【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer12
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer10
Exercise 10Currently, the paramount problem in the field of biomaterials, the science of replacing diseased tissue with human-made implants, is control over the interface, orLine surface, between implanted biomaterials and living5 tissues. The physical properties of most tissues can be matched by careful selection of raw materials: metals, ceramics, or several varieties of polymer materials. Eventhe requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by10 techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of15 cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. Although recent research has allowed us to stabilize the tissue-biomaterial interface by controllingeither the chemical reactions or the microstructure of the biomaterials, our fundamental understanding of how20 implant devices adhere to tissues remains woefully incomplete. (159 words)1. According to the passage, the major problemcurrently facing scientists in the field of bio-materials is(A) assessing and regulating the bondingbetween host tissue and implants(B) controlling the transfer of potentially toxicmaterials across the interface of tissueand implant(C) discovering new materials from which toconstruct implant devices(D) deciding in what situations implants areneeded(E) determining the importance of short-termimplants to long-term stability of tissueimplant interfaces2. The passage suggests which of the followingabout the recent research mentioned in the lastsentence ?(A) It has solved one set of problems but hascreated another.(B) It has concentrated on secondary concernsbut has ignored primary concerns.(C) It has improved practical applications ofbiomaterial technology without providing acomplete theoretical explanation of thatimprovement.(D) It has thoroughly investigated properties ofbiomaterials but has paid little attentionto relevant characteristics of human tissue.(E) It has provided considerable information onshort-term implant technology but littleon long-term implant technology.阅读1：Q1：定位至原文：line 11；But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. 所以选A；Q2：原文说fundamental understanding还是incomplete，尽管要的结果可以实现了。
新GRE阅读36套解析Execrise8
Exercise 8Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant制冷剂that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop闭合环路. The refrigerant, starting as a lowtemperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor压缩机driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser冷凝剂, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confrontsa flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing thetemperature of this second body of air.(126 words)1. According to the passage, the role of the flowrestriction in a heat pump is to(A) measure accurately the flow rate of therefrigerant mass at that point(B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor(C) bring about the evaporation and cooling ofrefrigerant【Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts10 a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled.】(D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and theair at that point(E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow whenneededTraditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal焦点points—periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clearand firm notions of scholarlyalways understood it. Psychohistory derives its ―facts‖not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces推断its theoriesnot from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable可以评价的by, allthough itlacks the rigor and verifiability of traditionalhistorical method.【这道题虽然选对了，但是确实看了5个选项后才又重新看的A，是因为in vogue这个词没理解】(B) Traditional historians can benefit from studyingthe techniques and findings of psychohis-torians.(C) Areas of sociological study such as childhoodand work are of little interest to traditionalhistorians.(D) The psychological assessment of an individual‘sbehavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.(E) History is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzedon the basis of publicly verifiable evidence.3. The author of the passage puts the word ―deepest‖inquotation marks most probably in order to(A) question the usefulness of psychohistorians‘insights into traditional historical scholarship(B) draw attention to a contradiction in thepsychohistorians‘ method(C) emphasize the major difference between thetraditional historians‘ method andthat of psychohistorians(D) disassociate her opinion of the psychohistorians‘claims from her opinion of their method(E) signal her reservations about the accuracyof psychohistorians‘ claims for their work【It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable可以评价的by, all historians. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the ―deepest‖explanation of any event that other explanations fall short of达不到，缺乏the truth.】【一般in order to 这种题都是看上下文的，上文说它打破了基本的标准：别人可以评价可以接受的evidence, 从而自己推理absolute rightness of their own theories，而且上一个题也表明了作者有所保留的态度】PS【英语里引号一般只有两个意思：1.引用2.反语，在这里就是一个反语】Eight percent of the Earth‘s crust is aluminum, andthere are hundreds of aluminum-bearing含铝的minerals andvast quantities of the rocks that contain them. The bestaluminum ore is bauxite, defined as aggregates of aluminous minerals, more or less impure, in which aluminumis present as hydrated oxides含水氧化物. Bauxite is the richest of allthose aluminous rocks that occur in large quantities, andit yields alumina氧化铝, the intermediate product required forthe production of aluminum. Alumina also occurs naturally as the mineral corundum刚玉, but corundum is not found in large deposits of high purity, and therefore it is an impractical source for making aluminum. Most of the many abundant nonbauxite aluminous minerals are silicates硅酸盐, and, like all silicate minerals, they are refractory, resistant to analysis, and extremely difficult to process. The aluminum silicates are therefore generally unsuitable alternatives to bauxite because considerably more energy is required to extract alumina from them. (153 words)4. The author implies that a mineral must either be orreadily supply which of the following inorder to beclassified as an aluminum ore?【注意提问方式：题目里有imply，表示不是表面上写的那个，所以定位在“The best aluminum ore is bauxite.”就是错的。
[语用,着力点,文本]挖掘语用意识下的文本着力点
![[语用,着力点,文本]挖掘语用意识下的文本着力点](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/09016dce6bd97f192279e9db.png)
例如，著名特级教师薛法根在执教议论文《真理诞生于一百个问号之后》时，引导学生发现文中所列举的三个事例都没有将事件的经过写具体，这与我们日常的作文要求背道而驰。于是，薛老师从论点、论据之间的关系入手，让学生明白作者最需要的是事例的本质而不是其细节。在这样的语境下，教师再出示论点“勤能补拙”，要求学生通过仿照进行事例的描述，为学生的仿写练习奠定了坚实的基础。
例如，《第八次》这篇课文讲述了布鲁斯王子看到蜘蛛数次织网不能成功却始终不肯放弃而深受启发，重新燃起了斗志的故事。课文以布鲁斯和蜘蛛两个故事交叉环套来开展，彼此之间相互关联，相互影响。而当布鲁斯准备东山再起时，教师则让学生撰写演讲词，鼓舞同样失去信心的将士们。布鲁斯的演讲是文本的留白之处，却能将课文中两个故事所共同蕴涵的哲理揭示出来。教师让学生借助布鲁斯之口重新温习、比照故事的核心性质，而演讲词的撰写过程就是学生感知文本、历练语言的过程。
Hale Waihona Puke 例如，《月光启蒙》一文中就多处出现了此类别具特色的词语，其中“黄河留给家乡的故道不长五谷，却长歌谣”“小院立即飘满了她那芳香的音韵”便是典型的例子。歌谣怎么“长”？音韵怎么可能是“芳香的”？这大大的困惑萦绕在学生的心头。教师先引导学生说出描写声音的词语：婉转动听、清脆悦耳。然后，让学生尝试替换成：动听、悦耳。在对比中学生感受到：母亲的歌声送来的不仅是好听的声音，更是滋养生命的营养，沁人心脾。
通过如此置换，遣词造句的匠心独运与司空见惯的平铺直叙之间的差别就非常鲜明。学生也更容易在文本语言的特殊表达形式下形成独到的阅读体验，成为作者的知音。
四、趋优一“仿”，“仿”出别开洞天的气韵
这里的仿照练笔并不是一般意义上针对文本语言、句式、结构进行机械刻板地模仿，而是在规范、经典的文本语言情境中培养学生趋向优质的意识，在具体的语境之中让学生思考甄别为什么写这些，为什么用这样的方式写，从而为学生真正意义上的仿写练习铺设道路。
新GRE阅读36套解析完美打印版——陈虎平阅读36套笔记(参考)
1. 第一题定位到文章最后一句话，结合文章主旨直
接得出答案。 A. 新内容，same time； B. 新内容，manipulate；（注：sought是seek（寻 求）的过去式；） C. 答案； D. 新内容， game theory （实际上该文是由长阅读截 取的，未保留的部门是有涉及博弈论的内容的）， later development； E. 虽然貌似一直都在说reproduction，但是文章主 旨是强调sex ratios；
6. 逻辑Байду номын сангаас：
定位L4：―The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present—in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles‗ wet weight.‖ 我们可以从中知道amount of anaerobic energy 和 muscles wet weight正相关， 题目中问的如果amount of anaerobic energy和 vertebrate‗s size 正相关，基于的假设很明显当然是 muscles wet weight和 vertebrate‗s size的正相关。
11. 注意不要因为倒数第二句中出现了很多类似
“loving, joyful, compassionate‖很开心的词汇，就选 它； 仔细分析主干我们知道， 这句话的主语实际上是 ―The comic community‖，但是题目问的是 ―great comic art‖；而我们接着读就会幸运的发现下面说的 这句话就是这帮人的乐观的感觉。 ―Grow out of‖不要 因为有―out‖而有其他的想法，他就是―成长于……、 产生，源自……‖的意思，只有主语有长大的感觉的 时候（比如小孩儿），才有负面的感觉，表示（由于 长大而）遗弃……，e.g. She has grown out of her youth follies. 12. 态度题， 从文章主旨意在表现这帮人坚持去除伪 善伪恶后的人类本性，D最为贴切。
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer18(1)
Exercise 18Theorists are divided concerning the origin of the Moon. Some hypothesize that the Moon was formed in the sameway as were the planets in the inner solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth)—from planet-forming materials inthe presolar nebula. But, unlike the cores of the inner planets, the Moon‘s core contains little or no iron, while the typical planet-forming materials were quite rich in iron. Other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth‘s rocky mantle by the Earth‘s collision with another large celestial body after much of the Earth‘s iron fell to its core. One problem with the collision hypothesis is the question of how a satellite formed in this way could have settled into the nearly circular orbit that the Moon has today. Fortunately, the collision hypothesis is testable. If it is true, the mantle rocksof the Moon and the Earth should be the same geochemically. (155 words)For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply1. According to the passage, Mars and the Earth aresimilar in which of the following ways?A Their satellites were formed by collisions withother celestial bodies.B Their cores contain iron.C They were formed from the presolar nebula.2. The author implies that a nearly circular orbit isunlikely for a satellite that(A) circles one of the inner planets(B) is deficient in iron(C) is different from its planet geochemically(D) was formed by a collision between two celestialbodies(E) was formed out of the planet-forming materialsin the presolar nebula3. Which of the following, if true, would be most likelyto make it difficult to verify the collision hypothesisin the manner suggested by the author?(A) The Moon‘s core and mantle rock are almostinactive geologically.(B) The mantle rock of the Earth has changed incomposition since the formation of theMoon, while the mantle rock of the Moon hasremained chemically inert.(C) Much of the Earth‘s iron fell to the Earth‘s corelong before the formation of the Moon, afterwhich the Earth‘s mantle rock remainedunchanged.(D) Certain of the Earth‘s elements, such as platinum,gold, and iridium, followed iron to theEarth‘s core.(E) The mantle rock of the Moon contains elementssuch as platinum, gold, and iridium.关于月亮起源的两种观点；Q1：Mars 和earth有什么区别？解析：定位至line 3：in the inner solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Earth)—from planet-forming materials inthe presolar nebula. 正确答案BC；Q2：a nearly circular orbit 不可能是怎样卫星的轨道？解析：定位至One problem with the collision hypothesis is the question of how a satellite formed in this way could have settled into the nearly circular orbit that the Moon has today，正确答案D；Q3：哪个选项使爆炸论难以证实？解析：文章说moon几乎不含铁，可能是地球的铁都集中到core去了之后，被别的星球炸飞的地球表面的一块。
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer6
GRE阅读小笔记Exercise 6 Some modern anthropologists hold that biologicalevolution has shaped not only human morphology butalso human behavior. The role those anthropologistsascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of5 human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that ―come natu-rallyǁ in archetypal situations in any culture. Our―frailtiesǁ –emotions and motives such as rage, fear,greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love—may be a very mixed10 assortment, but they share at least one immediatequality: we are, as we say, ―in the gripǁ of them. Andthus they give us our sense of constraints.Unhappily, some of those frailties—our need forever-increasing security among them—are presently15 maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of culturaldetail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction,and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes.We would need to comprehend thoroughly theiradaptive origins in order to understand how badly they20 guide us now. And we might then begin to resist theirpressure.=====================================1. Which of the following most probably providesan appropriate analogy from human morphol-ogy for the ―detailsǁ versus ―constraintsǁdistinction made in the passage in relation tohuman behavior?(A) The ability of most people to see all thecolors of the visible spectrum as againstmost people‘s inability to name any butthe primary colors(B) The ability of even the least fortunatepeople to show compassion as againstpeople‘s inability to mask their feelingscompletely(C) The ability of some people to dive to greatdepths as against most people‘s inabilityto swim long distances(D) The psychological profile of those peoplewho are able to delay gratification asagainst people‘s inability to control theirlives completely(E) The greater lung capacity of mountainpeoples that helps them live in oxygen-poorair as against people‘s inability to flywithout special apparatus2. It can be inferred that in his discussion ofmaladaptive frailties the author assumes that(A) evolution does not favor the emergence ofadaptive characteristics over the emergenceof maladaptive ones(B) any structure or behavior not positivelyadaptive is regarded as transitory inevolutionary theory(C) maladaptive characteristics, once fixed,make the emergence of other maladaptivecharacteristics more likely(D) the designation of a characteristic as beingmaladaptive must always remain highlytentative(E) changes in the total human environment canoutpace evolutionary change阅读2：该文是GRE阅读中最难的（没有之一。
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer21
Exercise 21Nevelson says, ―I have always wanted to show theworld that art is everywhere, except that it has to passthrough a creative mind.‖ Using mostly discarded wooden objects like packing crates, broken pieces of furniture, and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructionsof great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent inher works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggestsuch connotations. (124 words)1. Which of the following is one way in which Nevel-son‘s art illustrates her theory as it is expressed inthe first sentence?(A) She sculpts in wood rather than in metal orstone.(B) She paints her sculptures and frames them inboxes.(C) She makes no preliminary sketches but ratherallows the sculpture to develop as she works.(D) She puts together pieces of ordinary objectsonce used for different purposes to make hersculptures.(E) She does not deliberately attempt to conveysymbolic or religious meanings through hersculpture.―Popular art‖ has a number of meanings, impossible todefine with any precision, which range from folklore tojunk. The poles are clear enough, but the middle tends to blur. The Hollywood Western of the 1930‘s, for example,has elements of folklore, but is closer to junk than to highart or folk art. There can be great trash, just as there is badhigh art. The musicals of George Gershwin are greatpopular art, never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, however, used elements of popular music—folk themes—indifferent one: he took a popular genre—bourgeoismelodrama set to music (an accurate definition ofnineteenth-century opera)—and, without altering itsfundamental nature, transmuted it into high art. (133 words)6. The author refers to Schubert and Brahms in orderto suggest(A) that their achievements are no less substantialthan those of Verdi(B) that their works are examples of great trash(C) the extent to which Schubert and Brahmsinfluenced the later compositions of Verdi(D) a contrast between the conventions ofnineteenth-century opera and those ofother musical forms(E) that popular music could be employed incompositions intended as high art阅读1：文章来自老G的阅读题目，仍然先看老G的翻译，当做背景知识吧~路易丝"奈纳尔森（Louise Nevelson）被许多评论家相信为是二十世纪最伟大的雕塑家，这一点愈发令人瞩目，因为直到最近，对女艺术家最强烈的抵制一直存在于雕塑这一领域。
【尚友制造】36套阅读解析exer4
GRE阅读小笔记Exercise 4 It is a popular misconception that nuclear fusionpower is free of radioactivity; in fact, the deuterium-tritium reaction that nuclear scientists are currentlyexploring with such zeal produces both alpha particles5 and neutrons. (The neutrons are used to produce tritiumfrom a lithium blanket surrounding the reactor.)Another common misconception is that nuclear fusionpower is a virtually unlimited source of energy becauseof the enormous quantity of deuterium in the sea.10 Actually, its limits are set by the amount of availablelithium, which is about as plentiful as uranium in theEarth‘s crust. Research should certainly continue oncontrolled nuclear fusion, but no energy programshould be premised on its existence until it has proven15 practical.========================================1. It can be inferred from the passage that theauthor believes which of the following about thecurrent state of public awareness concerningnuclear fusion power?(A) The public has been deliberately misinformedabout the advantages and disadvantages ofnuclear fusion power.(B) The public is unaware of the principaladvantage of nuclear fusion over nuclearfission as an energy source.(C) The public‘s awareness of the scientificfacts concerning nuclear fusion power issomewhat distorted and incomplete.(D) The public is not interested in increasing itsawareness of the advantages anddisadvantages of nuclear fusion power.(E) The public is aware of the disadvantages ofnuclear fusion power but not of itsadvantages.For the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply2. The passage provides information that wouldanswer which of the following questions EXCEPT?□A How much incidental radiation is producedin the deuterium tritium fusion reaction?□B What is likely to be the principal source ofdeuterium for nuclear fusion power?□C Why are scientists exploring the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction with such zeal?阅读2：文章说到了public对核聚变反应的两种普遍误解。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Exercise 12Traditional research has confronted only Mexicanand United States interpretations of Mexican-American culture. Now we must also examine the culture as weLine Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from 5 a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people—a charterminority on our own land.When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they inter- married with and absorbed the culture of the indigenous10 Indians. This policy of colonization through acculturation was continued when Mexico acquired Texas in the early 1800‘s and brought the indigenous Indians into Mexicanlife and government. In the 1820‘s, United States citizens migrated to Texas, attracted by land suitable for cotton.15 As their numbers became more substantial, their policy of acquiring land by subduing native populations began to dominate. The two ideologies clashed repeatedly, culminating in a military conflict that led to victory forthe United States. Thus, suddenly deprived of our parent20 culture, we had to evolve uniquely Mexican-American modes of thought and action in order to survive.(168 words)1. The author‘s purpose in writing this passage isprimarily to(A) suggest the motives behind Mexican and UnitedStates intervention in Texas(B) document certain early objectives of Mexican- American society(C) provide a historical perspective for a new analysisof Mexican-American culture(D) appeal to both Mexican and United Statesscholars to give greater consideration toeconomic interpretations of history(E) bring to light previously overlooked research on Mexican Americans2. The author most probably uses the phrase―charter minority‖ (lines 6-7) to reinforce theidea that Mexican Americans(A) are a native rather than an immigrant groupin the United States(B) played an active political role when Texas firstbecame part of the United States(C) recognized very early in the nineteenth centurythe need for official confirmation of theirrights of citizenship(D) have been misunderstood by scholars tryingto interpret their culture(E) identify more closely with their Indian heritagethan with their Spanish heritage3. Which of the following statements most clearlycontradicts the information in this passage?(A) In the early 1800‘s, the Spanish committed moreresources to settling California thanto developing Texas.(B) While Texas was under Mexican control, thepopulation of Texas quadrupled, in spite of thefact that Mexico discouraged immigrationfrom the United States.(C) By the time Mexico acquired Texas, manyIndians had already married people ofSpanish heritage.(D) Many Mexicans living in Texas returned toMexico after Texas was annexed by theUnited States.(E) Most Indians living in Texas resisted Spanishacculturation and were either killed orenslaved先来段翻译吧：传统研究面对的只是墨西哥人和美国对墨美文化的诠释。
现在我们也必须从我们墨西哥裔美国人的角度对所经历过的文化进行一番审视：先是主权民族，接着变成了新来殖民者的同胞，最终沦为被征服了的民族——成了自己的土地上法定少数民族。
当西班牙人率先来到墨西哥时，他们与土著印第安人通婚，并吸收他们的文化。
当1800年代初墨西哥获得德克萨斯时，这一以同化为手段的殖民化政策被保留了下来，使得土著印第安人得以融入墨西哥人的生活并担任公职。
到了1820年代，适宜种植棉花的土地将美国人吸引到德克萨斯。
随着人数的不断增加，通过征服当地人来获得土地就成为压倒一切的政策。
两种意识形态反复碰撞，并在一次导致美国人获胜的军事冲突中达到顶点。
于是，我们被突然剥夺了父辈的文化，为了生存，我们不得不逐渐发展出墨西哥裔美国人所独有的思维模式和行为模式。
Q1. 定位至第一段：“Traditional research has confronted only Mexican and United States interpretations of Mexican-American culture. Now we must also examine the culture”老观点被新观点重新审视，所以正确选项C；Q2. 按照题目定位：读完整句话在讲墨西哥裔美国人的一段血泪史，charter minority on our own land 表达了，虽然他们minority，但是on our own land；答案A;Q3. 与原文内容冲突的选项，将每个选项取反，看是否在文中有定位:E：取反后定位在第二段第一句：When the Spanish first came to Mexico, they intermarried with and absorbed theculture of the indigenous Indians, 选E；The determination of the sources of copper ore used inthe manufacture of copper and bronze artifacts of BronzeAge civilizations would add greatly to our knowledge ofcultural contacts and trade in that era. Researchers have5 analyzed artifacts and ores for their concentrations of elements,but for a variety of reasons, these studies have generally failedto provide evidence of the sources of the copper used in theobjects. Elemental composition can vary within the samecopper-ore lode, usually because of varying admixtures of10 other elements, especially iron, lead, zinc, and arsenic. Andhigh concentrations of cobalt or zinc, noticed in some artifacts,appear in a variety of copper-ore sources. Moreover, theprocessing of ores introduced poorly controlled changesin the concentrations of minor and trace elements in the15 resulting metal. Some elements evaporate during smeltingand roasting; different temperatures and processes producedifferent degrees of loss. Finally, flux, which is sometimesadded during smelting to remove waste material from theore, could add quantities of elements to the final product.20 An elemental property that is unchanged through thesechemical processes is the isotopic composition of eachmetallic element in the ore. Isotopic composition, thepercentages of the different isotopes of an element in a givensample of the element, is therefore particularly suitable as an25 indicator of the sources of the ore. Of course, for this purposeit is necessary to find an element whose isotopic compositionis more or less constant throughout a given ore body, butvaries from one copper ore body to another or, at least, fromone geographic region to another.30 The ideal choice, when isotopic composition is used toinvestigate the source of copper ore, would seem to be copperitself. It has been shown that small but measurable variationsoccur naturally in the isotopic composition of copper.However, the variations are large enough only in rare35 ores; between samples of the common ore minerals of copper,isotopic variations greater than the measurement error havenot been found. An alternative choice is lead, which occursin most copper and bronze artifacts of the Bronze Age inamounts consistent with the lead being derived from the40 copper ores and possibly from the fluxes. The isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a45 single copper-ore source. While some of the lead found in an artifact may have been introduced from flux or when other metals were added to the copper ore, lead so added in Bronze Age processing would usually have the same isotopic composition as the lead in the copper ore. Lead isotope50 studies may thus prove useful for interpreting the archaeological record of the Bronze Age.(473 words)4. The author first mentions the addition of flux during smelting in the last sentence in the last paragraph inorder to(A) give a reason for the failure of elementalcomposition studies to determine ore sources(B) illustrate differences between various BronzeAge civilizations(C) show the need for using high smeltingtemperatures(D) illustrate the uniformity of lead isotopecomposition(E) explain the success of copper isotopecomposition analysisFor the following question, consider each of thechoices separately and select all that apply5. According to the passage, possible sources of thelead found in a copper or bronze artifact includewhich of the following?□A The copper ore used to manufacture the ar fact□B Flux added during processing of the copper ore□C Other metal added during processing of thecopper ore6. Select the sentence in the passage that the author rejects copper as the ―ideal choice‖.7. It can be inferred from the passage that the useof flux in processing copper ore can alter thelead isotope composition of the resulting metalEXCEPT when(A) there is a smaller concentration of lead inthe flux than in the copper ore(B) the concentration of lead in the flux isequivalent to that of the lead in the ore(C) some of the lead in the flux evaporatesduring processing(D) any lead in the flux has the same isotopiccomposition as the lead in the ore(E) other metals are added during processing仍旧是先上翻译：对于青铜时代（Bronze Age）文明中的铜与青铜制物来说，确定其铸造过程中所应用的铜矿石来源，可大大增加我们对那个时代文化交往和贸易的知识。