新王牌补习班闸北暑假集合与命题(高一)
(完整word版)静安闸北高中英语暑假补习班

静安新王牌高中英语Section AMaddie and her mother, Stephanie, thought the screams for help were just Boy Scouts (童子军) messing around. But then they saw the scene: the boy scouts surrounding a hiker who (21) _________(take) a scary six-meter drop in an area near the Hoover Dam, a fall that left his right arm with a bone (22) _________(stick) out. The mother and the daughter (23) _________ (suppose) to be having a fun-filled weekend to celebrate Maddie’s 17th birthday. But the trip turned into an emergency life-saving adventure. Maddie and her mother were nearly a kilometer into their 18-kilometer river trip in Black Canyon when they pulled onto some sand. The boy scouts, (24) _________ had called 911, had tied a loose bandage around the hiker’s broken arm to stop the bleeding.Maddie knew another bandage was needed and thought of her lifeguard training. She asked (25) _________ anyone had a pen or a stick, and someone picked up a branch. She turned the bandage, careful not to hit the bone (26) _________ it stopped most of the bleeding.The girl grew up doing junior guards and had recently taken a first-aid class as part of her training (27) ________ (become) a lifeguard with California State Parks at Crystal Cove. “I’m happy these trainings are so useful” she said. “(28) ________them, this guy probably would have died. This is something I will never forget. I’ve been considering my college and future career choices and now really feels like that the emergency medical field is (29) ________ I would enjoy.”It’s not the first time Maddie has quickly jumped into action when (30) _________ (need). In 2015 when she was just 15 during the Surf City Marathon, she was near a man who dropped at mile 26. She pulled him out of the road and treated him for shock until paramedics (医务人员) arrived.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be usedGood news for giant panda lovers: the cute and cuddly creature has just been brought back from the edge of extinction.The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) __31__the species from “endangered” to “vulnerable” as the union released its updated Red List on Sept. 4 at Hawaii with their __32__ growing by 17 percent in the decade leading up to 2014.Chinese conservation efforts, including forest protection and reforestation, are considered to be the __33__ force behind the animal’s re-prosperity. The number of panda __34__ in China has also jumped to 67, from 13 in 1992. Nearly two-thirds of all wild pandas live there. Restoring the panda’s habitat has given them back their space with food available to them.Apart from giant pandas, the Tibetan Antelope has also moved from “endangered” to “near threatened”. According to a statement from IUCN, the animal’s nu mbers have shrunk severely –dropping from around 1 million to a(n) __35__ 65,000–72,500 in the 1980s and early 1990s – due to commercial poaching (偷猎). Rigorous protection has since been __36__ to protect the beasts and the population is now likely to be between 100,000 and 150,000.Despite the improved __37__, wild animals like the giant panda and the Tibetan Antelope still face great challenges. The IUCN warned, for example, that ongoing threats from climate change could eliminate more than 35 percent of the panda’s bamboo habitat in the next 80 years, which would __38__ the species recent gains.Good progress has been made but there is still work to do. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is devoted to __39__ species from around the world and their statuses in relation to their risk of extinction. The list currently has eight categories, including extinct, extinct in the wild, __40__ endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, least concern and data deficient. These categories are based on criteria relating to population trends, size and structure, and geographic range.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.How to help your kids find a purpose? You don’t have to start with the really big questions. “Quick, what’s the meaning of life?” Many of us may not be able to answer that, but that doesn’t __41__ our kids don’t have questions or need answers.“The sense that your personal life is __42__ to you is a basis of psychological well-being,” says Michael F. Steger, director of the laboratory for Meaning and Quality of Life at Colorado State University. Not only that, it is tightly tied to being happier, more positive, more __43__, more caring, more helpful, more resilient (坚韧),and more satisfied in your life, relationships, and work.But helping your kids find meaning doesn’t mean parents have to __44__ all life’s ancie nt mysteries, Steger says. The __45__ is to understand the difference between the meaning of life and the meaning in life.“We do not have to start with the biggest and most troubling questions about our lives,” Steger says. “We can start with trying to __46__ how, today, right now, we are going to do one thing that makes the story of our lives more positive, or makes a positive difference to someone else.”With kids in __47__ school, Steger says, “At the most basic level, our best hopes for our children ar e that they feel their lives matter and that they __48__.” To start conversations along those lines, says Steger, “You can ask questions about what they think their best __49__ or strengths are, whether they have good relationships with other people, whether they care about others. You can ask them about times when they have made a difference, made someone feel better, felt __50__ for doing something, or helped someone out. All of these kinds of questions can start a conversation about your kid’s __51__ way of being in and contributing to the world.”In middle school, says Steger, “Kids are being exposed to ideas, behaviors, assumptions, and priorities that might be __52__ different from the ones they have always assumed were true.” So for kids this age, par ents can start conversations focusing on how your children’s sense of who they are, how they related to others and what life is has been __53__.By high school, according to Steger, “We hope our children see how much their lives matter, see that they are at the beginning of an exciting and strengthening life story, and have some slight ideas about __54__.” But the question of what you want to do with your life is too big for a single conversation, says Steger. Instead, he encourages parents to have __55__, smaller conversationswith their kids about how they view themselves and their lives, and what kind of impact they would like to make.41. A. intend B. mean C. remain D. hope42. A. significant B. decisive C. meaningful D. useful43. A. confident B. cautious C. intelligent D. special44. A. discover B. present C. memorize D. solve45. A. trick B. occupation C. address D. promise46. A. look for B. pick up C. deal with D. figure out47. A. junior B. advanced C. elementary D. senior48. A. make a difference B. spare no effort C. take the initiative D. make a living49. A. specialties B. qualities C. features D. performances50. A. appreciated B. prepared C. understood D. well-known51. A. apparent B. smart C. unique D. appropriate52. A. generally B. eventually C. impossibly D. completely53. A. improving B. strengthening C. appearing D. changing54. A. truth B. purpose C. positivity D. contribution55. A. permanent B. long-lasting C. frequent D. occasionalSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.(A)Researchers have developed a method to activate electronic implants in the body and eliminate bacterial infections using a wireless signal. When triggered by remote technology, the device delivers heat to infected tissue. And it could lead to technologies that enable drugs and treatment to be delivered to patients at the press of a button.The technology was developed by researchers at Tufts University in Massachusetts and the University of Illinois. Mice were given electronic implants that, when a signal was sent, heated up to treat tissue that was infected with staphylococcus, which can cause life-threatening infections of the blood. Tissues collected from the mice 24 hours after treatment showed no sign of the infection, while the device dissolved in 15 days, proving it can not only treat infections but also be disposed of easily.The research, which also eliminated E. coli bacteria, was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Each device, made of silk and magnesium (镁元素), harmlessly dissolved in the animals after the tests. The heating device in the implants has a resistor and power-receiving coil made of magnesium, and the magnesium is wrapped in ‘packet’ of silk, keeping it safe and controlling its dissolution time. The ability of the device to dissolve is important, as it means such implants would not need to be removed. Implantable medical devices normally use non-degradable materials that have limited operational lifetimes and must eventually be removed or replaced. But these new wireless therapy devices can handle the surgical process, and can then dissolve in minutes or weeks, depending on the time needed.“This is an important demonstration step forward for the development of on-demand medical devices that can be turned on remotely to perform a therapeutic function in a patient and thensafely disappear after their use, requiring no retrieval,” said senior author Fiorenzo Omenetto, professor of biomedical engineering at Tufts School of Engineering. “These wirel ess strategies could help manage post-surgical infection, for example, or pave the way for eventual Wi-Fi drug delivery.”56. What is special function about the new discovery?A. It can favourably be used while-treatment stage of a disease.B. The device has offered drugs at the press of a button.C. Implantable devices often use materials that have limited operational lifetimes.D. The implant can be controlled to treat infection and will dissolve later in the body.57. Staphylococcus is most probably ______________.A. a virus which can cost a person his lifeB. a therapy which can make a person’s life longerC. a device which can cure a person’s diseaseD. a process which can lead to the infection of a virus58. We can infer from the passage that ______________.A. Wi-Fi promises a new way of treatmentB. research brings about new discoveriesC. technology offers new opportunitiesD. medicine requires persistent efforts(B)Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are shared among buyers. The price system of the United States is a very complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad(无数) of services, including labor, professional transportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationship of all those prices makes up the “system” of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of arbitrarily individuals to define “price”, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction (交易). This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount but the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, and the credit terms and discounts that supply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that make up of the total “package” being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.59. According to the passage, the price system is related primarily to ______________.A. labor and educationB. transportation and insuranceC. utilities and repairsD. products and services60. All the following are the factors in the complete understanding of price except ____________.A. instructions that come with a productB. the quantity of a productC. the quality of a productD. guarantees that cover a product61. In the last line of the passage, the word “they” refers to ______________.A. return privilegesB. guarantees on the product or serviceC. buyer and sellerD. delivery and credit terms62. The paragraph following this passage will most likely discuss ______________.A. unusual ways to evaluate prices of productsB. types of payment plans for product and serviceC. theories about how products affect different levels of societyD. how certain elements of price “package” influence its market value(C)There will eventually come a day when the New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future,” the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia(怀旧) for ink on paper, there are plenty of reasons to abandon print. The infrastructure (基础设施) required to make a physical newspaper –printing presses, delivery trucks –isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial restrictions. Readers are migrating away from print anyway. And though print ad sales still overshadow their online and mobile counterparts, revenue (收入) from print is still declining.Cost may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its print edition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Jonah Peretti.Peretti says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way. “Figuring out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense for them,” he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loy al customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example of Netflix discontinuing its DVD-mailing service to focus on streaming(流媒体). “It was seen as a mistake,” he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. “If I were in charge at the Times, I wouldn’t pick a year to end print,” Peretti said “I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favour, the idea goes, and they’d feel like that they were helping maintain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like that you were helping,” Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate a dditional revenue.” In other words, if you’re going to print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it, which may be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs nearly $500 a year – more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,” Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive.”63. The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to ______________.A. the high cost of operationB. the pressure from its investorsC. the complaints from its readersD. the increasing online ad sales64. Peretti suggests that in face of the present situation the Times should ______________.A. seek new sources of readershipB. end the print edition for goodC. aim for efficient managementD. make strategic adjustments65. Peretti believes that in a changing world ______________.A. legacy businesses are becoming outdatedB. cautiousness helps problem-solvingC. traditional luxuries can stay unaffectedD. aggressiveness better meets challenges66. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?A. Shift to Online Newspapers All At Once.B. Cherish the Newspapers Still in Your Hand.C. Make Your Print Newspapers a Luxury Good.D. Keep Y our Newspapers Forever in Fashion.Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.It is found that American students spend less than 15% of their time in school. 67 _________.A study published earlier this month by researchers at North Carolina State University, for example, finds that parental involvement –checking homework, attending school meetings and events, discussing school activities at home –has a more powerful influence on students’ academic performance than anything about the school the students attend. Another study, published in the Review of Economics and Statistics, reports that the effort put forth by parents reading stories aloud has a bigger impact on their children’s educaional achievement than the effort devoted by either teachers or the students themselves. And a third study concludes that schools would have to increase their spending by more than $1,000 per pupil in order to achieve the same results that are gained with parental involvement.68 _________. But it is also revealed in researches that parents, of all backgrounds, don’t need to buy expensive educational toys or digital devices for their kids in order to give them an advantage. They don’t need to drive their offspring to enrichment classes or test-preparation courses. What they need to do with their children is much simpler: talk.But not just any talk. 69 _________. For example, a study conducted by researchers at the UCLA School of Public Health and published in the journal Pediatrics found that two-way adult-child conversations were six times as powerful in promoting language development as the ones in which the adult did all the talking. Engaging in this reciprocal (双向的) back-and-forth gives children a chance to try out language for themselves, and also gives them the sense that their thought and opinions matter.The content of parents’ conversations with kids matters, too. Children who hear talk aboutcounting and numbers at home start school with much more extensive mathematical knowledge, report researchers from the University of Chicago. While the conversations parents have with their children change as kids grow older, the effect of these exchanges on academic achievement remains strong. Research finds that parents play an important role in what is called “academic socialization”– setting expectations and making connections between current behavior and future goals. 70 _________.V. Translation72. 任何为实现梦想而付诸行动的人都应受到尊敬。
闸北高中补习班秋季新王牌高考冲刺补习班模拟考试数学试卷

上海市高考模拟考试数学试卷一、填空题(本大题满分48分)1.12lim 22+∞→n P n n = .2.函数a x y +=2的反函数是1-=bx y ,则b a += .3.31=αtg ,则=-αα44cos sin .4.6)31(xx -的展开式中的常数项为 . 5.棱长为1的正三棱柱111C B A ABC -中,异面直线1AB 与BC 所成角的大小为 .6.圆)cos (sin 2θθρ+=的圆心的极坐标为 .7.若函数f (x ) =⎩⎨⎧+≥)<,(),(4)3(42x x f x x ,则f (log 23)= .8.若x 是y 21+与y 21-的等比中项,则xy 的最大值为 .9.已知两根的平方和为2的实系数方程20x bx c ++=,与平面直角坐标系上的点(),P b c b +对应,则点P 的轨迹方程为 . 10.如图所示,某城镇由6条东西方向的街道和6条南北方向的街道组成,其中有一个池塘,街道在此变成一个菱形的 环池大道.现要从城镇的A 处走到B 处,使所走的路程最短, 最多可以有 种不同的走法. 11.记52151a a a ai i+++=∑= ,若47.41=a ,51.42=a ,61.43=a65.44=a ,76.45=a .则2351=∑=i ia .另有正整数)51(≤≤i A i的和仍是23,若以iA 来估计i a ,则“误差和”∑=-51||i iia A 的最小值为 .12.问题:过点()1,2M 作一斜率为1的直线交抛物线()022>=p px y 于不同的两点B A ,,且点M 为AB 的中点,求p 的值.请阅读某同学的问题解答过程:解:设()()2211,,,y x B y x A ,则2221212,2px y px y ==,两式相减,得()()()2121212x x p y y y y -=+-.又12121=--=x x y y k AB ,221=+y y ,因此1=p .并给出当点M 的坐标改为()()0,2>m m 时,你认为正确的结论:AB二、选择题(本大题满分16分)13.函数y = log a x 和y = (1-a )x+a 的图象只可能是………………………………………( )A .B .C .D .14.等差数列{a n }的前n 项和为S n ,若S 15为一确定常数,下列各式也为确定常数的是……( )A .a 2 + a 13B .a 2·a 13C .a 1 +8a +a 15D .a 1·a 8·a 1515.函数n m x x x f ++=|arcsin |)(为奇函数的充要条件是……………………………( )A .022=+n mB .0=+n mC .n m =D .0=mn16.已知集合}C ,R ,,02)i ()i ({∈∈=+-++=z b a z b a z b a z A ,C},1{∈==z z z B ,若AB =∅,则下列说法中错误的是………………………………………………( )A .b a ,都不大于1B .b a ,至多一个大于1C .b a ,至少一个小于1D .b a ,不都小于1三、解答题(本大题满分86分)本大题共有6题, 17.(本题满分12分,第(1)题6分、第(2)题6分)棱长为2的正方体1111ABCD A B C D -中,点P 是棱的CC 1中点.(1)求直线AP 与平面11BCC B 所成的角的大小(结果用反三角函数值表示);(2)求四面体ACPD 1的体积. 18.(本题满分12分,第(1)题6分、第(2)题6分)三角形的三内角,,A B C 所对边的长分别为,,a b c ,设向量),(a b a c m --=,),(c b a n +=, 若n m //.(1)求角B 的大小; (2)求sin sin A C +的取值范围.B 1PA CDA 1C 1D 1B19.(本题满分14分,第(1)题5分、第(2)题9分)一场特大暴风雪严重损坏了某铁路干线供电设备,抗灾指挥部决定在24小时内完成抢险工程.经测算,工程需要15辆车同时作业24小时才能完成,现有21辆车可供指挥部调配.(1)若同时投入使用,需要多长时间能够完成工程?(精确到0.1小时)(2)现只有一辆车可以立即投入施工,其余20辆车需要从各处紧急抽调,每隔40分钟有一辆车可以到达并投入施工,问:24小时内能否完成抢险工程?说明理由. [解]: 20.(本题满分14分,第(1)题6分、第(2)题8分)已知函数f (x ) =bx ax ++(a 、b 为常数). (1)若1=b ,解不等式0)1(>-x f ;(2)当x ∈[1-,2]时,f (x )的值域为 [45,2],求a 、b 的值.21.(本题满分16分,第(1)题4分、第(2)题6分、第(3)题6分)已知等差数列{}n x ,n S 是{}n x 的前n 项和,且34,5553=+=x S x . (1)求{}n x 的通项公式;(2)判别方程n n n n S x x x =++1cos sin 2是否有解,说明理由;(3)设nn a ⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=31,n T 是{}n a 的前n 项和,是否存在正数λ,对任意正整数k n ,,使22n λλ<-k x T 恒成立?若存在,求λ的取值范围;若不存在,说明理由. 22.(本题满分18分,第(1)题4分、第(2)题6分、第(3)题8分)已知二次曲线C k 的方程:22194x y k k+=--. (1)分别求出方程表示椭圆和双曲线的条件;(2)若双曲线C k 与直线1y x =+有公共点且实轴最长,求双曲线方程;(3)m 、n 为正整数,且m <n ,是否存在两条曲线C m 、C n ,其交点P 与点)0,5(1-F ,)0,5(2F 满足021=⋅PF PF ?若存在,求m 、n 的值;若不存在,说明理由.。
黄浦新王牌 暑假前瞻预习辅导班 高一数学讲义 顾WF老师

高一数学 顾 WF
第 1 讲 集合及其表示法,集合之间的关系
课题 1.1 集合及其表示法 1. 知识技能:理解集合、空集的意义;能正确使用符号“ , ” 教学 目标 2. 过程方法:掌握集合的表示方法 3.情感态度:培养数学语言表达能力 教学重点:集合的概念、集合的表示方法 教学难点:描述法表示集合 教学过程: 教学内容 一、 集合概念的描述
高一数学 顾 WF
课题 教学 目标
1.2 集合之间的关系 1.知识技能:理解子集、真子集、集合相等的概念 2.过程方法:能正确使用集合与集合关系的数学符号 3.情感态度:培养学生的逻辑思维能力
教学重点:子集、真子集、集合相等的概念 教学难点:判断集合之间的关系 教学过程: 教学内容
高一数学 顾 WF
一、
子集
A:某中学高一年级全体男生组成的集合。 B:某中学高一年级全体学生组成的集合。 显然,集合 A 中任何元素都属于集合 B。 1、对于两个集合 A 和 B,如果集合 A 中的任意元素都属于集合 B, 那么集合 A 叫做集合 B 的子集,记作 A B或B A, 读作“A 包含于 B”或“B 包含 A”. 注: (1)要判定 A B , 只要判定 A 中的任一元素都是 B 中的元素, 即:任取 x A ,有 x B ,则称 A 是 B 的子集 (3)集合 A 中的元素个数≤集合 B 中的元素个数 (2)集合 A 是 B 中的 1 个、2 个„某些元素所组成的 (4) A A 规定:空集是任何集合的子集。 2、文氏图:用平面区域来表示集合之间的关系的方法叫做集合的 图示法,所用图叫作文氏图。
o o
高一数学 顾 WF
合?(是) 集合的元素具有: (1)确定性——任何一个对象要么是给定集合的元素,要么不 是这个集合的元素,二者必居其一。 (2)互异性——对于一个给定的集合,集合中的元素是各不相 同的,即集合中的元素不重复出现。 (3)无序性——集合中的元素没有顺序性。 3、含有有限个元素的集合叫做有限集。如(1) (4) 含有无限个元素的集合叫做无限集。如(2) (3) (5) 不含有任何元素的集合叫做空集,记做 (请学生举一些有限集与无限集的例子) 4、数的集合简称数集。 自然数集 N,不包括零的自然数组成的集合 N
浦东新王牌暑假班高一数学暑假班晋s老师命题的形式及等价关系

1.4命题的形式及等价关系 教学目标::1.理解四种命题之间的相互关系,能由原命题写出其他三种形式;2.知道推出关系的概念,理解一个命题的真假与其他三个命题真假间的关系;3.掌握等价关系的概念,初步掌握反证法。
4.理解充分、必要条件的概念;5.掌握充分、必要条件的判断方法。
6.掌握集合的包含关系和推出关系、充分必要条件之间的联系。
教学内容:1、命题:能够判断对错的语句。
真命题:判断为正确的命题。
假命题:判断为错误的命题。
通常可以化简为:,αβ若则的形式。
2、推出关系:一般地,如果α这件事成立可以推出β这件事也成立,那么就说由α可以推出β,并用记号α⇒β表示,读作“α推出β”。
换言之,α⇒β表示以α为条件,β为结论的命题是真命题。
3、传递性:α⇒β,β⇒γ,则α⇒γ4、命题的四种形式:如果把命题:,αβ若则称为原命题;则我们把命题:,βα若则,称为原命题的逆命题,简称逆命题。
命题:,αβ若则称为原命题的否命题,简称否命题。
命题:,βα若则成为原命题的逆否命题,简称逆否命题。
其中αβ和分别是αβ和的否定形式。
5、充分条件:一般地,用α、β分别表示两件事,如果α成立,可以推出β也成立,即α⇒β,那么α叫做β的充分条件。
[说明]:①可以解释为:为了使β成立,具备条件α就足够了;②可进一步解释为:有它即行,无它也未必不行;③结合实例解释为:x = 0 是xy = 0 的充分条件,xy = 0不一定要 x = 0.6、必要条件:如果β⇒α,那么α叫做β的必要条件。
[说明]:①可以解释为若β⇒α,则α叫做β的必要条件,β是α的充分条件;②无它不行,有它也不一定行;③结合实例解释为:如 xy = 0是x = 0的必要条件,若xy ≠0,则一定有 x≠0;若xy = 0也不一定有 x = 0。
注:根据子集的定义,我们可以发现,将符合具有性质α的元素的集合记为A ,将符合具有性质β元素的集合记为B ,若A B ⊆,则αβ⇒,即αβ是的充分条件;反之,若αβ⇒,则A B ⊆,也即αβ若是的充分条件,则由满足条件α的元素组成的集合是由满足条件β的元素组成的集合的子集。
黄浦新王牌 暑假前瞻预习辅导班 高一数学讲义 方Y老师

第一讲 集合的概念及表示方Y 老师内容概要一、集合的有关概念 1、集合的概念我们常常把一些对象放在一起考察,如: (1)2010年南非世界杯参赛队员的全体; (2)港澳台来上海为世博服务的志愿者的全体; (3)建平中学2014届高三毕业生的全体; (4)所有的锐角三角形。
我们把一些确定对象组成的整体叫做集合,简称集。
集合中的各个对象叫集合的元素。
我们常用大写字母A 、B 、C 、 等表示集合,小写字母a 、b 、c 、 等表示元素。
如果a 是集合A 的元素,记为A a ∈,否则记为A a ∉。
2、集合中集合元素的特性(1)确定性:集合的元素是确定的,我们可以判定任何一个对象是不是这个集合的元素,A a ∈与A a ∉二者必居其一。
(2)无顺序性:集合元素的摆放不管顺序。
如{}21,和{}12,表示同一集合。
(3)无重复性:集合中的元素不重复出现,其中的任何两个元素都不相同。
3、集合的分类我们把含有有限个元素的集合叫有限集,含有无限个元素的集合叫无限集。
不含任何元素的集合叫空集,空集用φ表示。
二、集合的表示方法(1)列举法:将集合的元素一一列举出来,放在大括号内。
如{}3,2;(2)描述法:形如(){}x f x |表示集合,其中x 是集合元素的一般形式,()x f 是x 满足的性质。
如{}2|>x x ;(3)图示法:在有些场合我们常用图像表示集合。
(4)符号法:如空集用φ表示。
常用数集的字母表示:实数集—R ,有理数集—Q ,整数集—Z ,自然数集—N ,正整数集*N ,+R 、-R 分别表示正实数集和负实数集等等。
题型示例例1.用适当方法表示下列集合(1)方程0652=+-x x 的解的集合;(2)第一象限内点的集合;(3)被3除余数为1的自然数的集合;(4)二次函数28x y -=的图像上,满足N x ∈且N y ∈的点的集合; (5)满足Z x∈-36且Z x ∈的实数x 的集合。
闸北高中补习班 秋季新王牌 高考冲刺补习 排列组合二项式

例1.电视台在“欢乐今宵”节目中拿出两个信箱,其中存放着先后两次竞猜中成绩优秀的观众来信,甲信箱中有30封,乙信箱中有20封.现由主持人抽奖确定幸运观众,若先确定一名幸运之星,再从两信箱中各确定一名幸运伙伴,有多少种不同的结果?例2. 从集合{1,2,3,…,10}中,选出由5个数组成的子集,使得这5个数中的任何两个数的和不等于11,这样的子集共有多少个?例3某城市在中心广场建造一个花圃,花圃分为6个部分(如下图).现要栽种4种不同颜色的花,每部分栽种一种且相邻部分不能栽种同样颜色的花,不同的栽种方法有_____________种.(以数字作答)123456例4 关于正整数2160,求:(1)它有多少个不同的正因数?(2)它的所有正因数的和是多少例5球台上有4个黄球,6个红球,击黄球入袋记2分,击红球入袋记1分,欲将此十球中的4球击入袋中,但总分不低于5分,击球方法有几种?例6. 一条铁路原有m个车站,为适应客运需要,新增加n(n≥1,n∈N*)个车站,因而增加了58种车票(起迄站相同的车票视为相同的车票),问原来这条铁路有几个车站?现在又有几个车站?例7从数字0、1、3、5、7中取出不同的三个作系数,可组成多少个不同的一元二次方程ax2+bx+c=0?其中有实数根的有几个?例8从0,1,2,3,4中取出不同的3个数字组成一个三位数,所有这些三位数的个位数字的和是多少?课堂练习:1.从正方体的6个面中选取3个面,其中有2个面不相邻的选法共有A.8种B.12种C.16种D.20种2.某城市的电话号码,由六位升七位(首位数字不为零),则该城市可增加的电话部数是3.72的正约数(包括1和72)共有__________个.4.从-1,0,1,2这四个数中选三个不同的数作为函数f(x)=ax2+bx+c的系数,可组成不同的二次函数共有____________个,其中不同的偶函数共有_____________个.(用数字作答)5.把4名男生和4名女生排成一排,女生要排在一起,不同排法的种数为A.P88B P55P44C.P44P44D.P586.若2n个学生排成一排的排法数为x,这2n个学生排成前后两排,每排各n个学生的排法数为y,则x、y的关系为 A.x>y B.x<y C.x=yD.x=2y7.若S=P11+P 22+P33+P44+…+P100100,则S的个位数字是A.8B.5C.3D.08.从0,1,2,3,4,5中任取3个数字,组成没有重复数字的三位数,其中能被5整除的三位数共有_____________个.(用数字作答)9.若直线Ax+By=0的系数A、B可以从{0,2,3,4,5,6}中取不同的值.这些方程表示不同直线的条数是_____________.1.某班新年联欢会原定的6个节目已排成节目单,开演前又增加了3个新节目,如果将这3个节目插入节目单中,那么不同的插法种数为A.504B.210C.336D.1202.从1到10的正整数中,任意抽取两个相加,所得和为奇数的不同情形有__________种.3.3个点作为一组,其中可构成三角形的组数是B.204C.200D.1964.4棵柳树和4棵杨树栽成一行,柳树、杨树逐一相间的栽法有_____________种.5.某餐厅供应客饭,每位顾客可以在餐厅提供的菜肴中任选2菜2素共4种不同的品种.现在餐厅准备了5种不同的荤菜,若要保证每位顾客有200种以上的不同选择,则餐厅至少还需要不同的素菜品种_____________种.(结果用数值表示)6.如图,一个地区分为5个行政区域,现给地图着色,要求相邻区域不得使用同一颜色.现有4种颜色可供选择,则不同的着色方法共有_____________种.(以数字作答)①②③④⑤ 7.设有编号为1,2,3,4,5的五个球和编号为1,2,3,4,5的五个盒子.现将这五个球投放入这五个盒子内,要求每个盒子内投放一球,并且恰好有两个球的编号与盒子的编号相同,则这样的投放方法有多少种?8.五名学生报名参加四项体育比赛,每人限报一项,报名方法的种数为多少?又他们争夺这四项比赛的冠军,获得冠军的可能性有多少种?9.5名成人带两个小孩排队上山,小孩不排在一起也不排在头尾,则不同的排法种数有A.P 55·P 24种B.P 55·P 25种C.P 55·P 26种D.P 77-4P 66种10.在由数字1,2,3,4,5组成的所有没有重复数字的5位数中,大于23145且小于43521的数共有_____________.11.三个人坐在一排八个座位上,若每人的两边都要有空位,则不同的坐法种数为__________.12.在所有无重复数字的四位数中,千位上的数字比个位上的数字大2的数共有_______个.13.用数字0、1、2、3、4、5组成没有重复数字的四位数,(1)可组成多少个不同的四位数?(2)可组成多少个四位偶数?(3)将(1)中的四位数按从小到大的顺序排成一数列,问第85项是什么?14.甲、乙、丙、丁、戊5名同学进行某种劳动技术比赛,决出了第1到第5名的名次.甲、乙两名参赛者去询问成绩,回答者对甲说:“很遗憾,你和乙都未拿到冠军.”对乙说:“你当然不会是最差的.”从这个回答分析,5人的名次排列共可能有多少种不同的情况?(用数字作答)15.用0、1、2、3、4、5这六个数字组成无重复数字的六位数,其中个位数字小于十位数字的六位数的个数是多少个?16.用1,2,3,4,5排成一个数字不重复的五位数a 1a 2a 3a 4a 5,满足a 1<a 2,a 2>a 3,a 3<a 4,a 4>a 5的五位数有多少个?17.用0,1,2,3,4,5六个数字组成无重复数字的五位数,求比20314大的数的个数..18.8个人站成一排,其中A 、B 、C 互不相邻且D 、E 也互不相邻的排法有多少种?例1 某外语组有9人,每人至少会英语和日语中的一门,其中7人会英语,3人会日语,从中选取会英语和日语的各一人,有多少种不同的选法?例2 设集合A ={1,2,3,…,10},(1)设A 的3个元素的子集的个数为n ,求n 的值;(2)设A 的3个元素的子集中,3个元素的和分别为a 1,a 2,…,a n ,求a 1+a 2+a 3+…+a n 的值.例3 从1,2,…,30这30个自然数中,每次取不同的三个数,使这三个数的和是3的倍数的取法有多少种?例4.用0,1,2,3,4,5这六个数字可以组成没有重复数字的能被25整除的四位数多少个?例5 如图,从一个3×4的方格中的一个顶点A 到对顶顶点B 的最短路线有几条?AB课堂练习:1.从4台甲型电脑和5台乙型电脑中任取3台,其中两种电脑都要取,则不同的取法种数是A.140B.84C.70D.352.从长度分别为1、2、3、4、5的五条线段中,任取三条的不同取法共有n 种.在这些取法中,以取出的三条线段为边可组成的钝角三角形的个数为m ,则nm 等于 3.已知{1,2}⊆X ⊆{1,2,3,4,5},满足这个关系式的集合X 共有_____________个.A.2B.6C.4D.84.将一个四棱锥的每个顶点染上一种颜色,并使同一条棱的两端异色.若只有五种颜色可供使用,则不同的染色方法种数为_____________.5.某校准备参加2004年全国高中数学联赛,把10个名额分配给高三年级8个班,每班至少1人,不同的分配方案有_____________种.课后练习1.从6双不同颜色的手套中任取4只,其中恰好有一双同色的取法有___________种2.从4名男生和3名女生中选出4人参加某个座谈会,若这4人中必须既有男生又有女生,则不同的选法共有___________种3.将标号为1,2,…,10的10个球放入标号为1,2,…,10的10个盒子内,每个盒内放一个球,则恰好有3个球的标号与其所在盒子的标号不一致的放入方法共有_____________种.(以数字作答)4.某年级有6个班,派3个数学老师任教,每位教师教两个班,不同的任课方法种数有_______种.5.某运输公司有7个车队,每个车队的车都多于4辆且型号相同,要从这7个车队中抽出10辆车组成一运输车队,每个队至少抽1辆车,则不同的抽法有多少种?6.袋中有10个球,其中4个红球,6个白球,若取到1个红球记2分,取到1个白球记1分,那么从这10个球中取出4个,使总分不低于5分的取法有多少种?7有11名外语翻译人员,其中5名英语翻译员,4名日语翻译员,另两名英、日语都精通,从中找出8人,使他们组成两个翻译小组,其中4人翻译英文,另4人翻译日文,这两个小组能同时工作,问这样的分配名单共可开出几张?8从1到100这100个正整数中,每次取出2个数使它们的和大于100,共有多少种取法?二项式定理12.在8)21(x -的展开式中,二项式系数的和是__________,各项系数的和是____________,各项系数的绝对值的和是__________________________13.若,}21|{7≤=x C x M 则M 的子集个数为__________.14.若(1+2x)6展开式中的第二项大于它的相邻的两项, 则x 的范围是________.15.452)1()1(x x x -++展开式中,4x 项的系数为_________.16.若n x x )1(3-的展开式中,只有第20项的二项式系数最大,则展开式中的有理项共有______项.17.若443322104)32(x a x a x a x a a x ++++=+,则2312420)()(a a a a a +-++的值为___________.18.在153)1(a a -的展开式中,不含a 的项是第m 项,那么m 等于 ( )A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 819.已知n x x )1(32-的展开式中第四项的二项式系数与第七项的二项式系数相等,则展开式的中间项是 ( )A .3126xB . 2126x 或7126x -C .7252x -D .3252x或3252x - 三.解答题22.已知n n n x a x a a x x x +++=++++++ 102)1()1()1(,(1)若n a a a n -=+++-509121 ,求自然数n 的值.(2)求4213lim na a n -∞→。
静安闸北高中语文暑假补习班

综合练习6*静安新王牌(一)阅读下面的文章,完成1—6题(17分)①随着追求GDP的发展模式暴露出越来越多的问题,政府近来反复强调转换经济增长方式,强调经济和社会的“又好又快”发展,明确把“好”的标准提到首位,而不再简单地重复“发展是硬道理”。
这是一个信号:中国的经济增长方式和社会发展模式将发生重大转变。
面对这一历史性的转变,思想文化届必须回答的问题是:这种转变需要什么样的文化支持?没有相应的文化转型,经济和社会发展模式的转变能够独立完成吗?②很长一段时间以来,我们对于“好”的理解主要集中在环保、低耗、节能等方面,是环境、能源等物质方面的指标。
节能、低碳、绿色、宜居等等已经被确立为社会发展的重要考核指标。
转变经济增长方式、优化产业结构、大力发展文化产业、建设宜居城市等,也成为政治家和知识分子的口头禅。
③这些当然都是必要的,但是还不够。
因为这些指标基本上还是着眼于经济,“转变经济增长方式”的核心概念依然是“经济”:如果高能耗、高污染的增长方式继续下去,中国的经济就无法持续增长。
但是经济的持续增长是“好”的全部含义么?换言之,如果高能耗、高污染的发展能够持续下去,它就应该坚持吗?我以为不是。
在经济增长“好”的背后还有一个更加根本性的标准,这就是“好生活”。
“好生活”的“好”是一个综合的评价指标,它当然应该包括好的经济增长方式,但是又不仅仅是好的经济增长方式,它还包括:好(合理)的政治体制,好(优良)的道德环境,好(正确)的价值观和世界观,好(和谐)的人际关系,好(愉悦)的心情等。
也就是说,好的经济增长方式之所以好,是因为它和社会生活其他方面协调一致,相互支持的。
④因此,这个问题不是单纯的经济问题,也不是光靠经济学就能够解决的问题。
“好生活”的问题是一个文化问题。
好生活的问题是一个社会及政治、经济、道德、哲学等诸多层面的问题,能够概括这些层面的问题,能够概括这些层面的最合适的术语,我以为是文化。
因此,好生活的问题从根本上讲是一个文化问题。
新王牌暑假班 高一数学暑假补习班 集合的概念与表示

高一数学暑假第一讲 集合概念与表示一、集合中的相关概念:1、元素与集合的概念:由一些数、一些点、一些图形、一些整式、一些物体、一些人组成的.我们说,每一组对象的全体 形成一个集合,或者说,某些指定的对象集在一起就成为一个_____,也简称____。
集合中的每个 对象叫做这个集合的_______。
. 2、集合与元素的表示方法(1)集合通常用大写的英文字母表示,如A 、B 、C 、P 、Q …… (2)元素通常用小写的英文字母表示,如a 、b 、c 、p 、q …… 3、元素与集合的关系(1)属于:如果a 是集合A 的元素,就说a 属于A ,记作a ∈A(2)不属于:如果a 不是集合A 的元素,就说a 不属于A ,记作A a ∉注意: 一些元素构成的集合必须具有以下两个特点:一是整体性,二是确定性,其中“整体”一语, 说明集合是指某些对象的整体而不是指其中的个别对象,这就是集合的整体性.一个对象要么是 集合的元素,要么不是集合的元素,二者必居其一,这是集合的确定性. 4、空集一般地,我们把不含任何元素的集合叫做__________,记作________。
5、集合中元素的特性(1)确定性:按照明确的判断标准给定一个元素或者在这个集合里,或者不在,不能模棱两可 (2)互异性:集合中的元素没有重复(3)无序性:集合中的元素没有一定的顺序(通常用正常的顺序写出) 6、集合的分类(1)按元素的属性分类:数集(元素是数)、点集(元素是点)、序数对(元素是有序数对)等。
(2)按元素中元素的个数分类:有限集(元素的个数是有限个);无限集(元素的个数是无数个); 空集(不含任何元素),记做φ 7、常用数集及表示符号(1)N ,{} ,2,1,0=N (2)N *或N + {} ,3,2,1*=N (3)Z , {} ,,,210±±=Z (4)Q , {}整数与分数=Q (5)R {}数数轴上所有点所对应的=R (6) 奇数集 {}21,x x n n N =+∈ (7) 偶数集 {}2,x x n n N =∈二、集合的表示方法1、列举法:把集合中的元素一一列举出来,写在大括号内表示集合注意: ① 元素间用分隔号“,”; ② 元素不重复; ③ 不考虑元素顺序; ④ 对于含有较多元素的集合,如果构成该集合的元素有明显规律,可用列举法,但必须 把元素间的规律显示清楚后方能用省略号. ⑤ 无限集有时也可用列举法表示。
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第一章:集合与命题【知识梳理】 一、集合1.集合的概念:(1)集合的描述性概念:某些确切指定的对象组成的整体叫做集合,简称集. (2)表示:用大写英文字母A 、B 、C 表. (3)分类:①按元素个数分:空集、有限集(一元集、多元集)、无限集。
空集:不含任何元素的集合,记作∅,如:}01|{2=+∈x R x 规定空集∅是任何集合的子集,是任何非空集合的真子集。
②按元素性质分:数集、点集、向量集、人名集、地名集等几个重要的集合:{|A x y =表示_______________;{|B y y ==表示___________;{(,)|C x y y ==表示________________;{(0,)|}D a y y R ==∈表示____________________.2.元素的概念:(1)定义:集合中的每个对象叫做这个集合的元素. (2)表示:用小写字母c b a 、、表示. (3)特性:确定性、互异性、无序性. 3.常用符号:(1)∈——______,∉——________;(2)∀——___________;(3)|∃——___________;(4)()card A ——___________________________.4.元素与集合的关系:(1)a A ∈或a A ∉两者必居其一;(2)U x A x C A ∈⇔∉,U x C A x A ∈⇔∉. 5.集合的表示方法: (1)描述法:①文字描述:把集合中的元素的公共属性用自然语言描述出来,写在大括号内. ②符号描述:{|}x x P x ∈,为典型元素,P 为公共属性. (2)列举法:把集合中的元素一一列举出来,写在大括号内.(3)图示(像)法:用适当的图形表示集合,如文氏图、数轴上的点、函数的图像、方程的曲线等.(4)特殊的数集:自然数集:____、正整数集:________、整数集:____、负整数集:____、有理数集:____、实数集:____、无理数集______、复数集______. 【提问】何时用列举法?何时用描述法?⑴集合的元素个数有限且不能太多时或有些集合的公共属性不明显,难以概括,不便用描述法表示,只能用列举法。
如:集合},5,23,{2232y x x y x x +-+.⑵有些集合的元素不能无遗漏地一一列举出来,或者不便于、不需要一一列举出来,常用描述法如:集合}1|),{(2+=x y y x ;集合{1000以内的质数}.6.韦达定理:若12,x x 是一元二次方程20ax bx c ++=的两个根,则1212b x x a c x x a ⎧+=-⎪⎪⎨⎪=⎪⎩7.集合之间的关系:(1)A 是B 的子集:若A 中任何一个元素都属于B ,则A 叫做B 的子集,记作A B ⊆或B A ⊇, 读作“A 包含于B ”或“B 包含A ”,即A B B A x A ⊆⇔⊇⇔∀∈,有x B ∈, 用文氏图表示A B ⊆:A =∅或(A A B ≠∅=或)A B ⊂≠.性质:①A ∅⊆;②A A ⊆;③若A B ⊆且B C ⊆,则A C ⊆.(2)A 是B 的真子集:若A 是B 的子集,且B 中至少有一个元素不属于A ,则A 叫做B 的真子集, 记作A B ⊂≠或B A ⊃≠,读作“A 真包含于B ”或“B 真包含A ”,即A B B A A B ⊃⊂⇔⇔⊆≠≠,且y B ∃∈,使y A ∉, 用文氏图表示A B ⊂≠:A =∅或A B ⊂∅≠≠(). 性质:①()A ⊂∅≠∅≠;②若A B ⊂≠且B C ⊂≠,则A C ⊂≠.(3)A 与B 相等:A B A B =⇔⊆,且B A ⊆【注】空集是任何集合的子集,是任何非空集合的真子集.(4)容易混淆的符号:①∈和⊆; ②∅与{0}; ③∅与{}∅. 8.集合的运算: (1)交集①概念:由集合A 和集合B 的所有公共元素组成的集合叫做A 和B 的交集,记作A B ,即A B =_________________; 由定义知:AB ___A ,A B ___B .②文氏图表示: ③性质:A∅=___;A A =___;A B ___B A .④常用结论:A B A A B =⇔⊆.(2)并集①概念:由所有属于集合A 或者集合B 的元素组成的集合叫做A 和B 的并集,记作AB ,即A B =______________________; 由定义知:______A A B B A B ,.②文氏图表示:③性质:=AA ∅;A A A =;AB B A =.④常用结论:A B B A B =⇔⊆.(3)补集①全集:由所有要研究的各个集合的全部元素组成的集合,叫做全集。
一般用U 或I 表示。
特点:具有相对性.②补集:U 为全集,A 是U 的子集,则由U 中所有不属于A 的元素组成的集合叫做A 在全集U 中的补集,记作u C A ,即u C A =__________________. ③文氏图表示:④性质:()___)___()___ACuA A CuA Cu CuA ===;(;.⑤摩根定律:______________u u u u C A C B C A C B ==、.(1)若()card A n N *=∈,则A 的子集数为2n ;A 的非空子集数为21n -;A 的真子集数为21n -;A 的非空真子集数为22n -.(2)B A A B A ⊆⊆. (3)U U u u A B C A C B AB A A B B AC B C A B U ⊆⇔⊇⇔=⇔=⇔=∅⇔=.(4)分配律:)()()(C A B A C B A =、)()()(C A B A C B A =.(5)容斥原理:若A B 、为有限集时,则)()()()(B A card B card A card B A card -+=. (6)集合{|}A x a x b =≤≤能否用[,]a b 表示?①若a b >,则[,]A a b =∅,不存在;②若a b =,则{}[,]A a a b =,不存在;③若a b <,则[,]A a b =。
(7)设1212{,,,}{,,,}()m t a a a M a a a t m ⊆⊆>,则满足条件的M 的个数是2t m -;设1212{,,,}{,,,}()m t a a a M a a a t m ⊂⊆>≠,则满足条件的M 的个数是21t m --; 设1212{,,,}{,,,}()m t a a a M a a a t m ⊂⊆>≠,则满足条件的M 的个数是21t m --; 设1212{,,,}{,,,}()m t a a a M a a a t m ⊂⊂>≠≠,则满足条件的M 的个数是22t m --.二、命题与条件1.命题:(1)定义:可以判断真假的语句叫做命题,命题由条件与结论构成.特点:陈述句. (2)分类:真命题、假命题.(3)判断真假命题的方法:确定真命题要证明,确定假命题只要举出一个反例即可. 2.推出关系:(1)定义:若由命题α成立可得到命题β成立,则称由α推出β,记作αβ⇒,读作“α推出β”.换言之,αβ⇒表示“以α为条件,β为结论”的命题是真命题.(2)性质:①如果αβ⇒,且αβ⇐,那么αβ⇔,叫做α与β等价;②如果αβ⇒,且βγ⇒,那么αγ⇒.3.命题的四种形式:(1)形式:一个命题用条件α,结论β来 表示就是“若α,则β”,那么原命题:若α,则β;逆命题:若β,则α; 否命题:若,则β;逆否命题:若β,则. (2)四种命题之间的关系原命题和逆命题、否命题和逆否命题的关系我们称之为互逆;原命题和否命题、逆命题和逆否命题的关系我们称之为互否;原命题和逆否命题、否命题和逆命题的关系我们称之为互为逆否. 4.等价命题:若A B ⇒,且A B ⇐,则记作A B ⇔,叫做A 与B 等价. 【注】原命题与其逆否命题是等价命题,逆命题与否命题是等价命题.5.命题的否定:命题的否定就是对这个命题的结论进行否定.(1)命题的否定形式与原命题真假性相反;(2)与否命题的区别:①命题的否定只否定该命题的结论,而否命题则否定原命题的条件与结论;②一个命题与它的否定形式是完全对立的,而对于否命题,它是否成立和原命题是否成立没有直接关系. (3)常见的关键词(量词或判断词)的否定形式:①且———______________________;②或———__________________;③都是———_________________________;④都不是———____________;⑤至多n个———_____________________;⑥至少n个———____________;⑦存在一个———___________________;⑧任意一个———_____________;⑨一定是———_____________.6.充要条件:(1)充分条件若条件α足以使事件β成立,则称条件α是事件β的充分条件,简称α是β的充分条件,记作αβ⇒.(2)必要条件若没有条件α事件β一定不成立,则称条件α是事件β的必要条件,简称α是β的必要条件,记作αβ⇒).⇒(等价于βα⇒,则α是β的_____条件,β是α的_____条件;【注】①若αβ②若α是β的必要条件,则β是α的______条件;③α是β的必要条件⇔β的必要条件是___.(3)充分不必要条件⇒,且β推不出α,则α是β的充分不必要条件,β是α的必要不充分条件.若αβ(4)必要不充分条件⇒,且α推不出β,则α是β的必要不充分条件,β是α的充分不必要条件.若βα(5)充要条件:⇔.若α既是β的充分条件,又是β的必要条件,则称α是β的充要条件,记作αβ(6)既不充分也不必要条件:若α推不出β,β也推不出α,则称α是β的既不充分也不必要条件.7.子集与推出关系设{|A a a =具有性质}{|p B b b =,具有性质}q ,则A B p q ⊆⇔⇒“”“”. (1)A B ⊆⇔“”“p 是q 的_____________条件”; (2)A B ⊂⇔≠“”“p 是q 的_____________条件”;(3)A B ⊇⇔“”“p 是q 的_____________条件”; (4)A B ⊃⇔≠“”“p 是q 的_____________条件”; (5)A B =⇔“”“p 是q 的_____________条件”;(6)“A B ⊄且B A ⊄”⇔“p 是q 的_____________条件”. 8.哪些命题宜用反证法? 答:否定性命题宜用反证法.三、考点集合是中学数学的一个最基本的原始概念,命题是高中数学的主要语言呈现方式,集合与命题共有6个大知识点,包括集合及其表示、子集、集合的运算、命题的四种形式、充分和必要条件、子集与推出关系,后三者属于解释性水平,前三者属于探究性水平。