物流专业英语

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01《物流专业英语》--Unit-1-What-is-logistics-第三版新编PPT课件

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The Coca Cola soft drink product moves by the typical supply chain. The retail price is higher because value is added to the product as it passes through each node in the supply chain (Figure 2).
值得注意的是，人们，尤其是非专业人士，对物流有一种广泛的误导性概念，即认为物流就是运输。的确，运输是物流的核心构成部分，没有运输什么也动不起来。即使如此，物流仍然比单独的运输所能传达的意义要深远得多。
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How a bottle of Coca Cola coke moves to an end consumer 一瓶可乐是如何到达最终消费者手中的
If a consumer wants to have a bottle of Coca Cola coke, he can choose to:
如果客户想买一瓶可口可乐，他可能选择：
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go straight to the manufacturer, buy it at ex-factory price (e.g. 1.50 Yuan/bottle) but pay extra costs for bus fare (e.g. 5 Yuan or more) , totaling 6.50 Yuan plus time cost (hours of bus travel), or
B选择是个人零散客户最常用的选择，在此种方式下，客户支付较高的零售价，在享有较低的总成本的同时，还可以换取购物的轻松并免除到厂家取货的耗时旅程。

物流专业英语试题及答案

物流专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. What does the acronym "3PL" stand for in logistics?A. Third Party LogisticsB. Three Party LogisticsC. Third Party LiabilitiesD. Third Party Law2. The term "EDI" refers to:A. Electronic Data InterchangeB. Electronic Document InterchangeC. Electronic Device InterfaceD. Electronic Document Integration3. What is the primary purpose of a warehouse in logistics?A. To store goods for future saleB. To provide a place for goods to be manufacturedC. To transport goods to their final destinationD. To sell goods directly to consumers4. Which of the following is not a mode of transportation?A. RoadB. RailC. AirD. Warehouse5. The term "inventory" in logistics refers to:A. The process of moving goods from one place to anotherB. The goods that are held in stock awaiting saleC. The process of receiving goods from suppliersD. The process of delivering goods to customers6. What is the role of a logistics manager?A. To manage the financial aspects of a companyB. To oversee the operations of a logistics departmentC. To design and manufacture productsD. To handle customer service inquiries7. Which of the following is a type of transportation document?A. Bill of LadingB. Bill of SaleC. Bill of ExchangeD. Bill of Rights8. What is the meaning of "LTL" in logistics?A. Less Than LoadB. Large Transport LoadC. Long Term LeaseD. Limited Time Limit9. The term "drop shipping" refers to a method where:A. The seller stores and ships the goods themselvesB. The manufacturer ships the goods directly to the customerC. The goods are shipped from one warehouse to anotherD. The goods are shipped to a central distribution center10. Which of the following is not a function of supply chainmanagement?A. PlanningB. SourcingC. ManufacturingD. Advertising答案：1-5 A A A A B6-10 B A A B D二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The process of managing the flow of goods and information from the point of origin to the point of consumption is known as the _______ chain.2. In logistics, the term "lead time" refers to the _______ it takes for an order to be delivered after it has been placed.3. The acronym "FCL" stands for _______ Container Load.4. A _______ is a person or company that arranges the transportation of goods for others.5. The term "cross docking" refers to the practice of _______ goods as they are received and shipping them out without storing them.6. A _______ is a document that provides evidence of the terms of a contract for the transportation of goods.7. The process of managing the movement and storage of goods from raw material stage to the finished goods stage is known as _______ management.8. The term "hub-and-spoke" refers to a _______ model where goods are transported to a central hub and then distributed to various locations.9. The acronym "TMS" stands for _______ Management System.10. The _______ is the person responsible for ensuring that the cargo is properly loaded, secured, and unloaded.答案：1. supply2. time3. Full4. freight forwarder5. unloading and reloading6. contract of carriage7. inventory8. logistics9. Transportation10. stevedore三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述物流中的“Just-In-Time”（JIT）库存管理的概念。

物流专业英语(第5版)Ch2 课后练习答案[6页]

Ch2 第2章Supply Chain Management 第1课I Phrases translation供应链supply chain最终用户end customers供应链管理supply chain management 货物流product flow核心能力core competency信息流information flow因果图cause-and-effect diagram 人力资源human resource上游供应商upper stream supplier 供应链整合supply chain integration 下游企业down stream firm物资供应material procurement 流程图flow diagram预定程序booking-in processII Fill in the blank and put the sentence into Chinese1、supplier , customer供应链管理是供应商与最终客户间的连接网络系统。

2、procure, transform, deliver供应链管理是采购原料和服务、生产/转型形成中间产品和最终产品，并将其发送至客户的各种活动的整合。

3、Technology技术在提高企业总体供应链能力上具有更为重要的作用。

4、improving the relationships of the parties on the chain.供应链整合目标实际上始于提高链上成员之间的关系5、brainstorming , cause-and-effect项目组和那些参与这一进程的人开了一个下午的会议，这种头脑风暴会议的结果产生了一个因果图。

III.Listen to the interview, and answer to the following questions：TapescriptProf. GARY GEREFFI: Wal-Mart, as an efficiency machine, has just done better than any other U.S. retailer, or perhaps any other U.S. company in history.HEDRICK SMITH: With other mass retail chains, like Target and K-Mart,Wal-Mart generated a revolution in how goods are produced, a shift from what's called "push production" to "pull production."Prof. EDNA BONACICH, U.C. Riverside: The push system involved manufacturers deciding what they're going to produce and then trying to get retailers to buy it and sell it for them. The pull system involves retailers deciding what is being sold, collecting information on what is being sold, and then telling manufacturers what to produce and when to produce it based on what is actually being sold.HEDRICK SMITH: Wal-Mart's pull is so powerful that here in Bentonville, manufacturers have set up satellite sales offices. In what's now known as Vendorville, I found a Who's Who of Wal-Mart vendors. In one corporate office park, I found a sock manufacturer, Kentucky Derby Hosiery. Its CEO is Bill Nichol.BILL NICHOL, CEO, Kentucky Derby Hosiery: Yes. If you want to sellWal-Mart, you know, you need to come to Bentonville. It's been that way for a long time. I don't see that that's going to change. So people who travel a lot found it maybe more convenient just to have an office here, that they were continuously coming to Bentonville, so a lot of them just moved here, or at least opened an office here. HEDRICK SMITH: The suppliers come in droves, hungry for big contracts. They get herded into little rooms for bargaining sessions with Wal-Mart buyers.BILL NICHOL: They force all of us, by really good business discipline, to be sure we're paying attention at all times to what their customers want to buy. It serves the purpose of saying, "This is what they want, and they want to buy it at this price." Therefore, that's what we'd better be doing, our little company.HEDRICK SMITH: The focus is on what matters most to Wal-Mart: prices.JON LEHMAN, Former Wal-Mart Store Manager: Well, it's very one-sided. There is no negotiation. There's not much negotiation at all. The manufacturer walks into the room. I've been in these little cubicles, I've seen it happen. The buyer says, "Look, we want you to sell it to us for 5 percent on a dollar – at cost – lower this year than you did last year."They know every fact and figure that these manufacturers have. They know their books. They know their costs. They know their business practices– everything, you know? So what's a manufacturer left to do? They sit naked in front of Wal-Mart. You know, Wal-Mart calls the shots. "If you want to do business with us, if you want tostay in business, then you're going to do it our way." And it's all about driving down the cost of goods.Prof. NELSON LICHTENSTEIN: The power of Wal-Mart is such, it's reversed a 100-year history in which the manufacturer was powerful and the retailer was sort of the vassal. It's changed that. It turned that around entirely. Now the retailer, the mass global retailer, is at the center. That's the power. And the manufacturer becomes the serf, the vassal, the underling who has to do the bidding of the retailer. That's a new thing.第2课I Phrases translation供应链战略supply chain strategy 多供应商战略many suppliers strategy 少数供应商战略few suppliers strategy 纵向整合战略vertical integration企业集团keiretsu networks 虚拟企业virtual company前向整合forward integration 后向整合backward integration 规模经济economy of scale成本降低cost reductionII Fill in the blank and put the sentence into Chinese1、demands, specifications, low bidder, supplier在多供应商战略中，各供应商对采购方的报价要求中的需求和规格做出回应，订单往往是为报价较低者所获得。

常用物流英语专业英语词汇

常用物流英语专业英语词汇一、常用物流英语50句1.Modern logistics is one of the most challenging and exciting jobs in the world.现代物流是世界上最富挑战性和最激动人心的工作。

2.Logistics is part of a supply chain.物流是供应链的整体组成部分。

3.Logistics is anything but a newborn baby.物流不是新鲜事。

4.Logistics is a unique global “pipeline”.物流是独特的全球通道。

5.Logistics is related to the effective and efficient flow of materials and information.物流所涉及的是物料和信息有效、快速的流动。

6.Logistics operation and management include packaging, warehousing, material handling, inventory control, transport, forecasting, strategic planning, customer service, etc.物流操作和管理包括包装、仓储、物料搬运、库存控制、运输、预测、战略计划和客户服务等方面。

7.Logistics consists of warehousing, transportation, loading and unloading, handling, carrying, packaging, processing, distribution and logistics information.物流由仓储、运输、装卸、搬运、包装、加工、配送和物流信息所组成。

8.Logistics may be divided into supply logistics, production logistics, distribution logistics, returned logistics and waste material logistics.物流可以分成供应物流、生产物流、销售物流、回收物流和废弃物物流。

物流专业英语(第5版)Ch13 课后练习答案[5页]

CH 13 第13章 LOGISTICS DOCUMENTS 2第1课 TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS (1)I. Translate the following Chinese terms into Englishbooking note mate’s receipt container load plan air waybilldelivery order short discharge shipping document maritime transport stevedoring company tally sheet outturn report business connections loading list negotiation of payment mode of transport road waybillII. Translate the following English terms into Chinese出口货物托运委托书装货单集装箱场站收据设备交接单铁路运单货物舱单货代收货证明理货公司运费舱单贷代运输证明积载图书面证明交接货物出港货物理货组长海关报关手续大副航运公司货物备妥待运舱位/舱容集装箱码头III. Challenging questions for discussion1. The main types of transport documents are shipper’s letter of instruction, booking note, shipping order, mat e’s receipt, dock receipt, container load plan, bill of lading, delivery order, equipment interchange receipt, sea waybill, air waybill, railway bill, road waybill, cargo manifest, forwarders’ certificate of receipt, forwarders’ certificate of transport, etc.2. The main types of shipping documents are booking note, shipping order, stowage plan, tally sheet, mate’s receipt, cargo manifest, freight manifest, outturn report, bill of lading, and delivery order, etc.3. The circulation of the relevant shipping documents is as follows:(1) The shipper (or consignor) makes an application to a shipping company or its agent for the shipment of goods by filling in a booking note (B/N).(2) After the acceptance of the booking note, the shipping company issues a shipping order (S/O) to the shipper, advising him of when and where to deliver the goods alongside the named ship.(3) The shipper, on the strength of the S/O, goes through the customs declaration formalities for outward goods and gets the goods ready for shipment.(4) The agent prepares a loading list for the ship according to the S/O.(5) The chief officer works out a stowage plan. A number of copies are sent to thetally company and stevedoring company through the agent for the arrangement of loading and discharge.(6) The chief tallyman checks all goods loaded on board against the tally sheets and signs the S/O.(7) The chief officer, by reference to the tally, endorses the S/O, which then automatically becomes the mate’s receipt (M/R) to be issued to the shipper after loading.(8) After paying for the freight (prepaid), the shipper turns over the M/R to the shipping company or agent in exchange for the bill of lading.(9) The shipper sends the B/L and other relevant documents to the bank for negotiation of payment.(10) The agent makes out for the ship a suitable number of copies of the export manifest (M/F) and freight manifest (F/M), which are required by the customs at the local port as well as other ports of call.(11) The consignee secures the B/L from the bank by effecting the payment for goods.(12) The consignee presents the B/L to the shipping company or agent in exchange for the delivery order (D/O), by which he takes delivery of goods at the warehouse.4. Not necessary.IV. Be familiar with each column of the shipping documents given below 略第2课 TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS (2)I. Translate the following Chinese terms into Englishmarine or ocean B/L receipt of goods shipped B/L direct B/Lclean B/L order B/L open B/L through B/Llong form B/L scheduled route multimodal transport operator liner B/Lcharter party freight charge maritime transportation documentestimated time of arrival (ETA)II. Translate the following English terms into Chinese运输合同的证明正本提单合法持有人集装箱识别码/集装箱号码附有条款提单/不清洁提单简式提单/略式提单货物所有权凭证/物权凭证记名提单转船提单备运提单可转让提单/可流通提单不可转让提单/不可流通提单多式联运提单租船提单出口舱单预计离开时间码头监管人员不清洁提单III. Judge whether the following statements are true or false1. T2. T3. F4. T5. FIV. Challenging questions for discussion1. The mate’s receipt.2. Bill of lading is a transport document issued by the carrier or its agent to the shipper admitting that goods have been received for shipment to a particular destination and stating the terms on which the goods are to be carried.3. bill of lading functions as a receipt of goods by the carrier evidencing receipt of the goods from the consignor, evidence of a contract of carriage between the shipper and the carrier containing the conditions on which transport is made, and a document of title to the goods in the sense that the lawful holder/owner of the B/L is the lawful owner of the goods and the carrier will only release the goods at the stipulated port of destination against the presentation of the original B/L.4. Fifteen types of marine B/L are mentioned in this part. They can be classified into the following categories in accordance with different criteria.(1) In terms of whether or not the goods are on boardShipped B/L (or On Board B/L) is issued by the carrier or its agent when all the goods are loaded on board the ship, and must bear the name of the ship and the date of shipment.Received for Shipment B/L is issued by the carrier or its agent when the goods are under his control before loaded on board the ship. The importer does not favor it, and usually the L/C will require the exporter to present shipped B/L for negotiation at the bank. However, with the development of container transport, received for shipment Bs/L are being increasingly applied.(2) On the basis of the apparent condition of goods notedW hen the shipping company writes on the B/L “The goods loaded are in apparent good order”, this B/L is a Clean B/L or an Unclaused B/L.When the shipping line gives such an indication as “The goods loaded are not in apparent good order” or “The packing is broken or … is polluted, etc.”, this B/L is a n Unclean B/L or a foul B/L or a claused B/L, and non-negotiable at the bank.(3) In the light of different characteristics of consigneesStraight B/L has a specified name in the column of consignee, which means that the goods can only be received by the specified person and the B/L cannot be transferred to a third person.Order B/L does not have a specified name but the phraseology of “To orde r”, or “To the order of …” in the column of consignee. This kind of B/L can be transferred to others by endorsement, thus called negotiable B/L, and widely used in international trade.Open B/L has neither the consignee’s name nor the phraseology of “To order” fill in the column of consignee. This type of B/L is also called negotiable B/L, and can be negotiable without endorsement, and ownership of the goods passes when the B/L is handed over to anyone. Owing to the exceedingly high risk involved, this B/L is rarely used.(4) In accordance with modes of transportUnder Direct B/L, the goods will be directly carried to the port of destination without transshipment. Under Transshipment B/L, the goods will be transshipped in transit.Through B/L is a development of these two Bs/L. Under Through B/L, the goods will at least be carried by two different modes of transport as sea-land or land-sea and taken charge of by different carriers during transport before arriving at the port of destination. A multimodal transport operator responsible for the whole voyage issues Combined Transport B/L, involving two or more different kinds of transport. This kind of B/L is usually used in container transport and may be a Received for Shipment B/L, but a Through B/L must be a Clean Shipped B/L.(5) In conformity with the detailed or simplified clausesLong Form B/L has detailed clauses printed on its back concerning the transport of goods so as to solve any possible transport disputes, while short Form B/L does not have such clauses on its back.(6) In compliance with the types of vesselLiner B/L is issued by the carrier when the goods are shipped on a regular liner vessel with scheduled route and reserved berth at destination, while charter party B/L is issued by a charterer of a ship to the exporter.5. Straight B/L has a specified name in the column of consignee, which means that the goods can only be received by the specified person and the B/L cannot be transferred to a third person. So it is also called non-negotiable B/L, and thus it is not commonly used in international trade and normally applies to high-value shipments or goods for special purposes.V. Make out the B/L according to the L/C given below略第3课 TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS (3)I. Translate the following Chinese terms into Englishmultimodal transport consignment note multimodal transport contract express delivery service courier receipt dock receipt multimodal transport document take delivery of goods port authority document for clearance Atlantic route short trafficsII. Translate the following English terms into Chinese航空运输克尽职责货运指示用于清关的源单据邮政特快专递服务敦豪速递公司联邦快递联合包裹服务公司铁路运单《国际公路货物运输公约》《国际铁路货物运输公约》III. Challenging questions for discussion1. The air waybill is approximately equivalent to the sea freight B/L, but it is not a document of title to goods or a negotiable instrument in the same way as is an ocean B/Lbecause the cargo would arrive at the destination airport days or sometimes weeks before the air waybill’s arrival via the banking system. Therefore, the consignee is allowed to take delivery of the goods before receiving the air waybill.2. A multimodal transport document evidences the contract of carriage of goods by at least two modes of transport, such as shipping by rail and by sea, issued by a multimodal transport operator under a multimodal transport contract.3. The difference between an MTD and a through B/L is as follows: Through B/L used for ocean transport always covers sea transport together with any other modes of transport, but multimodal transport document(MTD) may be applied to any kind of combined transport，not necessary connected with sea transport. This document can be either negotiable or non-negotiable, and usually non-negotiable.4. The function of a dock receipt is used to transfer responsibility when the export goods is moved by the domestic carrier to the port of shipment and left with the international carrier for movement to its final destination.IV. Be familiar with each column of the transport documents given below 略。

物流专业英语参考答案

ReferencesUnit 1 An Introduction to Business LogisticsPart II. Exercises for Dialogue 1Answer the following questions according to the dialogue.1.Logistics means to supply the right product at the right time in theright quantity in the right condition at the right place for the right customer at the right price.2.It includes the procurement, maintainance, distribution andreplacement of personnel and material.3.These two concepts are the same meanings. Logistics is generalmeaning and includes military definition and business definition.Business logistics stresses special term on a trade or business. Exercises for Dialogue 21.(Opening)2.(Opening)Part III. Practical ReadingsExercises for Text 1I. Answer the following questions:1. Business logistics means to be defined as a business-planning framework for the management of material, service, information and capital flows.2. Business logistics involves the following activities: demand forecasting,procurement, materials handling, packaging, warehouse and inventory management, ordering processing, logistics communications, transport, customer service and so on.3. The role of logistics is to maintain the balance between the minute details and the main elements involved in a product.II.1.商务物流管理有不同版本的不同定义 2 必要资源的利用3. 逆向货物的搬运4. 人员和材料的补充5. 复杂信息6. 现代的商业环境7. 需求预测8. 设施场地选择9. 公司最重要的财富10. 公司战略抉择走势评定III. definitions—heart---output---service---strategyIV. 1. 这一非常宽广的物流观点把单一的供应链与贸易公司的方方面面整合在一起。

物流专业英语

物流专业英语十
• • • • • • • • 1. raw materials 原材料; 2. finished goods 成品; 3. production cost 生产成本; 4. product cost 产品成本；九 5. aggregate product cost 产品总成本； 6. logistic activity 物流活动； 7. railway 铁路； 8. highway 高速公路.
物流专业英语十一
• • • • • • • • 1. port of unloading 卸货港 2. port of loading 装运港 3. container 集装箱九 4. FOB 离岸价 5. CFR 到岸价（无保险） 6. CIF 到岸价（含保险） 7. the time of shipment 装运时间，船期 8. shipping space 仓位
物流专业英语十二
• • • • • • • • 1. FCL 整箱货，整柜装箱装载 2. LCL 拼箱货，散货拼箱装载 3. TEUs 20英尺标准箱 4. FEUs 40英尺标准箱九 5. international freight forwarder 国际代运公司 6. customs 海关 7. forwarder 货代（货运代理） 8. shipping agent 船运代理人
物流专业英语九
• • • • • • • 1. motor transportation 汽车运输； 2. rail transportation 铁路运输； 3. air transportation 航空运输； 4. water transportation水路运输； 5. pipeline transportation 管道运输； 6. point-of-origin 原产地（origin place）； 7. point-of-consumption 消费地点(place of consumption)； • 8. logistician• • • • • • • • 1. logistics 物流 2. article 物品 3. goods 商品 4. cargo 货物，船货 5. logistics activy 物流活动 6. logistics cost 物流成本 7. logistics management 物流管理 8. supply logistics 供应物流

物流专业英语考试复习

原产地point of origin
物资储存storage of goods
消除低下的效率eliminate inefficiency
产品的流转，储存和控制movement,storage,and control of products
和供应相关的活动supply-related activities
A variety of functions多种功能
Across the company从整个公司
Control mechanism控制机制
Flexible planning 灵活的规划
Integration集成整合
Coordination协调
Labor,equipment and space 劳动力，设备和场地
Specialist fuels特种燃料
Heating oil供暖燃油
Food ingredients食品配料
Expertise专门技术，专门知识
Road delivery公路运送
Goods in process进程中的货物
As a buffer against things going wrong作为一种防止事情变坏的缓冲
Customer support 客户支持
Transportation 运输
Movement of people and goods人流和物流
Warehouse management 仓储管理
Purchasing采购
Include ,but not limited to 包括，但又不限于
Manual and powered手动或电动的
Pallet moving trucks 托盘搬运车

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CHAPTER1
1. The 4 types of economic utility（四种经济效用形式）
(1) possession utility(2) form utility(3) place utility(4) time utility
2. The increased importance of logistics（物流日益增长的重要性）
(1)a reduction in economic regulation（经济规制的放松）(2)changes in consumer behavior（顾客行为的改变）
(3)technological advanced（技术进步）(4)the growing power of retailers （零售商权力的不断增大）
(5)globalization of trade(贸易全球化)
3. Business logistics（企业物流）
(1)inbound logistics（内向物流）(2)materials management（物料管理）
(3)physical distribution（实物配送）
4. Logistical relationships within firm（公司内部的物流关系）
(1)finance（财务）(2)marketing（营销）(3)production（价格决策）
5.4ps of marketing（营销4P）
(1)place(地点)(2)price（价格）(3)product（产品）(4)promotion（促销）6. Marketing channels（营销渠道）
(1)ownership channel（所有权渠道）(2)negotiations channel（协商渠道）
(3)financing channel（财务渠道）
(4)promotions channel（促销渠道）(5)logistics channel（物流渠道）
(6)facilitators or channel intermediaries（渠道促进者和渠道中介）
7. Sorting function 4 steps（分类功能有四个步骤）
(1)sorting out（分类）(2)accumulating（积聚）(3)allocating（分配）(4)assorting（再次分类）
8. Activities in the logistical channel（物流渠道中的活动）
(1)customer service(顾客服务)(2)demand forecasting（需求预测）
(3)facility location decision（设施选址决策）
(4)industrial packaging（工业包装）(5)inventory management（库存管理）
(6)materials handling（物料搬运）
(7)order management（订单管理）(8)parts and service support（零配件和服务支持）(9)production scheduling（生产作业计划）
(10)procurement（采购）(11)returned products（退货）(12)salvage and scrap disposal（残料和废料处理）
(13)transportation management（运输管理）(14)warehousing management（仓储管理）
CHAPTER 2
1. SCOR process（供应链运作参考流程）
(1)plan（计划）(2)source（采购）(3)make（制造）(4)deliver（交货）(5)return （退货）
2. GSCF process（全球供应链论坛流程）
(1)customer relationship management（顾客关系管理）(2)customer service management（顾客服务管理）
(3)demand management（需求管理）(4)order fulfillment（订单履行）
(5)manufacturing flow management（制造流程管理）
(6)supplier relationship management（供应商关系管理）(7)product development and commercialization（产品开发和商品化） (8)returns management（退货管理）
3. Key attributes of supply chain management（供应链管理的重要特征）(1)customer power（顾客权力）(2)long-term orientation（长期定位）
(3)leveraging technology（杠杆技术）
(4)enhanced communication across organizations（跨组织沟通的增强）
(5)inventory control（库存控制）
(6)inter organization collaboration（组织间协作）
4.Barriers to supply chain management（供应链管理的障碍）
(1)regulatory and political considerations（规制和政治因素）
(2)lack of top management commitment(缺乏管理高层的承诺)）
(3)reluctance to share ,or use ,relevant information（不愿分享或使用相关信息)
(4)incompatible information systems（不兼容的信息系统）
(5)incompatible corporate（不相容的公司文化）
(6)globalization（全球化）
5.Supply chain management and integration（供应链管理和整合）
(1)partnerships（伙伴关系）(2)strategic（战略联盟）(3)third-party arrangements（第三方协定）
(4)contract logistics（合同物流）(5)vertical integration（垂直整合）
(6)formal contracts（正式合同）
(7)informal agreements（非正式合同）(8)third-party logistics（第三方物流）(9)fourth-party logistics（第四方物流）。