材料科学基础_概念中英文
材料科学基础_概念中英文

材料科学基础_概念中英文材料科学基础重要概念(中英文)晶体学基础晶体学(crystallography)布喇菲点阵(Bravais lattice)晶体生成学(crystallogeny)体心化(body centering)晶体结构学(crytallogy)底心化(base centering)晶体化学(crystallochemistry)特殊心化(special centering)晶体结构(crystal structure)晶面(crystal plane)点阵平移矢量(lattice translation vector)晶(平)面指数(crystal – plane indice)初级单胞(primitive cell)晶带(zone)点阵常数(lattice parameter)倒易空间(reciprocal space)对称变换(symmetry translation)参考球(reference sphere)主动操作(active operation)经线(longitude)国际符号(international notation)赤道平面(equator plane)点对称操作(point symmetry operation)极网(pole net)旋转操作(rotation operation)结构基元(motif)二次旋转轴(two - fold axe, diad)晶体几何学(geometrical crystallography)四次旋转轴(four –fold axe, tetrad)晶体物理学(crystallographysics)镜像(mirror image)等同点(equivalent point)对形关系(enantiomorphic relation)点阵(lattice)反演(inversion)初基矢量(primitive translation vector)晶系(crystal system)复式初基单胞(multiple – primitive cell)单斜晶系(monoclinic system)对称元素(symmetry element)四方晶系(正方晶系)(tetragonal system)对称群(symmetry group)六方晶系(hexagonal system)被动操作(passive operation)熊夫利斯符号(Schoenflies notation)点阵有心化(centering of lattice)恒等操作(单位操作)(identity)面心化(face centering)旋转轴(rotation axe)单面心化(one – face centering)三次旋转轴(three – fold axe, triad)晶向(crystal direction)六次旋转轴(six – fold axe, hexad)晶向(方向)指数(crystal – direction indice)镜面(mirror plane)晶面族(form of crystal - plane)同宇(congruent)倒易点阵(reciprocal lattice)旋转反演(rotation - inversion)极射赤面投影(stereographic projection)三斜晶系(triclinic system)参考网络(reference grid)正交晶系(斜方晶系)(orthogonal system)纬线(latitude)立方晶系(cubic system)吴氏网(Wulff net)菱方晶系(rhombohedral system)标准投影网(standard projection)晶体结构晶体结构(crystal structure)鲍林规则(Pauling’s rule)结构符号(structure symbol)氧化物结构(oxide structure)致密度(空间填充效率)(efficiency of space 岩盐结构(rock structure)filling)纤维锌矿结构(wurtzite structure)配位数(coordination number)闪锌矿结构(zinc blende structure)配位多面体(coordination polyhedra)尖晶石结构(spinel structure)拓扑密堆相(topologically close –packed α-Al2O3型结构(corundum structure)phase)金红石结构(rutile structure)金属晶体(metal crystal)萤石结构(fluorite structure)离子晶体(ionic crystal)钙钛矿结构(perovskite structure)共价晶体(covalent crystal)钛铁矿结构(ilmenite structure)分子晶体(molecular crystal)氯化铯结构(cesium chloride structure)原子半径和离子半径(atomic radius and ionic 硅酸盐(silicate)radius)链状硅酸盐(chain silicate)原子结构体积(volume of structure per atom)层状硅酸盐(phyllo silicate)体密度(volumetric density,ρV)岛状硅酸盐(island silicate)面密度(planar density, ρP)骨架结构(framework structure)线密度(linear density, ρL)镁橄榄石结构(forsterite structure)金刚石结构(diamond structure)辉石(picrite)纳米碳管(carbon nano tube)粘土矿(clay mineral)置换固溶体(substitutional solid solution)高岭石(kaolinite)填隙固溶体(interstitial solid solution)云母(mica)尺寸因素(size factor)石英(quartz)价电子浓度(valance electron concentration)鳞石英(tridymite)电子化合物(electron compound)方石英(cristobalite)间隙化合物(interstitial compound)钙长石(anorthite)尺寸因素化合物(size–factor compound)分子筛(molecule sift)Laves相(Laves phase) 同素异构性(allotropy)σ相(σphase)多形性(polymorphism)有序固溶体(超结构)[ordered solid solution 准晶(quasicrystal)(super lattice) ] 彭罗斯拼砌(Penrose tiling)长程有序参数(long-range order parameter)短程有序参数(shot-range order parameter)晶体缺陷不完整性(imperfection)向错(disclination)点缺陷(point imperfection)沃特拉过程(V olterra’s process)空位(vacancy)刃型位错(edge dislocation)自间隙原子(self-interstitial)螺型位错(screw dislocation)构型熵(configuration entropy)混合型位错(mixed dislocation)肖脱基缺陷(Schottky defect)柏氏回路(Burgers circuit)弗兰克缺陷(Frenkel defect)柏氏矢量(Burgers vector)内禀点缺陷(intrinsic point defect)位错环(dislocation loop)非禀点缺陷(extrinsic point defect)位错密度(dislocation density)线缺陷(line imperfection)位错的弹性能(elastic energy of dislocation)位错(dislocation)位错线张力(tension of dislocation)位错宽度(width of dislocation)层错矢量(fault vector)保守运动(conservative motion)外延层错(extrinsic fault)非保守运动(nonconservative motion)层错能(stacking fault energy)滑移(slip)肖克莱部分为错(Shockley partial dislocation)滑动(glissile)铃木气团(Suzuki atmosphere)攀移(climb)弗兰克位错(Frank partial dislocation)自力(self-force)扩展位错(extended dislocation)渗透力(osmotic force)压杆位错(stair-rod partial dislocation)映像力(image force)Lomer-Cottrell 位错(Lomer-Cottrell弯结(kink)dislocation)割阶(jog)L-C阻塞(L-C Lock)柯垂尔气体(Cottrell atmosphere)赫斯阻塞(Hirth lock)史诺克气体(Snoek atmosphere)分位错(fractional dislocation)弗兰克-瑞德位错源(Frank-Read source)超点阵(superlattice)B-H位错源(Bardeen-Herring source)反相畴(Antiphase domain)位错塞积群(dislocation pile-up group)反相畴界(Antiphase boundary, APB)全位错(perfect dislocation)超位错(super-dislocation)堆垛层错(stacking fault)弗兰克-纳巴罗回路(Frank-Nabarro circuit)部分为错或不全位错(partial dislocation)向错强度(disclination strength)内禀层错(intrinsic fault)条纹织构(schlieren texture)表面能(surface energy) 适配(matching)晶界(grain boundary) 共格晶界(coherent boundary)小角度晶界(low angle grain boundary)非共格晶界(incoherent boundary)大角度晶界(high angle grain boundary 晶界迁移率(grain boundary mobility)倾转晶界(tilt boundary)取向关系(orientation relationship)扭转晶界(twist boundary)气泡(gas babble)相界(phase boundary) 空洞(void)扩散不可逆过程(irreversible process)传质过程(mass transport)扩散(diffusion)扩散距离(diffusion distance)唯象系数(phenomenological coefficient)间隙机制(interstitial mechanism)挤列结构(crowdion configuration)哑铃结构(dumbbell split configuration)空位机制(vacancy mechanism)换位机制(exchange mechanism)扩散流量(flux)参考系(reference frame)实验参考系(laboratory reference frame)点阵参考系(latticereference frame)菲克第一定律(Fick’s first law)菲克第二定律(Fick’s second law)扩散系数(diffusion coefficient)禀性扩散系数(intrinsic diffusion coefficient)互扩散系数(mutual diffusion coefficient)自扩散系数(self-diffusion coefficient)稳态扩散(steady state diffusion)Kirkendall 效应(Kirkendall effect)Matano 平面(Matano interface)热力学因子(thermodynamic factor)同位素(isotope)示踪物(tracer)扩散偶(diffusion couple)误差函数(error function)哑变量(dummy)数值方法(numerical method)有限差分(finite-difference)收敛性(convergence)截断误差(truncation error)舍入误差(round-off error)相关系数(correlation factor)高扩散率通道(high-diffusivity path)体扩散(volume diffusion)晶界扩散(grain boundary diffusion)位错扩散(dislocation diffusion)表面扩散(surface diffusion)迁移率(mobility)渗透率(permeability)凝固分配系数(partition coefficient)枝晶偏析(dendrite segregation)区域提纯(zone-refining)亚共晶合金(hypoeutectic alloy)胞晶的形成(cell formation)过共晶合金(hypereutectic alloy)胞状树枝晶(cellular dendrite)片状(lamellar)柱状树枝晶(columnar dendrite)棒状(rod-like)共晶凝固(eutectic solidification)共晶领域(eutectic colony)包晶凝固(peritectic solidification)伪共晶(pseudo-eutectic)偏析(segregation)离异共晶(divorced eutectic)熔焊(fusion welding)激冷区(chill zone)快速凝固(rapid solidification process)柱状晶区(columnar zone)连续铸造(continuous casting)等轴晶区(equiaxed zone)树枝状显微偏析(dendritic microsegregation)收缩晶区(shrinkage cavity)非平衡杠杆定律(non-equilibrium lever rule)疏松(porosity)组分过冷(constitutional supercooling)非金属夹杂物(non-metallic inclusion)胞状组织(cellular structure)熔池(weld pool)二次枝晶(secondary dendrite)混合区(composite region)一次支晶(primary dendrite)热影响区(heat-affected zone)。
材料科学基础 英文

材料科学基础英文## Materials Science Fundamentals.Introduction.Materials science is the study of the properties and applications of materials. It is a multidisciplinary field that draws on physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. Materials scientists seek to understand how the atomic and molecular structure of materials affects their properties, and how these properties can be tailored to meet specific needs.Classification of Materials.Materials can be classified into several broad categories based on their properties and applications:Metals: Metals are typically strong, ductile, and good conductors of electricity and heat. They include iron,steel, aluminum, and copper.Ceramics: Ceramics are hard, brittle, and resistant to heat and corrosion. They include glass, porcelain, andtiles.Polymers: Polymers are long, chain-like molecules that are flexible and lightweight. They include plastics, rubber, and fibers.Composites: Composites are made from two or more different materials that are combined to create a material with properties that are better than either of theindividual materials. Examples include fiberglass andcarbon fiber composites.Properties of Materials.The properties of materials are determined by their atomic and molecular structure. Some of the most important properties include:Strength: The ability of a material to resist deformation or fracture.Ductility: The ability of a material to be stretched or drawn into wires.Hardness: The ability of a material to resist scratching or abrasion.Toughness: The ability of a material to absorb energy without fracturing.Electrical conductivity: The ability of a material to conduct electricity.Thermal conductivity: The ability of a material to conduct heat.Corrosion resistance: The ability of a material to resist chemical attack.Applications of Materials.Materials are used in a wide variety of applications, including:Structural components: Metals, ceramics, and composites are used to build bridges, buildings, and other structures.Electronic devices: Metals, semiconductors, and polymers are used to make transistors, capacitors, and other electronic components.Medical devices: Ceramics, polymers, and metals are used to make implants, surgical instruments, and other medical devices.Transportation: Metals, composites, and polymers are used to make cars, airplanes, and other vehicles.Consumer products: Plastics, metals, and ceramics are used to make a wide variety of consumer products, including toys, appliances, and furniture.Materials Science Research.Materials science is a rapidly growing field, with new materials being developed all the time. Researchers are working to create materials that are stronger, lighter, more durable, and more efficient. This research is leading to new advances in a variety of fields, including:Renewable energy: Materials scientists are developing new materials for solar cells, wind turbines, and other renewable energy technologies.Medical technology: Materials scientists are developing new materials for implants, drug delivery systems, and other medical devices.Transportation: Materials scientists are developing new materials for lighter, more fuel-efficient vehicles.Consumer products: Materials scientists are developing new materials for more durable, more sustainable consumerproducts.Conclusion.Materials science is a vital field that plays a keyrole in our modern world. By understanding the properties and applications of materials, we can create new technologies that improve our lives and make the world a better place.## 材料科学基础。
重庆理工大学材料科学基础双语翻译第3章modified翻译

Review
1. Atomic structure结构 2. The two atomic models cited引用, and note the differences between them.
3. The important quantum-mechanical 量子力学principle原理 that relates to electron energies.
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
Learing Objectives目的
Understand the concept概念 of unit cell (晶包) and know how to utilize使用 it to explain the crystal structures晶体 结构 of metals金属. Know what are the main three metallic crystal structures 金属晶体结构 and illustrate举例 how the atoms are arranged for为 做安排 FCC, BCC and HCP structures. Understand the concepts概念 of the crystallographic 结晶 的directions and planes (晶向和晶面); grasp 抓住the general 一般的steps in插入 determining 决定the index指 数 of a given crystal direction结晶定向 or plane面.
材料科学基础英语

材料科学基础英语English: Materials science is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the study of properties and applications of materials. It encompasses various areas such as chemistry, physics, engineering, and biology to understand the behavior of materials at the atomic and molecular levels. The field is crucial for the development of new materials with enhanced properties and performance, as well as for the improvement of existing materials. Materials scientists work on the synthesis, processing, and characterization of materials to achieve specific properties and functionalities. They also investigate the relationship between the structure of materials and their properties, which is essential for designing and engineering new materials for various applications, including electronics, medicine, energy, and more.中文翻译: 材料科学是一个跨学科领域,专注于研究材料的性质和应用。
材料科学基础专业词汇english

材料科学基础专业词汇english1.Material - 材料2.Property - 性质3.Structure - 结构4.Morphology - 形态5.Phase - 相6.Alloy - 合金7.Polymer - 聚合物8.Ceramic - 陶瓷9.Glass - 玻璃10.Metal - 金属11.Semiconductor - 半导体12.Nanomaterial - 纳米材料posite - 复合材料14.Adhesive - 粘合剂15.Coating - 涂层16.Electrode - 电极17.Catalyst - 催化剂18.Poisoning - 毒化19.Oxidation - 氧化20.Corrosion - 腐蚀21.Fracture - 断裂22.Failure - 失效23.Stress - 应变24.Strain - 应变25.Elasticity - 弹性26.Plasticity - 塑性27.Strength - 强度28.Ductility - 延展性29.Malleability - 可锻性30.Resilience - 回弹性31.Thermal Expansion - 热膨胀32.Thermal Conductivity - 热导率33.Electrical Resistivity - 电阻率34.Magnetic Susceptibility - 磁导率35.Elastic Constant - 弹性常数36.Yield Point - 屈服点37.Tensile Strength - 抗拉强度pressive Strength - 抗压强度39.Shear Strength - 抗剪强度40.Impact Strength - 冲击强度41.Fatigue Limit - 疲劳极限42.Hardness - 硬度43.Wear Resistance - 耐磨性44.Electrical Conductivity - 导电性45.Magnetism - 磁性46.Optical Properties - 光学性质47.Thermal Properties - 热学性质48.Mechanical Properties - 机械性质49.Corrosion Resistance - 抗腐蚀性50.Surface Treatment - 表面处理。
材料科学基础名词解释中英

《材料科学基础》名词解释AOrowan mechanism (奥罗万机制)位错绕过第二相粒子,形成包围第二相粒子的位错环的机制。
Austenite(奥氏体)碳在γ-Fe中形成的间隙固溶体称为奥氏体。
B布拉菲点阵除考虑晶胞外形外,还考虑阵点位置所构成的点阵。
Half-coherent interface(半共格相界)两相邻晶体在相界面处的晶面间距相差较大,则在相界面上不可能做到完全一一对应,于是在界面上将产生一些位错,以降低界面弹性应变能。
这时两相原子部分保持匹配,这样的界面称为半共格界面。
Sheet texture(板织构)轧板时形成的组织的择优取向。
Peritectic reaction(包晶反应)固相和液相生成另一成分的固溶体的反应Peritectic segregation(包晶偏析)新生成的固相的芯部保留残余的原有固相,新相本身成分也不均匀。
Peritectic phase diagram(包晶相图)具有包晶反应的相图Peritectoid reaction(包析反应)由两个固相反应得到一个固相的过程为包析反应。
Cellular structure(胞状结构)成分过冷区很小时,固相突出部分局限在很小区域内,不生成侧向枝晶。
Intrinstic diffusion coefficient(本征扩散系数)依赖热缺陷进行的扩散的扩散系数。
Transformed ledeburite(变态莱氏体)渗碳体和奥氏体组成的莱氏体冷却至727℃时奥氏体发生共析反应转变为珠光体,此时称变态莱氏体。
Deformation twins(变形孪晶)晶体通过孪生方式发生塑性变形时产生的孪晶(BCC,HCP)Chill zone(表层细晶区)和低温铸模模壁接触,强烈过冷形成的细小的方向杂乱的等轴晶粒细晶区。
Burger’s vector(柏氏矢量)表征位错引起的晶格点阵畸变大小和方向的物理量。
Asymmetric tilt boundary(不对称倾斜晶界)晶界两侧晶粒不对称的小角度晶界,界面含两套垂直的刃型位错。
材料科学与基础英文词汇

材料科学基础名称与术语第一章绪论材料科学基础常用英语词汇材料的类型Typesofmaterials,metals,ceramics,polymers,composites,elastomer部分材料性质复习Reviewofselectedpropertiesofmaterials,电导率和电阻率conductivityandresistivity,热导率thermalconductivity,应力和应变stressandstrain,弹性应变elasticstrain,塑性应变plasticstrain,屈服强度yieldstrength,最大抗拉强度ultimatetensilestrength,最大强度ultimatestrength, 延展性ductility,伸长率elongation,断面收缩率reductionofarea,颈缩necking,断裂强度breakingstrength,韧性toughness,硬度hardness,疲劳强度fatiguestrength,蜂窝honeycomb,热脆性heatshortness,晶胞中的原子数atomspercell,点阵参数latticeparameter,密排六方hexagonalclose-packed,六方晶胞hexagonalunitcell,体心立方body-centeredcubic,面心立方face-centeredcubic,弥勒指数Millerindices,晶面crystalplane,晶系crystalsystem,晶向crystaldirection,相变机理Phasetransformationmechanism:成核生长相变nucleation–growthtransition,斯宾那多分解spinodaldecomposition,有序无序转变disordered-ordertransition, 马氏体相变martensitephasetransformation,成核nucleation,成核机理nucleationmechanism,成核势垒nucleationbarrier,晶核,结晶中心nucleusofcrystal,(金属组织的)基体quay,基体,基块,基质,结合剂matrix,子晶,雏晶mattedcrystal,耔晶,晶种seedcrystal,耔晶取向seedorientation, 籽晶生长seededgrowth,均质核化homogeneousnucleation,异质核化heterogeneousnucleation,均匀化热处理homogenizationheattreatment,熟料grog,自恰场self-consistentfield固溶体Solidsolution:有序固溶体orderedsolidsolution,无序固溶体disorderedsolidsolution,有序合金orderedalloy,无序合金disorderedalloy.无序点阵disorderedlattice,分散,扩散,弥散dispersal,分散剂dispersant, 分散剂,添加剂dispersantadditive,分散剂,弥散剂dispersantagent缺陷defect,imperfection,点缺陷pointdefect,线缺陷linedefect,dislocation,面缺陷interfacedefect,surfacedefect,体缺陷volumedefect,位错排列dislocationarrangement,位错阵列dislocationarray,位错气团dislocationatmosphere, 位错胞dislocationcell,位错爬移dislocationclimb,位错滑移dislocationslip,dislocationmovementbyslip,位错聚结dislocationcoalescence,位错核心能量dislocationcoreenergy,位错裂纹dislocationcrack,位错阻尼dislocationdamping,位错密度dislocationdensity,体积膨胀volumedilation,体积收缩volumeshrinkage,回火tempering,退火annealing,退火的,软化的softened, 软化退火,软化(处理)softening,淬火quenching,淬火硬化quenchinghardening,正火normalizing,normalization,退火织构annealingtexture,人工时效artificialaging,细长比aspectratio,形变热处理ausforming,等温退火austempering,奥氏体austenite,奥氏体化austenitizing,贝氏体bainite,马氏体martensite,马氏体淬火marquench,马氏体退火martemper,马氏体时效钢maragingsteel,渗碳体cementite,固溶强化solidsolutionstrengthening,钢屑混凝土steelchipsconcrete,水玻璃,硅酸钠sodiumsilicate,水玻璃粘结剂sodiumsilicatebinder,硅酸钠类防水剂sodiumsilicatewaterproofingagent,扩散diffusion,扩散系数diffusivity,相变phasetransition,烧结sintering,固相反应solid-phasereaction,相图与相结构phasediagramsandphasestructures,相phase,组分component,自由度freedom,相平衡phaseequilibrium,吉布斯相律Gibbsphaserule,吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy, 吉布斯混合能Gibbsenergyofmixing,吉布斯熵Gibbsentropy,吉布斯函数Gibbsfunction,相平衡phasebalance,相界phaseboundary,相界线phaseboundaryline,相界交联phaseboundarycrosslinking,相界有限交联phaseboundarycrosslinking,相界反应phaseboundaryreaction,相变phasechange,相组成phasecomposition,共格相phase-coherent,金相相组织phaseconstentuent,相衬phasecontrast,相衬显微镜phasecontrastmicroscope,相衬显微术phasecontrastmicroscopy,相分布phasedistribution,相平衡常数phaseequilibriumconstant,相平衡图phaseequilibriumdiagram,相变滞后phasetransitionlag,Al-Si-O-N系统相关系phaserelationshipsintheAl-Si-O-Nsystem,相分离phasesegregation,phaseseparation,玻璃分相phaseseparationinglasses,相序phaseorder,phasesequence,相稳定性phasestability,相态phasestate,相稳定区phasestabilerange,相变温度phasetransitiontemperature,相变压力phasetransitionpressure,同质多晶转变polymorphictransformation,相平衡条件phaseequilibriumconditions,显微结构microstructures, 不混溶固溶体immisciblesolidsolution,转熔型固溶体peritecticsolidsolution,低共熔体eutectoid,crystallization,不混溶性immiscibility,固态反应solidstatereaction,烧结sintering,相变机理Phasetransformationmechanism:成核生长相变nucleation–growthtransition,斯宾那多分解spinodaldecomposition,有序无序转变disordered-ordertransition,马氏体相变martensitephasetransformation,成核nucleation,成核机理nucleationmechanism,成核势垒nucleationbarrier,晶核,结晶中心nucleusofcrystal,(金属组织的)基体quay, 基体,基块,基质,结合剂matrix,子晶,雏晶mattedcrystal,耔晶,晶种seedcrystal,耔晶取向seedorientation,籽晶生长seededgrowth,均质核化homogeneousnucleation,异质核化heterogeneousnucleation,均匀化热处理homogenizationheattreatment,熟料grog,。
最新材料科学与工程基础知识点(打印版)英汉双语版

最新材料科学与⼯程基础知识点(打印版)英汉双语版Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering材料科学与⼯程基础知识点复习第⼀章绪论⼀、学习⽬的:材料科学家或⼯程技术⼈员经常遇到的问题是设计问题,⽽设计问题主要涉及机械、民⽤、化学和电。
⽽这些领域都要涉及到选择材料问题。
如何选择材料是⾮常重要的,选材包含两⽅⾯⼀个是满⾜性能要求,另⼀⽅⾯是成本低,即所谓“合理选材”。
材料的性能与其成分和内部的组织结构密切相关,材料的组织结构与加⼯过程有关。
本课程的⽬的就在于掌握加⼯过程和材料的组织结构以及性能之间的关系。
为今后进⾏材料设计和合理选材打下理论基础。
⼆、本章主要内容1、简介材料的发展史2、材料科学与⼯程的含义和内容3、材料的分类4、先进材料5、现代材料的需求三、重要术语和概念metal: ⾦属ceramic: 陶瓷polymer: 聚合物Composites: 复合材料Semiconductors: 半导体Biomaterials: ⽣物材料Processing: 加⼯过程Structure: 组织结构Properties: 性质Performance: 使⽤性能Mechanical properties: ⼒学性能Electrical properties: 电性能Thermal behavior: 热性能Magnetic properties: 磁性能Optical properties: 光性能Deteriorative characteristics: ⽼化特性第⼆章原⼦结构与化学键⼀、学习⽬的我们在⾃然界中观察到各种现象,归根结底是物质的不同表现形式,也就是说物质构成了世界。
⾃然界中所有物体均由化学元素及其化合物所组成,同样,各种固体材料也都是由⼀种或多种元素的原⼦结合⽽成的。
学习物质的原⼦结构和化学键合,是认识和研究各类材料在结构与性能⽅⾯所表现出来的个性和共性的基础,也是正确认识和理解材料的性能的重要依据。
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材料科学基础重要概念(中英文)晶体学基础晶体学(crystallography)布喇菲点阵(Bravais lattice)晶体生成学(crystallogeny)体心化(body centering)晶体结构学(crytallogy)底心化(base centering)晶体化学(crystallochemistry)特殊心化(special centering)晶体结构(crystal structure)晶面(crystal plane)点阵平移矢量(lattice translation vector)晶(平)面指数(crystal – plane indice)初级单胞(primitive cell)晶带(zone)点阵常数(lattice parameter)倒易空间(reciprocal space)对称变换(symmetry translation)参考球(reference sphere)主动操作(active operation)经线(longitude)国际符号(international notation)赤道平面(equator plane)点对称操作(point symmetry operation)极网(pole net)旋转操作(rotation operation)结构基元(motif)二次旋转轴(two - fold axe, diad)晶体几何学(geometrical crystallography)四次旋转轴(four – fold axe, tetrad)晶体物理学(crystallographysics)镜像(mirror image)等同点(equivalent point)对形关系(enantiomorphic relation)点阵(lattice)反演(inversion)初基矢量(primitive translation vector)晶系(crystal system)复式初基单胞(multiple – primitive cell)单斜晶系(monoclinic system)对称元素(symmetry element)四方晶系(正方晶系)(tetragonal system)对称群(symmetry group)六方晶系(hexagonal system)被动操作(passive operation)熊夫利斯符号(Schoenflies notation)点阵有心化(centering of lattice)恒等操作(单位操作)(identity)面心化(face centering)旋转轴(rotation axe)单面心化(one – face centering)三次旋转轴(three – fold axe, triad)晶向(crystal direction)六次旋转轴(six – fold axe, hexad)晶向(方向)指数(crystal – direction indice)镜面(mirror plane)晶面族(form of crystal - plane)同宇(congruent)倒易点阵(reciprocal lattice)旋转反演(rotation - inversion)极射赤面投影(stereographic projection)三斜晶系(triclinic system)参考网络(reference grid)正交晶系(斜方晶系)(orthogonal system)纬线(latitude)立方晶系(cubic system)吴氏网(Wulff net)菱方晶系(rhombohedral system)标准投影网(standard projection)晶体结构晶体结构(crystal structure)鲍林规则(Pauling’s rule)结构符号(structure symbol)氧化物结构(oxide structure)致密度(空间填充效率)(efficiency of space 岩盐结构(rock structure)filling)纤维锌矿结构(wurtzite structure)配位数(coordination number)闪锌矿结构(zinc blende structure)配位多面体(coordination polyhedra)尖晶石结构(spinel structure)拓扑密堆相(topologically close – packed α-Al2O3型结构(corundum structure)phase)金红石结构(rutile structure)金属晶体(metal crystal)萤石结构(fluorite structure)离子晶体(ionic crystal)钙钛矿结构(perovskite structure)共价晶体(covalent crystal)钛铁矿结构(ilmenite structure)分子晶体(molecular crystal)氯化铯结构(cesium chloride structure)原子半径和离子半径(atomic radius and ionic 硅酸盐(silicate)radius)链状硅酸盐(chain silicate)原子结构体积(volume of structure per atom)层状硅酸盐(phyllo silicate)体密度(volumetric density,ρV)岛状硅酸盐(island silicate)面密度(planar density, ρP)骨架结构(framework structure)线密度(linear density, ρL)镁橄榄石结构(forsterite structure)金刚石结构(diamond structure)辉石(picrite)纳米碳管(carbon nano tube)粘土矿(clay mineral)置换固溶体(substitutional solid solution)高岭石(kaolinite)填隙固溶体(interstitial solid solution)云母(mica)尺寸因素(size factor)石英(quartz)价电子浓度(valance electron concentration)鳞石英(tridymite)电子化合物(electron compound)方石英(cristobalite)间隙化合物(interstitial compound)钙长石(anorthite)尺寸因素化合物(size–factor compound)分子筛(molecule sift)Laves相(Laves phase) 同素异构性(allotropy)σ相(σphase)多形性(polymorphism)有序固溶体(超结构)[ordered solid solution 准晶(quasicrystal)(super lattice) ] 彭罗斯拼砌(Penrose tiling)长程有序参数(long-range order parameter)短程有序参数(shot-range order parameter)晶体缺陷不完整性(imperfection)向错(disclination)点缺陷(point imperfection)沃特拉过程(V olterra’s process)空位(vacancy)刃型位错(edge dislocation)自间隙原子(self-interstitial)螺型位错(screw dislocation)构型熵(configuration entropy)混合型位错(mixed dislocation)肖脱基缺陷(Schottky defect)柏氏回路(Burgers circuit)弗兰克缺陷(Frenkel defect)柏氏矢量(Burgers vector)内禀点缺陷(intrinsic point defect)位错环(dislocation loop)非禀点缺陷(extrinsic point defect)位错密度(dislocation density)线缺陷(line imperfection)位错的弹性能(elastic energy of dislocation)位错(dislocation)位错线张力(tension of dislocation)位错宽度(width of dislocation)层错矢量(fault vector)保守运动(conservative motion)外延层错(extrinsic fault)非保守运动(nonconservative motion)层错能(stacking fault energy)滑移(slip)肖克莱部分为错(Shockley partial dislocation)滑动(glissile)铃木气团(Suzuki atmosphere)攀移(climb)弗兰克位错(Frank partial dislocation)自力(self-force)扩展位错(extended dislocation)渗透力(osmotic force)压杆位错(stair-rod partial dislocation)映像力(image force)Lomer-Cottrell 位错(Lomer-Cottrell弯结(kink)dislocation)割阶(jog)L-C阻塞(L-C Lock)柯垂尔气体(Cottrell atmosphere)赫斯阻塞(Hirth lock)史诺克气体(Snoek atmosphere)分位错(fractional dislocation)弗兰克-瑞德位错源(Frank-Read source)超点阵(superlattice)B-H位错源(Bardeen-Herring source)反相畴(Antiphase domain)位错塞积群(dislocation pile-up group)反相畴界(Antiphase boundary, APB)全位错(perfect dislocation)超位错(super-dislocation)堆垛层错(stacking fault)弗兰克-纳巴罗回路(Frank-Nabarro circuit)部分为错或不全位错(partial dislocation)向错强度(disclination strength)内禀层错(intrinsic fault)条纹织构(schlieren texture)表面能(surface energy) 适配(matching)晶界(grain boundary) 共格晶界(coherent boundary)小角度晶界(low angle grain boundary)非共格晶界(incoherent boundary)大角度晶界(high angle grain boundary 晶界迁移率(grain boundary mobility)倾转晶界(tilt boundary)取向关系(orientation relationship)扭转晶界(twist boundary)气泡(gas babble)相界(phase boundary) 空洞(void)扩散不可逆过程(irreversible process)传质过程(mass transport)扩散(diffusion)扩散距离(diffusion distance)唯象系数(phenomenological coefficient)间隙机制(interstitial mechanism)挤列结构(crowdion configuration)哑铃结构(dumbbell split configuration)空位机制(vacancy mechanism)换位机制(exchange mechanism)扩散流量(flux)参考系(reference frame)实验参考系(laboratory reference frame)点阵参考系(lattice reference frame)菲克第一定律(Fick’s first law)菲克第二定律(Fick’s second law)扩散系数(diffusion coefficient)禀性扩散系数(intrinsic diffusion coefficient)互扩散系数(mutual diffusion coefficient)自扩散系数(self-diffusion coefficient)稳态扩散(steady state diffusion)Kirkendall 效应(Kirkendall effect)Matano 平面(Matano interface)热力学因子(thermodynamic factor)同位素(isotope)示踪物(tracer)扩散偶(diffusion couple)误差函数(error function)哑变量(dummy)数值方法(numerical method)有限差分(finite-difference)收敛性(convergence)截断误差(truncation error)舍入误差(round-off error)相关系数(correlation factor)高扩散率通道(high-diffusivity path)体扩散(volume diffusion)晶界扩散(grain boundary diffusion)位错扩散(dislocation diffusion)表面扩散(surface diffusion)迁移率(mobility)渗透率(permeability)凝固分配系数(partition coefficient)枝晶偏析(dendrite segregation)区域提纯(zone-refining)亚共晶合金(hypoeutectic alloy)胞晶的形成(cell formation)过共晶合金(hypereutectic alloy)胞状树枝晶(cellular dendrite)片状(lamellar)柱状树枝晶(columnar dendrite)棒状(rod-like)共晶凝固(eutectic solidification)共晶领域(eutectic colony)包晶凝固(peritectic solidification)伪共晶(pseudo-eutectic)偏析(segregation)离异共晶(divorced eutectic)熔焊(fusion welding)激冷区(chill zone)快速凝固(rapid solidification process)柱状晶区(columnar zone)连续铸造(continuous casting)等轴晶区(equiaxed zone)树枝状显微偏析(dendritic microsegregation)收缩晶区(shrinkage cavity)非平衡杠杆定律(non-equilibrium lever rule)疏松(porosity)组分过冷(constitutional supercooling)非金属夹杂物(non-metallic inclusion)胞状组织(cellular structure)熔池(weld pool)二次枝晶(secondary dendrite)混合区(composite region)一次支晶(primary dendrite)热影响区(heat-affected zone)。