汽车设计--车架设计(外文原文及译文)文库
汽车设计类英语作文模板
汽车设计类英语作文模板Title: An Overview of Car Design。
Introduction。
Car design is a crucial aspect of the automotive industry, as it not only determines the appearance of a vehicle but also influences its performance, safety, and functionality. In this article, we will explore the various elements of car design and their significance in creating a successful and appealing automobile.Body。
1. Exterior Design。
The exterior design of a car is often the first thing that catches the eye of potential buyers. It includes the overall shape, size, and styling of the vehicle, as well as the placement of doors, windows, and lights. Exterior design also encompasses aerodynamics, which is essential for improving fuel efficiency and reducing wind noise. Car designers must consider not only the aesthetics of the vehicle but also its practicality and performance on the road.2. Interior Design。
车辆工程毕业设计外文文献翻译资料
毕业设计外文文献翻译毕业设计题目基于ANSYS对汽车钢板弹簧的有限元分析翻译题目汽车悬架专业车辆工程姓名尹志强班级A1131学号11113020147指导教师肖静机械与材料工程学院二O一四年十月译文一汽车悬架现代汽车中的悬架有两种，一种是从动悬架，另一种是主动悬架。
从动悬架即传统式的悬架，是由弹簧、减振器（减振筒）、导向机构等组成，它的功能是减弱路面传给车身的冲击力，衰减由冲击力而引起的承载系统的振动。
其中弹簧主要起减缓冲击力的作用，减振器的主要作用是衰减振动。
由于这种悬架是由外力驱动而起作用的，所以称为从动悬架。
而主动悬架的控制环节中安装了能够产生抽动的装置，采用一种以力抑力的方式来抑制路面对车身的冲击力及车身的倾斜力。
由于这种悬架能够自行产生作用力，因此称为主动悬架。
主动悬架是近十几年发展起来的，由电脑控制的一种新型悬架，具备三个条件：（1）具有能够产生作用力的动力源；（2）执行元件能够传递这种作用力并能连续工作；（3）具有多种传感器并将有关数据集中到微电脑进行运算并决定控制方式。
因此，主动悬架汇集了力学和电子学的技术知识，是一种比较复杂的高技术装置。
例如装置了主动悬架的法国雪铁龙桑蒂雅，该车悬架系统的中枢是一个微电脑，悬架上有5 种传感器，分别向微电脑传送车速、前轮制动压力、踏动油门踏板的速度、车身垂直方向的振幅及频率、转向盘角度及转向速度等数据。
电脑不断接收这些数据并与预先设定的临界值进行比较，选择相应的悬架状态。
同时，微电脑独立控制每一只车轮上的执行元件，通过控制减振器内油压的变化产生抽动，从而能在任何时候、任何车轮上产生符合要求的悬架运动。
因此，桑蒂雅桥车备有多种驾驶模式选择，驾车者只要扳动位于副仪表板上的“正常”或“运动”按钮，轿车就会自动设置在最佳的悬架状态，以求最好的舒适性能。
另外，主动悬架具有控制车身运动的功能。
当汽车制动或拐弯时的惯性引起弹簧变形时，主动悬架会产生一个与惯力相对抗的力，减少车身位置的变化。
实用微型客车设计-车架、制动系设计英文翻译
翻译Fig.3.5 装备有独立悬挂时，当车轮行驶在颠簸道路作上下的反复运动时，可以使轨迹改变，是轮胎在微小的α角度范围内转动。
尤其是颠簸发生在一侧时可以影响侧向力、方向的稳定性和滚动阻力。
Fig.3.6 对路面的侧向力Fy.w是由于轨迹的改变而产生的。
图中所示的是型号为175/65R 14 82 H的轮胎在充气至1.9巴、负荷为380千克及时速80km 时轮距的变化与横向力的关系。
Fig.3.7 由画出的轮胎轨迹的改变和外连接杆的轨迹在双叉骨悬挂上的U点交汇可以进行计算，如Fig.3.8中的图形所示。
Fig.3.8 为方便计算出轨迹的改变的图形可以用于双叉骨悬挂和纵连接轴系统。
正如水平线先前表明的那样，在图中沿着C、D点周围的弧直到颠簸的最高点W上下行程为S1和S2。
然后用铅笔一步步记录下点W、U的运动轨迹。
由这种方法而画出的连接各点的线可以显示轨迹的改变和连接杆的运动，但没有考虑悬挂控制臂所产生的弹力。
（参见Fig.3.18）若是在纵向臂状控制轴情况下，必须在D点的下端画一个弧，同时必须在旋转的悬挂控制臂状轴上画一条过点1的垂线。
同时，一个如Fig.3.8中的模形沿着弧和垂线运动以决定轮距的变化。
麦克佛森支撑杆在轮槽里有个最高点E（Fig1.7），当车轮行驶在颠簸道路上时较低的圆形连接点2 到C点的距离变短，当轮胎反弹时则变长。
这个模型必须考虑像这种长度的变化，它在支撑减震器中线EE方向上有个槽。
经常且必须出现在模型中的点2在D点周围的弧上运动，同时开口向上越过点C。
应该在画板上做个小标记。
若在P点周围画弧，那么双重连接摆动轴轨迹的改变可以容易的画出。
Figure 3.12同时说明了这个和降低车尾的好处。
例如，完成一较小的弧度角和较高的侧面弧形力。
在全独立悬挂情况下，P的位置决定了轮距的瞬间改变量±⊿b。
如果P 处在水平面上，当双叉骨悬挂的悬挂控制臂的长度固定不变使`该点在车轮受挤压或反弹时从一边到另一边作水平运动时（Fig.3.13），轮距的改变可以完全得到避免。
汽车模型设计理念文案英文
汽车模型设计理念文案英文Title: The Concept of Car Model Design。
In the world of automotive design, the concept of car model design is a crucial aspect that sets the tone for the entire vehicle. It is the foundation upon which the entire design process is built, and it plays a vital role in shaping the final product. The concept of car model design encompasses a wide range of elements, including aesthetics, functionality, and innovation, all of which come together to create a compelling and captivating vehicle.Aesthetic appeal is a fundamental aspect of car model design. The exterior of a car is the first thing that catches the eye, and it must be visually appealing to make a lasting impression. The lines, curves, and proportions of the vehicle must be carefully crafted to create a sense of harmony and balance. A well-designed car model should be able to evoke a sense of emotion and excitement, drawing the viewer in and creating a desire to experience the vehicle firsthand.Functionality is another key consideration in car model design. A well-designed car model should not only look good but also perform well. The layout of the interior, the placement of controls, and the overall ergonomics of the vehicle are all critical factors that must be carefully considered. A good car model should be intuitive and easy to use, providing a comfortable and enjoyable driving experience for the user.Innovation is also an essential aspect of car model design. A truly outstanding car model should push the boundaries of what is possible, introducing new technologies, materials, and design elements that set it apart from the competition. Whether it’s a groundbreaking new powertrain, a revolutionary interior feature, or a cutting-edge exterior design, innovation is what drives the automotive industry forward and keeps it at the forefront of technological advancement.In conclusion, the concept of car model design is a multifaceted and complex process that requires a careful balance of aesthetics, functionality, and innovation. A well-designed car model should be visually appealing, highly functional, and innovative,setting it apart from the competition and capturing the imagination of car enthusiasts around the world. It is the concept of car model design that sets the stage for the creation of truly exceptional vehicles that leave a lasting impact on the automotive industry.。
汽车模型设计理念文案英文
汽车模型设计理念文案英文Title: The Concept of Car Model Design Philosophy。
In the world of automotive design, the concept of car model design philosophy plays a crucial role in shaping the future of transportation. It encompasses the principles, values, and beliefs that guide designers in creating innovative and impactful car models that not only meet the needs of consumers but also push the boundaries of technology and aesthetics.At the core of car model design philosophy is the belief that form should follow function. This principle emphasizes the importance of designing cars that are not only visually appealing but also efficient, practical, and safe. It requires designers to carefully consider the practical aspects of a car's design, such as ergonomics, aerodynamics, and structural integrity, while also incorporating elements of style and creativity.Another key aspect of car model design philosophy is the focus on sustainability and environmental responsibility. As the world grapples with the challenges of climate change and resource depletion, car designers are increasingly turning to eco-friendly materials, alternative propulsion systems, and efficient manufacturing processes to create cars that have a minimal impact on the environment. This philosophy encourages designers to think beyond the traditional boundaries of car design and explore new ways to reduce the carbon footprint of vehicles.Furthermore, car model design philosophy also places a strong emphasis on user experience and technology integration. With the rapid advancements in technology, cars are no longer just means of transportation but also mobile connectivity hubs and entertainment centers. Designers are tasked with creating car models that seamlessly integrate cutting-edge technology, such as autonomous driving systems, advanced infotainment features, and connectivity options, to enhance the overall driving experience for consumers.In conclusion, the concept of car model design philosophy is a driving force behind the evolution of automotive design. It guides designers in creating cars that are not only visually stunning but also practical, sustainable, and technologically advanced. By embracing this philosophy, car designers are able to shape the future of transportation and pave the way for a new era of innovative and impactful car models.。
中英文文献翻译—汽车车架的结构
中英文文献翻译—汽车车架的结构The frame is the basic XXX components。
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it XXX and control。
On the other hand。
if the frame is too rigid。
it can cause unnecessary ns that can be felt by the driver and passengers。
Thus。
the design of the car's frame and XXX the car's noise level。
n strength。
XXX.Car manufacturers use several different frame structures in their n。
One of the most commonly used structures is the shell and girders of n structure。
which has been used since the 1970s。
This structure provides a balance een XXX。
allowing for XXX driving.However。
it is important to note that the frame structure isjust one aspect of a car's overall design。
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such asthe engine。
n。
and aerodynamics。
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car manufacturers must carefully consider all aspects of a car's design to create ahigh-quality and XXX.At present。
汽车总布置设计毕业设计(含外文翻译)
摘要随着汽车行业的蓬勃发展，以及人机工程学、空气动力学在汽车上的应用，车身总布置也在飞速的变革与发展。
车身总布置设计是经验和原理方法的结合，是在考虑整车形式、车身与底盘的关系、以及总布置和造型传递给车身内部布置的一些约束条件下，进行车室内部布置，是基于功能和约束的方案寻求最优的过程。
一个与众不同的驾驶空间：开阔的视野，舒适的座椅布置，布置紧凑的仪表以及伸手可及的操作元件，能给人充分的心理满足和安全感。
人机工程学、空气动力学和现代化制造方法的发展促使汽车车身总布置的不断更新和完善，传统与创新艺术风格的有机结合也影响着车身总布置的美学实践。
然而，每一款新车型的问世都离不开车身总布置和它的设计工具，汽车车身总布置是汽车概念设计阶段的一项相当重要的方案设计工作。
本次设计主要内容是根据人机工程学的理论和在汽车上实际应用的分析，进行总布置设计。
本文介绍汽车总布置设计工具人体模型，眼椭圆。
提出了综合考虑驾驶员舒适性、视野性、腿部操纵空间、方向盘、顶盖等因素的H 点区域法。
利用CATIA进行总布置设计,CATIA对于提高车身总布置的质量，以及缩短产品开发周期具有非常大的现实意义关键词：车身总布置设计；人机工程学；人体模型；眼椭圆。
AbstractWith the vigorous development of auto industry, and ergonomics, air dynamics in automotive applications, general arrangement in the rapid development and reform. Body: the layout design experience and the principle of method is combined, is considering vehicle body and forms, the chassis layout, and transfer to body shape and some internal layout constraints on car interior ministry decorate, it is based on the function and constraints for the solution of the optimal process. A special driving space: open vision, comfortable seats arrangement of instrumentation and arrangement, compact and operating components, can give a person to fully satisfy the psychology and security. the modern automobile body is always arranging also in the rapid transformation and the development.The man-machine engineering, the aerodynamics and the modernized manufacture method development urges the unceasing renewal and the consummation which the automobile body always arranges, traditional and the innovation artistic style organic synthesis is also affecting esthetics practice which the automobile body always arranges.However, each section new vehicle being published cannot leave the automobile body always to arrange and its design tool, the automobile body total arrangement is an automobile conceptual design stage quite important project design work.T he main content of the theory is based on ergonomics in cars and practical application analysis, the layout design. Introduces the layout design tool car body model, elliptic. Puts forward comprehensive consideration of the pilot, leg vision comfortableness, manipulation of space, the steering wheel, the above factors zone method H. To improve the CATIA layout of quality, body and shorten the development cycle has very great practical significanceKeywords: body layout design, Ergonomics, Human model, Eye ellipse.目录第1章绪论 (1)1.1 车身总布置设计概述 (1)1.2本设计采用的绘图软件介绍 (2)1.2.1 CATIA简介 (2)1.1.2CATIA的功能特点 (3)1.1.3 CATIA软件发展 (4)1.1.4 CATIA人机工程功能在产品设计中的应用 (4)1.3研究本课题的意义 (7)1.4毕业设计内容 (8)第2章车身设计方法 (9)2.1传统的车身设计方法 (9)2.2 现代设计方法 (9)2.3 整车布置的基准线——零线的确定 (10)2.4 本设计采用的设计方法 (12)2.4.1 概念设计 (12)2.4.2 工程设计 (12)2.5 车身总布置内容及原则 (12)2.6车身承载方式的确定 (13)2.6.1车身承载方式 (13)2.7本车承载方式的确定 (15)第3章人机工程学的基础研究 (16)3.1 人机工程学概况 (16)3.2人机工程学简介 (18)3.3人机系统概述 (20)3.4不同人种间的人体模型差异 (21)3.5我国人体尺寸标准 (22)3.5.1人体的主要尺寸 (23)3.5.2立姿人体尺寸 (23)3.5.3坐姿人体尺寸 (25)3.5.4人体水平尺寸 (27)3.6 SAE人体模型 (28)3.7 结论 (29)第4章轿车车身总布置 (30)4.1人体功能尺寸 (30)4.2人体模板关节角度的调节范围 (34)4.3座椅的布置 (37)4.3.1 输入已知整车控制参数及边界条件 (37)4.3.2踵点的确定 (38)4.3.3确定H点位置 (39)4.3.4确定座椅水平和垂直调节范围 (41)4.3.5 仪表板的布置 (41)4.4驾驶员的眼椭圆及视野校核 (42)4.4.1眼椭圆的定义 (42)4.4.2 眼椭圆的意义 (42)4.4.3 眼椭圆的含义 (43)4.4.4 眼椭圆的样板 (43)4.4.5眼椭圆制作步骤 (43)4.4.6 眼椭圆的定位 (44)4.4.7眼椭圆的应用 (46)4.5头廓包络 (47)4.5.1概述 (47)4.5.2头廓包络面的尺寸 (48)4.5.3头部包络面的定位 (49)4.6前方视野校核 (50)4.6.1前风窗开口视野校核 (50)结束语 (53)参考文献 (55)致谢 (56)附录 (57)第1章绪论1.1 车身总布置设计概述汽车诞生一百多年来，其技术经过不断地发展，到现在已经成为集传统工业和高新科技为一身的典型的机电产品，而围绕汽车工业的庞大工业体系也发展成为世界上屈指可数的企业群体。
汽车造型设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
The Car Modeling DesignFor car modelling, mention the word people often can produce immediately for lenovo in the form of various body, although it is not comprehensive, because car styling is the sum of outside and inside modelling, but had to admit that the appearance of the car is the most intuitive impression of automobile modeling for people. For the automobile modeling design, it covers knowledge engineering technology, art and so on various aspects of the application and market demand, to meet the consumers' taste and functional requirements.Literally what is undeniable is that the car modeling design is derived from the designers of creative expression, by the designer, to many human idea about the car for a reasonable attempt, constantly breakthrough self, challenge themselves. Car modelling design, whether it's like ordinary people use of household car, or royal family use limousine, or a professional driver favorite car, sports car, they all have very obvious differentiation on modelling, the people in the street to see what level of body, the brand, to the natural identity formed certain association of owners, and for different brands of automobile modeling design, which comes from different designers for car design. Car modelling design is also on the technical support of many other disciplines, here I am to have very important influence on development of automobile modeling design of some of the subject part lists are analyze.Since the emergence of the car, bionics started inadvertently used in the design of the model. For automobile modeling, the bionic design in automobile modeling with a unique code to liberate the inherent pattern design of modelling form, interpretation of power, speed, and the symbol of status, wealth, fashion, convey the entire design concept. Nowadays, bionics become guidance and aided automobile modeling design is an important subject, bionic design also gradually become an important means of design, it not only build the people and things, harmonious coexistence between man and nature, man and society, also prompted design found a new form.Bionic design is applied to the various design very early, so see it is not surprising that, in the car on modelling is my understanding of the bionics, it is the nature of some biological characteristics of the advantages of refining of science improving applied to other industries, it is the purpose of pursuing people to draw inspiration from the biological resources, such as car early in the development of a designer to design the "fish" car, maybe at that time did not rise up the subject of bionics, but stylist inadvertently used for fish in the water received by its own size decrease in water resistance and to speed up their swimming this, and apply onto the body modelling design, more typical case is 1952 gm buick brand "fish" type design, surface modeling is very dynamic, because the car interior ministry wide, wide field of vision, both passengers and drivers, inside the body will feel carefree, the affinity of car body itself has an irresistible, should allowstereotyped monotonous straight line in car design, is also a very important breakthrough at the time.There are a lot of examples, such as "viper" is a sports car, as America's most ferocious snake - "viper", has the characteristics of all nature disaster. "Viper" series of models, as a breakthrough point, the appearance of modelling design in particular the sharp front face and the spirit of the headlamps, give a person with terrible ferocity, good at dueling sensory stimulation, like soldiers courageous warrior, always ready to fight to the death, embodies the human eternal pursuit of the meaning of life. Viper, the second generation of 9 models, convey the intrinsic well. Automobile modeling bionic design with "from nature to the nature", as has been the pursuit of goals, the application of natural biological form surface is limited modelling space into endless spiritual awareness, create a bionic form of aesthetic value, to achieve the "personalized" demand and the state of "imitating the nature". Can reference on modelling human nature, The Times on the automobile modeling application development gradually, it seems to me is not only on the auto industry development and progress, is more of a human can live in the actual production of respecting nature, respect nature, from the development of bionics in the automobile modeling design process I can read the industry further development, it is also because modelling are close to the essence of life itself.Automobile modeling design purpose lies in the combination offunction and form aesthetic feeling, to give users in a certain emotional factors influence or impact on the market, on modelling design, different automobile modeling can bring a person different emotional experience, and to convey the designer wants to make people get on a car design.Automobile modeling design is applied art gimmick science express car function, structure and texture, and make people for its beauty. Automobile modeling design must reflect the style of the vehicle, such as streamlined can indicate the car has a higher speed, so as to shape a sporty image in the consumers' mind. Carbon fiber material can reflect the high-tech feeling and lightness of car, has a muscular body form can express powerful and protection of security. Excellent automobile modeling design can make consumers by aesthetic appreciation to deep understanding of its meaning, to produce the desire of the product. This is based on the perceptual technology this is not by many cognitive developed from cognitive psychology on the subject's important role on the automobile modeling design. It is stylist will be collected from the market information, through the analysis of consumer psychology that design more accord with human aesthetic and functional requirements of product evolutionary design, stylist is in perceptual information, consumer psychology and rational constraints (engineering) between coordination.In automobile product development model of "user as the center" in the early stage of the design need to study consumer's perceptual demand, andconsumers to seek in the perceptual demand often from the image of the car. Such as businessman to give reliable partners to form the image of good faith, the car for business occasions, modelling is generally very grave, composed, atmosphere; Racing car, for example, has very obvious streamline on modelling design, in order to display the car performance is strong, can run very fast, with enough instances of racer; Cultural entertainment venue such as car again, the modelling is compared commonly lively, fashion, have individual character, to show the meeting activities and the characteristics of representative. These are the perceptual technology on automobile modeling design is applied to car use and the appreciation of the most common level.Automobile modeling are actually very close to our daily life, on the streets everywhere the family car, taxi, bus, sometimes even see a cable car, luxury cars, sports car, saloon car. We have a lot of focus on automobile brand rather than modelling. But nature sense, any brand of car has its unique style of the modelling, we are to determine the brand car with its shape characteristics, such as seen in the street a lamborghini, its streamline appearance alone, we will be able to determine that it is lamborghini car, this is the car model represented by the car culture connotation. At the end of this course, the reason I chose to automobile modeling design analysis for class papers, but also for any automobile modeling design, as far as I'm concerned, is the designer of some design ideas of cultural interpretation,any design is necessarily comes from life, no experience and observation, can't make the products can be accepted by the public. Automobile modeling is not only the appearance, also is not only a decoration, interior space how to start from the Angle of human nature, and so on these elements are necessarily involve automobile modeling. So this is a worthy art, technology and market coordination aspects of creative achievement, no matter from what Angle to design the vehicle model, the ultimate goal is to continuously improve to meet the needs of users of the product.汽车造型设计对于汽车造型，提到这个词时人们往往能立即产生对于各种车身形态的联想，虽然它并不全面，因为汽车造型是汽车外部和车厢内部造型的总和，但不得不承认的是，汽车的外观的确是人们对于汽车造型的最直观印象。
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汽车设计汽车设计汽车设计汽车设计----车架设计车架设计车架设计车架设计车架是汽车最基本的台架，所有的悬架和转向连接部件都安装在车架上面。
如果汽车车架柔性过大，会使汽车既无法转向，也无法进行正常操纵。
而如果汽车车架结构刚性过大，又会引起不必要的震动传递给驾驶员和乘客的座舱室。
汽车车架和悬架的结构设计不仅决定了汽车噪声大小和震动的幅度强度，而且也将影响到汽车的质量和车辆的正常操纵。
汽车制造厂商们在他们生产的汽车上都使用了几种不同的车架结构。
其中，整个七十年代最常使用的是壳体和大梁的分体结构。
目前它仍然在大型货车、小吨位货车和卡车上应用着。
在汽车壳体和大梁的分体结构里，发动机、传动装置、传动齿轮和车壳都是通过绝缘装置固定在车身大梁上。
车架内部的绝缘装置是人造橡胶缓冲垫，能够阻止道路不平和发动机工作引起的噪音和震动传到驾驶员和乘客的座舱里。
第二种是汽车车架的单体结构。
这种设计到目前为止在现代汽车上是最常用。
单体车架按所需的强度来分，设计有轻型结构。
在这种汽车结构中大梁作为车架的一部分被直接焊接到壳体上。
底盘的重量增加了大梁的强度。
传动齿轮和传动装置经由大而软的人造橡胶绝缘垫安装在单体车架上。
绝缘垫减弱了噪声的传动和震动。
若绝缘垫太软，将会引起传动齿轮和传动装置位移。
这种位移称为柔量，它会影响到汽车的操纵性能和控制性能。
若绝缘垫太硬，则不能起到应有的隔绝噪音和减小震动的作用。
汽车制造厂商们精心地设计绝缘垫，把它们装置在汽车适当的地方，以降低噪声，缓冲震动的传送，使汽车便于驾驶，驾驶员和乘客乘坐舒适。
绝缘垫的性能随使用年限发生变化，当汽车变旧时原先的性能也随之改变。
第三种结构是把前两种结构的主要特点结合在一起。
它在汽车前舱使用了短车梁，在汽车后舱使用了单体车架。
单体部分刚性很大，而短的车梁增强了绝缘作用。
汽车制造厂家们在汽车上选择那种生产成本低而同时又符合对噪音震动，驾驶操纵性能要求很高的车架结构。
老式的大型的车辆、货车、和卡车通常使用壳体和大梁的分体结构。
较新的，较小型的车辆通常使用单体结构的车架。
发动机活塞连杆组发动机活塞连杆组发动机活塞连杆组发动机活塞连杆组活塞连杆组由活塞、活塞环、活塞销、连杆、连杆轴瓦等组成。
功用：活塞的功用是承受气体压力，并通过活塞销传给连杆驱使曲轴旋转，活塞顶部还是燃烧室的组成部分。
工作条件：活塞在高温、高压、高速、润滑不良的条件下工作。
活塞直接与高温气体接触，瞬时温度可达2500K以上，因此，受热严重，而散热条件又很差，所以活塞工作时温度很高，顶部高达600～700K，且温度分布很不均匀；活塞顶部承受气体压力很大，特别是作功行程压力最大，汽油机高达3～5MPa，柴油机高达6～9MPa，这就使得活塞产生冲击，并承受侧压力的作用，因此，活塞应有足够的耐热性，要尽量减小活塞的受热面，加强活塞的冷却，适当增大传热面，使活塞顶部的最高温度下降。
活塞在气缸内以很高的速度(8～12m/s)往复运动，且速度在不断地变化，这就产生了很大的惯性力，使活塞受到很大的附加载荷。
活塞在这种恶劣的条件下工作，会产生变形并加速磨损，还会产生附加载荷和热应力，同时受到燃气的化学腐蚀作用。
为了减小往复惯性力，必须尽可能地减轻活塞的重量。
活塞是在高温、高压、高速（活塞平均速度可达101115m/s）的条件下工作的，其润滑条件较差，活塞与气缸壁间摩擦严重。
为减小摩擦，活塞表面必须耐磨。
要求： 1) 要有足够的刚度和强度，传力可靠； 2) 导热性好，耐高压、耐高温、耐磨损； 3) 质量小，重量轻，尽可能减小往复惯性力。
铝合金材料基本上满足上面的要求，因此，活塞一般都采用高强度铝合金，但在一些低速柴油机上采用高级铸铁或耐热钢。
构造：活塞可分为三部分，活塞顶部、活塞头部和活塞裙部。
1.活塞顶部活塞顶部承受气体压力，它是燃烧室的组成部分，其形状、位置、大小都和燃烧室的具体形式有关，都是为满足可燃混合气形成和燃烧的要求，其顶部形状可分为四大类，平顶活塞、凸顶活塞、凹顶活塞和成型顶活塞。
加工简单平顶活塞顶部是一个平面，结构简单，制造容易，受热面积小，加工简单，顶部应力分布较为均匀，一般用在汽油机上，柴油机很少采用。
凸顶活塞多用于二冲程内燃机上，有利于改善换气过程。
现代四冲程汽油机为了增强挤气效果或增大压缩比也有采用凸顶活塞。
凸顶活塞顶部凸起呈球顶形，其顶部强度高，起导向作用，有利于改善换气过程，二行程汽油机常采用凸顶活塞。
凹顶活塞顶部呈凹陷形，凹坑的形状和位置必须有利于可燃混合气的燃烧，有双涡流凹坑、球形凹坑、U形凹坑等等。
2.活塞头部活塞头部指第一道活塞环槽到活塞销孔以上部分。
它有数道环槽，用以安装活塞环，起密封作用，又称为防漏部。
柴油机压缩比高，一般有四道环槽，上部三道安装气环，下部安装油环。
汽油机一般有三道环槽，其中有两道气环槽和一道油环槽，在油环槽底面上钻有许多径向小孔，使被油环从气缸壁上刮下的机油经过这些小孔流回油底壳。
第一道环槽工作条件最恶劣，一般应离顶部较远些。
在一道气环的上方往往开有一道较窄的隔热槽，隔断由活塞顶部传向第一道气环的热流，使部分热量由第二、三道活塞环传出，从而减轻第一道气环的热负荷。
有的发动机，在活塞顶面至第一道环槽之间，有时一直到以下几道环槽处，常加工出细小的环行槽。
这种细小的环行槽可以因积碳而吸附润滑油，在失油工作时可防止活塞与气缸壁的咬合，故称之为积碳槽。
活塞顶部吸收的热量主要也是经过防漏部通过活塞环传给气缸壁，再由冷却水传出去。
总之，活塞头部的作用除了用来安装活塞环外，还有密封作用和传热作用，与活塞环一起密封气缸，防止可燃混合气漏到曲轴箱内，同时还将(70～80)%的热量通过活塞环传给气缸壁。
3.活塞裙部活塞裙部指从油环槽下端面起至活塞最下端的部分，它包括装活塞销的销座孔。
活塞裙部对活塞在气缸内的往复运动起导向作用，并承受侧压力。
裙部的长短取决于侧压力的大小和活塞直径。
所谓侧压力是指在压缩行程和作功行程中，作用在活塞顶部的气体压力的水平分力使活塞压向气缸壁。
压缩行程和作功行程气体的侧压力方向正好相反，由于燃烧压力大大高于压缩压力，所以，作功行程中的侧压力也大大高于压缩行程中的侧压力。
活塞裙部承受侧压力的两个侧面称为推力面，它们处于与活塞销轴线相垂直的方向上。
动动动动力传动系统力传动系统力传动系统力传动系统动力传动系统包括从发动机直到驱动轮的所有部件。
联动装置和后驱动装置传送着来自发动机的扭矩。
其它部件则把部件与部件相互连接起来。
加速时发动机的扭矩和制动时的扭矩则加载在悬架部位上。
修理悬架时，很可能需要拆卸传动系统的各零部件来进行修理。
悬架移动时产生的噪音可能来源于传动系统的零部件。
下边叙述一些不同的传动装置系统的基本知识，在进行悬架修理时可供参考。
使用前轮驱动的传动系统经常将联动装置和后轮传动装置结合成一个装置。
这个对中置和后置发动机的汽车也是很适用的。
这个装置称为转换轴。
它为两端各带有一个万向节的短半轴，把转换轴和车轮连接起来。
这些轴当悬梁移动和转向时把动力从后传动装置传送到车轮上。
后传动装置里的差速器分流输入的动力，每个驱动轮上各分一半。
这就使驱动轮在转弯时会以不同的速度转动。
在前置发动机后轮驱动的汽车里，联动装置位于驾驶坐舱的前底板下。
传动轴被用来把发动机动力传送到后桥上。
传动轴每端各有一个万向节。
当悬架移动时，万向节通过变化着的传动系统的角度传送动力。
驱动轮上带有独立悬架的汽车中有一个牢固地附加在车身大梁或发动机上的后传动装置。
在加速时该装置在悬架部位上会产生动力，并不产生扭矩。
如果刹车装置安装在车舱内，卡钳装到大梁上而不是悬架上，那么刹车装置也不会在悬架上产生扭矩。
仅用于控制加速和减速扭矩的悬架与必须同时控制悬架力和扭矩的悬架在汽车设计上是完全不相同的。
悬架系统悬架系统悬架系统悬架系统悬架包括弹簧，避震器和控制连杆装置。
它必须能够足以支撑车身自重和负载。
悬架也应能够承受发动机和制动对它的反作用力。
悬架系统最重要的作用是使轮胎与路面接触的时间尽可能的长。
在支撑车体和负载时，甚至在高低不平的道路上行驶时更加应如此。
这四个轮胎的胎面是车与路面相接触的唯一的部位。
发动机全部输出的动力，转向力和制动力都通过与路面相接触的轮胎的胎面起作用。
每当轮胎不与路面接触或汽车开始打滑时，汽车的控制力（动力、转向力、制动力）就会减弱甚至丧失。
车体是靠弹簧支撑着，弹簧可分为螺旋型、钢板型、扭棒型和充气型。
螺旋型弹簧是现代汽车中应用最为广泛的类型。
螺旋型、扭棒型和充气型弹簧都需要用连杆和连杆臂以使车轮就位。
钢板弹簧提供了对车体的横向和纵向控制，以防止汽车车轮在行驶时不必要的位移，它们通常用在载重货车和卡车上。
悬架系统是随着客运汽车的发展而变化和改进着。
豪华轿车，特种车辆，小型汽车和轻型卡车的设计目的是截然不同的。
现代轮胎的改进不断地改善了车辆的操作性能，它的改进是与避震器，转向系统和悬架控制装置一起同步改进的。
现代汽车在各种操纵条件下都需要轮胎与路面接触，以便安全、正确地控制并行驶汽车。
要想要最大限度的安全驾车，要牢记这四个轮胎必须在任何时间都与路面相接触。
同时需要考虑汽车操纵的灵活性，轮胎的抗耐磨性，汽车驾驶的舒适性和行车的安全性，以达到汽车的有效控制。
悬架系统分为前悬架和后悬架。
前悬架的设计已得到了飞速发展。
从较为粗糙的硬轴结构发展到了现代的轻型、高强度、支撑型独立悬架结构，并由于增加了连杆装置而使汽车的性能得到了改善。
悬架结构的改进是随着路况的改善和驾驶员的需要而进行改进的。
大多数前置发动机，后轮驱动的汽车都采用一个简单的从属性后悬架。
但后轮驱动的独立悬架结构复杂得多，而且成本极高，因而只用于少数客车上。
对于前置发动机前轮驱动的车辆，通过把传动装置移至前部，后悬架仅用来调节驾驶控制力和刹车时的反作用。
这就导致了简化的非独立的悬架机构，半独立的悬架机构和独立的后悬架机构的应用，后者大量应用于新型车辆的结构设计上。
转向系统转向系统转向系统转向系统汽车驾驶员通过对转向齿轮的控制汽车前轮的方向。
现代的转向齿轮有两个主要的部分组成，转向杆和齿轮组。
转向杆有一个被支撑的轴，它把驾驶员的方向盘与齿轮组连在了一起。
齿轮组可将汽车驾驶员的转向力增大，以带动转向连杆装置。
后轮驱动汽车的前轮在一个心轴上转动。
心轴是转向节的一部分。
该转向节与带有球接头的前悬横梁相互连接。
球接头在前悬架上下移动时可以进行转向。
前轮驱动的汽车的轮毂在转向节里的轴承内的空心轴短轴杆上传动。
汽车方向盘控制转向齿轮装置。
它依次通过转向连杆装置使转向节开始移动。
现在使用两种转向齿轮的结构，即齿轮齿条式结构以及循环球式结构。
现代汽车设计了对速度敏感的转向结构。
因此当汽车慢速行驶时需要较大的力才能使汽车转向。