亿学软件国际商务谈判中俄谈判答案
国际商务谈判参考答案解析
Keys to the exercisesChapter 1 Fundamentals of International Business NegotiationCommunication Exercises1. Change the sentences from negative to positive.1) I want a job.2) I work hard.3) My job is terrific.4) This office is great.5) My co-workers are super.6) The Personnel Director is nice.7) My health is good.8) My attitude is positive.9) I make a good impression.10) I understand.2. Change or add to these sentences so that they do not just state what you want, but invite your negotiating partner’s opinion.a) Could we finish at five---if that’s all right with you?b) I hope you don’t mind if Miss Li sits in during the negotiation?c) Perhaps we could take a break now. Is that OK?d) Could we look at these three areas this morning?e) I would like to go through the written offer clause by clause, if that’s OK?f) Do you mind if I answer your questions at the end?3. What is meant by “negotiation”? How would you define “negotiation”?A negotiation is a meeting in which both parties need each other’s agreement to reach a specific objective. It is the mechanism by which people trade things of value in a civilized manner. Negotiation depends on communication. It occurs between individuals acting either for themselves or as representatives of organized groups. Negotiations are very much part of working and home life. Negotiations could be either internal or external, long or short, formal or informal. The goal of negotiation is not to win but to succeed. The mechanism of successful negotiation is collaboration. In negotiations, both parties should know----why they negotiate----who they negotiate with----what they negotiate about----where they negotiate----when they negotiate----how they negotiate4. Fill in the blankshuman, negotiable, interest, giving, trust5. Answer the following questions1) Physical or survival needs; Security and safety needs; Social needs; Ego or esteemneeds; Self-realization needs2) Exploration, bidding, bargaining, settling and ratifying.6. Put the following into English1) Are you negotiable?2) I’m sure there is some room for negotiation.3) Before we have anything to negotiate, you have to make me an offer.4) We could add it to the agenda.5) Would anyone like something to drink before we begin?6) See what I can do.7) I would if I could.8) I know I can count on you.9) We’ll come out from this meeting as winners.10) I’ll try to make you happy.7. True or false1) T 2) T 3) T 4) F (Everything is negotiable.)5) F (bargaining stage)6) F ( Do not often. Sometimes they will follow the sequence n one aspect of the dealand then start all over again on a second aspect.)7) T8) F (May not. Because either side may be wiling to say what it thinks or take aposition and stick to it )9) T 10)Negotiation skills1. (omitted)2. What are the elements of a successful negotiation process？There are seven basic elements that should be considered when analyzing the negotiation process:a.The relationship among the parties.b.The parties’ interests -- why they need to reach their stated objectivesc.An understanding of the choices available if the parties cannot reach agreement,often called their BATNA -- Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreementd.Creativity which will expand the bargaining choices among which the parties canchoose to reach agreemente.Fairness -- a person who negotiates unfairly may be able to force an agreement,but the ‘forced’ party will be reluctant to fulfill their share of the agreementf.Whether commitment has been reached. Will the parties each feel committed todoing what they have agreed? Is each party capable of fulfilling their share of the deal?g.Negotiation is all about communicating information. If one party knowseverything then why do they need to negotiate with anyone else?And the foundation of good negotiation is preparation. Be prepared and the negotiation will bring a result that really works. If well prepared you are less vulnerable to surprise, and that increases the likelihood you’ll be happy with the result.3. Your client comes into your office and is exceedingly grumpy and difficult to talk to. How do you approach your client so as to make your meeting as productive as possible?Answer: (e)When the client is grumpy, their emotions will inevitably cloud their judgment and make it difficult to interact with them on substantive matters. At the same time, if they are experiencing anger, it is important to ensure them that we understand that they are upset. By acknowledging the client’s anger and offering our assistance, the client will feel as though we are on the "same side" and treat us as friends and continue to direct their anger elsewhere- allowing us to focus on the substantive issues.Chapter 2 Proper Behaviors in International Business Negotiation Communication Skills1. What would you say if…a.Thank you./No, after you.b.Thanks. I’ll need it.c.Thanks. That’s very kind.d.Thanks for coming all the way.e.Thanks for helping. That was very kind of you.f. Thank you for thinking of me, but I’m afraid I can’t take it.2. Answer the following questions.(1) Only about half of what he or she heard(2) Not only does note taking force you to listen carefully, but it also psychologicallythrows the speaker off the balance when he or she sees you nodding and furiously writing away and having a record of all the facts and basically everything said. A further benefit of note taking is that you have the perfect excuse to avoid eye contact if you are afraid to reveal your reactions to someone’s proposals(3) Questions appear to be able to be divided into five basic functions:①Cause attention.②Get information.③Give information.④Start thinking.⑤Bring to conclusion.(4) There are two ways to assure a high degree of reliability for answers to yourquestions. One way is to lay the foundation for asking them. The second is throughthe use of the tactic called “bipolar questioning.”(5) A firm handshake gives the impression of quiet confidence and says that thisperson is glad to meet you.3. Choose the best answer.(1) D (2) C (3) B (4) A (5) (6) D (7) B (8) C (9) A (10)A4. Translate the following into English.(1) There’s a great demand for our new product.(2) This product has good prospects.(3) We need to talk about the basic terms of the transaction.(4) If your prices are reasonable and the quality is satisfactory, we shall placesubstantial orders with you.(5) It’s unwise for both of us to insist on his own price. Can we each make someconcession?(6) If you cannot reduce your price, we’d rather call the whole deal off.(7) If you want to expand your business in this market, you have to take flexible waysin adopting payment terms.(8) We regret that we cannot accept your demand for direct shipment.(9) This product has many advantages compared to other competing products.(10)I’m very glad that we have finally come to an agreement. We’ll go on to otherterms and conditions tomorrow. Is it all right with you?。
商务谈判课后题答案
名词解释纵向谈判：是指在确定谈判的主要问题后，逐个讨论每一问题和条款，讨论一个问题，解决一个问题，一直到谈判结束的一种谈判方式。
（P53）.横向谈判：是指在确定谈判所涉及的主要问题后，多项议题同时讨论，周而复始反复进行，直到所有内容都谈妥为止的一种谈判方式。
（P53）.报价：这里所说的报价，不只是指产品在价格方面的要价，而是泛指谈判的一方对谈判的另一方提出自己的所有要求，包括商品的数量、质量、包装、价格、装运、保险、支付、商检、索赔、仲裁等交易条件，其中价格条件是最核心和最敏感的的交易条件。
谈判礼仪：是商务谈判人员在商务谈判过程中所必须遵守的，用来维护个体组织形象和对谈判对手表示尊重与友好的惯例以及形式。
谈判策略：指谈判人员为取得预期的谈判目标而采取的措施和手段的总和。
利益目标：（课本上没找到网上也没搜到事关考试所以没写）双赢理念：是指参与谈判的任何一方都必须抱着合作的诚意参与谈判，谈判的目的在于寻找时谈判双方均有所获得的方案。
有限权力：是指谈判人员使用权利的有限性。
谈判专家认为，受到限制的权力才具有真正的力量。
心理学 ：心理学是一门涵盖多种专业领域的科学，但就其根本而言，心理学是一种研究人类行为和心理过程的科学。
既是一门理论学科，也是应用学科。
包括理论心理学与应用心理学两大领域。
美学：研究人们对客观世界的审美关系的科学。
气质：气质是一个人的稳定性心理活动的动力特征，它主要是由神经过程的生理特点所决定的。
气质：是一个人的稳定的心理活动的动力特征，它主要是由神经过程的生理特点所决定的。
性格：是指人对客观现实的态度和行为方式中经常表现出来的稳定倾向。
他是个性特征的核心，决定人的活动的内容和方向。
能力：是人成功地完成活动所必须的个性心理特征。
它有两种含义：一种是指实际能力，即个人已经具备并表现出来的能力，他是个人先天遗传基础加上学习的结果；另一种是潜在能开，即个人将来可能发展并表现的能力，又称为行向。
国际商务谈判课后答案
Key to Exercises from Chapter 1 to chapter 15Introduction to NegotiationsCase one: The price of the rugNegotiation is the means by which people deal with their differences. Whether those differences involve the purchase of a rug, a contract dispute, the terms of a sale, or a peace accord between warring nations, resolutions are typically sought through negotiations. To negotiate is to seek mutual agreement through dialogue. Since almost everything is negotiable, there are so many negotiations taking place anywhere and anytime. Although you may not be involved in high-level international negotiations, most of you will have to negotiate with colleagues, bosses, customers, and suppliers at some stage in your career. In the above case, the couple negotiate with the seller about the price of the rug. Negotiating effectively promises some of the biggest prizes of all communication skills. The wife wants the particular rug no matter what the price is. In such a situation, the husband becomes totally subverted（坏事的）since he wants to lower the price. The same scenario can occur frequently in our life. To avoid this, every couple should have a frank discussion about their differences prior to entering into negotiations. At a minimum, it will give you a positive feeling about the process. Most important, you can reduce or eliminate the surprise that may emerge as you negotiate.Case two: H uman resource managerWe can understand that negotiation is a means by which people involved solve their differing aims and objectives in a nonviolent and humanly acceptable manner. In this case, the boss has authority, but he did not force Li Tian to stay on the job. The boss manipulated the situation in a soft way: instead of demonstrating his authority by denying his request—an authoritarian approach that he knew would alienate Li Tian—he set up a situation that would give him the desired results without dictating the outcome. The boss was creative in the approach. They struck a deal which was acceptable to both sides: If Li Tian could find a replacement to do his job, the boss would make the switch. At last the boss' strategy worked.Chapter 1 Preparation for Negotiation ExercisesI. Identify the following statements as TRUE or FALSE.1.T2. T3. F4. F5. T2.6. F7. F8. F9. T 10. F.II. Discussion1. Students should identify:(1). Information on Related Environmental Factors(2) Knowing the Opponent(3 ) Knowing competitors(4) Knowing oneself2.For example (students will find their own examples, but should identify:A toy, cost 50 yuanideal target 90 yuanbottom line: 60 yuanacceptable price between 60 yuan to 90 yuan3.Students should identify:•Avoidance, Competition, Accommodation , Compromise, and Collaboration •Avoidance is non-negotiation.•Competition is also known as distributive or win-lose strategy.•Accommodation is “I lose you win” policy.•Compromise is a combination of competition and accommodation, two distributive strategies.•Collaboration is also called integrative, or win-win strategy.•III. Role PlayWithin this case, the position of Chinese side is producing 3 types of furniture, its underlying interest is to keep the cost down. While the American company's position is 5 types, its interest is to make more profits. This problem can be solved from the interest angle so that win-win results can be achieved. Conversely, if it is solved from the positional angle, one party has to make concessions, so that the result is only in one party's favor.They can make a plan stating that the per unit price of furniture remains unchanged, the increased cost of making the extra 2 models of furniture can be spread on to the new products, shown through its higher prices, and finally pass onto the final consumers. Since Chinese furniture enjoysa ready market there, the American company can make more profits by selling more goods, andthe Chinese side's interest is also protected, thus achieving a win-win result.IV. Case studies:Case one: Sino- Japanese negotiations1.What factor played an important role in concluding the deal at the figure given by theChinese side ?2.Preparation played an important role in concluding the deal at the figure given by the Chinese side.Before the negotiation, the Chinese side devoted much energy to preparation including doing market research, gathering information. During the negotiation, they still kept a close look at the changing market, therefore they had a card up their sleeve from the beginning to the end of the negotiations that laid a foundation for further discussions, during which, a series of tactics were wisely used.1.What tactics did the Japanese side use in the first round of negotiation?2.The Japanese side used a tactic of ballon d'essai by making an offer at 10 million Japanese yen.Their purposes are two fold: if the Chinese side did not know the international market, they can take it as a basis, a starting point for their bargaining, then they can surely make large profits. If the Chinese side won't accept it, they can justify themselves.3. Why did the Japanese side turn to introduction of their products?By talking about performance, and high quality of their products, they wanted to justify their first offer in a round about way.4. What tactics did the Chinese side use in responding to their introduction of the product ?Ask while knowing the answer.They meant to show that the Chinese side know quite clearly about the market, that the Japanese are not the only supplier, and that the Chinese side has the right to make a choice.5. How do you look at the result of the negotiation to both parties?To both parties the result of the negotiation is a win-win negotiation. The success of this negotiation reflects both cooperation and competition between the two sides. The Chinese side reached the goal of importing quality equipment with limited foreign exchange only after two rounds of talks. The Japanese side apparently sold goods at a price lower than the price of sales sold to other countries. But their profits were not reduced because of the short transportationdistance, and their costs of transportation and risks were reduced. They adjusted their objective in good time, and chose to conclude the deal rather than leave this opportunity to rivals.Case two: Negotiating a better package when you start workYou need to do your research before entering the negotiation so that you're supported by accurate, current information. This means familiarizing yourself with the company itself, as well as the range of salary and benefit options that are being offered. You may be able to tinker with the combination of benefits, if not the salary itself. Don't assume you'll be offered more than your former salary, especially if you're competing with someone who is equally qualified but willing to work for less. If the salary offered is less than you had hoped for, you can discuss the benefits package and make provision for an early salary review.Case three: preparing a negotiation briefTo make a negotiation brief, you can do as follows:The negotiating objective: You should define the negotiating objective in terms of the major issues to be discussed.Acceptable terms: You should state the minimum acceptable level for each of the major items. Since you are the seller, your brief may state the minimum acceptable level about the following major issues:●Price: It is usually the key point because it directly concerns the economic benefits on both sides. The brief should state maximum reduction in profit.●Terms of payment: The buyer’s terms of payment can be accepted subject to commercial overheads（管理费用，经常费用）remaining unchanged.●Delivery: Shorter delivery can be accepted on the condition that risk contingency is secured.Time period: You'd better state the time period in which the negotiation should be conducted. The negotiating team should be given as much time as possible to complete the negotiations in order to avoid undue time pressure. In some circumstances, time limits can be imposed.Negotiators: You should identify the team leader and other members of the negotiating team, such as the names and job titles of the team members.Communicating system: You should set up the lines of communication and the reporting system. It should state who is responsible for reporting to management and how.The following is a negotiation brief in Chinese for your reference:关于引进福特汽车公司矿用汽车的谈判方案2000年前我公司曾经使用福特汽车公司的矿用汽车，经试用性能良好，为适应我矿山技术改造的需要，打算通过谈判再次引进福特汽车公司矿用汽车及有关部件的生产技术。
国际商务谈判习题和答案
国际商务谈判习题和答案国际商务谈判习题和答案国际商务谈判是企业在全球化背景下进行业务拓展和合作的重要手段。
在这个竞争激烈的市场中，掌握谈判技巧和策略对于企业的成功至关重要。
下面将提供一些国际商务谈判的习题和答案，帮助读者更好地理解和应用于实际场景。
1. 请列举出国际商务谈判中常见的谈判策略。
答案：常见的谈判策略包括合作策略、竞争策略、妥协策略和回避策略。
合作策略强调双方合作、互利共赢，通过共同努力达成双方的利益最大化。
竞争策略则强调自身利益最大化，通过竞争手段争取更多的资源和利益。
妥协策略是在双方利益差距较大时，通过让步和妥协达成一致。
回避策略是当双方无法达成一致时，选择暂时搁置或放弃谈判。
2. 在国际商务谈判中，如何应对对方的威胁和压力？答案：对方的威胁和压力是谈判中常见的策略之一。
应对对方的威胁和压力，首先需要保持冷静和理智，不被对方情绪所左右。
其次，可以通过提供证据和数据来反驳对方的观点和主张，以事实说话，增加自己的说服力。
此外，可以寻找第三方的支持和认可，通过引入中立的观点来平衡对方的威胁和压力。
最重要的是，保持自信和坚定，坚守自己的底线，不轻易妥协。
3. 在国际商务谈判中，如何处理文化差异带来的挑战？答案：文化差异是国际商务谈判中常见的挑战之一。
首先，需要对对方的文化进行了解和尊重，避免冒犯对方的文化习俗和价值观。
其次，可以通过语言和沟通方式的调整来降低文化差异带来的障碍。
例如，使用简洁明了的语言，避免使用隐喻和口头禅。
此外，建立信任和良好的关系也是处理文化差异的关键，通过共进晚餐、参观当地景点等方式增进相互了解和信任。
4. 在国际商务谈判中，如何应对谈判中的不确定性？答案：谈判中的不确定性是无法避免的，但可以通过一些策略来应对。
首先，需要在谈判前做好充分的准备工作，了解对方的需求和底线，预估可能出现的问题和困难。
其次，要保持灵活性和应变能力，随机应变，根据谈判的进展和对方的反应做出相应的调整。
国际商务谈判试题及答案(01)
国际商务谈判试题及答案（01）课程代码：00186一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分）在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1.“不敢越雷池一步”，具有这种性格特征的谈判对手属于（）A.迟疑型B.沉默型C.深藏不露型D.谨慎稳重型2.最优期望目标又称为（）A.最高目标B.实际需求目标C.可接受目标D.最低目标3.磋商阶段谈判双方由于意见产生分歧而导致的僵局是（）A．执行期僵局 B．协议期僵局C．合同期僵局 D．履约期僵局4.“假设我们运用这种方案会怎样?”这种谈判的发问类型称为（）A.强调式发问B.探索式发问C.证明式发问D.协商式发问5.与东方文化相比，欧美文化更（）A.偏好形象思维B.偏好综合思维C.注重统一D.偏好抽象思维6.以下各项中，不属于合同风险的是（）A.沟通风险B.质量风险C.交货风险D.支付风险7.在谈判中，把任何情况都视为一场意志力竞争和搏斗的人属于（）A.让步型谈判者B.立场型谈判者C.原则型谈判者D.利益型谈判者8.一般而言，一支谈判队伍不应包括（）A.政府官员B.技术人员C.财务人员D.法律人员9.以下让步方式中，被称为“色拉米”香肠式谈判让步方式的是（）A.0／0／0／60B.15／15／15／15C.26／20／12／2D.60／0／0／010.以下有关俄罗斯商人谈判风格的描述，不正确的是（）A.忧郁拘谨B.求成心切C.看重价格D.效率较高11.与情绪型谈判对手的谈判禁忌是（）A.有问必答B.急于求成C.打持久战D.高度警惕12.对熟悉的业务范围，仅凭市场信息资料的题目决定取舍。
这种资料筛选的方法称为（）A.查看法B.时序法C.类比法D.评估法13.谈判中，视线接触对方脸部的时间在正常情况下应占全部时间的比例为（）A.20％～60％B.30％～60％C.40％～60％D.50％～60％14.以下各项中，不属于银行担保的是（）A.投标保证书B.履约保证书C.预付款担保D.财产保险15.日本人的谈判风格是（）A.豪放热心B.浪漫随意C.沉默寡言D.直接刻板16.下列有关合同的说法，不正确的是（）A.合同一旦签订即受法律保护B.合同是双方的民事法律行为C.订立合同的目的是为了产生某种民事法律上的效果D.合同是合法行为17.下列各项中，能体现谈判班子组成的进度原则的是（）A.业务实力B.社会地位C.工作效率D.决策能力18.谈判中特别注意的是谈判对手本人而不是对手所属的。
商务谈判课后习题答案(樊...)
章后基本训练参考答案与提示第1章□能力题案例分析1）商务谈判。
2）谈判当事人是小芳、小芳母亲和吉利大厦的售货员、柜组主任；谈判议题是买卖女上衣；谈判背景为春节前夕、小芳母亲需要、商厦促销、标价已打九折。
第2章□技能题2.2.2 综合题采用快速跳跃式谈判模式，从难到易跳跃，即先就分歧较大的条款进行磋商，然后再去敲定其他易于解决的问题。
□能力题案例分析1）民生电器批发商城因几乎不能满足其最低利益而断然拒绝交易。
2）采购员小刘此次谈判主要失误是只考虑己方利益，而几乎没有考虑对方的利益。
如果不仅考虑己方利益，同时也考虑对方利益，使对方得到一定的利益空间，如谈判目标为每箱价格610元至645元，谈判可能成功。
第3章3.2.1 实务题不可。
因为英国人一般视孔雀为祸鸟。
3.2.2 综合题1）品质。
应以样品、规格等级、品牌商标、产地名称等为标准。
2）价格。
解决的价格水平即单价，价格计算的方式即采用固定价格或非固定价格，价格术语的运用即FOB、CIF、C&F等问题。
3）交货。
解决好装运时间、装运地和目的地等问题。
4）支付。
注意解决支付手段、支付时间、支付货币、支付方式等问题。
□能力题案例分析1）对于通用设备，双方可按市场通行价、比较同类商品价和政策价（在成套设备供应时，供方会加集成费用）来磋商价格。
专用设备可按成本与效益核算，按比较价和政策价来磋商价格。
2）可先谈技术贸易的对象及方式，是专有技术还是专利技术；技术费如何计算而来，即采取的什么支付方式，是一次总算、提成，还是入门费加提成。
搞清这些信息后再进行技术价格谈判。
如为专有技术费，当以一次总算计价时，双方可就投入年数、年投入额、提成率三个因素的核定进行谈判，以定成交价；当以提成（营业额提成或利润提成）计价时，则对年数、产量、单价、提成率各数进行分别的又相互挂钩的谈判，以控制总提成数；当以入门费加提成计价时，应按心理取数法与比例取数法谈好入门费，再视提成的年限、产量、单价、提成率确定营业额提成数或参考利润率确定利润提成价。
《国际商务谈判》习题参考答案
第一章习题答案一、名词解释71.谈判:谈判是指各方当事人在一定的条件下,为了满足各自需要而相互协商的活动过程。
2.谈判要素:谈判要素是指构成谈判活动的必要因素,它通常由谈判当事人、谈判议题、谈判背景三个要素构成。
3.谈判议题:又叫谈判客体,它是指在谈判中双方要解决的问题,是谈判者利益要求的体现。
4.原则型谈判:原则型谈判最早由美国哈佛大学研究中心提出,故又称哈佛谈判术。
原则谈判强调公正原则和公平价值,主要有以下四个特征:一是谈判中把人和事分开;二是主张按照共同接受的具有客观公正性的原则和公正价值来达成协议;三是谈判中开诚布公而不施诡计,追求利益而不失风度。
四是努力寻找共同点、消除分歧,争取共同满意的谈判结果。
二、单项选择题1.B;2.C;3.A;4.D;5.B;6.A三、多项选择题1.ABC2.ABCD3.BCD4.ABCD5.ABCD6.BC7.ACD 8.ABCD四、填空题1.谈判2.谈判当事人谈判议题谈判背景3.原则型谈判4.货物买卖谈判投资项目谈判技术贸易谈判劳务谈判索赔谈判。
5.让步型谈判立场型谈判原则型谈判6.主场谈判五、回答题1.你对谈判是如何理解的?它有哪些基本点?答案要点:(1)谈判是指各方当事人在一定的条件下,为了各自需要而相互协商的活动过程。
(2)谈判的定义说明谈判具有目的性、相互性和协商性。
2.构成谈判的基本要素是什么?答案要点:谈判要素是指构成谈判活动的必要因素,它通常由谈判当事人、谈判议题、谈判背景三个要素构成。
3.如何理解谈判的特点?答案要点:谈判的特点是:谈判具有普遍性;谈判具有行为性;谈判既有合作性又有竞争性;谈判成功的标志是达成协议;谈判是信息交流过程。
4.简述谈判的主要类型。
答案要点:谈判的类型主要有:按参加谈判的人数规模划分,可以分为单人谈判和小组谈判;按参加谈判的利益主体数量不同,可以将谈判划分为双边谈判和多边谈判;按谈判进行的地点,可以划分为主场谈判、客场谈判和中立地谈判;按谈判的透明度划分,可以分公开谈判和秘密谈判;按谈判的方式划分,谈判分为口头谈判和书面谈判;按谈判的范围划分,可以分为国内谈判和国际谈判;按谈判内容划分,谈判可以分为,货物货物买卖谈判、投资项目谈判、技术贸易谈判、劳务谈判和索赔谈判;按谈判的方向划分,可以分为纵向谈判和横向谈判;按谈判方所采取的态度与方针划分可以,分为让步型谈判、立场型谈判和原1则型谈判。
(完整版)商务谈判参考答案.doc
名词解释简答题简答题1．模拟谈判：是在谈判前对谈判过程1．谈判活动具备哪些一般特征？6．谈判中如何坚持客观标准的原则？的预演，是从己方人员中选出某些人①谈判是一种目的性很强的活动；②①定义：是坚持协议中必须反映出不扮演谈判对手的角色，提出各种假设谈判是一种双向交流与沟通的过程；受哪一方立场左右的公正的客观标和臆测，从对手的谈判立场、观点、③它是“施”与“受”兼而有之的一准。
谈判依据的是客观标准，而不是风格等出发，和己方主谈人员进行谈种互动过程；④它同时含有“合作”某一方的压力。
通过对客观标准的讨判演习，目的在于检验谈判计划的完与“冲突”两种成分；⑤它是“互惠”论而不是固执地坚持自己的立场，就善与否，同时谈判者也得到一些临场的，但并非均等的。
可以避免任何一方向方屈服的问题，经验。
2．在谈判的开局阶段，如何建立良好使双方都服从于公正的解决方法。
2．软硬兼施策略：也称红白脸策略，的谈判气氛？②做法：客观标准关系到谈判双方，是在谈判中迫使对方让步的策略之 1. 把握气氛形成的关键时机 2. 运用中选择客观标准应该是独立于双方的意一，就是在谈判人员的角色搭配及手性话题，加强沟通 3. 树立诚实、可信、志之外，并且为双方认可和接受。
如段的运用上软硬相间，刚柔并济。
富有合作精神的谈判者形象 4. 注意利果双方认为每个问题都需要双方共同3．转化处理法：是指推销人员巧妙地用正式谈判前的场外非正式接触 5. 合努力去寻求客观标准，每一方就都应把顾客的异议转化成顾客购买理由的理组织在最能反映客观标准的问题上理智从一种方法。
3．推销面谈前约见准顾客有何意义？事。
如果要修改某些公正的标准，必4．硬式谈判法：也称立场型谈判，是 1. 有助于推销人员成功地接近顾客；须在提出了更好的建议后才可加以考商务谈判方法之一，是指参与者只关 2. 有助于推销人员顺利地开展推销面虑，而不能因为对方施加了压力、威心自己的利益，注重维护己方的立场，谈； 3. 有助于推销人员客观地进行推胁等将自己的意志强加于人的手段，不轻易向对方做出让步的谈判。
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亿学软件国际商务谈判中俄谈判答案一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1．国际商务谈判与通常贸易谈判的共性彰显在（）a．较强的政策性 b．以价格为核心c．谈判内容广为 d．影响因素繁杂2．商务谈判人员的最佳年龄一般在（）a．20～45岁 b．25～55岁c．30～55岁 d．40～60岁3．在任何欧洲国家都只用作万圣节和葬礼，而不必送来人的花是（）a．荷花 b．菊花c．玫瑰花 d．茉莉花4．套期保值者根据现货交易情况，先在期货市场上建立空头交易地位，然后再以多头进行平仓的做法叫（）a．卖期保值 b．买期保值c．掉期交易 d．期权交易5．双方谈判人员适度互相交换礼品的作法就是（）a．求助 b．贿赂c．为了认知 d．杀菌策略6．在谈判的交锋过程中，成功的谈判者花在听上的时间占到总谈判时间的（）a．30%以下 b．30%～40%c．40%～50% d．50%以上7．无论穿什么，都不能把头放在口袋里，因为这样搞可以被指出就是轻蔑的。
具备这种行为习惯的就是（）a．德国人 b．美国人c．韩国人 d．日本人8．在国际商务谈判中，认为手帕象征亲人离别，是不祥之物，不能送人的国家是（）a．美国 b．英国c．法国 d．意大利9．商务谈判成为必要就是由于交易中存有（）a．冲突 b．攻击c．合作 d．辩论10．从法律学角度来讲，其结果是终局性的是（）a．协商 b．协商c．仲裁 d．诉讼11．在一支谈判队伍中，负责管理对交易标的物的品质进行谈判的就是（）a．技术人员 b．法律人员c．商务人员 d．谈判领导人12．若我方在谈判中实力较强，可采取的外汇风险防范方法是（）a．软货币计价法 b．对等易货贸易法c．约定货币保值条款 d．汇率风险分摊条款13．“对这个问题，我虽没调查过，但曾经听闻过。
”这种回复谈判劲敌的技巧就是（）a．避正答偏 b．答非所问c．以问代请问 d．推卸责任14．在国际商务谈判中，往往会不断地点头，但并非表示“同意”。
具有这种谈判风格的是（）a．美国人 b．韩国人c．日本人 d．俄罗斯人15．指出在谈判双方矛盾立场的背后，存有着某种共同性利益和冲突性利益的就是（）a．立场型谈判法 b．原则型谈判法c．妥协型谈判法 d．利益型谈判法16．“怎么能够忘记我们上次合作得十分愉快呢？”(或“这个协议不是要经过公证后才生效吗”）这种商务谈判的发问类型属于（）a．回应式提问 b．特别强调式提问c．借助式发问 d．探索式发问17．以下文化中时间观念最强大的就是（）a．中东文化 b．中国文化c．北美文化 d．拉丁美洲文化18．在国际商务谈判中，通常将最低价格列在价格表上，以求首先引起买主的兴趣。
这种报价是（）a．西欧式报价 b．东欧式报价c．北欧式报价 d．日本式报价19．在商务谈判中，一方对其所碰触的对象的反应女性主义称作（）a．认识 b．情感c．意向 d．印象20．把谈判者聚集在一起，充分讨论，自由发表意见，共同想象谈判全过程的是（） a．戏剧式演示 b．沙龙式演示c．体验式模拟 d．启发式模拟21.递盘的'收到者通常就是（）a．卖方 b．买方c．竞争对手 d．客户22.下列属于非人员风险的是（）a．利率风险 b．价格风险c．政治风险 d．技术风险23.把谈判的面伸过去，先抛开争吵的问题，再谈论另一个问题，这种方式就是（）a．纵向式谈判 b．横向式谈判c．分析式谈判 d．包抄式谈判二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分)在每小题列举的五个对备选项中至少存有两个就是合乎题目建议的，恳请将其代码核对在题后的括号内。
错选、多挑选、空格符或未选均无分。
21．谈判中涉及商务方面的知识有（）a．交货 b．缴付条件 c．技术规定d．价格 e．法律约束力22．迟疑的谈判劲敌的心理特征存有（）a．非常固执 b．容易激动 c．不信任对方d．极端喜欢被劝服 e．不想对方洞悉自己23．谈判双方交锋中的技巧有（）a．多听到太少说道 b．有问必答 c．巧提问题d．使用条件问句 e．避免跨国文化交流产生的歧义24．超越谈判中僵局的作法存有（）a．改期再谈 b．采取横向式的谈判 c．采取纵向式的谈判d．发生改变谈判环境与气氛 e．更改谈判人员或者由领导出面协商25．谈判准备工作的内容主要包括（）a．分析谈判环境 b．搜集谈判信息 c．挑选目标和对象d．制订谈判方案 e．模拟谈判26.pram谈判模式的内容应当包含（）a．制定谈判计划 b．建立关系 c．达成协议d．协议的履行职责与关系的保持 e．偿付处置27.市场信息所用的语言有（）a．自然语言 b．人工语言c．法律语言 d．文学语言 e．军事语言三、名词解释题（本大题共4小题，每小题3分后，共12分后）26．原则型谈判法27．利率风险28．封闭式发问29．权力型劲敌30.发盘31.商业信誉四、简答题（本大题共5小题，每小题6分，共30分）30．详述谈判的入题技巧。
31．简述影响国际商务谈判中群体效能的主要因素。
32．逼使谈判劲敌妥协的策略主要存有哪些？33．简述谈判目标的层次性。
34．详述美国商人的谈判风格。
五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题8分，共16分）35．先行分析谈判方案的主要内容。
36．论述处理谈判僵局的直接和间接方法。
六、案例分析题(本大题共1小题，12分后)37．背景材料：中国某大型建筑公司于年6月从德国进口了一套价值万欧元的机械设备(以欧元计价)。
合约签定时的汇率为1欧元充值lo元人民币，这套设备按人民币计价为万元。
年6月，当该建筑公司缴付货款时，汇率已晋升为1︰1l。
这意味著，该公司现在须要为这套设备缴付万元人民币，比签订合同时缴万元人民币。
问题：(1)该建筑公司碰到了哪种市场风险？该市场风险又整体表现为哪三种形式？(2)该公司消除该市场风险的技术手段一般有哪三种？(3)除了利用技术手段外，避免国际商务合作中的风险的措施除了哪些？(4)中国企业从此案例中应吸取什么教训？答案：一.单项选择题（每小题 1 分，共 20 分）1.b2.c3.b4.a5.d6.d7.a8.d9.a 10.c 11.a 12.a13.d 14.c 15.b 16.b 17.c 18.d 19.c 20.b 21.b 22.c 23.b二.多项选择题（每小题 2 分后，共 10分后）21.abd 22.cde 23.acde 24.abde 25.abcde 26.abcb 27.ab三.名词解释题 (（每小题 3 分后，共 12 分后）26原则型谈判法要求谈判双方首先将对方作为与自已并肩合作的同事对待。
27利率风险主要就是指国际金融市场上由于各种商业贷款利率的变动而可能将给当事人增添损益的风险。
28封闭式提问：封闭式提问所指在特定的领域中能带出来特定的回复（例如“就是”或“否”）的问句。
29 权力型对手以取得成功为满足，对权力与成功的期望很高，对友好关系的期望较低。
b．发盘又称发价，它就是由交易的一方向另一方以书面或口头形式明确提出交易条件，并则表示愿按照有关条件展开磋商，达成协议，签订合同。
c．商业信誉是指在同行业中，由于企业经营管理处于较为优越的地位，能够得高于一般利润水平的能力而形成的一种价值。
四.简答题 (每小题 6 分后, 共 30 分后)30入题技巧包含：1）.迂回入题的方法（1）从题外话入题（2）从自谦入题（3）从了解己方谈判人员入题（4）从介绍己方的生产、经营、财务状况等入题2）.先谈通常原则，再谈论细节问题3）.从具体议题入手31所谓群体效能，主要就是指群体的工作效率和工作效益。
影响谈判中群体效能的因素存有：（1）群体成员的素质（2）群体成员的结构（3）群体规范（4）群体的决策方式（5）群体内的人际关系32迫使对方让步的策略：24.利用竞争25.软硬兼施26.最后通牒33.谈判目标就是谈判主题的具体化。
谈判的具体目标可分为四个层次：1.最低目标：也叫做最优希望目标，它就是己方在商务谈判中所要崇尚的最低目标，也往往就是对方所能够承受的最小程度。
2.实际需求目标：是谈判各方根据主客观因素，考虑各方面情况，经过科学论证、预测和核算后，纳入谈判计划的谈判目标。
3.可以拒绝接受目标：就是所指的谈判中可以努力争取或做出妥协的范围。
他能够满足用户谈判一方的部分市场需求，同时实现部分经济利益。
最高拒绝接受目标：就是指商务谈判必须同时实现的目标，就是谈判的最高建议。
它与最优目标之间有著必然的内在联系。
34.美国商人的谈判风格包括：1.自信心悲观，开朗风趣2.直截了当，干脆利落3.态度真诚，就事论事4.重视效率，速战速决5.具备极强的法律意识，律师在谈判中扮演着关键角色6.喜欢全线推进式的谈判风格7.注重细节，讲究外包装五.论述题 ( 每小题 8 分, 共 16 分 )35.谈判方案的主要内容1）.确定谈判目标2）.规定谈判期限3）.拟定谈判议程具体内容包含：（1）己方安排谈判议程的优势分析（2）谈判议程的内容（3）谈判议题的顺序安排（4）通则议程与细则议程的内容4）.安排谈判人员（1）根据谈判目标和对象挑选最合适的谈判人员。
（2）坚持谈判班子的构成原则，包括实力和进度两个方面。
（3）著重谈判班子内部成员的分工与协调5）选择谈判地点6）谈判现场的布置与精心安排。