或()cos cos cos ,P Q R dv P Q R dS x y z αβγΩ∑⎛⎫∂∂∂++=++ ⎪∂∂∂⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰这里∑是Ω的整个边界曲面的外侧,cos α、cos β、cos γ是∑在点(,,)x y z 处的法向量的方向余弦.上述两个公式叫做高斯公式.五、(本题满分9分)【解析】由全微分方程的条件,有2[()()][()]xy x y f x y f x x y y x∂∂'+-=+∂∂, 即 22()()2x xy f x f x xy ''+-=+,亦即 2()()f x f x x ''+=.因而是初值问题 200,0,1,x x y y x y y ==''⎧+=⎪⎨'==⎪⎩ 的解,此方程为常系数二阶线性非齐次方程,对应的齐次方程的特征方程为210r +=的根为1,2r i =±,原方程右端202x x e x =⋅中的0λ=,不同于两个特征根,所以方程有特解形如 2Y Ax Bx C =++. 代入方程可求得 1,0,2A B C ===,则特解为22x -.由题给(0)0,(0)1f f '==,解得 2()2cos sin 2f x x x x =++-.()f x 的解析式代入原方程,则有22[2(2cos sin )][22sin cos ]0xy y x x y dx x y x x x dy +-+++-+=.先用凑微分法求左端微分式的原函数:222211()2()(2sin cos )(2sin cos )022y dx x dy ydx xdy yd x x x x dy +++----=, 221(2(cos 2sin ))02d x y xy y x x ++-=. 其通解为 2212(cos 2sin )2x y xy y x x C ++-= 其中C 为任意常数.【相关知识点】1.二阶线性非齐次方程解的结构:设*()y x 是二阶线性非齐次方程()()()y P x y Q x y f x '''++=的一个特解.()Y x 是与之对应的齐次方程 ()()0y P x y Q x y '''++=的通解,则*()()y Y x y x =+是非齐次方程的通解.2. 二阶常系数线性齐次方程通解的求解方法:对于求解二阶常系数线性齐次方程的通解()Y x ,可用特征方程法求解:即()()0y P x y Q x y '''++=中的()P x 、()Q x 均是常数,方程变为0y py qy '''++=.其特征方程写为20r pr q ++=,在复数域内解出两个特征根12,r r ;分三种情况:(1) 两个不相等的实数根12,r r ,则通解为1212;rx r x y C eC e =+(2) 两个相等的实数根12r r =,则通解为()112;rxy C C x e =+(3) 一对共轭复根1,2r i αβ=±,则通解为()12cos sin .xy e C x C x αββ=+其中12,C C 为常数.3.对于求解二阶线性非齐次方程()()()y P x y Q x y f x '''++=的一个特解*()y x ,可用待定系数法,有结论如下:如果()(),xm f x P x e λ=则二阶常系数线性非齐次方程具有形如*()()kxm y x x Q x e λ= 的特解,其中()m Q x 是与()m P x 相同次数的多项式,而k 按λ不是特征方程的根、是特征方程的单根或是特征方程的重根依次取0、1或2.如果()[()cos ()sin ]x l n f x e P x x P x x λωω=+,则二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程()()()y p x y q x y f x '''++=的特解可设为*(1)(2)[()cos ()sin ]k x m m y x e R x x R x x λωω=+,其中(1)()m R x 与(2)()m R x 是m 次多项式,{}max ,m l n =,而k 按i λω+(或i λω-)不是特征方程的根、或是特征方程的单根依次取为0或1.六、(本题满分8分) 【解析】0()lim0x f x x→=表明0x →时()f x 是比x 高阶的无穷小,若能进一步确定()f x 是x 的p 阶或高于p 阶的无穷小,1,p >从而1()f n 也是1n的p 阶或高于p 阶的无穷小,这就证明了级数11()n f n∞=∑绝对收敛. 方法一:由0()lim0x f x x→=及()f x 的连续性得知(0)0,(0)0f f '==,再由()f x 在点0x =的某一领域内具有二阶连续导数以及洛必达法则,20()lim x f x x →为“00”型的极限未定式,又分子分母在点0处导数都存在,连续运用两次洛必达法则,有2000()()()1lim lim lim (0)222x x x f x f x f x f x x →→→'''''=== 2()1lim(0)2x f x f x →''⇒=. 由函数极限与数列极限的关系 21()1lim (0)12n f nf n →+∞''⇒=.因211n n ∞=∑收敛11()n f n ∞=⇒∑收敛,即 11()n f n ∞=∑绝对收敛.方法二:由0()lim0x f x x→=得知(0)0,(0)0f f '==,可用泰勒公式来实现估计.()f x 在点0x =有泰勒公式:2211()(0)(0)()()(01,[,])22f x f f x f x x f x x x θθθδδ'''''= ++=<<∈- 因()f x 在点0x =的某一领域内具有二阶连续导数,0,()f x δ''⇒∃>在[,]x δδ∈-有界,即0M ∃>,有|()|,[,]f x M x δδ''≤∈- 2211()(),[,]22f x f x x Mx x θδδ''⇒=≤∈-. 对此0δ>,,N n N ∃>时,211110()2f M n n nδ<<⇒≤. 又211n n ∞=∑收敛11()n f n ∞=⇒∑收敛,即 11()n f n ∞=∑绝对收敛.【相关知识点】正项级数的比较判别法:设1n n u ∞=∑和1n n v ∞=∑都是正项级数,且lim,nn nv A u →∞=则⑴ 当0A <<+∞时,1nn u∞=∑和1nn v∞=∑同时收敛或同时发散;⑵ 当0A =时,若1nn u∞=∑收敛,则1nn v∞=∑收敛;若1nn v∞=∑发散,则1nn u∞=∑发散;⑶ 当A =+∞时,若1nn v∞=∑收敛,则1nn u∞=∑收敛;若1nn u∞=∑发散,则1nn v∞=∑发散.七、(本题满分6分)【解析】方法1:用定积分.设高度为z 处的截面z D 的面积为()S z ,则所求体积1()V S z dz =⎰.,A B 所在的直线的方向向量为()()01,10,101,1,1---=-,且过A 点,所以,A B 所在的直线方程为1111x y z-== - 或 1x z y z =-⎧⎨=⎩. 截面z D 是个圆形,其半径的平方 22222(1)R x y z z =+=-+,则面积222()[(1)]S z R z z ππ==-+,由此 1220[(1)]V z z dz π=-+⎰()120122z z dz π=-+⎰123023z z z π⎛⎫=-+ ⎪⎝⎭23π=. 方法2:用三重积分.2123V dV d dz ππθΩ===⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰,或者 1122[(1)]zD V dV dz d z z dz σπΩ===-+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ ()120122z z dz π=-+⎰123023z z z π⎛⎫=-+ ⎪⎝⎭23π=.八、(本题满分8分)【解析】(1)由已知,()I 的系数矩阵,11000101A ⎡⎤=⎢⎥-⎣⎦.由于()2,n r A -=所以解空间的维数是2.取34,x x 为自由变量,分别令()()()34,1,0,0,1x x =,求出0Ax =的解. 故()I 的基础解系可取为 (0,0,1,0),(1,1,0,1)-. (2)方程组()I 和()II 有非零公共解.将()II 的通解 1221231242,2,2,x k x k k x k k x k =-=+=+=代入方程组()I ,则有212121222020k k k k k k k k -++=⎧⇒=-⎨+-=⎩. 那么当120k k =-≠时,向量121(0,1,1,0)(1,2,2,1)(1,1,1,1)k k k +-=---是()I 与()II 的非零公共解.九、(本题满分6分)【解析】证法一:由于 *TA A =,根据*A 的定义有(,1,2,,)ij ij A a i j n =∀=L ,其中ij A 是行列式||A 中ij a 的代数余子式.由于0A ≠,不妨设0ij a ≠,那么2222112212||0ij i i i i in in i i in A a A a A a A a a a a =+++=+++≥>L L ,故 ||0A ≠.证法二:(反证法)若||0A =,则*TAA AA ==||0A E =.设A 的行向量为(1,2,,)i i n α=L ,则 222120T i i i i in a a a αα=+++=L (1,2,,)i n =L .于是 12(,,,)0i i i in a a a α==L (1,2,,)i n =L . 进而有0A =,这与A 是非零矩阵相矛盾.故||0A ≠.十、填空题(本题共2小题, 每小题3分,满分6分.)(1)【解析】利用随机事件的概率运算性质进行化简.由概率的基本公式(广义加法公式),有()()1()P AB P A B P A B ==-U U1[()()()]P A P B P AB =-+- 1()()()P A P B P AB =--+.因题目已知 ()()P AB P AB =,故有()()1P A P B +=,()1()1P B P A p =-=-.(2)【解析】由于X 、Y 相互独立且同分布,只能取0、1两个数值,易见随机变量{}max ,Z X Y =只取0与1两个可能的值,且{}{}{}0max ,0P Z P X Y ==={}{}{}10,0004P X Y P X P Y =====⋅==, {}{}31104P Z P Z ==-==. 所以随机变量{}max ,Z X Y =的分布律为:十一、(本题满分6分)【解析】此题的第一小问是求数学期望()E Z 和方差()D Z ,是个常规问题;(2)求相关系数XZ ρ,关键是计算X 与Z 的协方差;(3)考查相关系数为零与相互独立是否等价.(1) 由2(1,3)XN ,2(0,4)Y N ,知()1,()9,()0,()16E X D X E Y D Y ====.由数学期望和方差的性质:()()()E aX bY c aE X bE Y c ++=++,22()()()2Cov(,)D aX bY c a D X b D Y ab X Y ++=++,其中,,a b c 为常数.得 111,323EZ EX EY =+= 111Cov(,)943DZ DX DY X Y =++111916943XY ρ=⨯+⨯+115()34 3.32=+⨯-⨯⨯=(2) 因为11Cov(,)Cov(,)32X Z X X Y =+11Cov(,)Cov(,)32X X X Y =+2113(6)032=⋅+-= 所以 0XZ ρ==.(3) 由于(,)X Y 服从二维正态分布,则其线性组合构成的随机变量也服从二维正态分布,而32X YZ =+,0X X Y =+,故X 和Z 都是其线性组合,则(,)X Z 服从二维正态分布,根据 0XZ ρ==,所以X 与Z 是相互独立的.。

1994考研数学一真题及答案详解

1994考研数学一真题及答案详解

1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题一、填空题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1) _______1sin 1cot lim 0=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-→x x x x . (2) 曲面32=+-xy e z z 在点()0,2,1处的切平面方程为_______.(3) 设y x e u xsin -=,则y x u ∂∂∂2在点⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛π1,2处的值为_______.(4) 设区域D 为222R y x ≤+,则_______2222=⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+⎰⎰dxdy b y a x D .(5) 已知()⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛==31,21,1,3,2,1βα,设βαTA =,其中T α是α的转置,则_____=n A .二、选择题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)(1) 设xdx x x M 4222cos 1sin ⎰-+=ππ,dx x N )cos (sin 4223⎰-+=ππ,dx x x x P )cos sin (42232-=⎰-ππ,则 ( )(A) M P N << (B) N P M << (C) P M N << (D) N M P << (2) 二元函数()y x f ,在点()00,y x 处两个偏导数()00,y x f x '()00,y x f y '存在是()y x f ,在该点连续的 ( ) (A) 充分条件但非必要条件 (B) 必要条件而非充分条件(C) 充分必要条件 (D) 既非充分条件又非必要条件 (3) 设常数0>λ,且级数∑∞=12n n a 收敛,则级数()λ+-∑∞=211n a n nn ( )(A) 发散 (B) 条件收敛 (C) 绝对收敛 (D) 收敛性与λ有关 (4) ()()()2121ln cos 1tan lim2=-+--+-→xx e d x c x b x a ,其022≠+c a ,则必有 ( )(A) d b 4= (B) d b 4-= (C) c a 4= (D) c a 4-=(5) 已知向量组4321,,,αααα线性无关,则向量组 ( ) (A) 21αα+、32αα+、43αα+、14αα+线性无关(B) 21αα-、32αα-、43αα-、14αα-线性无关(C) 21αα+、32αα+、43αα+、14αα-线性无关 (D) 21αα+、32αα+、43αα-、14αα-线性无关三、(本题共3小题, 每小题5分,满分15分.)(1) 设 ()()⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-==⎰2122,cos 21cos cos t udu u t t y t x 求dx dy 、22dx y d 在2π=t 的值. (2) 将函数()x x x x x f -+-+=arctan 2111ln 41展开成x 的幂级数. (3) 求⎰+x x dxsin 22sin .四、(本题满分6分)计算曲面积分⎰⎰+++S z y x dxdyz xdydz 2222,其中S 是由曲面222R y x =+及两平面R z =, ()0>-=R R z 所围成立体表面的外侧.五、(本题满分9分)设()x f 具有二阶连续导数,()()10,00='=f f ,且()()[]()[]02=+'+-+dy y x x f dx y x f y x xy 为一全微分方程,求及此全微分方程()x f 的通解.六、(本题满分8分)设()x f 在点0=x 的某一领域内具有二阶连续导数,且()0lim=→xx f x ,证明级数 ∑∞=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛11n n f 绝对收敛.七、(本题满分6分)已知点A 与B 的直角坐标分别为()0,0,1与()1,1,0.线段AB 绕z 轴旋转一周所围成的旋转曲面为S .求由S 及两平面1,0==z z 所围成的立体体积.八、(本题满分8分)设四元线性齐次方程组()I 为⎩⎨⎧=-=+,0,04221x x x x 又已知某线性齐次方程组()II 的通解为()()1,2,2,10,1,1,021-+k k .(1) 求线性方程组()I 的基础解系;(2) 问线性方程组()I 和()II 是否有非零公共解?若有,则求出所有的非零公共解.若没有,则说明理由.九、(本题满分6分)设A 为n 阶非零方阵,*A 是A 的伴随矩阵,TA 是A 的转置矩阵,当TA A =*时,证明0≠A .十、填空题(本题共2小题, 每小题3分,满分6分.)(1) 已知A 、B 两个事件满足条件()()B A P AB P =,且()p A P =,则()_____=B P . (2) 设相互独立的两个随机变量X 、Y 具有同一分布律,且X 的分布律为则随机变量{}Y X Z ,max =的分布律为_______.十一、(本题满分6分)已知随机变量()Y X ,服从二维正态分布,且X 和Y 分别服从正态分布()23,1N 和()24,0N ,X 与Y 的相关系数21-=XY ρ,设23YX Z +=, (1) 求Z 的数学期望()Z E 和方差()Z D ; (2) 求X 与Z 的相关系数XY ρ; (3) 问X 与Z 是否相互独立?为什么?1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题解析一、填空题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1)【答案】16【解析】原式变形后为“0”型的极限未定式,又分子分母在点0处导数都存在,所以连续应用两次洛必达法则,有原式20cos (sin )limsin x x x x x x →-=300sin lim cos lim x x x xx x→→-=⋅ 2001cos sin 1lim lim 366x x x x x x →→-===. (由重要极限0sin lim 1x x x→=) (2)【答案】240x y +-=【解析】所求平面的法向量n 为平行于所给曲面在点(1,2,0)处法线方向的方向向量l ,取n l =,又平面过已知点(1,2,0)M .已知平面的法向量(,,)A B C 和过已知点000(,,)x y z 可唯一确定这个平面:000()()()0A x x B y y C z z -+-+-=.因点(1,2,0)在曲面(,,)0F x y z =上.曲面方程(,,)23z F x y z z e xy =-+-. 曲面在该点的法向量{}{}{}(1,2,0)(1,2,0),,2,2,14,2,022,1,0z F F F n y x e x y z ⎧⎫∂∂∂ ==-==⎨⎬∂∂∂⎩⎭, 故切平面方程为 2(1)(2)0x y -+-=, 即 240x y +-=.(3)【答案】22eπ【解析】由于混合偏导数在连续条件下与求导次序无关,为了简化运算,所以本题可以先求u y ∂∂,再求u x y ⎛⎫∂∂ ⎪∂∂⎝⎭. 2cos x u x xe y y y-∂=-∂, ()2221112(2,)(2,)2cos xy x x u u uxe x x y y x x y x ππππ-===⎛⎫∂∂∂∂∂===-⎪ ⎪∂∂∂∂∂∂∂⎝⎭2222((1)cos )0xx e x x e πππ-==--+=.(可边代值边计算,这样可以简化运算量.)【相关知识点】多元复合函数求导法则:如果函数(,),(,)u x y v x y ϕψ==都在点(,)x y 具有对x 及对y 的偏导数,函数(,)z f u v =在对应点(,)u v 具有连续偏导数,则复合函数((,),(,))z f x y x y ϕψ=在点(,)x y 的两个偏导数存在,且有12z z u z v u v f f x u x v x x x∂∂∂∂∂∂∂''=+=+∂∂∂∂∂∂∂; 12z z u z v u v f f y u y v y y y∂∂∂∂∂∂∂''=+=+∂∂∂∂∂∂∂. (4)【答案】42211()4R a bπ+ 【解析】很显然,根据此题的特征用极坐标变换来计算: 原式2222222322220000cos sin cos sin RR d r rdr d r dr ab a b ππθθθθθθ⎛⎫⎛⎫=+=+⋅ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰. 注意:22220cos sin d d ππθθθθπ==⎰⎰,则 原式4422221111144R R a b a b ππ⎛⎫⎛⎫=+⋅=+⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭. (5)【答案】111123232133312n -⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦【解析】由矩阵乘法有结合律,注意 1111,,23233Tβα⎡⎤⎛⎫⎢⎥== ⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎢⎥⎣⎦是一个数,而 11123111221,,2123333312TA αβ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎡⎤⎢⎥⎛⎫⎢⎥⎢⎥=== ⎪⎢⎥⎢⎥⎝⎭⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦,(是一个三阶矩阵)于是,()()()()()()()n T T T T T T T TA αβαβαβαβαβαβαβαβ==11111232332133312n T n αβ--⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦.二、选择题(本题共5个小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)(1)【答案】(D)【解析】对于关于原点对称的区间上的积分,应该关注被积函数的奇偶性.由对称区间上奇偶函数积分的性质,被积函数是奇函数,积分区间关于原点对称,则积分为0,故0M =,且由定积分的性质,如果在区间[],a b 上,被积函数()0f x ≥,则()0 ()baf x dx a b ≥<⎰.所以 4202cos 0N xdx π=>⎰, 4202cos 0P xdx N π=-=-<⎰.因而 P M N <<,应选(D). (2)【答案】(D)【解析】(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 连续不能保证(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 存在偏导数00(,),x f x y '00(,)y f x y '.反之,(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 存在这两个偏导数00(,),x f x y '00(,)y f x y '也不能保证(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 连续,因此应选(D).二元函数(,)f x y 在点00(,)x y 处两个偏导数存在和在点00(,)x y 处连续并没有相关性. (3)【答案】(C)【解析】考查取绝对值后的级数.因2222111112222n n a a n n λ≤+<++, (第一个不等式是由2210,0,()2a b ab a b ≥≥≤+得到的.) 又21nn a ∞=∑收敛,2112n n ∞= ∑收敛,(此为p 级数:11p n n∞=∑当1p >时收敛;当1p ≤时发散.)所以2211122n n a n ∞=+∑收敛,由比较判别法,得1n ∞=收敛.故原级数绝对收敛,因此选(C). (4)【答案】(D)【解析】因为 22211cos (),1()2x xx o x e x o x --=-=,故 tan (1cos )(0)a x b x ax a +-≠,2ln(12)(1)2 (0)x c x d e cx c --+--≠,因此,原式左边0lim222x ax acx c→====--原式右边,4a c ⇒=-.当0,0a c =≠时,极限为0;当0,0a c ≠=时,极限为∞,均与题设矛盾,应选(D). 【相关知识点】1.无穷小的比较:设在同一个极限过程中,(),()x x αβ为无穷小且存在极限 ()lim.()x l x αβ= (1) 若0,l ≠称(),()x x αβ在该极限过程中为同阶无穷小; (2) 若1,l =称(),()x x αβ在该极限过程中为等价无穷小,记为()()x x αβ;(3) 若0,l =称在该极限过程中()x α是()x β的高阶无穷小,记为()()()x o x αβ=.若()lim()x x αβ不存在(不为∞),称(),()x x αβ不可比较. 2. 无穷小量的性质:当0x x →时,(),()x x αβ为无穷小,则()()()()(())x x x x o x αβαββ⇔=+.(5)【答案】(C)【解析】这一类题目应当用观察法.若不易用观察法时可转为计算行列式. (A):由于()()()()122334410αααααααα+-+++-+=,所以(A)线性相关. (B):由于()()()()122334410αααααααα-+-+-+-=,所以(B)线性相关.对于(C),实验几组数据不能得到0时,应立即计算由α的系数构成的行列式,即100111002001100011-=≠,由行列式不为0,知道(C)线性无关.故应选(C). 当然,在处理(C)有困难时,也可来看(D),由12233441()()()()0αααααααα+-++-+-=,知(D)线性相关,于是用排除法可确定选(C). 【相关知识点】12,,,s ααα线性相关的充分必要条件是存在某(1,2,,)i i s α=可以由111,,,,i i s αααα-+线性表出.12,,,s ααα线性无关的充分必要条件是任意一个(1,2,,)i i s α=均不能由111,,,,i i s αααα-+线性表出.三、(本题共3小题, 每小题5分,满分15分.)(1)【解析】dy dy dt dy dx dtdt dx dt dx =⋅=222221cos 2sin cos 22(0),2sin t t t t t t t y t t t x t t--⋅'===>'- 同理 2()12sin x txx t y y x t t''''=='-, 代入参数值t =则xt y '=, xxt y ''=【相关知识点】1.复合函数求导法则:如果()u g x =在点x 可导,而()y f x =在点()u g x =可导,则复合函数[]()y f g x =在点x 可导,且其导数为()()dy f u g x dx ''=⋅ 或 dy dy du dx du dx=⋅. 2.对积分上限的函数的求导公式:若()()()()t t F t f x dx βα=⎰,()t α,()t β均一阶可导,则[][]()()()()()F t t f t t f t ββαα'''=⋅-⋅.(2)【解析】111()ln(1)ln(1)arctan 442f x x x x x =+--+-. 先求()f x '的展开式.将()f x 微分后,可得简单的展开式,再积分即得原函数的幂级数展开.所以由2(1)(1)(1)(1)1,2!!nn x x x x n ααααααα---++=+++++(11)x -<<该级数在端点1x =±处的收敛性,视α而定.特别地,当1α=-时,有2311(1),1n n x x x x x =-+-++-++ (11)x -<< 2311,1n x x x x x =++++++- (11)x -<< 得 2221111111111()114141212121f x x x x x x '=++-=+-+-+-+ 44401111(||1)1n n n n x x x x ∞∞===-=-=<-∑∑, 积分,由牛顿-莱布尼茨公式得4140011()(0)() (||1)41n xx nn n x f x f f x dx t dt x n +∞∞=='=+==<+∑∑⎰⎰.(3)【解析】方法1:利用三角函数的二倍角公式sin 22sin cos ααα=⋅,并利用换元积分,结合拆项法求积分,得sin 22sin 2sin (cos 1)dx dxx x x x =++⎰⎰22sin 11cos 2sin (cos 1)2(1)(1)xdx x u du x x u u ==-+-+⎰⎰ (22sin 1cos x x =-)221(1)(1)1112()4(1)(1)811(1)u u du du u u u u u ++-=-=-++-+-++⎰⎰12ln |1|ln |1|8(1)u u C u ⎡⎤=--+++⎢⎥+⎣⎦()()12ln 1cos ln 1cos 81cos x x C x ⎡⎤=--+++⎢⎥+⎣⎦, 其中C 为任意常数.方法2:换元cos x u =后,有原式22sin 12sin (cos 1)2sin (cos 1)2(1)(1)dx xdx dux x x x u u ===-++-+⎰⎰⎰.用待定系数法将被积函数分解:221(1)(1)11(1)A B Du u u u u =++-+-++ 22()(2)()(1)(1)A B u A D u A B D u u -+-+++=-+, 01120,421A B A D A B D A B D -=⎧⎪⇒-=⇒===⎨⎪++=⎩.于是,2111212()ln 1ln 1811(1)81du u u C u u u u ⎡⎤-++=--+++⎢⎥-+++⎣⎦⎰原式= ()()12ln 1cos ln 1cos 81cos x x C x ⎡⎤=--+++⎢⎥+⎣⎦.四、(本题满分6分)【解析】求第二类曲面积分的基本方法:套公式将第二类曲面积分化为第一类曲面积分,再化为二重积分,或用高斯公式转化为求相应的三重积分或简单的曲面积分.这里曲面块的个数不多,积分项也不多,某些积分取零值,如若∑垂直yOz 平面,则0Pdydz ∑=⎰⎰.化为二重积分时要选择投影平面,注意利用对称性与奇偶性.先把积分化简后利用高斯公式也很方便的.方法1:注意 22220Sz dxdy x y z =++⎰⎰,(因为S 关于xy 平面对称,被积函数关于z 轴对称) 所以 222SxdydzI x y z =++⎰⎰. S 由上下底圆及圆柱面组成.分别记为123,,S S S . 12,S S 与平面yOz 垂直⇒122222220s s xdydz xdydzx y z x y z ==++++⎰⎰⎰⎰. 在3S 上将222x y R +=代入被积表达式⇒322s xdydzI R z =+⎰⎰. 3S 在yz 平面上投影区域为:,yz D R y R R z R -≤≤-≤≤,在3S 上,x =,3S 关于yz 平面对称,被积函数对x 为奇函数,可以推出22002222yzR D dz I R z==⨯⨯ +⎰⎰ 2201arctan 42Rz R R R R ππ1=8⋅⋅=.方法2:S 是封闭曲面,它围成的区域记为Ω,记 22SxdydzI R z =+⎰⎰. 再用高斯公式得 222222()1R R D z x dxdyI dV dV dz x R z R z R z -ΩΩ∂⎛⎫=== ⎪∂+++⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ 222201122RRdz R R z ππ==+⎰(先一后二的求三重积分方法)其中()D z 是圆域:222x y R +≤.【相关知识点】高斯公式:设空间闭区域Ω是由分片光滑的闭曲面∑所围成,函数(,,)P x y z 、(,,)Q x y z 、(,,)R x y z 在Ω上具有一阶连续偏导数,则有,P Q R dv Pdydz Qdzdx Rdxdy x y z Ω∑⎛⎫∂∂∂++=++ ⎪∂∂∂⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰或()cos cos cos ,P Q R dv P Q R dS x y z αβγΩ∑⎛⎫∂∂∂++=++ ⎪∂∂∂⎝⎭⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰这里∑是Ω的整个边界曲面的外侧,cos α、cos β、cos γ是∑在点(,,)x y z 处的法向量的方向余弦.上述两个公式叫做高斯公式.五、(本题满分9分)【解析】由全微分方程的条件,有2[()()][()]xy x y f x y f x x y y x∂∂'+-=+∂∂, 即 22()()2x xy f x f x xy ''+-=+,亦即 2()()f x f x x ''+=.因而是初值问题 200,0,1,x x y y x y y ==''⎧+=⎪⎨'==⎪⎩ 的解,此方程为常系数二阶线性非齐次方程,对应的齐次方程的特征方程为210r +=的根为1,2r i =±,原方程右端202x x e x =⋅中的0λ=,不同于两个特征根,所以方程有特解形如 2Y Ax Bx C =++. 代入方程可求得 1,0,2A B C ===,则特解为22x -.由题给(0)0,(0)1f f '==,解得 2()2cos sin 2f x x x x =++-.()f x 的解析式代入原方程,则有22[2(2cos sin )][22sin cos ]0xy y x x y dx x y x x x dy +-+++-+=.先用凑微分法求左端微分式的原函数:222211()2()(2sin cos )(2sin cos )022y dx x dy ydx xdy yd x x x x dy +++----=, 221(2(cos 2sin ))02d x y xy y x x ++-=. 其通解为 2212(cos 2sin )2x y xy y x x C ++-= 其中C 为任意常数.【相关知识点】1.二阶线性非齐次方程解的结构:设*()y x 是二阶线性非齐次方程()()()y P x y Q x y f x '''++=的一个特解.()Y x 是与之对应的齐次方程 ()()0y P x y Q x y '''++=的通解,则*()()y Y x y x =+是非齐次方程的通解.2. 二阶常系数线性齐次方程通解的求解方法:对于求解二阶常系数线性齐次方程的通解()Y x ,可用特征方程法求解:即()()0y P x y Q x y '''++=中的()P x 、()Q x 均是常数,方程变为0y py qy '''++=.其特征方程写为20r pr q ++=,在复数域内解出两个特征根12,r r ;分三种情况:(1) 两个不相等的实数根12,r r ,则通解为1212;rx r x y C eC e =+(2) 两个相等的实数根12r r =,则通解为()112;rxy C C x e =+(3) 一对共轭复根1,2r i αβ=±,则通解为()12cos sin .xy e C x C x αββ=+其中12,C C 为常数.3.对于求解二阶线性非齐次方程()()()y P x y Q x y f x '''++=的一个特解*()y x ,可用待定系数法,有结论如下:如果()(),xm f x P x e λ=则二阶常系数线性非齐次方程具有形如*()()kxm y x x Q x e λ= 的特解,其中()m Q x 是与()m P x 相同次数的多项式,而k 按λ不是特征方程的根、是特征方程的单根或是特征方程的重根依次取0、1或2.如果()[()cos ()sin ]x l n f x e P x x P x x λωω=+,则二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程()()()y p x y q x y f x '''++=的特解可设为*(1)(2)[()cos ()sin ]k x m m y x e R x x R x x λωω=+,其中(1)()m R x 与(2)()m R x 是m 次多项式,{}max ,m l n =,而k 按i λω+(或i λω-)不是特征方程的根、或是特征方程的单根依次取为0或1.六、(本题满分8分) 【解析】0()lim0x f x x→=表明0x →时()f x 是比x 高阶的无穷小,若能进一步确定()f x 是x 的p 阶或高于p 阶的无穷小,1,p >从而1()f n 也是1n的p 阶或高于p 阶的无穷小,这就证明了级数11()n f n∞=∑绝对收敛. 方法一:由0()lim0x f x x→=及()f x 的连续性得知(0)0,(0)0f f '==,再由()f x 在点0x =的某一领域内具有二阶连续导数以及洛必达法则,20()lim x f x x →为“00”型的极限未定式,又分子分母在点0处导数都存在,连续运用两次洛必达法则,有2000()()()1lim lim lim (0)222x x x f x f x f x f x x →→→'''''=== 2()1lim(0)2x f x f x →''⇒=. 由函数极限与数列极限的关系 21()1lim (0)12n f nf n →+∞''⇒=.因211n n ∞=∑收敛11()n f n ∞=⇒∑收敛,即 11()n f n ∞=∑绝对收敛.方法二:由0()lim0x f x x→=得知(0)0,(0)0f f '==,可用泰勒公式来实现估计.()f x 在点0x =有泰勒公式:2211()(0)(0)()()(01,[,])22f x f f x f x x f x x x θθθδδ'''''= ++=<<∈- 因()f x 在点0x =的某一领域内具有二阶连续导数,0,()f x δ''⇒∃>在[,]x δδ∈-有界,即0M ∃>,有|()|,[,]f x M x δδ''≤∈- 2211()(),[,]22f x f x x Mx x θδδ''⇒=≤∈-. 对此0δ>,,N n N ∃>时,211110()2f M n n nδ<<⇒≤. 又211n n ∞=∑收敛11()n f n ∞=⇒∑收敛,即 11()n f n ∞=∑绝对收敛.【相关知识点】正项级数的比较判别法:设1n n u ∞=∑和1n n v ∞=∑都是正项级数,且lim,nn nv A u →∞=则⑴ 当0A <<+∞时,1nn u∞=∑和1nn v∞=∑同时收敛或同时发散;⑵ 当0A =时,若1nn u∞=∑收敛,则1nn v∞=∑收敛;若1nn v∞=∑发散,则1nn u∞=∑发散;⑶ 当A =+∞时,若1nn v∞=∑收敛,则1nn u∞=∑收敛;若1nn u∞=∑发散,则1nn v∞=∑发散.七、(本题满分6分)【解析】方法1:用定积分.设高度为z 处的截面z D 的面积为()S z ,则所求体积1()V S z dz =⎰.,A B 所在的直线的方向向量为()()01,10,101,1,1---=-,且过A 点,所以,A B 所在的直线方程为1111x y z-== - 或 1x z y z =-⎧⎨=⎩. 截面z D 是个圆形,其半径的平方 22222(1)R x y z z =+=-+,则面积222()[(1)]S z R z z ππ==-+,由此 1220[(1)]V z z dz π=-+⎰()120122z z dz π=-+⎰123023z z z π⎛⎫=-+ ⎪⎝⎭23π=. 方法2:用三重积分.2123V dV d dz ππθΩ===⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰,或者 1122[(1)]zD V dV dz d z z dz σπΩ===-+⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰ ()120122z z dz π=-+⎰123023z z z π⎛⎫=-+ ⎪⎝⎭23π=.八、(本题满分8分)【解析】(1)由已知,()I 的系数矩阵,11000101A ⎡⎤=⎢⎥-⎣⎦.由于()2,n r A -=所以解空间的维数是2.取34,x x 为自由变量,分别令()()()34,1,0,0,1x x =,求出0Ax =的解. 故()I 的基础解系可取为 (0,0,1,0),(1,1,0,1)-. (2)方程组()I 和()II 有非零公共解.将()II 的通解 1221231242,2,2,x k x k k x k k x k =-=+=+=代入方程组()I ,则有212121222020k k k k k k k k -++=⎧⇒=-⎨+-=⎩. 那么当120k k =-≠时,向量121(0,1,1,0)(1,2,2,1)(1,1,1,1)k k k +-=---是()I 与()II 的非零公共解.九、(本题满分6分)【解析】证法一:由于 *TA A =,根据*A 的定义有(,1,2,,)ij ij A a i j n =∀=L ,其中ij A 是行列式||A 中ij a 的代数余子式.由于0A ≠,不妨设0ij a ≠,那么2222112212||0ij i i i i in in i i in A a A a A a A a a a a =+++=+++≥>L L ,故 ||0A ≠.证法二:(反证法)若||0A =,则*TAA AA ==||0A E =.设A 的行向量为(1,2,,)i i n α=L ,则 222120T i i i i in a a a αα=+++=L (1,2,,)i n =L .于是 12(,,,)0i i i in a a a α==L (1,2,,)i n =L . 进而有0A =,这与A 是非零矩阵相矛盾.故||0A ≠.十、填空题(本题共2小题, 每小题3分,满分6分.)(1)【解析】利用随机事件的概率运算性质进行化简.由概率的基本公式(广义加法公式),有()()1()P AB P A B P A B ==-U U1[()()()]P A P B P AB =-+- 1()()()P A P B P AB =--+.因题目已知 ()()P AB P AB =,故有()()1P A P B +=,()1()1P B P A p =-=-.(2)【解析】由于X 、Y 相互独立且同分布,只能取0、1两个数值,易见随机变量{}max ,Z X Y =只取0与1两个可能的值,且{}{}{}0max ,0P Z P X Y ==={}{}{}10,0004P X Y P X P Y =====⋅==, {}{}31104P Z P Z ==-==. 所以随机变量{}max ,Z X Y =的分布律为:十一、(本题满分6分)【解析】此题的第一小问是求数学期望()E Z 和方差()D Z ,是个常规问题;(2)求相关系数XZ ρ,关键是计算X 与Z 的协方差;(3)考查相关系数为零与相互独立是否等价.(1) 由2(1,3)XN ,2(0,4)Y N ,知()1,()9,()0,()16E X D X E Y D Y ====.由数学期望和方差的性质:()()()E aX bY c aE X bE Y c ++=++,22()()()2Cov(,)D aX bY c a D X b D Y ab X Y ++=++,其中,,a b c 为常数.得 111,323EZ EX EY =+= 111Cov(,)943DZ DX DY X Y =++111916943XY ρ=⨯+⨯+115()34 3.32=+⨯-⨯⨯=(2) 因为11Cov(,)Cov(,)32X Z X X Y =+11Cov(,)Cov(,)32X X X Y =+2113(6)032=⋅+-= 所以 0XZ ρ==.(3) 由于(,)X Y 服从二维正态分布,则其线性组合构成的随机变量也服从二维正态分布,而32X YZ =+,0X X Y =+,故X 和Z 都是其线性组合,则(,)X Z 服从二维正态分布,根据 0XZ ρ==,所以X 与Z 是相互独立的.。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学四试题一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1)2222x xdx x -+=+⎰_____________.(2) 已知0()1f x '=-,则000lim(2)()x xf x x f x x →=---_____________.(3) 设方程2cos xye y x +=确定y 为x 的函数,则dydx=_____________. (4) 设121000000,00000n na a A a a -⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦其中0,1,2,,,i a i n ≠=则1A -=_____________.(5) 假设一批产品中一、二、三等品各占60%、30%、10%,从中随意取出一件,结果不是三等品,则取到的是一等品的概率为_____________.二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.)(1) 曲线2121arctan (1)(2)x x x y e x x ++=+-的渐近线有 ( )(A) 1条 (B) 2条 (C) 3条 (D) 4条 (2) 设函数()f x 在闭区间[],a b 上连续,且()0f x >,则方程1()0()xxabf t dt dt f t +=⎰⎰在开区间(,)a b 内的根有 ( ) (A) 0个 (B) 1个 (C) 2个 (D) 无穷多个 (3) 设A 、B 都是n 阶非零矩阵,且0AB =,则A 和B 的秩 ( )(A) 必有一个等于零 (B) 都小于n (C) 一个小于n ,一个等于n (D) 都等于n (4) 设有向量组123(1,1,2,4),(0,3,1,2),(3,0,7,14),ααα=-==4(1,2,2,0),α=-5(2,1,5,10),α=则该向量组的极大线性无关组是 ( )(A) 123,,ααα (B) 124,,ααα(C) 125,,ααα (D) 1245,,,αααα(5) 设0()1,0()1,(|)(|)1P A P B P A B P A B <<<<+=,则 ( ) (A) 事件A 和B 互不相容 (B) 事件A 和B 相互对立 (C) 事件A 和B 互不独立 (D) 事件A 和B 相互独立三、(本题满分5分)求极限21lim[ln(1)]x x x x→∞-+.四、(本题满分5分)已知22(,)arctan arctan y x f x y x y x y=-,求2f x y ∂∂∂.五、(本题满分6分)已知sin xx是函数()f x 的一个原函数,求3()x f x dx '⎰.六、(本题满分8分)某养殖场养两种鱼,若甲种鱼放养x (万尾),乙种鱼放养y (万尾),收获时两种鱼的收获量分别为(3)x y x αβ--和(42)x y y βα-- (0)αβ>>,求使产鱼总量最大的放养数.七、(本题满分8分)已知曲线(0)y x a =>与曲线ln y x =00(,)x y 处有公共切线,求:(1) 常数a 及切点00(,)x y ;(2) 两曲线与x 轴围成的平面图形的面积S .八、(本题满分7分)设函数()f x 有导数,且10(0)0,()()xn n nf F x t f x t dt -==-⎰.证明:20()1lim(0)2nx F x f x n→'=.九、(本题满分8分)设123,,ααα是齐次线性方程组0Ax =的一个基础解系.证明122331,,αααααα+++也是该方程组的一个基础解系.十、(本题满分8分)设0011100A x y ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦有三个线性无关的特征向量,求x 和y 应满足的条件.十一、(本题满分7分)假设随机变量X 的概率密度为2,01,()0,x x f x <<⎧=⎨⎩其他. 现在对X 进行n 次独立重复观测,以n V 表示观测值不大于0.1的次数.试求随机变量n V 的概率分布.十二、(本题满分8分)假设由自动线加工的某种零件的内径X (毫米)服从正态分布(,1)N μ,内径小于10或大于12的为不合格品,其余为合格品,销售每件合格品获利,销售每件不合格品亏损.已知销售利润T (单位:元)与销售零件的内径X 有如下关系:1,10,20,1012,5,12.X T X X -<⎧⎪=≤≤⎨⎪->⎩问平均内径μ取何值时,销售一个零件的平均利润最大?1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学四试题解析一、填空题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1)【答案】ln 3 【解析】利用被积函数的奇偶性,当积分区间关于原点对称,被积函数为奇函数时,积分为 0,当被积函数为偶函数时,可以化为二倍的半区间上的积分.所以有原式22222220022222x x x dx dx dx x x x -=+=+++⎰⎰⎰ 22212dx x=+⎰22ln (2)ln 6ln 2ln 3.x =+=-=(2)【答案】1【解析】由此题极限的形式可构造导数的定义的形式,从而求得极限值.由于000(2)()limx f x x f x x x→---00000(2)()()()limx f x x f x f x x f x x→----+= 00000000(2)()()()(2)lim lim 2()() 1.2x x f x x f x f x x f x f x f x x x →→----''=-+=-+=--所以 原式0001lim1(2)()1x x f x x f x x →===---.【相关知识点】导数的定义:0000()()()limx f x x f x f x x∆→+∆-'=∆.(3)【答案】sin 2xy xyye xy xe y+'=-+ 【解析】将方程2cos xye y x +=看成关于x 的恒等式,即y 看作x 的函数. 两边对x 求导,得sin ()2sin 2xy xyxyye xe y xy yy x y xe y+'''++=-⇒=-+. 【相关知识点】两函数乘积的求导公式:[]()()()()()()f x g x f x g x f x g x '''⋅=⋅+⋅.(4)【答案】121100010001001000n n a a a a -⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦【解析】由分块矩阵求逆的运算性质,有公式11100A B B A---⎡⎤⎡⎤=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦, 且 11122111n n a a a a a a -⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦所以,本题对A 分块后可得1121100010001001000n n a a A a a --⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦. (5)【答案】23【解析】设事件i A =“取到的是第i 等品”,1,2,3i =,则由题意有1{}0.6P A =, 2{}0.3P A =, 3{}0.1P A =.应用条件概率公式得3113133()()0.62(|).1()0.93()P A A P A P A A P A P A ====-二、选择题(本题共5小题,每小题3分,满分15分.) (1)【答案】(B)【解析】本题是关于求渐近线的问题.由于2121lim arctan (1)(2)4x x x x e x x π→∞++=+-,故4y π=为该曲线的一条水平渐近线.又 21201lim arctan (1)(2)x x x x e x x →++=∞+-.故0x =为该曲线的一条垂直渐近线,所以该曲线的渐近线有两条.故本题应选(B).【相关知识点】水平渐近线:若有lim ()x f x a →∞=,则y a =为水平渐近线;铅直渐近线:若有lim ()x af x →=∞,则x a =为铅直渐近线;斜渐近线:若有()lim,lim[()]x x f x a b f x ax x→∞→∞==-存在且不为∞,则y ax b =+为斜渐近线.(2)【答案】(B)【解析】方法1:令1()(),[,]()xxabF x f t dt dt x a b f t =+∈⎰⎰, 则1()()0.()F x f x f x '=+> 故()F x 在区间[],a b 内是单调递增的. 又 11()0()()ab ba F a dt dt f t f t ==-<⎰⎰, ()()0.b a F b f t dt =>⎰由介值定理知()0F x =在(),a b 内仅有一个根.应选(B). 方法2:排除法.由题设条件,可令()1f x =,此时方程1()0()xxabf t dt dt f t +=⎰⎰变为 ()()0x a x b -+-=,即2()0x a b -+=.该方程在(),a b 内仅有一个实根2a b+,则(A)、(C)、(D)均不正确.故本题应选(B).【相关知识点】对积分上限的函数的求导公式:若()()()()t t F t f x dx βα=⎰,()t α,()t β均一阶可导,则[][]()()()()()F t t f t t f t ββαα'''=⋅-⋅.(3)【答案】(B)【解析】本题主要考查矩阵秩的概念和性质,还涉及到矩阵运算、可逆,齐次方程组解的概念与性质等知识点.在中学的代数里,若0ab =,我们知道至少有一个数为0,而作为矩阵运算0AB =就不能说其中至少有一个矩阵是零矩阵,这种差异要搞清楚.例如1222000.241100-⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⋅==⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦即 由0AB =不能得出0A =或0B =,那么再按矩阵秩的定义就知(A)错误.又()0r A n A =⇔≠A ⇔可逆.因此对于0AB =,若其中有一个矩阵的秩为n ,例如设()r A n =,则有1100.B A AB A --===与已知0B ≠相矛盾.从而可排除(C)、(D).对0AB =,把矩阵B 与零矩阵均按列分块1212(,,,)(,,,)(0,0,,0),n n AB A A A A ββββββ===于是0(1,2,,)i A i n β==,即i β是齐次方程组0Ax =的解.因此,0AB =,0B ≠表明0Ax =有非零解,从而()r A n <. 可以继续用非零解的观点来处理秩()r B ,方法如下:()00,T T T T B A AB ===从TA 非零,知()Tr B n <,故()r B n <.当然,本题最简单的方法是用命题:若A 是m n ⨯矩阵,B 是n s ⨯矩阵,0AB =,则()()r A r B n +≤. 再由A ,B 均非零,按秩得定义有()1r A ≥,()1r B ≥,也就不难看出应选(B). (4)【答案】(B)【解析】这是一道常规题,按一般方法求解即可.方法一:对()12345,,,,Tααααα作初等行变换,并记下每次变换的式子,有1231241512112411241124031203120312330714031200001220010401042215100312000αααααααααα---⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥→→--⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥------⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦ 现在已经可以看出秩为3,极大线性无关组是124,,ααα. 方法二:用列向量()12345,,,,TT T T T ααααα作行变换,有1031210312103121031213021033130110101101217250110103313000104214010022420224200000⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥---⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥→→→⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦每行第1个非0数在第1,2,4列,故124,,ααα是极大线性无关组. 故此题应选(B). (5)【答案】(D)【解析】事实上,当0()1P B <<时,(|)(|)P A B P A B =是事件A 与B 独立的充分必要条件,证明如下:若(|)(|)P A B P A B =,则()()()1()P AB P AB P B P B =-, ()()()()()P AB P B P AB P B P AB -=,()()[()()]()()P AB P B P AB P AB P B P A =⋅+=,由独立的定义,即得A 与B 相互独立.若A 与B 相互独立,直接应用乘法公式可以证明(|)(|)P A B P A B = .(|)1(|)(|)P A B P A B P A B =-=.由于事件B 的发生与否不影响事件A 发生的概率,直观上可以判断A 和B 相互独立. 所以本题选(D).三、(本题满分5分)【解析】根据本题极限式的特点,用换元法,令1t x=,x →∞换为0t →,则 原式220011ln(1)lim ln(1)lim t t t t t t t t →→-+⎡⎤=-+=⎢⎥⎣⎦, 现在已化为“”型的极限未定式,又分子分母在点0处导数都存在,运用洛必达法则,有 原式0011111limlim .22(1)2t t t t t →→-+===+四、(本题满分5分)【解析】由复合函数求导法,首先求fx∂∂,由题设可得2222212arctan 11f y x y y x x xx y y x x y ∂⎛⎫=+⋅--⋅ ⎪∂⎝⎭⎛⎫⎛⎫++ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭ 2322222arctan 2arctan y x y y yx x y x x y x y x=--=-++.再对y 求偏导数即得222222222212111fxx x y x yx x y x y y x ∂-=-=-=∂∂++⎛⎫+ ⎪⎝⎭. 【相关知识点】多元复合函数求导法则:如果函数(,),(,)u x y v x y ϕψ==都在点(,)x y 具有对x 及对y 的偏导数,函数(,)z f u v =在对应点(,)u v 具有连续偏导数,则复合函数((,),(,))z f x y x y ϕψ=在点(,)x y 的两个偏导数存在,且有12z z u z v u v f f x u x v x x x∂∂∂∂∂∂∂''=+=+∂∂∂∂∂∂∂; 12z z u z v u v f f y u y v y y y∂∂∂∂∂∂∂''=+=+∂∂∂∂∂∂∂.五、(本题满分6分)【解析】由于sin x x 是函数()f x 的一个原函数,则sin ()x f x x '⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭2cos sin x x xx -=,利用不定积分的分部积分法求解本题.3332()()()3()xf x dx x df x x f x x f x dx '==-⎰⎰⎰3232sin sin ()3()32sin x x x f x x d x f x x xdx x x ⎛⎫⎡⎤=-=-⋅-⎪⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦⎰⎰ 32cos sin 3sin 6cos x x xx x x x C x-=⋅--+ 2cos 4sin 6cos x x x x x C =--+,其中C 为任意常数.注:分部积分法的关键是要选好谁先进入积分号的问题,如果选择不当可能引起更繁杂的计算,最后甚至算不出结果来.在做题的时候应该好好总结,积累经验.【相关知识点】分部求导公式:假定()u u x =与()v v x =均具有连续的导函数,则,uv dx uv u vdx ''=-⎰⎰ 或者 .udv uv vdu =-⎰⎰六、(本题满分8分)【解析】设产鱼总量为z ,则产鱼总量的函数为22(3)(42)3422z x y x x y y x y x y xy αββαααβ=--+--=+---.由二元函数求极值的方法,为求驻点,令3220,4240.zx y xzx y yαββα∂⎧=--=⎪∂⎪⎨∂⎪=--=∂⎪⎩ 由于0αβ>>,知其系数行列式224(2)0αβ∆=->.故方程组有惟一解,即0022223243,22(2)x y αβαβαβαβ--==--. 容易验证000,0x y >>,且0000000003(,)(3)(42)2.2x z x y x y x x y y y αββα=--+--=+ 因为是实际问题,又由于驻点惟一,且实际问题必有最大值,故0x 和0y 分别为所求甲和乙两种鱼的放养数.七、(本题满分8分)【解析】利用00(,)x y 在两条曲线上及两曲线在00(,)x y 处切线斜率相等列出三个方程,由此,可求出00,,a x y ,然后再求平面图形的面积S .(1) 过曲线上已知点00(,)x y 的切线方程为00()y y k x x -=-,其中,当0()y x '存在时,0()k y x '=.由y x =2y x'=.由y x =知12y x'=. 由于两曲线在00(,)x y 处有公共切线,00122x x =,得021x a =. 将021x a =分别代入两曲线方程,有00222111ln 1ln y y a a a ====于是 20211,a x e e a ===, 从而切点为2(,1)e .(2) 两曲线与x 轴围成的平面图形的面积S 为12220()y S e e y dy =-⎰122301123y e e y ⎛⎫=- ⎪⎝⎭211.62e =-八、(本题满分7分)【解析】应用换元法,令n nx t u -=,则 11001()()()()().n x x n n nn n F x t f x t dt f u du F x x f x n --'=-=⇒=⎰⎰ 由于20()lim n x F x x → 为“00”型的极限未定式,又分子分母在点0处导数都存在,运用洛必达法则,得 122121000()()()lim lim lim 22n n n n n x x x F x F x x f x x nx nx ---→→→'== 001()1()(0)lim lim 220n n n n x x f x f x f n x n x →→-==-, 由导数的定义有 原式1(0)2f n'=. 【相关知识点】对积分上限的函数的求导公式:若()()()()t t F t f x dx βα=⎰,()t α,()t β均一阶可导,则[][]()()()()()F t t f t t f t ββαα'''=⋅-⋅.九、(本题满分8分)【解析】由1212()000,A A A αααα+=+=+=知12αα+是0Ax =的解.同理知 2331,αααα++也都是0Ax =的解.若112223331()()()0k k k αααααα+++++=,即311122233()()()0k k k k k k ααα+++++=.由于123,,ααα是基础解系,知123,,ααα线性无关.故知1312230,0,0.k k k k k k +=⎧⎪+=⎨⎪+=⎩因为系数行列式 10111020011=≠,所以方程组只有零解1230k k k ===.从而122331,,αααααα+++线性无关. 由已知,0Ax =的基础解系含三个线性无关的解向量,所以122331,,αααααα+++也是0Ax =的基础解系.【相关知识点】1.解的结构:若12,ηη是Ax b =对应齐次线性方程组0Ax =的基础解系,则Ax b =的通解形式为1122,k k ηηξ++其中ξ是Ax b =的一个特解.2.解的性质:如果12,ηη是0Ax =的两个解,则其线性组合1122k k ηη+仍是0Ax =的解;如果ξ是Ax b =的一个解,η是0Ax =的一个解,则ξη+仍是Ax b =的解.十、(本题满分8分)【解析】由A 的特征方程,按照第二列展开,有20111(1)(1)(1)0110E A x y λλλλλλλλλ---=---=-=-+=--, 得到A 的特征值为1231,1λλλ===-.由题设有三个线性无关的特征向量,因此,1λ=必有两个线性无关的特征向量, 从而()1r E A -=.这样才能保证方程组()0E A X -=解空间的维数是2, 即有两个线性无关的解向量.由初等行变换,将E A -第一行加到第三行上,第一行乘以x 后加到第二行上有101101000101000E A x y x y --⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥-=--→--⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥-⎣⎦⎣⎦, 由()1r E A -=,得x 和y 必须满足条件0x y +=.十一、(本题满分7分)【解析】已知随机变量X 的概率密度,依题意有概率0.10{0.1}20.01P X xdx ≤==⎰. 求得二项分布的概率参数后,在n 次独立重复观测中,事件{0.1}X ≤出现的次数n V 服从二项分布(,0.01)B n .所以有概率函数为{}(0.01)(0.99)m m n m n n P V m C -== (0,1,)m n =.【相关知识点】二项分布的概率计算公式:若(,)Y B n p ~,则{}(1)k k n k n P Y k C p p -==-, 0,1,,k n =.十二、(本题满分8分)【解析】依据数学期望的计算公式及一般正态分布的标准化方法,有{}{}{}()10201012512E T P X P X P X =-<+≤≤-> (10)20[(12)(10)]5[1(12)]μμμμ=-Φ-+Φ--Φ---Φ- 25(12)21(10) 5.μμ=Φ--Φ--此时数学期望依赖于参数μ,为使其达到最大值,令其一阶导数为0,有22(10)(12)22()25(12)21(10)25],2dE T e e d μμϕμϕμμπ----=--+-=- 令 ()0dE T d μ=,22(10)(12)22022μμππ----=, 即22(10)(12)2222μμππ----=.解上面的方程得 012511ln 10.9.221μμ==-≈ 得到唯一驻点010.9μμ=≈,因为此问题是实际问题,所以平均利润函数必然有最大值,而且这个最大值是唯一的.由题意知,当010.9μμ=≈毫米时,平均利润最大.。

相关文档
最新文档