Effect of strain hardening and strain softening on welding distortion and residual stress ofA7N
力学中英文辞汇
通类名词力学mechanics牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics 细观力学mesomechanics微观力学microscopic mechanics,micromechanics 一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system 等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation 作用--角度变量action-angle variables阿佩尔方程Appell equation劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function诺特定理Noether theorem泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability久期不稳定性secular instability弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem倾覆力矩capsizing moment自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping同相分量in-phase component非同相分量out-of -phase component超调量overshoot参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM方法KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method 马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB方法WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method 缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子[系统]动力学rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统rotor-support-foundation system静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl固体力学弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress 应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain 应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method 基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate中厚板Plate of moderate thickness弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell[圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem 静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem率相关理论rate dependent theorem载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress 对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material 刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress应变球张量spherical tensor of strain应力球张量spherical tensor of stress路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Moment 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material 极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈服Yield屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential能量吸收装置energy absorbing device能量耗散率energy absorbing device塑性动力学dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field静力容许场statically admissible Field流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论incremental theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space 洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equation结构力学structural mechanics结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method 屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion压实Debulk劣化Degradation脱层Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor强度应力比strength -stress ratio横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM 弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM 断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement, COD裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displacement, CTOD 裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integralJ阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factorHRR场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field守恒积分conservation integral有效应力张量effective stress tensor应变能密度strain energy density能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件double edge notched specimen, DEN specimen单边缺口试件single edge notched specimen, SEN specimen三点弯曲试件three point bending specimen, TPB specimen中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panel specimen, CCP specimen紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen, CT specimen大范围屈服large scale yielding小范围攻屈服small scale yielding韦布尔分布Weibull distribution帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic risk assessment, PRA损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤microscopic damage损伤准则damage criterion损伤演化方程damage evolution equation损伤软化damage softening损伤强化damage strengthening损伤张量damage tensor损伤阈值damage threshold损伤变量damage variable损伤矢量damage vector损伤区damage zone疲劳Fatigue低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength疲劳辉纹fatigue striations疲劳阈值fatigue threshold交变载荷alternating load交变应力alternating stress应力幅值stress amplitude应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening环境效应environmental effect裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis 工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计weldable strain gage平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage补偿片compensation technique补偿技术compensation technique基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage电感应变计inductance [strain] gage光[测]力学Photomechanics光弹性Photoelasticity光塑性Photoplasticity杨氏条纹Young fringe双折射效应birefrigent effect等位移线contour of equal Displacement暗条纹dark fringe条纹倍增fringe multiplication干涉条纹interference fringe等差线Isochromatic等倾线Isoclinic等和线isopachic应力光学定律stress- optic law主应力迹线Isostatic亮条纹light fringe光程差optical path difference热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity光弹性贴片法photoelastic coating Method光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwich Method动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringent Effect应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity应力冻结效应stress freezing effect应力条纹值stress fringe value应力光图stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefringent Effect脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope实时全息干涉法real-time holographic interferometry网格法grid method全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry全息云纹法holographic moire technique全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis散斑干涉法speckle interferometry散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing interferometry, shearography 散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method云纹干涉法moire interferometry[叠栅]云纹moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法moire method云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method脆性涂层法brittle-coating method条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation of Coordinates计算结构力学computational structural mechanics加权残量法weighted residual method有限差分法finite difference method有限[单]元法finite element method配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Principle最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle 修正变分原理modified variational Principle约束变分原理constrained variational Principle 混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition自然边界条件natural boundary condition离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable节点node, nodal point[单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element一维元one-dimensional element三维元three-dimensional element轴对称元axisymmetric element板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element超参数元super-parametric element亚参数元sub-parametric element节点数可变元variable-number-node element 拉格朗日元Lagrange element拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element巧凑边点族serendipity family无限元infinite element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices 载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation合同变换contragradient transformation形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function代用函数substitute function降阶积分reduced integration零能模式zero-energy modeP收敛p-convergenceH收敛h-convergence掺混插值blended interpolation等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation小块检验patch test非协调模式incompatible mode节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method纽马克法Newmark威尔逊法Wilson拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique超单元super-element网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure流体力学流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media 介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum 能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow 均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow 准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity运动粘性kinematic viscosity动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation湍流分离turbulent separation分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation。
最新黄永刚单晶塑性有限元umat子程序
SUBROUTINE UMAT(stress,statev,ddsdde,sse,spd,scd,1 rpl, ddsddt, drplde, drpldt,2 stran,dstran,time,dtime,temp,dtemp,predef,dpred,cmname,3 ndi,nshr,ntens,nstatv,props,nprops,coords,drot,pnewdt,4 celent,dfgrd0,dfgrd1,noel,npt,layer,kspt,kstep,kinc)c WRITE (6,*) 'c NOTE: MODIFICATIONS TO *UMAT FOR ABAQUS VERSION 5.3 (14 APR '94)cc (1) The list of variables above defining the *UMAT subroutine,c and the first (standard) block of variables dimensioned below,c have variable names added compared to earlier ABAQUS versions.cc (2) The statement: include 'aba_param.inc' must be added as below.cc (3) As of version 5.3, ABAQUS files use double precision only.c The file aba_param.inc has a line "implicit real*8" and, sincec it is included in the main subroutine, it will define the variablesc there as double precision. But other subroutines still need thec definition "implicit real*8" since there may be variables that arec not passed to them through the list or common block.cc (4) This is current as of version 5.6 of ABAQUS.cc (5) Note added by J. W. Kysar (4 November 1997). This UMAT has beenc modified to keep track of the cumulative shear strain in eachc individual slip system. This information is needed to correct anc error in the implementation of the Bassani and Wu hardening law.c Any line of code which has been added or modified is precededc immediately by a line beginning CFIXA and succeeded by a linec beginning CFIXB. Any comment line added or modified will beginc with CFIX.cc The hardening law by Bassani and Wu was implemented incorrectly.c This law is a function of both hyperbolic secant squared and hyperbolicc tangent. However, the arguments of sech and tanh are related to the *total* c slip on individual slip systems. Formerly, the UMAT implemented thisc hardening law by using the *current* slip on each slip system. Thereinc lay the problem. The UMAT did not restrict the current slip to be ac positive value. So when a slip with a negative sign was encountered, the c term containing tanh led to a negative hardening rate (since tanh is anc odd function).c The UMAT has been fixed by adding state variables to keep track of thec *total* slip on each slip system by integrating up the absolute valuec of slip rates for each individual slip system. These "solution dependent c variables" are available for postprocessing. The only required changec in the input file is that the DEPVAR command must be changed.cC----- Use single precision on Cray byC (1) deleting the statement "IMPLICIT*8 (A-H,O-Z)";C (2) changing "REAL*8 FUNCTION" to "FUNCTION";C (3) changing double precision functions DSIGN to SIGN.CC----- Subroutines:CC ROTATION -- forming rotation matrix, i.e. the directionC cosines of cubic crystal [100], [010] and [001]C directions in global system at the initialC stateCC SLIPSYS -- calculating number of slip systems, unitC vectors in slip directions and unit normals toC slip planes in a cubic crystal at the initialC stateCC GSLPINIT -- calculating initial value of current strengthsC at initial stateCC STRAINRATE -- based on current values of resolved shearC stresses and current strength, calculatingC shear strain-rates in slip systemsCC LATENTHARDEN -- forming self- and latent-hardening matrixCC ITERATION -- generating arrays for the Newton-RhapsonC iterationCC LUDCMP -- LU decompositionCC LUBKSB -- linear equation solver based on LUC decomposition method (must call LUDCMP first)C----- Function subprogram:C F -- shear strain-rates in slip systemsC----- Variables:CC STRESS -- stresses (INPUT & OUTPUT)C Cauchy stresses for finite deformationC STATEV -- solution dependent state variables (INPUT & OUTPUT) C DDSDDE -- Jacobian matrix (OUTPUT)C----- Variables passed in for information:CC STRAN -- strainsC logarithmic strain for finite deformationC (actually, integral of the symmetric part of velocity C gradient with respect to time)C DSTRAN -- increments of strainsC CMNAME -- name given in the *MATERIAL optionC NDI -- number of direct stress componentsC NSHR -- number of engineering shear stress componentsC NTENS -- NDI+NSHRC NSTATV -- number of solution dependent state variables (asC defined in the *DEPVAR option)C PROPS -- material constants entered in the *USER MATERIALC optionC NPROPS -- number of material constantsCC----- This subroutine provides the plastic constitutive relation of C single crystals for finite element code ABAQUS. The plastic slip C of single crystal obeys the Schmid law. The program gives the C choice of small deformation theory and theory of finite rotation C and finite strain.C The strain increment is composed of elastic part and plastic C part. The elastic strain increment corresponds to latticeC stretching, the plastic part is the sum over all slip systems of C plastic slip. The shear strain increment for each slip system is C assumed a function of the ratio of corresponding resolved shear C stress over current strength, and of the time step. The resolved C shear stress is the double product of stress tensor with the slip C deformation tensor (Schmid factor), and the increment of current C strength is related to shear strain increments over all slipC systems through self- and latent-hardening functions.C----- The implicit integration method proposed by Peirce, Shih and C Needleman (1984) is used here. The subroutine provides an option C of iteration to solve stresses and solution dependent stateC variables within each increment.C----- The present program is for a single CUBIC crystal. However, C this code can be generalized for other crystals (e.g. HCP,C Tetragonal, Orthotropic, etc.). Only subroutines ROTATION and C SLIPSYS need to be modified to include the effect of crystalC aspect ratio.CC----- Important notice:CC (1) The number of state variables NSTATV must be larger than (or CFIX equal to) TEN (10) times the total number of slip systems in C all sets, NSLPTL, plus FIVE (5)CFIX NSTATV >= 10 * NSLPTL + 5C Denote s as a slip direction and m as normal to a slip plane.C Here (s,-m), (-s,m) and (-s,-m) are NOT consideredC independent of (s,m). The number of slip systems in each set C could be either 6, 12, 24 or 48 for a cubic crystal, e.g. 12 C for {110}<111>.CC Users who need more parameters to characterize theC constitutive law of single crystal, e.g. the frameworkC proposed by Zarka, should make NSTATV larger than (or equal C to) the number of those parameters NPARMT plus nine timesC the total number of slip systems, NSLPTL, plus fiveCFIX NSTATV >= NPARMT + 10 * NSLPTL + 5CC (2) The tangent stiffness matrix in general is not symmetric if C latent hardening is considered. Users must declare "UNSYMM"C in the input file, at the *USER MATERIAL card.CPARAMETER (ND=150)C----- The parameter ND determines the dimensions of the arrays inC this subroutine. The current choice 150 is a upper bound for a C cubic crystal with up to three sets of slip systems activated.C Users may reduce the parameter ND to any number as long as larger C than or equal to the total number of slip systems in all sets.C For example, if {110}<111> is the only set of slip systemC potentially activated, ND could be taken as twelve (12).cinclude 'aba_param.inc'cCHARACTER*8 CMNAMEEXTERNAL Fdimension stress(ntens),statev(nstatv),1 ddsdde(ntens,ntens),ddsddt(ntens),drplde(ntens),2 stran(ntens),dstran(ntens),time(2),predef(1),dpred(1),3 props(nprops),coords(3),drot(3,3),dfgrd0(3,3),dfgrd1(3,3)DIMENSION ISPDIR(3), ISPNOR(3), NSLIP(3),2 SLPDIR(3,ND), SLPNOR(3,ND), SLPDEF(6,ND),3 SLPSPN(3,ND), DSPDIR(3,ND), DSPNOR(3,ND),4 DLOCAL(6,6), D(6,6), ROTD(6,6), ROTATE(3,3),5 FSLIP(ND), DFDXSP(ND), DDEMSD(6,ND),6 H(ND,ND), DDGDDE(ND,6),7 DSTRES(6), DELATS(6), DSPIN(3), DVGRAD(3,3),8 DGAMMA(ND), DTAUSP(ND), DGSLIP(ND),9 WORKST(ND,ND), INDX(ND), TERM(3,3), TRM0(3,3), ITRM(3)DIMENSION FSLIP1(ND), STRES1(6), GAMMA1(ND), TAUSP1(ND),2 GSLP1(ND), SPNOR1(3,ND), SPDIR1(3,ND), DDSDE1(6,6),3 DSOLD(6), DGAMOD(ND), DTAUOD(ND), DGSPOD(ND),4 DSPNRO(3,ND), DSPDRO(3,ND),5 DHDGDG(ND,ND)C----- NSLIP -- number of slip systems in each setC----- SLPDIR -- slip directions (unit vectors in the initial state) C----- SLPNOR -- normals to slip planes (unit normals in the initial C state)C----- SLPDEF -- slip deformation tensors (Schmid factors)C SLPDEF(1,i) -- SLPDIR(1,i)*SLPNOR(1,i)C SLPDEF(2,i) -- SLPDIR(2,i)*SLPNOR(2,i)C SLPDEF(3,i) -- SLPDIR(3,i)*SLPNOR(3,i)C SLPDEF(4,i) -- SLPDIR(1,i)*SLPNOR(2,i)+C SLPDIR(2,i)*SLPNOR(1,i)C SLPDEF(5,i) -- SLPDIR(1,i)*SLPNOR(3,i)+C SLPDIR(3,i)*SLPNOR(1,i)C SLPDEF(6,i) -- SLPDIR(2,i)*SLPNOR(3,i)+C SLPDIR(3,i)*SLPNOR(2,i)C where index i corresponds to the ith slip systemC----- SLPSPN -- slip spin tensors (only needed for finite rotation) C SLPSPN(1,i) -- [SLPDIR(1,i)*SLPNOR(2,i)-C SLPDIR(2,i)*SLPNOR(1,i)]/2C SLPSPN(2,i) -- [SLPDIR(3,i)*SLPNOR(1,i)-C SLPDIR(1,i)*SLPNOR(3,i)]/2C SLPSPN(3,i) -- [SLPDIR(2,i)*SLPNOR(3,i)-C SLPDIR(3,i)*SLPNOR(2,i)]/2C where index i corresponds to the ith slip systemC----- DSPDIR -- increments of slip directionsC----- DSPNOR -- increments of normals to slip planesCC----- DLOCAL -- elastic matrix in local cubic crystal systemC----- D -- elastic matrix in global systemC----- ROTD -- rotation matrix transforming DLOCAL to DCC----- ROTATE -- rotation matrix, direction cosines of [100], [010] C and [001] of cubic crystal in global systemCC----- FSLIP -- shear strain-rates in slip systemsC----- DFDXSP -- derivatives of FSLIP w.r.t x=TAUSLP/GSLIP, whereC TAUSLP is the resolved shear stress and GSLIP is the C current strengthCC----- DDEMSD -- double dot product of the elastic moduli tensor with C the slip deformation tensor plus, only for finiteC rotation, the dot product of slip spin tensor with C the stressCC----- H -- self- and latent-hardening matrixC H(i,i) -- self hardening modulus of the ith slipC system (no sum over i)C H(i,j) -- latent hardening molulus of the ith slip C system due to a slip in the jth slip system C (i not equal j)CC----- DDGDDE -- derivatice of the shear strain increments in slipC systems w.r.t. the increment of strainsCC----- DSTRES -- Jaumann increments of stresses, i.e. corotationalC stress-increments formed on axes spinning with the C materialC----- DELATS -- strain-increments associated with lattice stretching C DELATS(1) - DELATS(3) -- normal strain incrementsC DELATS(4) - DELATS(6) -- engineering shear strainC incrementsC----- DSPIN -- spin-increments associated with the material element C DSPIN(1) -- component 12 of the spin tensorC DSPIN(2) -- component 31 of the spin tensorC DSPIN(3) -- component 23 of the spin tensorCC----- DVGRAD -- increments of deformation gradient in the currentC state, i.e. velocity gradient times the increment of C timeCC----- DGAMMA -- increment of shear strains in slip systemsC----- DTAUSP -- increment of resolved shear stresses in slip systems C----- DGSLIP -- increment of current strengths in slip systemsCCC----- Arrays for iteration:CC FSLIP1, STRES1, GAMMA1, TAUSP1, GSLP1 , SPNOR1, SPDIR1,C DDSDE1, DSOLD , DGAMOD, DTAUOD, DGSPOD, DSPNRO, DSPDRO,C DHDGDGCCC----- Solution dependent state variable STATEV:C Denote the number of total slip systems by NSLPTL, whichC will be calculated in this code.CC Array STATEV:C 1 - NSLPTL : current strength in slip systemsC NSLPTL+1 - 2*NSLPTL : shear strain in slip systemsC 2*NSLPTL+1 - 3*NSLPTL : resolved shear stress in slip systems CC 3*NSLPTL+1 - 6*NSLPTL : current components of normals to slip C slip planesC 6*NSLPTL+1 - 9*NSLPTL : current components of slip directions CCFIX 9*NSLPTL+1 - 10*NSLPTL : total cumulative shear strain on each CFIX slip system (sum of the absolute CFIX values of shear strains in each slip CFIX system individually)CFIXCFIX 10*NSLPTL+1 : total cumulative shear strain on all C slip systems (sum of the absoluteC values of shear strains in all slipC systems)CCFIX 10*NSLPTL+2 - NSTATV-4 : additional parameters users may need C to characterize the constitutive law C of a single crystal (if there areC any).CC NSTATV-3 : number of slip systems in the 1st set C NSTATV-2 : number of slip systems in the 2nd set C NSTATV-1 : number of slip systems in the 3rd set C NSTATV : total number of slip systems in all C setsCCC----- Material constants PROPS:CC PROPS(1) - PROPS(21) -- elastic constants for a general elastic C anisotropic materialCC isotropic : PROPS(i)=0 for i>2C PROPS(1) -- Young's modulusC PROPS(2) -- Poisson's ratioCC cubic : PROPS(i)=0 for i>3C PROPS(1) -- c11C PROPS(2) -- c12C PROPS(3) -- c44CC orthotropic : PORPS(i)=0 for i>9C PROPS(1) - PROPS(9) are D1111, D1122, D2222, C D1133, D2233, D3333, D1212, D1313, D2323, C respectively, which has the same definition C as ABAQUS for orthotropic materialsC (see *ELASTIC card)CC anisotropic : PROPS(1) - PROPS(21) are D1111, D1122,C D2222, D1133, D2233, D3333, D1112, D2212, C D3312, D1212, D1113, D2213, D3313, D1213, C D1313, D1123, D2223, D3323, D1223, D1323, C D2323, respectively, which has the sameC definition as ABAQUS for anisotropicC materials (see *ELASTIC card)CCC PROPS(25) - PROPS(56) -- parameters characterizing all slipC systems to be activated in a cubicC crystalCC PROPS(25) -- number of sets of slip systems (maximum 3),C e.g. (110)[1-11] and (101)[11-1] are in the C same set of slip systems, (110)[1-11] andC (121)[1-11] belong to different sets of slip C systemsC (It must be a real number, e.g. 3., not 3 !) CC PROPS(33) - PROPS(35) -- normal to a typical slip plane in C the first set of slip systems, C e.g. (1 1 0)C (They must be real numbers, e.g.C 1. 1. 0., not 1 1 0 !)C PROPS(36) - PROPS(38) -- a typical slip direction in the C first set of slip systems, e.g.C [1 1 1]C (They must be real numbers, e.g.C 1. 1. 1., not 1 1 1 !)CC PROPS(41) - PROPS(43) -- normal to a typical slip plane in C the second set of slip systemsC (real numbers)C PROPS(44) - PROPS(46) -- a typical slip direction in the C second set of slip systemsC (real numbers)CC PROPS(49) - PROPS(51) -- normal to a typical slip plane in C the third set of slip systemsC (real numbers)C PROPS(52) - PROPS(54) -- a typical slip direction in the C third set of slip systemsC (real numbers)CCC PROPS(57) - PROPS(72) -- parameters characterizing the initial C orientation of a single crystal inC global systemC The directions in global system and directions in local C cubic crystal system of two nonparallel vectors are needed C to determine the crystal orientation.CC PROPS(57) - PROPS(59) -- [p1 p2 p3], direction of first C vector in local cubic crystalC system, e.g. [1 1 0]C (They must be real numbers, e.g.C 1. 1. 0., not 1 1 0 !)C PROPS(60) - PROPS(62) -- [P1 P2 P3], direction of first C vector in global system, e.g.C [2. 1. 0.]C (It does not have to be a unit C vector)CC PROPS(65) - PROPS(67) -- direction of second vector inC local cubic crystal system (real C numbers)C PROPS(68) - PROPS(70) -- direction of second vector inC global systemCCC PROPS(73) - PROPS(96) -- parameters characterizing the visco-C plastic constitutive law (shearC strain-rate vs. resolved shearC stress), e.g. a power-law relationCC PROPS(73) - PROPS(80) -- parameters for the first set of C slip systemsC PROPS(81) - PROPS(88) -- parameters for the second set of C slip systemsC PROPS(89) - PROPS(96) -- parameters for the third set of C slip systemsCCC PROPS(97) - PROPS(144)-- parameters characterizing the self-C and latent-hardening laws of slipC systemsCC PROPS(97) - PROPS(104)-- self-hardening parameters for the C first set of slip systemsC PROPS(105)- PROPS(112)-- latent-hardening parameters for C the first set of slip systems and C interaction with other sets of C slip systemsCC PROPS(113)- PROPS(120)-- self-hardening parameters for the C second set of slip systemsC PROPS(121)- PROPS(128)-- latent-hardening parameters for C the second set of slip systems C and interaction with other sets C of slip systemsCC PROPS(129)- PROPS(136)-- self-hardening parameters for the C third set of slip systemsC PROPS(137)- PROPS(144)-- latent-hardening parameters for C the third set of slip systems and C interaction with other sets ofC slip systemsCCC PROPS(145)- PROPS(152)-- parameters characterizing forward time C integration scheme and finiteC deformationCC PROPS(145) -- parameter theta controlling the implicitC integration, which is between 0 and 1C 0. : explicit integrationC 0.5 : recommended valueC 1. : fully implicit integrationCC PROPS(146) -- parameter NLGEOM controlling whether theC effect of finite rotation and finite strain C of crystal is considered,C 0. : small deformation theoryC otherwise : theory of finite rotation and C finite strainCCC PROPS(153)- PROPS(160)-- parameters characterizing iteration C methodCC PROPS(153) -- parameter ITRATN controlling whether theC iteration method is used,C 0. : no iterationC otherwise : iterationCC PROPS(154) -- maximum number of iteration ITRMAXCC PROPS(155) -- absolute error of shear strains in slipC systems GAMERRCC----- Elastic matrix in local cubic crystal system: DLOCALDO J=1,6DO I=1,6DLOCAL(I,J)=0.END DOEND DOCHECK=0.DO J=10,21CHECK=CHECK+ABS(PROPS(J))END DOIF (CHECK.EQ.0.) THENDO J=4,9CHECK=CHECK+ABS(PROPS(J))END DOIF (CHECK.EQ.0.) THENIF (PROPS(3).EQ.0.) THENC----- Isotropic materialGSHEAR=PROPS(1)/2./(1.+PROPS(2))E11=2.*GSHEAR*(1.-PROPS(2))/(1.-2.*PROPS(2)) E12=2.*GSHEAR*PROPS(2)/(1.-2.*PROPS(2))DO J=1,3DLOCAL(J,J)=E11DO I=1,3IF (I.NE.J) DLOCAL(I,J)=E12END DODLOCAL(J+3,J+3)=GSHEAREND DOELSEC----- Cubic materialDO J=1,3DLOCAL(J,J)=PROPS(1)DO I=1,3IF (I.NE.J) DLOCAL(I,J)=PROPS(2)END DODLOCAL(J+3,J+3)=PROPS(3)END DOEND IFELSEC----- Orthotropic metarialDLOCAL(1,1)=PROPS(1)DLOCAL(1,2)=PROPS(2)DLOCAL(2,1)=PROPS(2)DLOCAL(2,2)=PROPS(3)DLOCAL(1,3)=PROPS(4)DLOCAL(3,1)=PROPS(4)DLOCAL(2,3)=PROPS(5)DLOCAL(3,2)=PROPS(5)DLOCAL(3,3)=PROPS(6)DLOCAL(4,4)=PROPS(7)DLOCAL(5,5)=PROPS(8)DLOCAL(6,6)=PROPS(9)END IFELSEC----- General anisotropic materialID=0DO J=1,6DO I=1,JID=ID+1DLOCAL(I,J)=PROPS(ID)DLOCAL(J,I)=DLOCAL(I,J)END DOEND DOEND IFC----- Rotation matrix: ROTATE, i.e. direction cosines of [100], [010] C and [001] of a cubic crystal in global systemCCALL ROTATION (PROPS(57), ROTATE)C----- Rotation matrix: ROTD to transform local elastic matrix DLOCAL C to global elastic matrix DCDO J=1,3J1=1+J/3J2=2+J/2DO I=1,3I1=1+I/3I2=2+I/2ROTD(I,J)=ROTATE(I,J)**2ROTD(I,J+3)=2.*ROTATE(I,J1)*ROTATE(I,J2)ROTD(I+3,J)=ROTATE(I1,J)*ROTATE(I2,J)ROTD(I+3,J+3)=ROTATE(I1,J1)*ROTATE(I2,J2)+2 ROTATE(I1,J2)*ROTATE(I2,J1)END DOEND DOC----- Elastic matrix in global system: DC {D} = {ROTD} * {DLOCAL} * {ROTD}transposeCDO J=1,6DO I=1,6D(I,J)=0.END DOEND DODO J=1,6DO I=1,JDO K=1,6DO L=1,6D(I,J)=D(I,J)+DLOCAL(K,L)*ROTD(I,K)*ROTD(J,L) END DOEND DOD(J,I)=D(I,J)END DOEND DOC----- Total number of sets of slip systems: NSETNSET=NINT(PROPS(25))IF (NSET.LT.1) THENWRITE (6,*) '***ERROR - zero sets of slip systems'STOPELSE IF (NSET.GT.3) THENWRITE (6,*)2 '***ERROR - more than three sets of slip systems'STOPEND IFC----- Implicit integration parameter: THETATHETA=PROPS(145)C----- Finite deformation ?C----- NLGEOM = 0, small deformation theoryC otherwise, theory of finite rotation and finite strain, Users C must declare "NLGEOM" in the input file, at the *STEP cardCIF (PROPS(146).EQ.0.) THENNLGEOM=0ELSENLGEOM=1END IFC----- Iteration?C----- ITRATN = 0, no iterationC otherwise, iteration (solving increments of stresses andC solution dependent state variables)CIF (PROPS(153).EQ.0.) THENITRATN=0ELSEITRATN=1END IFITRMAX=NINT(PROPS(154))GAMERR=PROPS(155)NITRTN=-1DO I=1,NTENSDSOLD(I)=0.END DODO J=1,NDDGAMOD(J)=0.DTAUOD(J)=0.DGSPOD(J)=0.DO I=1,3DSPNRO(I,J)=0.DSPDRO(I,J)=0.END DOEND DOC----- Increment of spin associated with the material element: DSPIN C (only needed for finite rotation)CIF (NLGEOM.NE.0) THENDO J=1,3DO I=1,3TERM(I,J)=DROT(J,I)TRM0(I,J)=DROT(J,I)END DOTERM(J,J)=TERM(J,J)+1.D0TRM0(J,J)=TRM0(J,J)-1.D0END DOCALL LUDCMP (TERM, 3, 3, ITRM, DDCMP)DO J=1,3CALL LUBKSB (TERM, 3, 3, ITRM, TRM0(1,J))END DODSPIN(1)=TRM0(2,1)-TRM0(1,2)DSPIN(2)=TRM0(1,3)-TRM0(3,1)DSPIN(3)=TRM0(3,2)-TRM0(2,3)END IFC----- Increment of dilatational strain: DEVDEV=0.D0DO I=1,NDIDEV=DEV+DSTRAN(I)END DOC----- Iteration starts (only when iteration method is used)1000 CONTINUEC----- Parameter NITRTN: number of iterationsC NITRTN = 0 --- no-iteration solutionCNITRTN=NITRTN+1C----- Check whether the current stress state is the initial stateIF (STATEV(1).EQ.0.) THENC----- Initial stateCC----- Generating the following parameters and variables at initialC state:C Total number of slip systems in all the sets NSLPTLC Number of slip systems in each set NSLIPC Unit vectors in initial slip directions SLPDIRC Unit normals to initial slip planes SLPNORCNSLPTL=0DO I=1,NSETISPNOR(1)=NINT(PROPS(25+8*I))ISPNOR(2)=NINT(PROPS(26+8*I))ISPNOR(3)=NINT(PROPS(27+8*I))ISPDIR(1)=NINT(PROPS(28+8*I))ISPDIR(2)=NINT(PROPS(29+8*I))ISPDIR(3)=NINT(PROPS(30+8*I))CALL SLIPSYS (ISPDIR, ISPNOR, NSLIP(I), SLPDIR(1,NSLPTL+1), 2 SLPNOR(1,NSLPTL+1), ROTATE)NSLPTL=NSLPTL+NSLIP(I)END DOIF (ND.LT.NSLPTL) THENWRITE (6,*)2 '***ERROR - parameter ND chosen by the present user is less than3 the total number of slip systems NSLPTL'STOPEND IFC----- Slip deformation tensor: SLPDEF (Schmid factors)DO J=1,NSLPTLSLPDEF(1,J)=SLPDIR(1,J)*SLPNOR(1,J)SLPDEF(2,J)=SLPDIR(2,J)*SLPNOR(2,J)SLPDEF(3,J)=SLPDIR(3,J)*SLPNOR(3,J)SLPDEF(4,J)=SLPDIR(1,J)*SLPNOR(2,J)+SLPDIR(2,J)*SLPNOR(1,J) SLPDEF(5,J)=SLPDIR(1,J)*SLPNOR(3,J)+SLPDIR(3,J)*SLPNOR(1,J) SLPDEF(6,J)=SLPDIR(2,J)*SLPNOR(3,J)+SLPDIR(3,J)*SLPNOR(2,J) END DOC----- Initial value of state variables: unit normal to a slip plane C and unit vector in a slip directionCSTATEV(NSTATV)=FLOAT(NSLPTL)DO I=1,NSETSTATEV(NSTATV-4+I)=FLOAT(NSLIP(I))END DOIDNOR=3*NSLPTLIDDIR=6*NSLPTLDO J=1,NSLPTLDO I=1,3IDNOR=IDNOR+1STATEV(IDNOR)=SLPNOR(I,J)IDDIR=IDDIR+1STATEV(IDDIR)=SLPDIR(I,J)END DOEND DOC----- Initial value of the current strength for all slip systemsCCALL GSLPINIT (STATEV(1), NSLIP, NSLPTL, NSET, PROPS(97))C----- Initial value of shear strain in slip systemsCFIX-- Initial value of cumulative shear strain in each slip systemsDO I=1,NSLPTLSTATEV(NSLPTL+I)=0.CFIXASTATEV(9*NSLPTL+I)=0.CFIXBEND DOCFIXASTATEV(10*NSLPTL+1)=0.CFIXBC----- Initial value of the resolved shear stress in slip systemsDO I=1,NSLPTLTERM1=0.DO J=1,NTENSIF (J.LE.NDI) THENTERM1=TERM1+SLPDEF(J,I)*STRESS(J)ELSETERM1=TERM1+SLPDEF(J-NDI+3,I)*STRESS(J)END IFEND DOSTATEV(2*NSLPTL+I)=TERM1END DOELSEC----- Current stress stateCC----- Copying from the array of state variables STATVE the following C parameters and variables at current stress state:C Total number of slip systems in all the sets NSLPTLC Number of slip systems in each set NSLIPC Current slip directions SLPDIRC Normals to current slip planes SLPNORCNSLPTL=NINT(STATEV(NSTATV))DO I=1,NSETNSLIP(I)=NINT(STATEV(NSTATV-4+I))END DOIDNOR=3*NSLPTLIDDIR=6*NSLPTLDO J=1,NSLPTLDO I=1,3IDNOR=IDNOR+1SLPNOR(I,J)=STATEV(IDNOR)IDDIR=IDDIR+1SLPDIR(I,J)=STATEV(IDDIR)END DOEND DOC----- Slip deformation tensor: SLPDEF (Schmid factors)DO J=1,NSLPTLSLPDEF(1,J)=SLPDIR(1,J)*SLPNOR(1,J)SLPDEF(2,J)=SLPDIR(2,J)*SLPNOR(2,J)SLPDEF(3,J)=SLPDIR(3,J)*SLPNOR(3,J)SLPDEF(4,J)=SLPDIR(1,J)*SLPNOR(2,J)+SLPDIR(2,J)*SLPNOR(1,J) SLPDEF(5,J)=SLPDIR(1,J)*SLPNOR(3,J)+SLPDIR(3,J)*SLPNOR(1,J) SLPDEF(6,J)=SLPDIR(2,J)*SLPNOR(3,J)+SLPDIR(3,J)*SLPNOR(2,J) END DOEND IFC----- Slip spin tensor: SLPSPN (only needed for finite rotation)IF (NLGEOM.NE.0) THENDO J=1,NSLPTLSLPSPN(1,J)=0.5*(SLPDIR(1,J)*SLPNOR(2,J)-2 SLPDIR(2,J)*SLPNOR(1,J))SLPSPN(2,J)=0.5*(SLPDIR(3,J)*SLPNOR(1,J)-2 SLPDIR(1,J)*SLPNOR(3,J))SLPSPN(3,J)=0.5*(SLPDIR(2,J)*SLPNOR(3,J)-2 SLPDIR(3,J)*SLPNOR(2,J))END DOEND IFC----- Double dot product of elastic moduli tensor with the slipC deformation tensor (Schmid factors) plus, only for finiteC rotation, the dot product of slip spin tensor with the stress: C DDEMSDCDO J=1,NSLPTLDO I=1,6DDEMSD(I,J)=0.DO K=1,6DDEMSD(I,J)=DDEMSD(I,J)+D(K,I)*SLPDEF(K,J)END DOEND DOEND DOIF (NLGEOM.NE.0) THENDO J=1,NSLPTLDDEMSD(4,J)=DDEMSD(4,J)-SLPSPN(1,J)*STRESS(1)DDEMSD(5,J)=DDEMSD(5,J)+SLPSPN(2,J)*STRESS(1)IF (NDI.GT.1) THENDDEMSD(4,J)=DDEMSD(4,J)+SLPSPN(1,J)*STRESS(2)DDEMSD(6,J)=DDEMSD(6,J)-SLPSPN(3,J)*STRESS(2)END IFIF (NDI.GT.2) THENDDEMSD(5,J)=DDEMSD(5,J)-SLPSPN(2,J)*STRESS(3)DDEMSD(6,J)=DDEMSD(6,J)+SLPSPN(3,J)*STRESS(3)END IFIF (NSHR.GE.1) THENDDEMSD(1,J)=DDEMSD(1,J)+SLPSPN(1,J)*STRESS(NDI+1)DDEMSD(2,J)=DDEMSD(2,J)-SLPSPN(1,J)*STRESS(NDI+1)DDEMSD(5,J)=DDEMSD(5,J)-SLPSPN(3,J)*STRESS(NDI+1)DDEMSD(6,J)=DDEMSD(6,J)+SLPSPN(2,J)*STRESS(NDI+1)END IFIF (NSHR.GE.2) THENDDEMSD(1,J)=DDEMSD(1,J)-SLPSPN(2,J)*STRESS(NDI+2)DDEMSD(3,J)=DDEMSD(3,J)+SLPSPN(2,J)*STRESS(NDI+2)DDEMSD(4,J)=DDEMSD(4,J)+SLPSPN(3,J)*STRESS(NDI+2)DDEMSD(6,J)=DDEMSD(6,J)-SLPSPN(1,J)*STRESS(NDI+2)END IFIF (NSHR.EQ.3) THENDDEMSD(2,J)=DDEMSD(2,J)+SLPSPN(3,J)*STRESS(NDI+3)DDEMSD(3,J)=DDEMSD(3,J)-SLPSPN(3,J)*STRESS(NDI+3)DDEMSD(4,J)=DDEMSD(4,J)-SLPSPN(2,J)*STRESS(NDI+3)DDEMSD(5,J)=DDEMSD(5,J)+SLPSPN(1,J)*STRESS(NDI+3)END IFEND DOEND IFC----- Shear strain-rate in a slip system at the start of increment: C FSLIP, and its derivative: DFDXSPCID=1DO I=1,NSETIF (I.GT.1) ID=ID+NSLIP(I-1)CALL STRAINRATE (STATEV(NSLPTL+ID), STATEV(2*NSLPTL+ID),2 STATEV(ID), NSLIP(I), FSLIP(ID), DFDXSP(ID),3 PROPS(65+8*I))END DOC----- Self- and latent-hardening laws。
弹性力学专业英语英汉互译词汇
elasticitytheory of elasticity homogeneous state ofstressstress invariant strain invariant strain ellipsoid homogeneous state ofstrainequation of strain compatibilityLame constants isotropic elasticityrotating circular diskwedgeKelvin problemBoussinesq problemAiry stress functionKolosoff-Muskhelishvili methodKirchhoff hypothesisPlateRectangular plate Circular plate Annular plate Corrugated plate Stiffened plate,reinforced弹性力学 弹性理论 均匀应力状态 应力不变量 应变不变量 应变椭球 均匀应变状态应变协调方程拉梅常量各向同性弹性旋转圆盘楔开尔文问题布西内斯克问题 艾里应力函数 克罗索夫―穆斯赫利什维 利法基尔霍夫假设板 矩形板 圆板 环板 波纹板 加劲板PlatePlate of moderate thickness Stress function of bendingShell Shallow shell Revolutionary shell Spherical shell Cylindrical shell Conical shell Toroidal shell Closed shell Corrugated shell Stress function of torsionWarping function semi-inverse method Rayleigh-Ritz method Relaxation methodLevy method Relaxation Dimensional analysis self-similarity Influence surface Contact stress Hertz theory Conforming contact Sliding contact Rolling contact中厚板 弯［曲］应力函数壳 扁壳 旋转壳 球壳 ［圆］柱壳锥壳 环壳 封闭壳 波纹壳 扭［转］应力函数翘曲函数 半逆解法 瑞利―里茨法松弛法 莱维法 松弛 量纲分析 自相似［性］影响面 接触应力 赫兹理论 协调接触压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity 颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle 褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity 大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave 体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave 畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave 勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave 边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness 拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity 安定［性］理论Shake-down theory 运动安定定理kinematic shake-downtheoremStatic shake-down theorem rate dependent theoremload factor Loading criterion Loading function Loading surface Plastic loading Plastic loading waveSimple loading Proportional loadingUnloading Unloading wave Impulsive load step load pulse load limit load nentral loading instability in tension acceleration wave constitutive equation complete solution nominal stress over-stress true stress equivalent stressflow stress stress discontinuity静力安定定理 率相关理论 载荷因子 加载准则 加载函数 加载面 塑性加载 塑性加载波 简单加载 比例加载 卸载 卸载波 冲击载荷 阶跃载荷 脉冲载荷 极限载荷 中性变载 拉抻失稳 加速度波 本构方程 完全解 名义应力 过应力 真应力 等效应力 流动应力 应力间断stress space principal stress space hydrostatic state of stresslogarithmic strain engineering strain equivalent strain strain localizationstrain ratestrain rate sensitivitystrain space finite strain plastic strain incrementaccumulated plastic strainpermanent deformationinternal variable strain-softening rigid-perfectly plasticMaterialrigid-plastic materialperfectl plastic material stability of material deviatoric tensor of strain deviatori tensor of stress spherical tensor of strain spherical tensor of stresspath-dependency linear strain-hardening应力空间 主应力空间 静水应力状态 对数应变 工程应变 等效应变 应变局部化 应变率 应变率敏感性 应变空间 有限应变塑性应变增量累积塑性应变永久变形 内变量 应变软化 理想刚塑性材料刚塑性材料 理想塑性材料 材料稳定性 应变偏张量 应力偏张量 应变球张量 应力球张量 路径相关性strain-hardening kinematic hardening isotropic hardening strain-hardening moduluspower hardening plastic limit bendingMomentplastic limit torque elastic-plastic bending elastic-plastic interface elastic-plastic torsionViscoplasticityInelasticityelastic-perfectly plasticMaterial limit analysislimit design limit surface upper bound theorem upper yield point lower bound theorem lower yield point bound theorem initial yield surface subsequent yield surface convexity of yield surface shape factor of cross-section应变强化 随动强化 各向同性强化 强化模量 幕强化 塑性极限弯矩塑性极限扭矩 弹塑性弯曲 弹塑性交界面 弹塑性扭转粘塑性非弹性理想弹塑性材料极限分析 极限设计 极限面 上限定理 上屈服点 下限定理 下屈服点 界限定理 初始屈服面 后继屈服面 屈服面［的］外沙堆比拟屈服屈服条件屈服准则屈服函数屈服面塑性势能量吸收装置能量耗散率塑性动力学塑性动力屈曲塑性动力响应塑性波运动容许场静力容许场流动法则速度间断滑移线滑移线场移行塑性铰塑性增量理论米泽斯屈服准则普朗特―罗伊斯关系特雷斯卡屈服准则sand heap analogyYieldyield conditionyield criterionyield functionyield surfaceplastic potential energy absorbing device energy absorbing device dynamic plasticity dynamic plastic buckling dynamic plastic response plastic wave kinematically admissibleFieldstatically admissibleFieldflow rule velocity discontinuityslip-linesslip-lines field travelling plastic hinge incremental theory ofPlasticityMises yield criterion prandtl- Reuss relation Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数莱维―米泽斯关系亨基应力方程赫艾一韦斯特加德应力空间洛德应变参数德鲁克公设盖林格速度方程结构力学结构分析结构动力学拱三铰拱抛物线拱圆拱穹顶空间结构空间桁架雪载［荷］风载［荷］土压力地震载荷弹簧支座支座位移支座沉降Lode stress parameterLevy-Mises relation Hencky stress equation Haigh-Westergaardstress space Lode strain parameter Drucker postulateGeiringer velocityEquation structural mechanics structural analysis structural dynamicsArchthree-hinged archparabolic archcircular archDomespace structurespace trusssnow loadwind loadearth pressureearthquake loadingspring support support displacementsupport settlementdegree of indeterminacy kinematic analysis method of joints method of sectionsjoint forces conjugate displacementinfluence line three-moment equation unit virtual force stiffness coefficient flexibility coefficientmoment distributionmoment distribution methodmoment redistribution distribution factor matri displacement method element stiffness matrix element strain matrix global coordinates Betti theorem Gauss-Jordan eliminationMethod buckling mode mechanics of compositescomposite materialfibrous composite unidirectional composite超静定次数 机动分析 结点法 截面法 结点力 共轭位移 影响线 三弯矩方程 单位虚力 刚度系数柔度系数力矩分配力矩分配法 力矩再分配 分配系数 矩阵位移法 单元刚度矩阵 单元应变矩阵 总体坐标 贝蒂定理 高斯一若尔当消去法屈曲模态复合材料力学 复合材料foamed composite particulate compositeLaminate sandwich panel cross-ply laminate angle-ply laminatePlycellular solid ExpansionDebulk Degradation DelaminationDebond fiber stress ply stress ply strain interlaminar stress specific strength strength reduction factor strength -stress ratio transverse shear modulustransverse isotropyOrthotropyshear lag analysis chopped fiber continuous fiber fiber direction泡沫复合材料 颗粒复合材料层板 夹层板 正交层板 斜交层板 层片 多胞固体 膨胀 压实 劣化 脱层 脱粘 纤维应力 层应力 层应变层间应力比强度强度折减系数 强度应力比 横向剪切模量 横观各向同性 正交各向异 剪滞分析 短纤维 长纤维fiber break fiber pull-out fiber reinforcementDensification optimum weight design netting analysis rule of mixture failure criterion Tsai-W u failure criterionDugdale model fracture mechanics probabilistic fractureMechanicsGriffith theory linear elastic fracturemechanics, LEFMelastic-plastic fracturemecha-nics, EPFMFracture brittle fracturecleavage fracture creep fracture ductile fracture inter-granular fracture quasi-cleavage fracture trans-granular fractureCrack纤维断裂 纤维拔脱 纤维增强 致密化 最小重量设计 网格分析法 混合律 失效准则 蔡一吴失效准则 达格代尔模型断裂力学概率断裂力学格里菲思理论线弹性断裂力学弹塑性断裂力学断裂 脆性断裂 解理断裂 蠕变断裂 延性断裂 晶间断裂 准解理断裂 裂纹Flaw Defect Slit MicrocrackKinkelliptical crack embedded crack penny-shape crackPrecrack short crack surface crack crack blunting crack branching crack closure crack front crack mouthcrack opening angle,COAcrack opening displacement,CODcrack resistancecrack surfacecrack tipcrack tip opening angle,CTOAcrack tip openingdisplacement, CTOD crack tip singularity裂缝 缺陷 割缝 微裂纹 折裂 椭圆裂纹 深埋裂纹 ［钱］币状裂纹预制裂纹 短裂纹 表面裂纹 裂纹钝化 裂纹分叉 裂纹闭合 裂纹前缘 裂纹嘴 裂纹张开角 裂纹张开位移裂纹阻力裂纹面裂纹尖端 裂尖张角裂尖张开位移Fieldcrack growth rate stable crack growth steady crack growth subcritical crack growthcrack retardation crack arrest arrest toughness fracture mode sliding mode opening mode tearing mode mixed mode Tearingtearing modulus fracture criterionJ-integral J-resistance curve fracture toughness stress intensity factor Hutchinson-Rice-RosengrenFieldconservation integraleffective stress tensor strain energy density energy release ratecohesive zone裂纹扩展速率 稳定裂纹扩展 定常裂纹扩展 亚临界裂纹扩展 裂纹［扩展］减速 止裂 止裂韧度 断裂类型 滑开型 张开型 撕开型 复合型 撕裂 撕裂模量 断裂准则 J 积分 J 阻力曲线 断裂韧度 应力强度因子HRR 场守恒积分 有效应力张量 应变能密度 能量释放率塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transitiontempe- rature剪切带shear band 剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件double edge notchedspecimen, DEN specimen 单边缺口试件single edge notchedspecimen, SEN specimen 三点弯曲试件three point bendingspecimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tensionspecimen, CCT specimen 中心裂纹板试件center cracked panelspecimen, CCP specimen 紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen,CT specimen 大范围屈服large scale yielding 小范围攻屈服small scale yielding 韦布尔分布Weibull distribution 帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic riskassessment, PRAdamage mechanicsDamagecontinuum damage mechanics microscopic damage mechanicsaccumulated damage brittle damage ductile damage macroscopic damage microscopic damage microscopic damagedamage criteriondamage evolution equationdamage softeningdamage strengtheningdamage tensor damage threshold damage variable damage vector damage zone Fatigue low cycle fatigue stress fatigue random fatigue creep fatigue corrosion fatigue fatigue damage 损伤力学 损伤 连续介质损伤力学 细观损伤力学 累积损伤 脆性损伤 延性损伤 宏观损伤 细观损伤 微观损伤损伤准则损伤演化方程损伤软化 损伤强化 损伤张量 损伤阈值 损伤变量 损伤矢量 损伤区 疲劳 低周疲劳 应力疲劳 随机疲劳 蠕变疲劳 腐蚀疲劳fatigue failure fatigue fracture fatigue crack fatigue life fatigue rupture fatigue strength fatigue striations fatigue threshold alternating load alternating stress stress amplitudestrain fatiguestress cyclestress ratio safe life overloading effect cyclic hardening cyclic softening environmental effectcrack gage crack growth, crackPropagation crack initiationcycle ratio experimental stressAnalysisactive[strain] gage疲劳失效 疲劳断裂 疲劳裂纹 疲劳寿命 疲劳破坏 疲劳强度 疲劳辉纹 疲劳阈值 交变载荷 交变应力应力幅值应变疲劳应力循环 应力比 安全寿命 过载效应 循环硬化 循环软化 环境效应 裂纹片 裂纹扩展裂纹萌生 循环比工作［应变］片backing material stress gage zero shift, zero drift strain measurementstrain gage strain indicator strain rosette strain sensitivity mechanical strain gage rectangular rosetteExtensometertelemetering of strain transverse gage factor transverse sensitivity weldable strain gage balanced bridge bonded strain gage bonded foiled gage bonded wire gage bridge balancing capacitance strain gage compensation technique compensation techniquereference bridge resistance strain gageself-temperature compensating gage基底材料 应力计 零［点］飘移 应变测量 应变计 应变指示器 应变花 应变灵敏度 机械式应变仪 直角应变花弓I 伸仪 应变遥测 横向灵敏系数 横向灵敏度 焊接式应变计 平衡电桥 粘贴式应变计 粘贴箔式应变计 粘贴丝式应变计桥路平衡 电容应变计 补偿片 补偿技术 基准电桥 电阻应变计semiconductor strainGageslip ring strain amplifier fatigue life gage inductance [strain] gagePhotomechanics Photoelasticity Photoplasticity Young fringe birefrigent effect contour of equal Displacement dark fringefringe multiplication interference fringeIsochromatic Isoclinic isopachic stress- optic lawIsostatic light fringe optical path differencephoto-thermo -elasticityphotoelastic coatingMethodphotoelastic sandwich半导体应变计集流器 应变放大镜 疲劳寿命计 电感应变计 光［测］力学光弹性 光塑性 杨氏条纹 双折射效应 等位移线暗条纹 条纹倍增 干涉条纹 等差线 等倾线 等和线 应力光学定律 主应力迹线亮条纹光程差热光弹性 光弹性贴片法Methoddynamic photo-elasticityspatial filtering spatial frequencyPolarizerreflection polariscope residual birefringentEffectstrain fringe valuestrain-optic sensitivitystress freezing effectstress fringe valuestress-optic pattern temporary birefringentEffect pulsed holographytransmission polariscope real-time holographic interfero - metrygrid methodholo-photoelasticityHologram Holographholographic interferometry holographic moire techniqueHolography whole-field analysis动态光弹性 空间滤波 空间频率 起偏镜 反射式光弹性仪 残余双折射效应应变条纹值应变光学灵敏度应力冻结效应应力条纹值 应力光图 暂时双折射效应脉冲全息法 透射式光弹性仪 实时全息干涉法网格法 全息光弹性法全息图 全息照相 全息干涉法 全息云纹法 全息术散斑干涉法speckle interferometry 散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearinginterferometry,shearography散斑图Specklegram 白光散斑法white-light speckle method 云纹干涉法moire interferometry ［叠栅］云纹moire fringe［叠栅］云纹法moire method 云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method 参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method脆性涂层法brittle-coating method 条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation ofCoordinates计算结构力学computational structuralmecha-nics加权残量法weighted residual method 有限差分法finite difference method 有限［单］元法finite element method 配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variationalPrinciple 最小二乘法least square method胡［海昌］一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-ReissnerPrinciple修正变分原理modified variationalPrinciple约束变分原理constrained variationalPrinciple混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调兀conforming element非协调兀non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition自然边界条件natural boundary condition离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized straingeneralized stress interface variable node, nodal pointElement corner node mid-side node internal node nodeless variablebar element truss element beam elementtwo-dimensional elementone-dimensional elementthree-dimensional element axisymmetric elementplate element shell elementthick plate element triangular element quadrilateral element tetrahedral element curved element quadratic element linear element cubic element quartic element isoparametric element广义应力 界面变量 节点 ［单］元 角节点 边节点 内节点 无节点变量杆元 桁架杆元梁元二维元一维元 三维元 轴对称元厚板元 三角形元 四边形元 四面体元 曲线元 二次元 线性元 三次元 四次元 等参［数］super-parametric element sub-parametric element variable-number-nodeelement Lagrange element Lagrange family serendipity element serendipity family infinite element element analysis element characteristicsstiffness matrixgeometric matrixequivalent nodal forcenodal displacementnodal load displacement vectorload vector mass matrix lumped mass matrix consistent mass matrixdamping matrix Rayleigh damping assembly of stiffnessMatricesconsistent mass matrix assembly of mass matrices assembly of elements超参数元 亚参数元 节点数可变元 拉格朗日元 拉格朗日族 巧凑边点元 巧凑边点族 无限元 单元分析 单元特性刚度矩阵几何矩阵等效节点力节点位移 节点载荷 位移矢量 载荷矢量 质量矩阵 集总质量矩阵 相容质量矩阵 阻尼矩阵 瑞利阻尼 刚度矩阵的组集载荷矢量的组集 质量矩阵的组集local coordinate systemlocal coordinate area coordinates volume coordinates curvilinear coordinates static condensation contragradienttransformation shape function trial function test function weight function spline function substitute function reduced integration zero-energy mode p-convergenceh-convergenceblended interpolation isoparametric mapping bilinear interpolationpatch test incompatible modenode number element number band width banded matrix profile matrix局部坐标系 局部坐标 面积坐标 体积坐标 曲线坐标 静凝聚合同变换 形状函数 试探函数 检验函数 权函数 样条函数 代用函数 降阶积分 零能模式P 收敛H 收敛 掺混插值 等参数映射 双线性插值 小块检验 非协调模式 节点号 M 二 口. 单兀号minimization of band widthfrontal method subspace iteration method determinant search methodstep-by-step methodNewmark Wilsonquasi-Newton method Newton-Raphson method incremental method initial straininitial stresstangent stiffness matrixsecant stiffness matrix mode superposition method equilibrium iterationSubstructure substructure techniquesuper-element mesh generationstructural analysis programpre-processing post-processing mesh refinement stress smoothing composite structure带宽最小化 波前法 子空间迭代法 行列式搜索法逐步法 纽马克法 威尔逊法 拟牛顿法 牛顿-拉弗森法增量法初应变初应力切线刚度矩阵 割线刚度矩阵 模态叠加法 平衡迭代 子结构 子结构法 超单元 网格生成 结构分析程序前处理 后处理 网格细化 应力光顺。
通用名词_中英文对照
通类名词力学mechanics牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics动理学kinetics宏观力学macroscopic mechanics,macromechanics细观力学mesomechanics微观力学microscopic mechanics,micromechanics一般力学general mechanics固体力学solid mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics应用力学applied mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics理性力学rational mechanics物理力学physical mechanics 地球动力学geodynamics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system 等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force 平行四边形定则parallelogram rule 力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian拉格朗日括号Lagrange bracket循环坐标cyclic coordinate循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation作用--角度变量action-angle variables阿佩尔方程Appell equation劳斯方程Routh equation拉格朗日函数Lagrangian function诺特定理Noether theorem泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method并矢dyad运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability李雅普诺夫函数Lyapunov function 渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability久期不稳定性secular instability弗洛凯定理Floquet theorem倾覆力矩capsizing moment自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping同相分量in-phase component非同相分量out-of -phase component超调量overshoot参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width集总参量系统lumped parameter system 相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory等倾线法isocline method跳跃现象jump phenomenon负阻尼negative damping达芬方程Duffing equation希尔方程Hill equationKBM方法KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-bov-Mitropol'skii method马蒂厄方程Mathieu equation平均法averaging method组合音调combination tone解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration分界线separatrix亚谐波subharmonic软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation 邓克利公式Dunkerley formula瑞利定理Rayleigh theorem分布参量系统distributed parameter system 优势频率dominant frequency模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization超谐波ultraharmonic范德波尔方程van der pol equation频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequencyWKB方法WKB method, Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction应力过冲stress overshoot喘振surge摆振shimmy起伏运动phugoid motion起伏振荡phugoid oscillation驰振galloping陀螺动力学gyrodynamics陀螺摆gyropendulum陀螺平台gyroplatform陀螺力矩gyroscoopic torque陀螺稳定器gyrostabilizer陀螺体gyrostat惯性导航inertial guidance姿态角attitude angle方位角azimuthal angle舒勒周期Schuler period机器人动力学robot dynamics多体系统multibody system 多刚体系统multi-rigid-body system机动性maneuverability凯恩方法Kane method转子[系统]动力学rotor dynamics转子[一支承一基础]系统rotor-support-foundation system静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance互耦力cross force挠性转子flexible rotor分频进动fractional frequency precession半频进动half frequency precession油膜振荡oil whip转子临界转速rotor critical speed自动定心self-alignment亚临界转速subcritical speed涡动whirl固体力学弹性力学elasticity弹性理论theory of elasticity均匀应力状态homogeneous state of stress 应力不变量stress invariant应变不变量strain invariant应变椭球strain ellipsoid均匀应变状态homogeneous state of strain应变协调方程equation of strain compatibility拉梅常量Lame constants各向同性弹性isotropic elasticity旋转圆盘rotating circular disk楔wedge开尔文问题Kelvin problem布西内斯克问题Boussinesq problem艾里应力函数Airy stress function克罗索夫--穆斯赫利什维利法Kolosoff-Muskhelishvili method基尔霍夫假设Kirchhoff hypothesis板Plate矩形板Rectangular plate圆板Circular plate环板Annular plate 波纹板Corrugated plate加劲板Stiffened plate,reinforced Plate中厚板Plate of moderate thickness弯[曲]应力函数Stress function of bending 壳Shell扁壳Shallow shell旋转壳Revolutionary shell球壳Spherical shell[圆]柱壳Cylindrical shell锥壳Conical shell环壳Toroidal shell封闭壳Closed shell波纹壳Corrugated shell扭[转]应力函数Stress function of torsion 翘曲函数Warping function半逆解法semi-inverse method瑞利--里茨法Rayleigh-Ritz method松弛法Relaxation method莱维法Levy method松弛Relaxation量纲分析Dimensional analysis自相似[性] self-similarity影响面Influence surface接触应力Contact stress赫兹理论Hertz theory协调接触Conforming contact滑动接触Sliding contact滚动接触Rolling contact压入Indentation各向异性弹性Anisotropic elasticity颗粒材料Granular material散体力学Mechanics of granular media 热弹性Thermoelasticity超弹性Hyperelasticity粘弹性Viscoelasticity对应原理Correspondence principle褶皱Wrinkle塑性全量理论Total theory of plasticity 滑动Sliding微滑Microslip粗糙度Roughness非线性弹性Nonlinear elasticity大挠度Large deflection突弹跳变snap-through 有限变形Finite deformation格林应变Green strain阿尔曼西应变Almansi strain弹性动力学Dynamic elasticity运动方程Equation of motion准静态的Quasi-static气动弹性Aeroelasticity水弹性Hydroelasticity颤振Flutter弹性波Elastic wave简单波Simple wave柱面波Cylindrical wave水平剪切波Horizontal shear wave 竖直剪切波Vertical shear wave体波body wave无旋波Irrotational wave畸变波Distortion wave膨胀波Dilatation wave瑞利波Rayleigh wave等容波Equivoluminal wave勒夫波Love wave界面波Interfacial wave边缘效应edge effect塑性力学Plasticity可成形性Formability金属成形Metal forming耐撞性Crashworthiness结构抗撞毁性Structural crashworthiness拉拔Drawing破坏机构Collapse mechanism回弹Springback挤压Extrusion冲压Stamping穿透Perforation层裂Spalling塑性理论Theory of plasticity安定[性]理论Shake-down theory运动安定定理kinematic shake-down theorem静力安定定理Static shake-down theorem率相关理论rate dependent theorem载荷因子load factor加载准则Loading criterion加载函数Loading function 加载面Loading surface塑性加载Plastic loading塑性加载波Plastic loading wave 简单加载Simple loading比例加载Proportional loading 卸载Unloading卸载波Unloading wave冲击载荷Impulsive load阶跃载荷step load脉冲载荷pulse load极限载荷limit load中性变载nentral loading拉抻失稳instability in tension 加速度波acceleration wave本构方程constitutive equation 完全解complete solution名义应力nominal stress过应力over-stress真应力true stress等效应力equivalent stress流动应力flow stress应力间断stress discontinuity应力空间stress space主应力空间principal stress space静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress对数应变logarithmic strain工程应变engineering strain等效应变equivalent strain应变局部化strain localization应变率strain rate应变率敏感性strain rate sensitivity应变空间strain space有限应变finite strain塑性应变增量plastic strain increment累积塑性应变accumulated plastic strain永久变形permanent deformation内变量internal variable应变软化strain-softening理想刚塑性材料rigid-perfectly plastic Material刚塑性材料rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料perfectl plastic material材料稳定性stability of material应变偏张量deviatoric tensor of strain应力偏张量deviatori tensor of stress 应变球张量spherical tensor of strain应力球张量spherical tensor of stress路径相关性path-dependency线性强化linear strain-hardening应变强化strain-hardening随动强化kinematic hardening各向同性强化isotropic hardening强化模量strain-hardening modulus幂强化power hardening塑性极限弯矩plastic limit bending Moment 塑性极限扭矩plastic limit torque弹塑性弯曲elastic-plastic bending弹塑性交界面elastic-plastic interface弹塑性扭转elastic-plastic torsion粘塑性Viscoplasticity非弹性Inelasticity理想弹塑性材料elastic-perfectly plastic Material极限分析limit analysis极限设计limit design极限面limit surface上限定理upper bound theorem上屈服点upper yield point下限定理lower bound theorem下屈服点lower yield point界限定理bound theorem初始屈服面initial yield surface后继屈服面subsequent yield surface屈服面[的]外凸性convexity of yield surface 截面形状因子shape factor of cross-section 沙堆比拟sand heap analogy屈服Yield屈服条件yield condition屈服准则yield criterion屈服函数yield function屈服面yield surface塑性势plastic potential能量吸收装置energy absorbing device能量耗散率energy absorbing device塑性动力学dynamic plasticity塑性动力屈曲dynamic plastic buckling塑性动力响应dynamic plastic response塑性波plastic wave运动容许场kinematically admissible Field 静力容许场statically admissible Field流动法则flow rule速度间断velocity discontinuity滑移线slip-lines滑移线场slip-lines field移行塑性铰travelling plastic hinge塑性增量理论incremental theory of Plasticity米泽斯屈服准则Mises yield criterion普朗特--罗伊斯关系prandtl- Reuss relation特雷斯卡屈服准则Tresca yield criterion洛德应力参数Lode stress parameter莱维--米泽斯关系Levy-Mises relation亨基应力方程Hencky stress equation赫艾--韦斯特加德应力空间Haigh-Westergaard stress space洛德应变参数Lode strain parameter德鲁克公设Drucker postulate盖林格速度方程Geiringer velocity Equation 结构力学structural mechanics结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy 机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation 单位虚力unit virtual force 刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates贝蒂定理Betti theorem高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode复合材料力学mechanics of composites复合材料composite material纤维复合材料fibrous composite单向复合材料unidirectional composite泡沫复合材料foamed composite颗粒复合材料particulate composite层板Laminate夹层板sandwich panel正交层板cross-ply laminate斜交层板angle-ply laminate层片Ply多胞固体cellular solid膨胀Expansion压实Debulk劣化Degradation脱层Delamination脱粘Debond纤维应力fiber stress层应力ply stress层应变ply strain层间应力interlaminar stress比强度specific strength强度折减系数strength reduction factor 强度应力比strength -stress ratio横向剪切模量transverse shear modulus 横观各向同性transverse isotropy正交各向异Orthotropy剪滞分析shear lag analysis短纤维chopped fiber长纤维continuous fiber纤维方向fiber direction 纤维断裂fiber break纤维拔脱fiber pull-out纤维增强fiber reinforcement致密化Densification最小重量设计optimum weight design网格分析法netting analysis混合律rule of mixture失效准则failure criterion蔡--吴失效准则Tsai-W u failure criterion达格代尔模型Dugdale model断裂力学fracture mechanics概率断裂力学probabilistic fracture Mechanics格里菲思理论Griffith theory线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture延性断裂ductile fracture晶间断裂inter-granular fracture准解理断裂quasi-cleavage fracture穿晶断裂trans-granular fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack[钱]币状裂纹penny-shape crack预制裂纹Precrack短裂纹short crack表面裂纹surface crack裂纹钝化crack blunting裂纹分叉crack branching裂纹闭合crack closure裂纹前缘crack front裂纹嘴crack mouth裂纹张开角crack opening angle,COA裂纹张开位移crack opening displacement, COD 裂纹阻力crack resistance裂纹面crack surface裂纹尖端crack tip裂尖张角crack tip opening angle, CTOA裂尖张开位移crack tip opening displacement, CTOD裂尖奇异场crack tip singularity Field裂纹扩展速率crack growth rate稳定裂纹扩展stable crack growth定常裂纹扩展steady crack growth亚临界裂纹扩展subcritical crack growth裂纹[扩展]减速crack retardation止裂crack arrest止裂韧度arrest toughness断裂类型fracture mode滑开型sliding mode张开型opening mode撕开型tearing mode复合型mixed mode撕裂Tearing撕裂模量tearing modulus断裂准则fracture criterionJ积分J-integralJ阻力曲线J-resistance curve断裂韧度fracture toughness应力强度因子stress intensity factorHRR场Hutchinson-Rice-Rosengren Field守恒积分conservation integral有效应力张量effective stress tensor应变能密度strain energy density能量释放率energy release rate内聚区cohesive zone塑性区plastic zone张拉区stretched zone热影响区heat affected zone, HAZ延脆转变温度brittle-ductile transition temperature剪切带shear band剪切唇shear lip无损检测non-destructive inspection双边缺口试件double edge notched specimen, DEN specimen单边缺口试件single edge notched specimen, SEN specimen三点弯曲试件three point bending specimen, TPB specimen 中心裂纹拉伸试件center cracked tension specimen, CCT specimen中心裂纹板试件center cracked panel specimen, CCP specimen紧凑拉伸试件compact tension specimen, CT specimen大范围屈服large scale yielding小范围攻屈服small scale yielding韦布尔分布Weibull distribution帕里斯公式paris formula空穴化Cavitation应力腐蚀stress corrosion概率风险判定probabilistic risk assessment, PRA损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics累积损伤accumulated damage脆性损伤brittle damage延性损伤ductile damage宏观损伤macroscopic damage细观损伤microscopic damage微观损伤microscopic damage损伤准则damage criterion损伤演化方程damage evolution equation 损伤软化damage softening损伤强化damage strengthening损伤张量damage tensor损伤阈值damage threshold损伤变量damage variable损伤矢量damage vector损伤区damage zone疲劳Fatigue低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture 疲劳强度fatigue strength疲劳辉纹fatigue striations疲劳阈值fatigue threshold交变载荷alternating load交变应力alternating stress应力幅值stress amplitude应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening环境效应environmental effect裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation 裂纹萌生crack initiation循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis 工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage 直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor 横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计weldable strain gage 平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage 粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage 桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage 补偿片compensation technique补偿技术compensation technique基准电桥reference bridge 电阻应变计resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage集流器slip ring应变放大镜strain amplifier疲劳寿命计fatigue life gage电感应变计inductance [strain] gage光[测]力学Photomechanics光弹性Photoelasticity光塑性Photoplasticity杨氏条纹Young fringe双折射效应birefrigent effect等位移线contour of equal Displacement暗条纹dark fringe条纹倍增fringe multiplication干涉条纹interference fringe等差线Isochromatic等倾线Isoclinic等和线isopachic应力光学定律stress- optic law主应力迹线Isostatic亮条纹light fringe光程差optical path difference热光弹性photo-thermo -elasticity光弹性贴片法photoelastic coating Method光弹性夹片法photoelastic sandwich Method动态光弹性dynamic photo-elasticity空间滤波spatial filtering空间频率spatial frequency起偏镜Polarizer反射式光弹性仪reflection polariscope残余双折射效应residual birefringent Effect 应变条纹值strain fringe value应变光学灵敏度strain-optic sensitivity应力冻结效应stress freezing effect应力条纹值stress fringe value应力光图stress-optic pattern暂时双折射效应temporary birefringent Effect脉冲全息法pulsed holography透射式光弹性仪transmission polariscope实时全息干涉法real-time holographic interferometry网格法grid method 全息光弹性法holo-photoelasticity全息图Hologram全息照相Holograph全息干涉法holographic interferometry全息云纹法holographic moire technique全息术Holography全场分析法whole-field analysis散斑干涉法speckle interferometry散斑Speckle错位散斑干涉法speckle-shearing interferometry, shearography散斑图Specklegram白光散斑法white-light speckle method云纹干涉法moire interferometry[叠栅]云纹moire fringe[叠栅]云纹法moire method云纹图moire pattern离面云纹法off-plane moire method参考栅reference grating试件栅specimen grating分析栅analyzer grating面内云纹法in-plane moire method脆性涂层法brittle-coating method条带法strip coating method坐标变换transformation of Coordinates计算结构力学computational structural mechanics加权残量法weighted residual method有限差分法finite difference method有限[单]元法finite element method配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Principle最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle修正变分原理modified variational Principle约束变分原理constrained variational Principle混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element 非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable节点node, nodal point[单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element一维元one-dimensional element三维元three-dimensional element轴对称元axisymmetric element板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element超参数元super-parametric element亚参数元sub-parametric element节点数可变元variable-number-node element拉格朗日元Lagrange element 拉格朗日族Lagrange family巧凑边点元serendipity element巧凑边点族serendipity family无限元infinite element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices 单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation合同变换contragradient transformation 形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function代用函数substitute function降阶积分reduced integration零能模式zero-energy modeP收敛p-convergenceH收敛h-convergence掺混插值blended interpolation等参数映射isoparametric mapping双线性插值bilinear interpolation小块检验patch test非协调模式incompatible mode 节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method 行列式搜索法determinant search method 逐步法step-by-step method纽马克法Newmark威尔逊法Wilson拟牛顿法quasi-Newton method牛顿-拉弗森法Newton-Raphson method 增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique超单元super-element网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure流体力学流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation 伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex 对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow 均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow 进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter 几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil 翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number 冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave 非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow 堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit 沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation 湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown 涡旋脱落vortex shedding 压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation。
219515817_带状组织对微合金钢应变局部化及应变强化行为的影响
精 密 成 形 工 程第15卷 第6期120 JOURNAL OF NETSHAPE FORMING ENGINEERING2023年6月收稿日期：2023–02–05 Received ：2023-02-05 基金项目：天津市自然科学基金（JCQNJC03700）；国家自然科学基金（11872275）；大学生创新创业训练项目（202110069075） Fund ：The Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(JCQNJC03700); The National Natural Science Foundation of China (11872275); Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students(202110069075) 作者简介：任春华（1989—），男，博士，讲师，主要研究方向为实验固体力学。
Biography ：REN Chun-hua(1989-), Male, Doctor, Lecturer, Research focus: experimental solid mechanics. 引文格式：任春华, 周治顺, 薛冬阳, 等. 带状组织对微合金钢应变局部化及应变强化行为的影响[J]. 精密成形工程, 2023, 15(6): 120-126.REN Chun-hua, ZHOU Zhi-shun, XUE Dong-yang, et al. Effect of Banded Microstructure on Strain Localization and Strain 带状组织对微合金钢应变局部化及应变强化行为的影响任春华，周治顺，薛冬阳，张晓川，计宏伟，寇金宝（天津商业大学 机械工程学院，天津 300134）摘要：目的 研究不同加载方向下带状结构对微合金钢塑性变形及应变强化行为的影响。
土木专业术语英文翻译
自由振动 free vibration
固有振动 natural vibration
暂态 transient state
环境振动 ambient vibration
反共振 anti-resonance
衰减 attenuation
优势频率 dominant frequency
模态分析 modal analysis
固有模态 natural mode of vibration
同步 synchronization
超谐波 ultraharmonic
范德波尔方程 van der pol equation
等倾线法 isocline method
跳跃现象 jump phenomenon
负阻尼 negative damping
达芬方程 Duffing equation
希尔方程 Hill equation
KBM方法 KBM method, Krylov-Bogoliu-
自动定心 self-alignment
亚临界转速 subcritical speed
科研中国
涡动 whirl
固体力学类：
弹性力学 elasticity
弹性理论 theory of elasticity
均匀应力状态 homogeneous state of stress
扭[转]应力函数 Stress function of torsion
翘曲函数 Warping function
半逆解法 semi-inverse method
瑞利--里茨法 Rayleigh-Ritz method
第八章 本构-修正剑桥模型
7.5.1 Elastic properties
常用对数
自然对数
The elastic stiffness is nonlinear and depends on the current stress level.
剑桥模型
7.5.2 Yield criterion
Cam Clay Model Modified Cam Clay Model
(i) Influence of intermediate principal stress on deformation and strength (1)
Stress ratio – strain increment ratio relation Direction of strain increments on octahedral plane
(i) Influence of intermediate principal stress (ii) Stress path dependency of plastic flow (iii) Positive dilatancy during strain hardening (iv) Anisotropy and non-coaxiality (v) Behavior under cyclic loading (vi) Influence of density and confining pressure (vii) Structured soil (viii) Time effect and age effect
' po
pf
qf
M
破坏时
1 p / p 2
' f ' 0
1 k
f
炭黑对橡胶性能的影响
炭黑对橡胶性能的影响1.炭黑作为橡胶的补强剂,提高模量,断裂强度,耐磨性等具有重要作用;2.炭黑对橡胶的熔体剪切粘度,拉伸粘度有重要影响,因此对加工行为有重要影响;3.不同种类的炭黑具有不同的性质,如比表面积,结构性等,对橡胶的影响各不相同,因此,需要考察炭黑对拉伸性能的影响.炭黑对丁苯橡胶拉伸粘度的影响从图可见，该曲线与聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯熔体的拉伸流动曲线有区别，即使在最低的ε =1.8×10-4s-1也没有稳态粘度的趋势，反而持续上升，这是应变硬化的结果。
不存在稳态粘度,橡胶在外力拉伸作用下发生结晶,导致拉伸粘度提高.炭黑用量对丁苯橡胶拉伸流动的影响图(a)1.炭黑用量增加，拉伸粘度升高，2.在较低的伸长率下断裂。
图(b)1.拉伸粘度随炭黑用量减小和拉伸速率增大而降低，2.同时随拉伸速率增大，不同炭黑用量的胶料之间，其粘度差别缩小，这与炭黑用量对剪切粘度的影响所得结果相似。
这可能与在高应变速率下炭黑网络受破坏有关。
在炭黑用量、结构性相同的条件下，炭黑表面积对丁苯橡胶拉伸粘度的影响如图所示：从图可见，随着炭黑表面积增大(N234＞N347＞N351＞N550)，粘度增大。
在炭黑用量相同，表面积相近的条件下，炭黑结构性对拉伸粘度的影响如图所示: 从图可见，随着结构性增高(N347＞N330＞N326)，拉伸粘度有所提高，但流动曲线形状不变。
炭黑表面积和结构性对丁苯橡胶拉伸流动的影响1.从上述结果可见，表面积大的炭黑，其胶料在拉伸流动过程中易产生我们需要的应变硬化效应，而结构性的改变，对应变硬化效应影响很小。
据此，科顿等建议，‘采用结构性较低而表面积较大的炭黑(如低拉伸中超耐磨炉黑N231)较好。
2.因为结构性低，有效体积较小，剪切粘度较低，而表面积较大(粒径小)则拉伸应变硬化效应较强。
这样的混炼胶对某些加工过程有利．中岛认为，对于炭黑与橡胶之间的混炼，希望产生应变硬化，以便分散。
为此，耍提高密炼机转子的转速，并且转子凸棱与室壁之间的间隙要小些，采用低温或分段混炼。
固体力学专业英语词汇表
固体力学专业词汇弹性力学 elasticity弹性理论 theory of elasticity均匀应力状态 homogeneous state of stress应力不变量 stress invariant应变不变量 strain invariant板 Plate矩形板 Rectangular plate圆板 Circular plate弯[曲]应力函数 Stress function of bending壳 Shell球壳 Spherical shell锥壳 Conical shell扭[转]应力函数 Stress function of torsion松弛 Relaxation接触应力 Contact stress压入 Indentation散体力学 Mechanics of granular media热弹性 Thermoelasticity粘弹性 Viscoelasticity对应原理 Correspondence principle 粗糙度 Roughness弹性动力学 Dynamic elasticity 运动方程 Equation of motion边缘效应 edge effect塑性力学 Plasticity可成形性 Formability金属成形 Metal forming拉拔 Drawing回弹 Springback挤压 Extrusion冲压 Stamping穿透 Perforation层裂 Spalling塑性理论 Theory of plasticity 塑性加载 Plastic loading简单加载 Simple loading比例加载 Proportional loading 卸载 Unloading脉冲载荷 pulse load本构方程 constitutive equation 过应力 over-stress对数应变 logarithmic strain工程应变 engineering strain应变率 strain rate有限应变 finite strain塑性应变增量 plastic strain increment永久变形 permanent deformation应变软化 strain-softening刚塑性材料 rigid-plastic material理想塑性材料 perfectl plastic material材料稳定性 stability of material应变强化 strain-hardening屈服 Yield屈服条件 yield condition塑性动力学 dynamic plasticity滑移线 slip-lines结构力学 structural mechanics结构分析 structural analysis结构动力学 structural dynamics空间结构 space structure结点法 method of joints截面法 method of sections复合材料力学 mechanics of composites复合材料 composite material纤维复合材料 fibrous composite层板 Laminate膨胀 Expansion压实 Debulk脱层 Delamination纤维应力 fiber stress层应力 ply stress层应变 ply strain短纤维 chopped fiber长纤维 continuous fiber纤维方向 fiber direction纤维断裂 fiber break纤维拔脱 fiber pull-out断裂力学 fracture mechanics弹塑性断裂力学 elastic-plastic fracture mecha-nics, EPFM断裂 Fracture脆性断裂 brittle fracture蠕变断裂 creep fracture裂纹 Crack裂缝 Flaw缺陷 Defect割缝 Slit短裂纹 short crack表面裂纹 surface crack裂纹钝化 crack blunting有效应力张量 effective stress tensor内聚区 cohesive zone塑性区 plastic zone张拉区 stretched zone热影响区 heat affected zone, HAZ应力腐蚀 stress corrosion损伤 Damage累积损伤 accumulated damage脆性损伤 brittle damage宏观损伤 macroscopic damage微观损伤 microscopic damage疲劳 Fatigue应力疲劳 stress fatigue蠕变疲劳 creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳 corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤 fatigue damage疲劳失效 fatigue failure疲劳断裂 fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹 fatigue crack疲劳寿命 fatigue life疲劳破坏 fatigue rupture交变应力 alternating stress应变疲劳 strain fatigue计算结构力学 computational structural mechanics广义位移 generalized displacement广义应变 generalized strain广义应力 generalized stress节点 node, nodal point[单]元 Element二维元 two-dimensional element一维元 one-dimensional element三维元 three-dimensional element轴对称元 axisymmetric element三角形元 triangular element四边形元 quadrilateral element四面体元 tetrahedral element曲线元 curved element位移矢量 displacement vector载荷矢量 load vector面积坐标 area coordinates体积坐标 volume coordinates前处理 pre-processing后处理 post-processing组合结构 composite structure。
strain
strainStrain: Understanding the Impact and Management StrategiesIntroductionStrain is a term commonly used to describe pressure, stress, or tension experienced by individuals or systems. In various aspects of life, strain can have both positive and negative effects. In this document, we will explore the different types of strain, understand its impact on individuals and organizations, and discuss effective management strategies to mitigate its adverse effects.Types of Strain1. Physical StrainPhysical strain refers to the stress experienced by the human body due to excessive physical activity, improper posture, or repetitive tasks. This type of strain can lead to muscular injuries, fatigue, and chronic pain. To reduce physical strain, individuals should maintain a balance between work and rest,practice proper ergonomics, and engage in regular exercise and stretching routines.2. Emotional StrainEmotional strain arises from intense emotions such as sadness, anxiety, anger, or frustration. It can stem from personal relationships, work-related challenges, or traumatic events. When not managed properly, emotional strain may result in mental health issues like depression or burnout. Effective strategies for coping with emotional strain include seeking social support, practicing self-care activities, and seeking professional help when needed.3. Cognitive StrainCognitive strain refers to the mental effort and exhaustion experienced when individuals engage in complex problem-solving tasks or face information overload. This type of strain can impair concentration, decision-making abilities, and overall cognitive performance. To minimize cognitive strain, individuals should prioritize tasks, practice time management techniques, delegate responsibilities, and utilize tools or technology to streamline processes.4. Organizational StrainOrganizational strain refers to the pressures faced within a workplace environment. It can arise from factors such as excessive workload, inadequate resources, lack of communication, or conflicting goals. Organizational strain can negatively impact employee morale, job satisfaction, and productivity. Organizations can address this strain by promoting work-life balance, fostering a supportive work culture, providing necessary resources, and encouraging open communication channels.Impact of Strain on IndividualsThe impact of strain on individuals can vary depending on the type and severity of the strain. Some common effects include:1. Physical Impact: Physical strain can lead to fatigue, musculoskeletal disorders, and reduced physical well-being.2. Emotional Impact: Emotional strain can result in mood swings, anxiety, depression, and strained relationships.3. Cognitive Impact: Cognitive strain can impair cognitive abilities, decision-making, and problem-solving skills.4. Behavioral Impact: Strain can lead to negative behavioral changes such as increased irritability, decreased motivation, or even substance abuse.5. Professional Impact: Excessive strain can negatively affect job performance, job satisfaction, and career progression.Management Strategies for Strain1. Self-Care: Individuals should prioritize self-care activities such as exercise, restful sleep, engaging in hobbies, and maintaining a healthy work-life balance.2. Stress Management Techniques: Techniques such as deep breathing exercises, meditation, mindfulness, and journaling can help individuals manage and reduce stress levels.3. Time Management: Effective time management allows individuals to prioritize tasks, set realistic goals, and allocate time for rest and relaxation.4. Communication: Open and transparent communication is crucial in managing strain within organizations. Employeesshould feel comfortable sharing their concerns, and employers should actively listen and address any issues.5. Support Systems: Building strong support systems, both at work and in personal life, can help individuals share their burdens and seek guidance or assistance when needed.ConclusionStrain, in its various forms, can have a significant impact on individuals' physical, emotional, and cognitive well-being. By understanding the different types of strain and implementing effective management strategies, individuals and organizations can reduce the negative effects of strain. Prioritizing self-care, practicing stress management techniques, improving communication channels, and fostering supportive work environments are essential steps towards managing and mitigating strain. It is crucial for individuals to recognize their own limits and seek professional help when necessary to ensure a healthy and balanced life.。