计算机英文论文

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《计算机应用与软件》格式说明 [论文题目]

第23卷第2期计算机应用与软件Vol.23, No.2 2006年2月Computer Applications and Software Feb. 2006《计算机应用与软件》格式说明 [论文题目]作者A１作者B２[作者]１(单位A上海 210000)[单位]２(单位B上海 210000)摘要本规格为在《计算机应用与软件》上发表的科技论文而设定。

请作者逐条阅读并落实，如不符合要求，将影响文章的发表。

摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息，一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等，而重点是结果和结论。

关键词计算机格式说明软件FORMAT DESCRIPTION OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND SOFTWARE[英文题目]Zuo Zhe A1Zuo Zhe B2 [英文作者]1(Editorial Department, Computer Applications and Software, Shanghai 210000，China) [英文单位]2(Editorial Department, Computer Applications and Software, Shanghai 210000，China) [英文单位]Abstract This specification is set for the theses to be published in Computer Applications and Software, including fonts, margins, page size and print area. Keywords Computer Format description Software [keywords]0引言[标题1]采用Word 2000或Word xp格式排版，请同时提供Word 版本和打印稿。

[正文缩进]务请作者按照本规格编排论文。

计算机发明英文作文

计算机发明英文作文英文回答：The computer has a long and complex history, with many people contributing to its development over the years. The first mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine, was designed by Charles Babbage in the 19th century. However,it was not until the 20th century that electronic computers were developed, with the first programmable electronic computer being the ENIAC, built in 1946. Since then, computers have continued to evolve rapidly, becoming smaller, more powerful, and more affordable. Today, computers are used in almost every aspect of our lives, from communication and entertainment to business and scientific research.The computer is an electronic device that is capable of receiving input, processing data, and displaying output. The input can come from a variety of sources, such as a keyboard, mouse, or microphone. The data is then processedby the computer's central processing unit (CPU), which performs calculations and other operations on the data. The results of the processing are then displayed on the computer's output devices, such as a monitor or printer.Computers are used for a wide range of tasks, including:Data processing: Computers can be used to processlarge amounts of data quickly and efficiently. This can be useful for tasks such as data entry, financial analysis,and scientific research.Communication: Computers can be used to communicatewith other computers and with people around the world. This can be done through email, instant messaging, and social media.Entertainment: Computers can be used for entertainment purposes, such as playing games, watching movies, and listening to music.Education: Computers can be used for educationalpurposes, such as learning new skills, taking courses, and conducting research.Business: Computers can be used for a variety of business purposes, such as managing finances, tracking inventory, and creating marketing materials.The computer has revolutionized the way we live and work. It has made it possible for us to do things that were once impossible, and it has opened up new possibilities for the future.中文回答：计算机的历史悠久且错综复杂，多年来有许多人为其发展做出了贡献。

计算机专业毕业设计论文外文文献中英文翻译——java对象

1 . Introduction To Objects1.1The progress of abstractionAll programming languages provide abstractions. It can be argued that the complexity of the problems you’re able to solve is directly related to the kind and quality of abstraction。

By “kind” I mean，“What is it that you are abstracting?” Assembly language is a small abstraction of the underlying machine. Many so—called “imperative” languages that followed （such as FORTRAN，BASIC, and C) were abstractions of assembly language。

These languages are big improvements over assembly language，but their primary abstraction still requires you to think in terms of the structure of the computer rather than the structure of the problem you are trying to solve。

The programmer must establish the association between the machine model (in the “solution space，” which is the place where you’re modeling that problem, such as a computer) and the model of the problem that is actually being solved (in the “problem space,” which is the place where the problem exists). The effort required to perform this mapping, and the fact that it is extrinsic to the programming language，produces programs that are difficult to write and expensive to maintain，and as a side effect created the entire “programming methods” industry.The alter native to modeling the machine is to model the problem you’re trying to solve。

计算机中英论文

Understanding Web Addresses You can think of the World Wide Web as a network of electronic files stored on computers all around the world. Hypertext links these
news - a newsgroup
Ø telnet - a computer system that you can log into over the Internet Ø WAIS - a database or document in a Wide Area Information Search database Ø file - a file located on a local drive (your hard drive)
1
resources together. Uniform Resource Locators or URLs are the addresses used to locate these files. The information contained in a URL gives you the ability to jump from one web page to another with just a click of your mouse. When you type a URL into your browser or click on a hypertext link, your browser is sending a request to a remote computer to download a file. What does a typical URL look like? Here are some examples: / The home page for study English. ftp:///pub/ A directory of files at MIT available for downloading. news:rec.gardens.roses A newsgroup on rose gardening. The first part of a URL (before the two slashes* tells you the type of resource or method of access at that address. For example: Ø Ø Ø files Ø http - a hypertext document or directory gopher - a gopher document or menu ftp - a file available for downloading or a directory of such

关于计算机英语论文

关于计算机英语论文计算机英语论文范文一：计算机英语教学实训设计研究1高职高专计算机英语的特点1.1时效性和实用性新技术飞速发展，大量的计算机专业概念专业词汇随着新技术的发展层出不穷。

如ITinformationtechnology;online;E-commerce等都是随着新技术的发展产生和应用的，因此它的时效性和实用性显而易见。

1.2专业性与客观性计算机专业文章一般重在客观地陈述事实，力求严谨和清清楚，避免主观成分和感情色彩，这就决定了计算机英语具有客观性。

1.3专业术语多如：CPUCentralProcessingUnit：中央处理器;DBSMDatabaseSystem数据库管理系统OperatingSystem操作系统.1.4缩略语经常出现如：MBMotherBoard：主板，LCDLiquidCrystalDisplay：液晶屏幕USBUniversalSerialBus：通行串行总线;1.5合成的新词多如：input出入;output输出;PersonalComputer：个人计算机;1.6介词短语、分词短语和名词性词组和长句使用频繁如：Someapplicationpackagesofferconsiderablecomputingpowerbyfocusingonasingletask，suchaswordprocessing;others，calledintegratedsoftwareoffersomewhatlesspowerbutincludeseveralapplications，suchasawordprocessor，aspreadsheet，andadatabaseprogram.有些应用程序包可就一个单项任务提供相当的计算能力，如文字处理;其它应用程序包，称为综合软件，计算能力略差但也包括了很多应用功能，如：文字处理器，电子表格和数据库程序等。

2如何开展高职高专计算机英语教学和实训“加快现代职业教育体系建设，深化产教融合、校企合作，培养数以亿计的高素质劳动者和技术技能人才。

本科计算机专业毕业论文大全

本科计算机专业毕业论文大全一、基于大数据技术的社交网络分析摘要：大数据技术作为一种新兴的信息技术，在社会网络分析中发挥着重要作用。

大数据技术可以对社会网络中的用户、关系、活动、话题、属性等因素进行深入的数据分析，并提供可视化的视图来模拟社会网络的结构和动态。

本文系统地介绍了大数据技术在社会网络分析领域的应用，重点讨论了社交网络分析技术在数据采集、分析和可视化方面的应用，并就如何有效地利用社交网络分析技术来挖掘有价值的社会信息等进行了探究。

关键词：大数据；社交网络；分析技术；数据采集；可视化Abstract: Big data technology, as a new information technology, plays an important role in social network analysis. Big data technology can make a deep data analysis of users, relations, activities, topics, attributes and so on in social networks, and provide visual views to simulate the structure and dynamics of social networks. This paper systematically introduces the application of big data technology in social network analysis, and focuses on the application of social network analysis technology in data collection, analysis and visualization. It also explores how to effectively use social network analysis technology to mine valuable social information.。

计算机专业英语论文--硬件概述

题目：计算机硬件概述（Overview of the computer hardware based）学院：信息技术学院班级：XXXXXX学号：XXXXXXXXXX姓名：XXXXA computer is a fast and accurate symbol processing system. It can accept, store, process data and produce output results. A computer can automatically process data without human intervention. However, it must be given a set of instruction to guide it, step by step, through processes. The set of instructions is called a program, The program is stored physically inside the machine, making it a program.All computer systems of interest to us are similar. They contain hardware components for input, central processing unit and output. The system on the small-scale is called a microcomputer or minicomputer. Continuing up the size scale, the mainframe computer is one that may offer a faster processing speed and a greater storage capacity than a typical mini. Finally comes the supercomputer, designed to process complex scientific applications，which is the largest and fastest.Although the capacity of computers' storage locations is varied，every computer stores numbers，letters，and other characters in a coded form. Every character in the storage is represented by a string of 0s and 1s，the only digits founded in the binary numbering system. BCD and ASCII are popular computer codes.So, what part of computer hardware that contains it? Computer hardware has four parts: the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, storage hardware, input hardware, and output hardware.The Central Processing UnitPronounced as separate letters it is the abbreviation for central processing unit. The CPU is the brains of the computer. Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor, but more commonly called processor, the CPUis where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.On large machines, CPUs require one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor. Since the 1970's the microprocessor class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other CPU implementations.Early CPUs were custom-designed as a part of a larger, sometimes one-of-a-kind, computer. However, this costly method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of mass-produced processors that are made for one or many purposes. This standardization trend generally began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit (IC). The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers. Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines. Modern microprocessors appear in everything from automobiles to cell phones and children's toys.The CPU itself is an internal component of the computer. Modern CPUs are small and square and contain multiple metallic connectors or pins on the underside. The CPU is inserted directly into a CPU socket, pin side down, on the motherboard. Each motherboard will support only a specific type or range of CPU so you must check the motherboard manufacturer's specifications before attempting to replace or upgrade a CPU. Modern CPUs also have an attached heat sink and small fan that go directly on top of the CPU to help dissipate heat.Two typical components of a CPU are the following:The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.The control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.To properly perform its job, the CPU must complete a cycle of four steps. The first step in this cycle is to fetch a instruction from a software program's memory. Once the CPU fetches the instruction, its second step is to decode the instruction. By decoding the instruction, the CPU is able to organize theinformation from the instruction in a manner that allows the CPU to complete the next step, which is executing.During the execution step, the CPU completes the instruction. It accomplishes this by following the information gained during the decoding step. Once the CPU has finished executing the instruction, the final step in this cycle is to write-back the results that occurred during the execution step. The CPU can write-back the results to its own internal register, or to the main memory of the computer.The Control Unit: A control unit is one of the two components of the central processing unit. The function of the control unit is to extract information which is stored in the memory and to decode and execute those instructions.It also takes help from the arithmetic logic unit , whenever required. The control unit is very important for computers functioning . The control unit has outputs which take charge of the activities of the entire device. Some regard the control unit to be an FSM or finite state machine which is used for hardware and software applications.Control Unit and Microprogram :There was a time when the manufacturing of control units was a difficult process, especially in designing it. But today the scenario has changed. A control unit is executed in the form of microprograms which remain in control stores. There is a micro sequencer which chooses the words and certain portions of those words which directly manage the various computer parts. These parts are arithmetic and logic units, buses, instruction registers, registers and input/output. Today the latest computers may possess subsidiary controllers for every subsystem, which would be supervised by the main control unit .Functions of Control Unit:A control unit can be described as a sort of circuitry that supervises and controls the path of information that runs over the processor and organizes the various activities of those units that lie inside it.It carries out many tasks such as decoding, fetching, handling the execution and finally storing the results.It controls the execution of instructions in a sequential order.It guides the flow of data through the different parts of the computer.It interprets the instructions.It regulates the time controls of the processor.It sends and receives control signals from various peripheral devices.A control unit is a major computer part which helps in the functioning of the central processing unit and in turn runs the whole computer.The Arithmetic-Logic Unit: An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a computer processor ( CPU ) that carries out arithmetic and logic operations on the operand s in computer instruction word s. In some processors, the ALU is divided into two units, an arithmetic unit (AU) and a logic unit (LU). Some processors contain more than one AU - for example, one for fixed-point operations and another for floating-point operations. (In personal computers floating point operations are sometimes done by a floating point unit on a separate chip called a numeric coprocessor.)Typically, the ALU has direct input and output access to the processor controller, main memory (random access memory or RAM in a personal computer), and input/output devices. Inputs and outputs flow along an electronic path that is called a bus . The input consists of an instruction word (sometimes called a machine instruction word) that contains an operation code (sometimes called an "op code"), one or more operands, and sometimes a format code. The operation code tells the ALU what operation to perform and the operands are used in the operation. (For example, two operands might be added together or compared logically.) The format may be combined with the op code and tells, for example, whether this is a fixed-point or a floating-point instruction. The output consists of a result that is placed in a storage register and settings that indicate whether the operation was performed successfully. (If it isn't, some sort of status will be stored in a permanent place that is sometimes called the machine status word.)In general, the ALU includes storage places for input operands, operands that are being added, the accumulated result (stored in an accumulator ), and shifted results. The flow of bits and the operations performed on them in the subunits of the ALU is controlled by gated circuits. The gates in these circuits are controlled by a sequence logic unit that uses a particular algorithm or sequence for each operation code. In the arithmetic unit, multiplication and division are done by a series of adding or subtracting and shifting operations. There are several ways to represent negative numbers. In the logic unit, one of 16 possible logic operations can be performed - such as comparing twooperands and identifying where bits don't match.The design of the ALU is obviously a critical part of the processor and new approaches to speeding up instruction handling are continually being developed.MemoryIn computing , memory refers to the state information of a computing system, as it is kept active in some physical structure. The term "memory" is used for the information in physical systems which are fast (ie RAM ), as a distinction from physical systems which are slow to access (ie data storage ). By design, the term "memory" refers to temporary state devices, whereas the term "storage" is reserved for permanent data. Advances in storage technology have blurred the distinction a bit —memory kept on what is conventionally a storage system is called " virtual memory ".Colloquially, computer memory refers to the physical devices used to store data or programs (sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer . Computers represent information in binary code , written as sequences of 0s and 1s. Each binary digit (or "bit") may be stored by any physical system that can be in either of two stable states, to represent 0 and 1. Such a system is called bistable. This could be an on-off switch, an electrical capacitor that can store or lose a charge, a magnet with its polarity up or down, or a surface that can have a pit or not. Today, capacitors and transistors, functioning as tiny electrical switches, are used for temporary storage, and either disks or tape with a magnetic coating, or plastic discs with patterns of pits are used for long-term storage.Computer memory is usually meant to refer to the semiconductor technology that is used to store information in electronic devices. Current primary computer memory makes use of integrated circuits consisting of silicon -based transistors . There are two main types of memory: volatile and non-volatile .Storage HardwareThe purpose of storage hardware is to provide a means of storing computer instruction and data in a form that is relatively permanent, that is, the data is not lost when the power is turned off—and easy to retrieve when needed for processing . There are four kinds of storage hardware: floppy disks, hard disks, optical disk, and magnetic tape.Floppy Disks: A soft magnetic disk. It is called floppy because it flops ifyou wave it (at least, the 5??-inch variety does). Unlike most hard disks, floppy disks (often called floppies or diskettes) are portable, because you can remove them from a disk drive. Disk drives for floppy disks are called floppy drives. Floppy disks are slower to access than hard disks and have less storage capacity, but they are much less expensive. And most importantly, they are portable.Floppies come in three basic sizes:8-inch: The first floppy disk design, invented by IBM in the late 1960s and used in the early 1970s as first a read-only format and then as a read-write format. The typical desktop/laptop computer does not use the 8-inch floppy disk.5.25-inch: The common size for PCs made before 1987 and the predecessor to the 8-inch floppy disk. This type of floppy is generally capable of storing between 100K and 1.2MB (megabytes) of data. The most common sizes are 360K and 1.2MB.3.5-inch: Floppy is something of a misnomer for these disks, as they are encased in a rigid envelope. Despite their small size, microfloppies have a larger storage capacity than their cousins -- from 400K to 1.4MB of data. The most common sizes for PCs are 720K (double-density) and 1.44MB (high-density). Macintoshes support disks of 400K, 800K, and 1.2MB.Hard Disks: In any computer system the hard disk is considered as the secondary memory device that is used for the primary data storage. The primary memory is obviously the RAM. But as the RAM is the primary memory it cannot be used for the purpose of the permanent data storage. Hence a secondary memory device is necessarily needed for the purpose of the data storage in any computer system. Apart from hard disk drive the tape storage media can also be used as the secondary storage device. But the hard disk drive is the most popularly used secondary memory device. The main reason for this is the access speed and the reliability of the data it can offer. In the case of the tape drives the access speed is much low and the data transfer is comparatively low than the hard disk drive.Since the primary memory that is the RAM is a non volatile memory hence it cannot be used as the permanent memory storage device. Hence the hard disk or the need for as a secondary memory device is needed in any computer. The primary function of the primary memory is to load the programs so that the CPU – Central Processing Unit can easily and speedily access and execute the instructions. The primary memory can only boot the computer system; but it the hard disk drive that is responsible for the loading and the proper functioning of any operating system. The operating system is a necessary for the computers to run to the expectations of the user. Hence the hard disk is a must for the loading of the hard disk drive. The importance of the primary memory is that it is a compulsion that is necessary for the start up of thecomputer. A computer can start up even with out a hard disk. But since there is no operating system that is present in the computer hence it is not possible to load the operating system. The computer will display a message usually in such a situation stating that ―Disk Boot Failure‖.The information that is required to boot a computer is stored in the hard disk boot sector. Also the importance of the hard disk drive is to store the backup of the data or any information that is created by the user. Apart from the hard disk drives the other storage devices like the optical disks that are the CD ROM, DVD ROM etc can be used for the purpose of the backup of the data or user information. The floppy disks can also be used for the backup of the data. The hard disk specification should also match the expectations of the computers; that is the storage capacity and access speed.The internal organization of the any hard disk drive consists of the following four parts primarily. They are as listed below: the Platters, the Head Arm, the Chassis, and also the Head Actuator. The hard disk drives are also available in two different types that is the internal and also the external hard disk drives. The internal hard disk drives are used for the storage of the data in the computer case. There are not portable and usually are inside the case. The external hard disk drives are portable can be connected to other computer systems as well. There is a hard casing over the hard disk.Optical Disks: In computing and optical recording , an optical disc is a flat, usually circular disc which encodes binary data in the form of pits (binary value of 0 or off, due to lack of reflection when read) and lands (binary value of 1 or on, due to a reflection when read) on a special material (often aluminium ) on one of its flat surfaces. The encoding material sits atop a thicker substrate (usually polycarbonate ) which makes up the bulk of the disc and forms a dust defocusing layer. The encoding pattern follows a continuous, spiral path covering the entire disc surface and extending from the innermost track to the outermost track. The data is stored on the disc with a laser or stamping machine, and can be accessed when the data path is illuminated with a laser diode in an optical disc drive which spins the disc at speeds of about 200 RPM up to 4000 rpm or more depending on the drive type, disc format, and the distance of the read head from the center of the disc (inner tracks are read at a faster disc speed). The pits or bumps distort the reflected laser light, hence most optical discs (except the black discs of the original PlayStation video game console ) characteristically have an iridescent appearance created by the grooves of the reflective layer. The reverse side of an optical disc usually has a printed label, generally made of paper but sometimes printed or stamped onto the disc itself. This side of the disc contains the actual data and is typically coated with a transparent material, usually lacquer . Unlike the 3?-inch floppy disk , most optical discs do not have an integrated protective casing and aretherefore susceptible to data transfer problems due to scratches, fingerprints, and other environmental problems.Optical discs are usually between 7.6 and 30 cm (3 to 12 in) in diameter, with 12 cm (4.75 in) being the most common size. A typical disc is about 1.2 mm (0.05 in) thick, while the track pitch (distance from the center of one track to the center of the next) is typically 1.6 μm .An optical disc is designed to support one of three recording types: read-only (eg: CD and CD-ROM ), recordable (write-once, eg CD-R ), or re-recordable (rewritable, eg CD-RW ). Write-once optical discs commonly have an organic dye recording layer between the substrate and the reflective layer. Rewritable discs typically contain an alloy recording layer composed of a phase change material, most often AgInSbTe , an alloy of silver , indium , antimony and tellurium.Optical discs are most commonly used for storing music (eg for use in a CD player ), video (eg for use in a DVD player ), or data and programs for personal computers . The Optical Storage Technology Association (OSTA) promotes standardized optical storage formats. Although optical discs are more durable than earlier audio-visual and data storage formats, they are susceptible to environmental and daily-use damage. Libraries and archives enact optical media preservation procedures to ensure continued usability in the computer's optical disc drive or corresponding disc player.For computer data backup and physical data transfer, optical discs such as CDs and DVDs are gradually being replaced with faster, smaller, and more reliable solid state devices, especially the USB flash drive . This trend is expected to continue as USB flash drives continue to increase in capacity and drop in price. Similarly, personal portable CD players have been supplanted by portable solid state MP3 players , and MP3 music purchased or shared over the internet has significantly reduced the number of audio CDs sold annually.Magnetic Tape: Magnetic tape is an effective way of making a backup, or duplicate, copy of your programs and data. We mentioned the alarming consequences that can happen if a hard disk suffers a head crash. You will lose some or all of your data or programs. Of course, you can always make copies of your hard-disk files on floppy disks. However, this can be time-consuming and may require many floppy disks. Magnetic tape is sequential access storage and can solve the problem mentioned above.Input Hardware: Input devices take data and programs people can read or understand and convert them to a form the computer can process. This is the machine-readable electronic signals of 0s and 1s. Input hardware is of two kinds: Keyboard entry and direct entry.Keyboard Entry: Data is input to the computer through a keyboard that looks like a typewriter keyboard but has additional keys. In this method, the user typically reads from an original document called the source document.The user enters that document by typing on the keyboard.Direct Entry: Data is made into machine-readable form as it is entered into the computer, no keyboard is used. Direct entry devices may be categorized into three areas: pointing devices (for example, mouse, touch screen, light pen, digitizer, they are all pointing devices), scanning devices (for example, image scanner, fax machine, bar-code reader are all scanning devices), and voice-input devices.Output Hardware: Output devices convert machine-readable information into people-readable form. Common output devices are monitors, printers, plotters, and voice output.Monitors: Monitors are also called display screen or video display terminals. Most monitors that sit on desks are built in the same way as television sets, these are called cathode-ray tubes. Another type of monitor is flat-panel display, including liquid-crystal display (LCD), electroluminescent (EL) display and gas-plasma display. An LCD does not emit light of its own. Rather, it consists of crystal molecules. An electric field causes the molecules to line up in a way that alters their optical properties. Unfortunately, many LCDs are difficult to read in sunlight or other strong light. A gas-plasma display is the best type of flat screen. Like a neon light bulb, the plasma display uses a gas that emits light in the presence of an electric current.Printer: There are four popular kinds of printers: dot-matrix, laser, ink-jet, and thermal.Dot-Matrix Printer :Dot-matrix printers can produce a page of text in less than 10 seconds and are highly reliable. They form characters or images using a series of small pins on a print head. The pins strike an inked ribbon and create an image on paper. Printers are available with print heads of 9, 18, or 24 pins. One disadvantage of this type of printer is noise.Laser Printer: The laser printer creates dot like images on a drum, using a laser beam light source. The characters are treated with a magnetically charged ink like toner and then are transferred from drum to paper. A heat process is used to make the characters adhere. The laser printer produces images with excellent letter and graphics quality. Ink-Jet Printer An ink-jet printer sprays small droplets of ink at high speed onto the surface of the paper. This process not only produces a letter-quality image but also permits printing to be done in a variety of colors.Thermal Printer: A thermal printer uses heat elements to produce images on heat-sensitive paper. Color thermal printers are not as popular because oftheir cost and the requirement of specifically treated paper. They are a more special use printer that produces near photographic output. They are widely used in professional art and design work where very high quality color is essential.Plotters: Plotters are special-purpose output devices for producing bar charts, maps, architectural drawings, and even3D diagram. Plotters can produce high-quality multicolor documents and also documents that are larger in size than most printers can handle. There are four types of plotters: pen, ink-jet, electrostatic, and direct imaging.Voice-Output Device s: Voice-output devices make sounds that resemble human speech but actually are pre-recorded vocalized sounds. Voice output is used as a reinforcement tool for learning, such as to help students study a foreign language. It is used in many supermarkets at the checkout counter to confirm purchases. Of course, one of the most powerful capabilities is to assist the physically challenged.。

有关计算机英语论文范文

有关计算机英语论文范文摘要：只要有计算机的领域，计算机英语的应用也就随之存在，我们已经身处在一个计算机时代和地方，计算机英语对于对于人类而言不可或缺的，只要这个地球存在，计算机就会永远发展下去，计算机英语也会存续下去。

关键词：计算机;英语计算机英语知识无时无刻不在我们身边，常用的办公软件Word、Powepoint、Excel是最贴近我们生活的，然而它们的应用也蕴藏着大量的计算机英语知识。

例如常见的快捷键Ctrl+N，Ctrl+C，Ctrl+A，Ctrl+s这四个快捷键中Ctrl是control的缩写，是键盘上的控制键，N、C、A、S分别是单词new、copy、all、save的缩写，它们的英语意思分别是新建、复制、全部、保存的意思，那么用在命令当中不也是这样的意思吗，可见计算机英语知识对于我们身边的办公软件使用也是大有好处的。

由于计算机已经被人们认可，它在教育界的地位也逐步升高，甚至有些人认为：“一位优秀的好老师，必须能做出新颖性的精典课件，”许多老师非常喜欢利用flash制作课件，可是当用到Action语句时，就不会了，怎么也学懂，例如：random(产生0到指定数间的随机数)，scroll(文本框中的起始滚动行)，String(将参数转换成字符串)，targetPath(返回指定实例MC的路径字符串)等等。

通过这样一个简单的例子会使我们认识到没有过硬的计算机英语知识也很难制作出引人入胜的课件。

许多计算机的操作命令都来自我们经常用到的一些英语的词汇，如果英语基础不好，对这些命令、名词、概念是无法进行理解的。

如果英语基础好对这些词也要仔细揣摩才能加以理解。

例如：DEL(删除文件命令)=Delete(删除)，CLS(清除屏幕命令)=ClearScreen(清除屏幕)，CHKDSK(检查磁盘状态命令)=CheckDisk(检查磁盘)等等。

在计算机中有一些很重要的、经常用到的术语、软件名称、略写形式的专有名词，都来源于计算机英语单词的首写字母。

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A Preliminary Analysis of the Scientiﬁc Production of Latin American Computer ScienceResearch GroupsJuan F.Delgado-Garcia,Alberto ender and Wagner Meira Jr.Computer Science Department,Federal University of Minas Gerais31270-901-Belo Horizonte-Brazil{jfdgarcia,laender,meira}@dcc.ufmg.brAbstract.In this paper,we present a preliminary analysis of the sci-entiﬁc production of Latin American Computer Science research groups.Our analysis is based on data over a period of20years collected fromDBLP,and addresses24groups from academic institutions in Argentina,Chile,Colombia,Cuba,Mexico,Peru,Uruguay and Venezuela.Our re-sults show a clear improvement in the publication output of these groupsin the last10years,particularly in Argentina,Chile and Mexico.Keywords:Latin America,Computer Science,Scientiﬁc Production,Coauthorship Analysis,Bibliometrics1IntroductionAccording to SCIMago Journal and Country Rank(JCR)1,recent years have witnessed a tremendous increase in the scientiﬁc production in Computer Sci-ence(CS)all over the world.Considering data from2002to2012,for instance,in North America(Canada and USA)the number of publications increased59.73%, in Western Europe(considering only the top-5countries,UK,Germany,France, Italy and Spain)184%,and in Latin American(also considering only the top-5 countries,Brazil,Mexico,Argentina,Chile and Colombia)319%.In other re-gions,countries like Australia,China,Korea,India and Poland have achieved ﬁgures even higher.Although SCIMago numbers reﬂect only publications that appeared in selected journals,they show that CS is a very productive research area with many active research groups spread around the world.In view of this scenario,in this paper we present a preliminary analysis of the scientiﬁc production of Latin American CS research groups.Our analysis is based on data over a period of20years collected from DBLP2,and addresses 24groups from academic institutions in Argentina,Chile,Colombia,Cuba,Mex-ico,Peru,Uruguay and Venezuela.Despite being the country in Latin America with the highest productivity in the area[4],we have not included Brazil in our analysis for two reasons.First,Brazil is by far the Latin American country 1/countryrank.php2rmatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/dbwith the largest number of CS research groups.According to a recent report from CAPES3,Brazil s Ministry of Education agency in charge of graduate programs, there are in the country69Computer Science graduate programs spread through 56academic institutions.This number of programs would make the comparison with groups from other Latin American countries unbalanced.Second,to the best of our knowledge,this is theﬁrst work that focuses on a comparisson in-volving CS research groups only from Latin American,whereas the literature includes some other studies that compare CS research groups from Brazil with those of other countries[2,3,4].Related Work.Although there are some previous works in the literature that analyze and compare the research production of several countries,here we focus on three speciﬁc ones that involve Computer Science research groups in Latin ender et.al.[2]analyzed the quality of the top Computer Science graduate programs in Brazil and found that they are comparable to programs in North America and Europe w.r.t.publication and graduation rates.In par-ticular,the study showed that the ratio between conference and journal papers in Brazilian programs,around2.5,was close to the ratio presented by European and North American programs,which ranges from2.3to2.8.Wainer et al.[4] presented a comparative study of the Brazilian CS scientiﬁc production with some Latin American(Argentina,Chile,Mexico),European,BRIC(Russia,In-dia,China),and other relevant countries such as South Korea,Australia,and USA from2001to2005.Theﬁndings show that Brazil’s scientiﬁc production is the largest in Latin America,getting close to that of European countries such as Spain and Italy,and almost the same as India and Russia.Menezes et al.[3] analyzed the characteristics of three coauthorship networks in CS communities formed,respectively,by researchers from Brazil,North America(Canada and USA)and Europe(France,Switzerland and UK).They provided several statis-tics of the three networks and performed a temporal analysis of them over a span of12years,from1994to2006.In this paper we not only focus on the overall production of the eight Latin American countries considered,but also analyze the performance of the research groups of the main institutions in each country. The rest of this paper is organized as follows.Section2describes the data gath-ered for our analysis,Section3discusses our preliminary results,and Section4 presents some conclusions and insights for future work.2Data GatheredIn this paper we base our analysis on publications from the last20years that were authored by researchers from institutions in Latin America that oﬀer grad-uate programs in Computer Science,Informatics and System Engineering[1].In particular,we consider the following institutions:3.br/relatorios-de-avaliacao–Argentina:Universidad de Buenos Aires(UBA),Universidad Nacional de la Plata(UNLP),Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires(UNICEN)and Universidad Nacional del Sur(UNS).–Chile:Pontiﬁcia Universidad Cat´o lica de Chile(PUC-Chile),Universidad de Chile(UCHILE)and Universidad de Concepci´o n(UDEC).–Colombia:Universidad ICESI(ICESI),Pontiﬁcia Universidad Javeriana-Cali(PUJ-Cali),Universidad de los Andes(ANDES),Universidad del Valle (UNIVALLE)and Universidad Nacional de Colombia(UNAL).–Cuba:Universidad de La Habana(UH),Universidad de las Ciencias In-form´a ticas(UCI)and Universidad de Oriente(UO).–Mexico:Centro de Investigaci´o n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit´e cnico Nacional(CINVESTAV),Instituto Tecnol´o gico y de Estudios Su-periores de Monterrey(ITESM),Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mex-ico(UAEMEX)and Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico(UNAM).–Peru:Universidad Cat´o lica San Pablo(USCP).–Uruguay:Universidad de la Republica(UDELAR).–Venezuela:Universidad Central de Venezuela(UCV),Universidad de Cara-bobo(UC)and Universidad Sim´o n Bol´ıvar(USB).The data gathering process consisted of three major steps.In theﬁrst step,we identiﬁed the researchers,i.e.,faculty,from each institution of interest.In the second step,we collected data from the DBLP entry of each identiﬁed researcher. Finally,we parsed the resulting XMLﬁles and populated a relational database with6126publications(conference papers and journal articles)spread over1643 publication venues.The data analyzed in this paper reﬂects the DBLP repository on March27,2014.3ResultsIn this section we present some results of our analysis.Table1summarizes the publication statistics of each research group by country from1994to2013.The publication rate of each institutionλi is given by Equation1λi= 2013y=1994P iyR iy20(1)where P iy is the total number of publications from institution i in year y,and R iy is the total number of researchers aﬃliated to institution i in year y.The overall mean¯X c of the scientiﬁc production per country was calculated according to Equation2¯X c =i∈U cλi|U c|(2)where U c is the set of institutions from country c.As we can see from Table1,the overall mean of the scientiﬁc production per country is2.59for Argentina,3.18for Chile,1.02for Colombia,0.92for Cuba,2.28for Mexico,0.87for Peru,1.41for Uruguay and1.58for Venezuela.These numbers show a clear predominance of the research groups in Argentina,Chile and Mexico,with an average of more than two publications per year over the20-year time period.Moreover,these groups contribute with,respectively,28.80%, 28.72%and25.30%of the overall production of the24institutions considered. They are also the groups associated with graduate programs that are more than 10years old and have a more consolidated structure with the majority of the faculty members holding a PhD degree.A second group of countries comprises Colombia,Venezuela and Uruguay with an average publication rate by year be-tween1.0and1.58.Finally,we have Cuba with an average of0.92publication by year and Peru,with a young graduate program at the Universidad Cat´o lica de San Pablo,showing an average of0.87publication by year.Country Institution#of Pub.Pub.Rateλi Overall Mean¯X cArgentina UBA888 2.212.59 UNLP492 2.76UNICEN385 2.84UNS336 2.55Chile PUC-Chile408 2.513.18 UCHILE1530 5.49UDEC155 1.53Colombia ICESI360.751.02 PUJ-Cali38 1.36ANDES73 1.10UNIVALLE290.66UNAL204 1.23Cuba UH380.720.92 UCI270.69UO127 1.35Mexico CINVESTAV655 3.792.28 ITESM179 1.66UAMEX310.94UNAM979 2.73Peru UCSP350.870.87 Uruguay UDELAR286 1.41 1.41Venezuela UCV221 1.561.58 UC440.97USB285 2.21Table1:Production of the research groups in the period1994-2013.We also observed that the average number of coauthors during the period between1994and2013is2.26for journal articles and2.41for conference papers, which shows that Latin American CS groups follow a coathorship pattern similar to North American and European ones[2].It is also worth mentioning that the Latin American groups publish more in conferences than in journals following again a similar pattern of many groups in North America,Europe and Brazil[2]. We can also analyze in more detail the temporal evolution of the region scientiﬁc20406080P u b l i c a t i o n sFig.1:Average number of publications per country over time.production in Figure 1,which shows the average number of publications per country over time.Notice that there has been an increase w.r.t.publications in all countries,in particular Chile,which presented the largest increase,followed by Argentina and Mexico,where we observe a consistent increase from 1998to 2008(probably as a consequence of the Internet access and availability of scientiﬁc works on the Web).Fig.2:LACompNet -Latin American Computer Science Network.4Finally,we present an analysis of the research networks originated from the coauthorships (see Figure 2)and discuss how they evolved over time.Here,we deﬁne a research network as a group of authors who have published together at least ﬁve papers in a decade.We determined research networks by mining maximal sets of authors,that is,the largest set of authors whose subsets are also signiﬁcant in terms of number of publications [5].Table 2shows both the number of groups and their average size per country and decade.We can see that all countries presented an increase w.r.t both indicators.The increase in the number of groups demonstrate that there is an increasing research density 4http://tortuga.lbd.dcc.ufmg.br/LACompNetin the region,while the increase in the average size of the groups shows that researchers are cooperating more and there is a growing critical mass in the CS area.Country1994-20032004-2013Total Groups Avg Size Groups Avg SizeArgentina35 2.57160 3.04195Chile19 2.53137 2.70156Colombia00.0030 2.4330Cuba2 2.5012 3.8314Mexico25 2.48101 2.79126Uruguay4 2.2525 2.9629Venezuela7 2.4333 2.6440Table2:Group analysis by country.4Conclusions and Future WorkIn this paper,we assessed the CS scientiﬁc production in Latin American,iden-tifying research groups in each country.A temporal study was also performed, using a period of20years,from1994to2013.We have compared the production among some research groups from eight countries in Latin American,and found a fast increase in publications from some of them,possibly due to cooperation work with groups of North America and Europe,spoted when analizing the re-search groups.We also found other groups that were structured through oﬀering of Master(MSc)and Doctorate(PhD)programs.As future work we would like to explore how these groups are formed through their coauthorship networks.In addition,we plan to use other sources of bibliographic information for exploring coauthorship networks in more detail.Acknowledgments.This work is partially funded by CAPES,CNPq,FAPEMIG and InWeb,Brazil.References1.Cuadros-Vargas,E.,Silva-Sprock,A.,Delgado-Castillo,D.,Hernandez-Bieliukas,Y.,Collazos,C.Evolution of the Computing Curricula for Computer Science in Latin America.Proc.of CLEI,pp.1-10,2013ender,A.H.F.,Lucena,C.J.P.,Maldonado,J.C.,Souza e Silva,E.,Ziviani,N.Assessing the research and education quality of the top Brazilian Computer Science graduate programs.ACM SIGCSE Bulletin,40(2):135-145,2008.3.Menezes,G.V.,Ziviani,N.,Laender,A.H.F.,Almeida,V.F.A.A Geographical Anal-ysis of Knowledge Production in Computer Science.Proc.of WWW,pp.1041-1050, 2009.4.Wainer,J.,Xavier,E.C.,Bezerra,F.Scientiﬁc production in computer science:Acomparative study of Brazil and other countries.Scientom.,81(2):535-547,2009. 5.Zaki,M.,Meira Jr.,W.Data Mining and Analysis:Fundamental Concepts andAlgorithms,Cambridge,2014.。