authorized economic operators
authorized economic operators -回复
authorized economic operators -回复Authorized Economic Operators (AEOs) are companies involved in international trade that have been certified by customs administrations to be compliant with relevant security and safety standards. AEOs are recognized as trusted partners by customs authorities and are entitled to enjoy certain privileges and facilitations in customs procedures.In recent years, the concept of AEOs has gained significant importance in international trade. With the increasing globalization and complexity of supply chains, it has become crucial for customs administrations to ensure secure and efficient movement of goods across borders. AEO programs have been established by many countries to achieve this objective, and they have proven to be effective in enhancing global trade processes.So, what exactly does it mean to be an authorized economic operator? How does one become certified as an AEO? What benefits and advantages do AEOs enjoy? Let's explore these questions in detail.To begin with, being an AEO means that a company has undergonea thorough examination of its compliance with customs regulations, financial solvency, and the implementation of appropriate security measures. AEO status is granted by customs administrations, such as customs authorities or revenue agencies, following a comprehensive evaluation of a company's eligibility criteria.The criteria for AEO certification may vary from country to country, but generally, they include factors such as appropriaterecord-keeping practices, financial solvency, good compliance history, and effective security measures. A company seeking AEO certification usually needs to demonstrate its commitment to compliance, risk management, and partnership with customs authorities.To become certified as an AEO, a company is required to submit an application to the relevant customs administration. The application process typically involves an assessment of the company's relevant documents, interviews with key personnel, on-site inspections, and audits. Customs administrations may also consider the company's trade volume, the nature of its business activities, and its role in the international supply chain.Once a company fulfills the necessary criteria and passes the evaluation process, it is granted AEO status. This status is typically valid for a predetermined period, after which the company needs to undergo a reassessment process to maintain its authorized economic operator certification.Now, let's discuss the benefits and advantages that AEOs enjoy. Being an AEO provides companies with several privileges and facilitations in customs procedures, which can significantly streamline and expedite their international trade operations. These privileges may include customs-related benefits such as:1. Expedited customs clearance: AEOs are given priority treatment in customs clearance processes, resulting in reduced time and cost for clearance operations. This can lead to faster delivery times and improved customer satisfaction.2. Mutual recognition agreements: AEO programs often establish mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) between participating countries. This means that if a company is certified as an AEO in one country, its AEO status may be recognized and accepted by partner countries. This facilitates smoother cross-border trade byreducing redundant certification processes.3. Reduced inspections and controls: AEOs are subject to fewer physical inspections and document checks by customs authorities, as their compliance and security measures are already validated. This reduces disruptions to the supply chain and minimizes delays in shipment clearance.4. Improved security measures: AEO certification involves the implementation of efficient security measures to protect the supply chain from security threats. This not only enhances the safety of goods during transit but also safeguards against potential risks such as smuggling or terrorist activities.5. Enhanced business reputation: AEO status demonstrates a company's commitment to compliance, security, and partnership with customs authorities. This can enhance a company's reputation and credibility in the global trade community, leading to potential business opportunities and partnerships.In conclusion, authorized economic operators play a crucial role in facilitating secure and efficient international trade. AEOcertification provides companies with various benefits and advantages, including expedited customs clearance, mutual recognition agreements, reduced inspections, improved security measures, and enhanced business reputation. By becoming AEOs, companies can streamline their trade processes, minimize disruptions, and contribute to a more efficient and secure global supply chain.。
WCO_AEO_Guidelines_英文版
« Copyright © 2006 World Customs Organization. All rights reserved. Requests and inquiries concerning translation, reproduction and adaptation rights should be addressed to copyright@ ».AUTHORIZED ECONOMIC OPERATORI.CONDITIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND BENEFITSIntroductionThe World Customs Organization (WCO) has designed standards to secure and to facilitate the ever-growing flow of goods in international commerce. These standards are set forth in the SAFE Framework of Standards (“SAFE Framework ”), which was adopted by the WCO Council at its 2005 Sessions. A vast majority of WCO Member administrations have expressed the intention to begin the process of implementing the SAFE Frameworkprovisions. In recognition of the urgency of launching this new programme without undue delay, the Council adopted the basic SAFE Framework document which provides the broad overarching principles concerning security and facilitation of the global supply chain. The SAFE Framework incorporates the concept of the Authorized Economic Operator (AEO), and the Council directed the WCO to develop more detailed implementing provisions for the AEO concept.This document provides baseline technical guidance for the implementation of AEO programmes at the global level between WCO Members and the international trade community. It is designed to serve as a starting point for national AEO programmeimplementation and supports the effective application of the standards that are outlined in Pillar II (Customs-to-Business Partnerships) of the SAFE Framework. This guidance will provide for long-term application of meaningful standards that will apply to both Customs and AEOs at the global level. These core international standards shall form a “baseline ” that must be followed by all parties engaged in this effort. This document also allows for the inclusion of supplemental national criteria that may be required by any given Customs administration.Customs administrations recognize that the international trade supply chain is not a discrete identifiable entity. Rather, it is a series of ad hoc constructs comprised of players representing varied trade industry segments. Some “supply chains ” possess a degree of permanence in that the same cast may play recurring roles on a long-term basis on behalf of a regular importer of goods into a given country. In other “supply chains ”, participants either change frequently or are assembled for the purpose of executing a single import transaction. Regardless of either the regularity or the temporal nature of any particular supply chain, Customs does appreciate that it does not own any portion of the trade supply chain. The global supply chain is “owned ” by the multitudes in the private sector who operate as part of any chain. It is for this reason that the support and participation of private sector business interests is fundamental to the success of the SAFE Framework concept.2.To achieve the ultimate security and facilitation goals of the SAFE Framework,Customs administrations must adopt a transparent and forthcoming attitude in the area of Customs operations that can be further modernized, adjusted and improved to the benefit of the international trade community. In this sense, Customs should proactively consider ways in which they can, based on their current or projected resources, assist the trade incompleting their business in the most effective way possible. The international trade and transport communities have experience and knowledge that can benefit Customsadministrations in the management of their facilitation and security responsibilities. The private sector should take advantage of this opportunity to forge new and appropriate alliances with Customs, to assist Customs administrations with their security-related mandates.In order to garner and keep private sector support, it is necessary that there be a clear statement concerning what is entailed in being an AEO. There must be a commonunderstanding of the conditions and requirements of AEO status, which should bespecifically enumerated in detail in national AEO programmes. Even more fundamentally, as a first step, there must be clear presentation of the tangible benefits to be realized byparticipation in the SAFE Framework programme. An appreciation by the private sector of the benefits which may be provided by WCO Member Customs administrations, as well as the benefits of active participation in efforts to strengthen global supply chain security, is a critical element in the private sector being able to justify the additional costs incurred in the process of enhancing existing security measures. Clear and tangible benefits will help provide a needed incentive to business.It is clear that WCO Members will face certain challenges in starting up AEOprogrammes in their national Customs administrations, but one thing is certain - now is the time to raise the global profile of Customs as a major player in securing the economic and physical well-being of the nations they serve by protecting the flow of trade throughout the global supply chain. To the extent that WCO Members can develop flexible approaches to AEO programme development, they will be better able to manage growth and necessary amendments to nationally developed AEO programmes. This document should serve as the baseline platform to accomplish this.Finally, it should be acknowledged that a global system of mutual recognition of AEOs will require some time to accomplish and, in this respect, it has been suggested by WCO Members and the Secretariat that the SAFE Framework be implemented in a progressively “phased approach ”, so too should be the expectations for the future application of mutual recognition of Customs ’ systems of control for AEO programmes. Customs and business partners stand to gain additional effectiveness in both the security and facilitation of the international supply chain, provided they capture the momentum of the SAFE Framework and take affirmative action to implement its provisions as soon as practicable.* * *3.DefinitionsAuthorized Economic Operator : defined in the SAFE Framework as, “ …a party involved in the international movement of goods in whatever function that has been approved by or on behalf of a national Customs administration as complying with WCO or equivalent supply chain security standards. Authorized Economic Operators include inter alia manufacturers, importers, exporters, brokers, carriers, consolidators, intermediaries, ports, airports, terminal operators, integrated operators, warehouses, distributors ”.Shipment or transport conveyance : includes a maritime cargo container, aircraft container, truck trailer or rail car.Third party validator : any manner of outside (non-Customs) entity that is employed to assist a Customs administration in the accomplishment of security risk assessment reviews and related validation procedures. The authority of a Customs administration to grant AEO status and applicable benefit levels shall not be delegated to a third party validator.Authorization : recognition of AEO status in an AEO programme, based on a structured methodology that includes such processes as review of an applicant ’s submitteddocumentation, physical worksite assets and security processes, in order to determine compliance with the core international standards of the SAFE Framework.Phased approach : step-by-step implementation of the SAFE Framework and of this AEO document by an administration in accordance with its capacity and with the objective to achieve mutual recognition of AEO status.Validation : procedure whereby the supply chain of an AEO, and all relevant processes employed by them to reach that status, are subject to full and transparent review by aCustoms administration and/or a Customs-designated third party validator, which may have been specifically deployed by Customs to assist in the actual validation efforts.* * *4.Conditions and Requirements for Customs and theAuthorized Economic OperatorThe SAFE Framework recognizes the complexity of international supply chains andendorses the application and implementation of security measures based upon risk analysis. Therefore, the SAFE Framework allows for flexibility and the customization of security plans based on an AEO’s business model. Certai n Customs-identified best security standards and best practices are discussed below. These are the standards, practices and procedures which members of the trade business community aspiring to AEO status are expected to adopt into routine usage, based on risk assessment and AEO business models. Also presented are the expectations for Customs administrations and business. Both are grouped under titled sub-categories.Customs administrations should not burden the international trade community with different sets of requirements to secure and facilitate international commerce. There should be one set of international Customs standards developed by the WCO that do not duplicate or contradict other recognized intergovernmental security requirements.Verifiable compliance with security requirements and standards set by other intergovernmental organizations, such as IMO, UNECE, and ICAO, may constitute partial or complete compliance with applicable Customs-identified best security standards and best practices set forth below, to the extent the requirements are identical or comparable.A. Demonstrated Compliance with Customs RequirementsCustoms shall take into account the demonstrated compliance history of a prospective AEO when considering the request for AEO status.This element requires that :The AEO :a. not have committed, over a period determined by the national AEO programme,an infringement/offence as defined in national legislation, which would precludedesignation as an AEO;b. if established for less than the period mentioned in “a”, be judged on the basis ofavailable records and information during the application process;c. or its designee have a demonstrated record of compliance within the same timeperiod, mentioned in “a”.5.B. Satisfactory System for Management of Commercial RecordsThe AEO shall maintain timely, accurate, complete and verifiable records relating to import and export. Maintenance of verifiable commercial records is an essential element in the security of the international trade supply chain.This element requires that :The AEO :a. maintain records systems which permit Customs to conduct any required audit ofcargo movements relating both to import and export;b. give Customs full access to necessary records, subject to the requirements ofnational legislation;c. have internal records access and control systems which are satisfactory to theapproving Customs administration;d. appropriately maintain and make available to Customs any authorizations, powersof attorney and licences relevant to the importation or exportation of merchandise;e. within any limitations provided in national legislation, properly archive records forlater production to Customs;f. employ adequate information technology security measures which will protectagainst access by unauthorized persons.C.Financial ViabilityFinancial viability of the AEO is an important indicator of an ability to maintain and improve upon measures to secure the supply chain.This element requires that :The AEO :a. have a good financial standing which is sufficient to fulfil its commitments with dueregard to the characteristics of the type of business activity.6.D. Consultation, Co-operation and CommunicationCustoms, other competent authorities and the AEO, at all levels, international, national and local, should consult regularly on matters of mutual interest, including supply chain security and facilitation measures, in a manner which will not jeopardize enforcement activities. The results of this consultation should contribute to Customs development and maintenance of its risk management strategy.This element requires that :The AEO :a. provide clearly identified and readily accessible local points of contact or acorporate contact that can arrange immediate access to a local contact for allmatters identified as being of compliance and enforcement interest to Customs(cargo bookings, cargo tracking, employee information, etc.);b. individually or, as appropriate, via an industry association, engage in an open andcontinuing mutual exchange of information with Customs, exclusive of informationthat cannot be released due to law enforcement sensitivities, legal basis or otherprecedent;c. through particular mechanisms set forth in the national AEO programme, notify anappropriate Customs official of any unusual or suspicious cargo documentation orabnormal requests for information on shipments;d. through particular mechanisms set forth in the national AEO programme, provide timely notification to Customs and any other relevant authorities when employeesdiscover illegal, suspicious or unaccounted for cargo. Such cargo should besecured, as appropriate.Customs :a. establish, in consultation with an AEO or its agents, procedures to be followed inthe event of queries or suspected Customs offences;b. when appropriate and practical, engage in regular consultation at both thenational and local level with all parties involved in the international supply chain todiscuss matters of mutual interest, including Customs regulations, procedures and requirements for premises and cargo security;c. upon request of the AEO, provide specific feedback on the performance of theAEO in addressing security issues related to the international supply chain;d. provide the AEO or its agents with telephone numbers where appropriateCustoms officials can be contacted.7.E. Education, Training and AwarenessCustoms and AEOs shall develop mechanisms for the education and training ofpersonnel regarding security policies, recognition of deviations from those policies and understanding what actions must be taken in response to security lapses.This element requires that :The AEO :a. make every reasonable effort, as logically based on its business model, toeducate its personnel, and where appropriate its trading partners, with regard tothe risks associated with movements of goods in the international trade supplychain;b. provide educational material, expert guidance and appropriate training on theidentification of potentially suspect cargo to all relevant personnel involved in thesupply chain, such as, security personnel, cargo-handling andcargo-documentation personnel, as well as employees in the shipping andreceiving areas to the extent they are within the AEO ’s control;c. keep adequate records of educational methods, guidance provided and trainingefforts undertaken to document the delivery of such programmes;d. make employees aware of the procedures the AEO has in place to identify andreport suspicious incidents;e. conduct specific training to assist employees in maintaining cargo integrity,recognizing potential internal threats to security and protecting access controls;f.upon request and if practicable, make Customs familiar with relevant internalinformation and security systems and processes, and assist Customs inappropriate training in search methods for those premises , conveyances andbusiness operations the AEO controls.Customs :a.undertake efforts to educate affected Customs personnel with regard to the risks associated with movements of goods in the international trade supply chain, in co-operation with AEOs;b.make educational material and expert guidance on the identification of potentially suspect cargo available to all relevant Customs security personnel;c.notify the AEO ’s designated contact person of the procedures the Customs administration has in place to identify and respond to suspicious incidents;d. conduct specific training to assist personnel in maintaining cargo integrity,recognizing potential threats to security and protecting access controls;8.e.upon request and if practicable, make an AEO familiar with relevant Customs information and processes, in order to assist in appropriate training and research;f. upon request and if practicable, assist the initiatives of the AEO in developmentand implementation of voluntary company guidelines, security standards, bestpractices, training, authorization schemes and materials, etc., calculated to raisesecurity awareness and assist in taking measures to minimize security risks;g. upon request and if practicable, make educational material and expert guidanceon the identification of potentially suspect cargo available to all relevant personnel in an AEO, including for example persons associated with security, cargohandling and cargo documentation. Such guidance should include awareness ofrisks such as are documented in the WCO Risk Management Guidelines;h.assist, upon request and if practicable, the AEO in recognizing potential threats tosecurity from a Customs perspective.F. Information Exchange, Access and ConfidentialityCustoms and AEOs, as part of an overall comprehensive strategy to secure sensitive information, shall develop or enhance the means by which entrusted information is protected against misuse and unauthorized alteration.This element requires that :The AEO and Customs :a.ensure the confidentiality of commercial and security sensitive information and that information provided be used solely for the purposes for which it was provided;b. actively pursue the full and timely implementation of electronic data exchangecapability amongst all relevant parties of information used to releasemerchandise/cargo subject to appropriate data privacy laws. Continued relianceupon documents and hand signatures shall be discouraged;c. employ the use of international standards developed regarding electronic datastructure, timing for submission and message content. Data elements requiredfor security reasons should be compatible with the AEO ’s then -existing businesspractices and limitations and should not require more than the security-relateddata elements set forth in the SAFE Framework;d.work co-operatively toward realizing the commitment of the AEO for thesubmission and use of advance electronic information for risk assessmentpurposes.9.The AEO :a. in the case of AEO importers, have appropriate procedures in place to ensure thatall information used in the clearing of merchandise/cargo is legible, complete and accurate and protected against the exchange, loss or introduction of erroneousinformation. Similarly, that AEO carriers have procedures in place to ensure theinformation in the carrier ’s cargo manifest accurately reflects the informationprovided to the carrier by the shipper or its agent, and is filed with Customs in atimely manner;b. have a documented information security policy and procedures and/orsecurity-related controls, such as firewalls, passwords, etc., in place to protect the AEO ’s electronic systems from unauthorized access;c. have procedures and back-up capabilities in place to protect against the loss ofinformation.Customs :a.familiarize the appropriate AEO staff with relevant requirements of Customs electronic communication systems, and establish specific reporting systems for last-minute consignments and amendments;b. as far as possible, promote the adoption by governments of a single windowsystem and procedures which allow for the single transmission to a soledesignated point by international supply chain participants, including AEOs, of all relevant transport and cargo data. This transmission to a single designatedgovernmental authority for all official control and release purposes implies a single notification of release;c. consider not requiring an AEO to provide paper documents and hand signatures in addition to or in lieu of an electronic transmission. Customs authorities unable to accept data electronically might, for example, accept digital documents,i.e. documents created in a standard format from electronic data, for example,UNeDOCS, submitted by AEOs in lieu of “ori ginal ” paper documents;d.at all times maintain control and jurisdiction over all electronic data provided byAEOs to Customs and establish an effective record retention policy andprocedure to ensure the proper destruction of all copies of such data asappropriate, as well as having procedures and back-up capabilities in place toprotect against the loss of or unauthorized access to information.10. G. Cargo SecurityCustoms and AEOs shall establish and/or bolster measures to ensure that the integrity of cargo is maintained and that access controls are at the highest appropriate level, as well as establishing routine procedures that contribute to the security of cargo.This element requires that :The AEO :a. develop and maintain a security policy manual or other tangible guidance by makingrelevant reference to the security-related guidelines issued by the WCO whichcontains detailed guidelines on procedures to be followed to preserve the integrity of cargo while in its custody;b. ensure that it and/or its business partners in the supply chain with sealingresponsibilities have written procedures in place to properly seal and maintain theintegrity of the shipment or transport conveyance while in its custody;c. ensure that it and/or its business partners employ the use of seals that meet orexceed the then-existing ISO Standard;d. ensure that written procedures are developed and utilized that stipulate how seals are to be controlled and affixed to loaded containers, to include procedures forrecognizing and reporting compromised seals and/or containers to the Customsadministration or the appropriate foreign authority;e. for integrity purposes, ensure that only designated personnel distribute container seals and safeguard their appropriate and legitimate use;f. have procedures for inspecting the structure of the transport conveyanceincluding the reliability of the access controls. When appropriate to the type ofconveyance a seven-point inspection process is recommended :∙ Front wall∙ Left side∙ Right side∙ Floor∙ Ceiling/roof∙ Inside/outside doors∙ Outside/undercarriage;g. regularly examine, through particular mechanisms set forth in the national AEOprogramme, its security and control procedures to ensure that it is difficult forunauthorized persons to gain access to cargo or for authorized persons tomanipulate, move or handle it improperly;h. store cargo and transport conveyances in its custody in secure areas and haveprocedures in place for reporting detected unauthorized entry to cargo andtransport conveyance storage areas to appropriate law enforcement officials;i. verify the identity of the carrier collecting or delivering cargo and transportconveyances where existing business processes permit and, in the case of therebeing no such authority, take action to promptly achieve such mandate;j. where feasible, compare the cargo with its description on the documents or electronic information to be submitted to Customs for consistency;k. establish procedures to manage and control cargo within the cargo storage facility;l. establish procedures to positively control all cargo being removed from the storage facility;m. establish procedures to manage, secure and control all cargo in its custody during transport and while loading into or unloading from a transport conveyance.Customs :a. where Customs deems it appropriate and legal, and as may be further outlined ina national AEO programme, in recognition of the fact that it may be necessary toexamine cargo covertly, invite a representative of the AEO controlling the cargo tobe present in the event that cargo is physically inspected or removed forinspection. In the event the AEO is unable to be present for whatever reason, theAEO with responsibility for the security of the cargo should be notified of such aninspection as soon as possible after the event in case of subsequent liabilityclaims.H. Conveyance SecurityCustoms and AEOs shall jointly work toward the establishment of effective control regimes, where not already provided for by other national or international regulatory mandate, to ensure that transport conveyances are capable of being effectively secured and maintained.This element requires that :The AEO :a. ensure, to the extent and scope of its authority and responsibility, that all transportconveyances used for the transportation of cargo within its supply chain are capableof being effectively secured;b. secure transport conveyances within its supply chain, to the extent and scope of itsability and responsibility, when left unattended, and check for security breaches uponreturn;c. ensure, to the extent and scope of its authority and responsibility, that all operators ofconveyances used for the transportation of cargo are trained to maintain the securityof the transport conveyance and the cargo at all times while in its custody;d. require operators, as specifically detailed in national AEO programmes, to report anyactual or suspicious incident to designated security department staff of both the AEOand Customs for further investigation, as well as to maintain records of these reports,which should be available to Customs, as legal and necessary;e. consider potential places of concealment of illegal goods on transportconveyances, ensure that these places are regularly inspected, and secure allinternal and external compartments and panels, as appropriate. Records are tobe made and maintained following such inspections, indicating the areasinspected;f. notify Customs, or other relevant body, of any unusual, suspicious or actualbreach of transport conveyance security.Customs :a. advise operators of transport conveyances of potential places of concealment ofillegal goods in transport conveyances, where appropriate and legal, as based ontheir Customs perspective and expertise;b. investigate notification of any unusual, suspicious or actual breach of transportconveyance security.I. Premises SecurityCustoms, after taking into account the views of AEOs and their necessary compliance with mandatory international standards, shall establish the requirements for the implementation of meaningful Customs-specific security enhancement protocols that secure buildings, as well as ensure the monitoring and controlling of exterior and interior perimeters.This element requires that :The AEO :a. in accordance with its business model and risk analysis, implement securitymeasures and procedures to secure buildings, as well as monitor and controlexterior and interior perimeters and prohibit unauthorized access to facilities,transport conveyances, loading docks and cargo areas that may reasonably affectthe security of its areas of responsibility in the supply chain. If access control isnot possible, increased precautions in other security aspects may be needed.Premises security should include the following, as appropriate and based on risk :∙Buildings must be constructed of materials that resist unlawful entry.∙The integrity of structures must be maintained by periodic inspection and repair.∙All external and internal windows, gates and fences must be secured with locking devices or alternative access monitoring or control measures.∙Management or security personnel must control the issuance of all locks and keys.∙Adequate lighting must be provided inside and outside the facility including the following areas : entrances and exits, cargo handling and storage areas, fencelines and parking areas.∙Gates through which vehicles and/or personnel enter or exit must be manned, monitored or otherwise controlled. The AEO should assure that vehiclesrequiring access to restricted facilities are parked in approved and controlledareas, and that their licence plate numbers are furnished to Customs uponrequest.∙Only properly identified and authorized persons, vehicles and goods are permitted to access the facilities.∙Appropriate peripheral and perimeter barriers.∙Access to document or cargo storage areas is restricted and there are procedures to challenge unauthorized or unidentified persons.∙There should be appropriate security systems, such as, theft alarm and/or access control systems.∙Restricted areas should be clearly identified.b. as required or upon request, provide Customs with access to security monitoringsystems that are utilized for premises security.Customs :a. aside from any legal right to access certain locations and related information,seek partnership arrangements with AEOs that provide for access to securitymonitoring systems and not be denied access to information necessary for aCustoms administration to carry out enforcement activities;b. permit AEOs to implement alternative means of compliance to satisfy specificsecurity requirements not practical or compatible with a particular AEO’s business model to the extent the alternative means provide the same or equivalent security benefits.。
商务英语翻译
1.福利津贴指的是基本工资以外，高于基本工资，用来资助所享福利的额外收入。
Your benefit premium is the additional amount over and above base pay which is provided to help fund your benefits.2. 市场疲软，股票价格看跌，这种股市称为熊市。
When a market is depressed, and security prices are falling, the market is then described as a bear market.3. 不愿忍受高风险的投资者可以通过购买盈利公司的股票来避免该不稳定因素Private investors unwilling to tolerate high levels of risk can reduce this uncertainty by buying shares in blue chip companies.4.对各家制造商最近所进行的调查显示，近十年是人们对未来的信心增强幅度最大的时候，他们对出口尤其抱乐观态度。
The latest survey of manufacturers shows that the past ten years is the time in which people have had the biggest increase in optimism. They are particularly optimistic about export5.当前我国经济发展一个显著特点，是既要保持经济的快速增长，又成功的抑制了通货膨胀。
A salient feature in China’s econ omic development at present is that we have been able to achieve rapid economic growth and successfully keep inflation under control at the same time.6.西部开发对扩大内需，推动国民经济持续增长，对于促进各地需经济协调发展，最终实现共同富裕，对于加强人民团结，维护社会稳定和巩固边防，都具有十分重要的意义。
分享英文合同翻译：详解关键词
分享英文合同翻译：详解关键词引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。
合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。
一.Hereby英文释义:by means of , by reason of this中文译词:特此,因此,兹用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。
语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.注释:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款注释：（1）hereby：特此（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中（5）documentary proof：证明文件注释：（1）hereby：特此（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上（4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商二hereof英文释义: of this中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”时，使用该词。
AMS ,ENS的说明
承运人或获其书面同意和认可的第三方可以申报。由于目前大部分船 公司处于试运行阶段，大多是自行申报。
◆ENS申报的时间和对象
必须于母船装船前24小时向要挂靠的欧盟境内的第一个港口海关 （Office of First Entry = OoFE）发送申报。
◆ENS申报的内容
• 发货人（要求完整信息：公司名称、地址、邮编、城市、国家。）； • 收货人（接受“To Order”。如不是“To Order”提单，则要求提供
ENS----入境摘要申报（Entry Summary Declaration）
针对欧洲议会和理事会法规（EC No 648/2005）、欧盟 委员会法规（1875/2006/EC）中“海关法”（Council Reg 2913/1992）有关“安全和保安修正案”的部分内容，以及对 其作适当修正后，2011年1月1日起，欧盟将对前往或途径欧盟 港口的所有货运强制执行“舱单提前申报”的规则。适用于全 部27个欧盟(EU)成员国以及挪威和瑞士。
AMS & ENS
2010.12.培训材料
AMS----American Manifest System（美国舱单系统）
◆AMS的背景和由来
上世纪90年代开始，美国海关引入了船公司自动化舱单系统 （AMS）,虽非强制性执行也有众多集装箱班轮运输公司参与其中。
自01年“9.11”事件发生之后，美国海关通过了有关装船前24小 时申报货物舱单的法案。对于所有挂靠美国港口（进口美国的货，经 过美国中转的货物以及“FROB” Foreign cargo remaining onboard即经过美国港口时仍在船货）的集装箱船舶，美国海关单方面 强制要求集装箱班轮运输公司和无船承运人在境外港口装船前24小时， 必须向美国海关的“自动化舱单系统”（AMS）预先申报集装箱内所 装载货物的舱单资料。对于每一票美国航线的货物，承运人都必须以 EDI的方式向美国海关的AMS系统提相关的舱单信息。
OD验厂供应商准则
Office Depot Values and CommitmentThe values of Office Depot, Inc. and its subsidiaries, affiliates, franchisees, joint venture partners, divisions and agents (“Office Depot”) are founded on the principles of accountability and integrity. Office Depot expects organizations producing goods and providing services for it, including any approved subcontractors (collectively “Suppliers”) to follow and adhere to these Supplier Guiding Principles in order to do business with Office Depot. These Supplier Guiding Principles apply to all Suppliers of Office Depot. The Supplier Guiding Principles represent Office Depot’s commitment to source goods and services only from Suppliers who strive to comply fully with all applicable laws and regulations and those who meet internationally recognized standards and practices in dealing with its workers and their working environment.All Suppliers of Office Depot must comply with all applicable laws and each of the following principles:I. Labor Standards▪Prohibition of Forced LaborSupplier may not use any form of forced labor including prison, indentured, bonded, military or slave labor. Supplier may not require any of its foreign workers to remain in employment against their will.▪Prohibition of Child LaborWorkers should not be younger than the minimum employment age established by the respective country. In the event no minimum employment age is established, workers should not be younger than the age of compulsory education; or if no minimum age for compulsory education is established, workers should not be younger than age16.▪Working HoursSupplier’s employee working hours should be in compliance with any and all applicable laws and regulations.However, Supplier is encouraged and should strive to have no employees work more than 60 hours per week, or more than 6 days during any 7 day period.▪Wages and BenefitsAll employees of Supplier should receive at least the legal minimum wage and benefits. A written accounting of wag es should be given to the employee during each pay period clearly indicating the employee’s compensation and any deductions. Supplier should pay higher hourly rates for night shifts than for day shifts. Supplier should not deduct penalties from employee wages for disciplinary infractions.▪Respect for the IndividualAll employees should be treated with respect and dignity.II. Health and Safety▪Working EnvironmentSupplier should maintain a working and housing environment (if Supplier provides housing) that is sanitary, safe, healthy and in compliance with applicable laws and regulations relating to working and living conditions (if applicable).Supplier is required to comply with all applicable laws and regulations pertaining to the local fire code standards and the proper maintenance of all applicable equipment (i.e. alarms, extinguishers, etc.).▪SecurityOffice Depot has partnered with the U.S. Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) in an effort to secure its supply chain under the Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (“C-TPAT”). To accomplish this mission, Office Depot expects Suppliers to develop and implement a sound plan to enhance security procedures. Supplier must follow the Supplier Security Guidelines (pg.4), provided by CBP. Additionally, Suppliers should follow the European Security Standards Authorized Economic Operators (“AEO”) Guidelines.III. EnvironmentOffice Depot encourages Supplier to be sensitive to its impact on the environment and local communities by enforcing environmental standards within its facilities. This extends to the timely and required maintenance of machinery and transportation fleet (where applicable). As such, Supplier should have an effective, documented environmental policy that complies with applicable environmental laws, rules and regulations.IV. Bribery and Corruption▪ComplianceSupplier must comply with all laws, rules and regulations that are applicable to its relationship with Office Depot including, but not limited to, U.S. laws regulating prohibition of bribery, anti-terrorism, asset controls and corruption.Suppliers are required to notify Office Depot in advance of any conflicts of interest which may impact the Suppliers ability to meet compliance requirements. This includes any relationships with foreign officials or a non-U.S government agency. Supplier shall notify Office Depot immediately in the event of circumstantial changes that would affect its ability to remain in compliance.▪Anti-CorruptionSupplier should strive towards maintaining the highest standards of moral and ethical conduct at all times. Supplier shall not engage in any form of corrupt practices including, without limitation to, extortion, fraud, impersonation, false declarations or bribery.▪Gifts and HospitalitySupplier must adhere to the following Office Depot policies regarding gifts and hospitality to help alleviate anyperception of impropriety:∙Office Depot associates are not to accept gifts of more than $50 USD in value and Supplier may not offer such gifts.There are no exceptions.∙Office Depot associates are not permitted to purchase items directly from Supplier.∙Supplier is to immediately report to Office Depot any inappropriate requests or solicitations made by its associates.Suppliers may do so by reporting to Office Depot’s hotline at ∙Suppliers must keep a written account of all payments (including meals, entertainment, gifts or items of value) made of behalf of Office Depot.V. Management of Standard▪Inspection RightSupplier must be able to demonstrate compliance with these Supplier Guiding Principles to the satisfaction of Office Depot. Therefore, Supplier will maintain reasonable records and documentation of its compliance with these Supplier Guiding Principles. Supplier will permit Office Depot or parties designated by Office Depot to inspect (with or without notice) all such records and documentation, and the facilities of Supplier, to independently confirm compliance with these Supplier Guiding Principles.▪CommunicationSupplier agrees to post a copy of these Supplier Guiding Principles in at least two prominent locations where it is likely to be read by employees. This notice must be in English as well as in the local language spoken by a majority of Supplier’s employees.VI. Standard Enforcement▪ViolationsIf Office Depot determines Supplier violated these Supplier Guiding Principles, Office Depot may demand corrective action or terminate its business relationship with Supplier, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any other agreement between Supplier and Office Depot.▪Reporting of Potential ViolationsAll Suppliers are expected to adhere to these Supplier Guiding Principles and report any viol ations to Office Depot’s Hotline via the local number below or on the web at . All reports are kept confidential and callers may choose to remain anonymous in their reporting.∙US: 866-634-6854∙Mexico: 011-866-722-7132∙Korea: 00308-131799∙Israel: 1-809-315-557∙Czech Republic: 800-001-187 + 866-634-6854 ∙Northern China : 中国北部: 10800-713-1117 ∙Southern China: 中国南部: 10800-130-1080 ∙Japan: 00531-13-1264∙Hungary: 06-800-133-83∙Lithuania: 8*800-900-77 + 866-634-6854∙India: 000-800-100-3405∙France: 0800-917-715∙Poland: 00-800-111-3952 ∙Germany: 0800-182-4835∙Belgium: 0800-730-07∙Spain: 900-931-342∙Luxembourg: 8002-3526∙Romania: 021-800-0877 (provide operator the following number: 866-598-2412)∙Costa Rica: 0800-013-1247∙Luxembourg: 8002-3526∙Sweden: 020-799-227∙Switzerland: 0800-835-465∙Italy: 800-874-156∙Netherlands: 0800-022-7053∙United Kingdom: 0808-234-2911VII. Supplier AttestationSupplier authorizes the procurement of an investigative background search in accordance with anti-terrorismlegislation including, without limitation, the USA Patriot Act and Section 1 of U.S. Executive Order 13224 issued September 23, 2001. Supplier also certifies that neither it nor any of its funding sources, is or has ever been a terrorist or suspected terrorist, or a person or entity described in the aforementioned legislation. Supplier understands that Office Depot will not do business with a Supplier if the Supplier has ever been a suspected terrorist or associated in any way with terrorist activities.Supplier also agrees to provide accurate and complete information to Office Depot to enable it to comply with all of its importation requirements. By way of signature below, the supplier agrees to have read, understand and agrees to the terms and conditions set forth in the Supplier Guiding Principles and to promptly report any confirmed or suspected violations of these principles to Office Depot.Signature: ________________________________________Printed Name:Title:Date:Every Supplier should have a written security procedure in place to protect Office Depot’s intellectual property and confidential material, as well as those associates that work or visit such Supplier facilities as recommended by CBP: Physical Security: All buildings should be constructed of materials that resist unlawful entry and protect against outside intrusion.Physical security should include:▪Adequate locking devices for external and internal doors, windows, gates and fences.▪Segregation and marking of international, domestic, high-value and dangerous goods cargo within the warehouse by a safe, caged or otherwise fenced-in area.▪Adequate lighting both inside and outside the facility, as well as in parking areas.▪Separate parking area for private vehicles that is separate from the shipping, loading dock and cargo areas.▪Having internal/external communications systems in place to permit prompt contact of internal security personnel or local law enforcement/police.Access Controls: Unauthorized access to the shipping, loading dock and cargo areas should be prohibited.Controls should include:▪The positive identification of all employees, visitors and Suppliers.▪Procedures for challenging unauthorized/unidentified persons.Procedural Security: Measures for the handling of incoming and outgoing goods should include the protection against the introduction, exchange, or loss of any legal or illegal material.Security controls should include:▪Assign a designated security officer to supervise the introduction/removal of cargo.▪Properly marked, weighed, counted and documented products.▪Procedures for verifying seals on containers, trailers and railcars.▪Procedures for detecting and reporting shortages and overages.▪Procedures for tracking the timely movement of incoming and outgoing goods.▪Proper storage of empty and full containers to prevent unauthorized access.▪Procedures to notify Customs and other law enforcement agencies in cases where anomalies or illegal activities are detected or suspected by the company.Personnel Security: Supplier should conduct pre-employment screening and interviewing of prospective employees to include periodic background checks and application verifications.Education and Training Awareness: A security awareness program should be provided to employees including recognizing internal conspiracies, maintaining product integrity, and determining and addressing unauthorized access. These programs should encourage active employee participation in security controls.。
世界海关组织海关专业词汇汉译表
《国际道路运输公约》知识产权知识产权《伊斯坦布尔公约》转移定价知识产权知识产权知识产权知识产权廉政转移定价原产地转移定价《国际道路运输公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》转移定价转移定价廉政《伊斯坦布尔公约》《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》转移定价《国际道路运输公约》转移定价原产地《伊斯坦布尔公约》协调制度《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》转移定价转移定价知识产权《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》知识产权知识产权知识产权《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》原产地原产地原产地原产地知识产权转移定价原产地《国际道路运输公约》《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》知识产权《伊斯坦布尔公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》转移定价转移定价转移定价《国际道路运输公约》, 《世界海关组织贸易安全与便利标准框架》,《国际道路运输公约》知识产权知识产权转移定价知识产权协调制度协调制度《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》知识产权知识产权《国际道路运输公约》转移定价原产地《伊斯坦布尔公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》, 《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》转移定价转移定价转移定价转移定价转移定价《国际道路运输公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》, 《国际道路运输公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》知识产权《国际道路运输公约》《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》《世界海关组织贸易安全与便利标准框架》《世界海关组织贸易安全与便利标准框架》廉政, 《世界海关组织贸易安全与便利标准框架》《国际道路运输公约》廉政《伊斯坦布尔公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》知识产权转移定价《伊斯坦布尔公约》转移定价。
世界海关组织海关专业词汇汉译表
《国际道路运输公约》知识产权知识产权《伊斯坦布尔公约》转移定价知识产权知识产权知识产权知识产权廉政转移定价原产地转移定价《国际道路运输公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》转移定价转移定价廉政《伊斯坦布尔公约》《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》转移定价《国际道路运输公约》转移定价原产地《伊斯坦布尔公约》协调制度《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》转移定价转移定价知识产权《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》知识产权知识产权知识产权《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》原产地原产地原产地原产地知识产权转移定价原产地《国际道路运输公约》《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》知识产权《伊斯坦布尔公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》转移定价转移定价转移定价《国际道路运输公约》, 《世界海关组织贸易安全与便利标准框架》,《国际道路运输公约》知识产权知识产权转移定价知识产权协调制度协调制度《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》知识产权知识产权《国际道路运输公约》转移定价原产地《伊斯坦布尔公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》, 《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》《国际道路运输公约》转移定价转移定价转移定价转移定价转移定价《国际道路运输公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》, 《国际道路运输公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》知识产权《国际道路运输公约》《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》《世界海关组织贸易安全与便利标准框架》《世界海关组织贸易安全与便利标准框架》廉政, 《世界海关组织贸易安全与便利标准框架》《国际道路运输公约》廉政《伊斯坦布尔公约》《伊斯坦布尔公约》知识产权转移定价《伊斯坦布尔公约》转移定价。
Import and Export Rules
Processing of Goods
CUSTOMS PROCEDURE APPLICATION CONDITIONS
Transit (2)
Goods whose import formalities are completet at a customs office at the place of destination
- Presentation of goods at the customs office at the place of destnation in due time - Placement infor another customs procedure once there
Temporary importationm(2)
Goods which may be used within the EU for a limited period of time, such as demonstration products
- (Partial) exemption form import duties HOWEVER: - Goods may not e modified - Goods must be re-exported
Import and Export Rules in the EU
The EU wants to help traders make the most of global trading by making the information clear. Trading with the wider world brings growth to the EU economy and jobs for European workers. Many of the trade problems which European exporters face are not just the traditional import tariffs or quotas but discriminatory or disproportionate regulations or standards. Removing these barriers is part of the EU's strategy to boost exports and promote growth and jobs in Europe.
津巴布韦经商政策法规
[政策法规]津巴布韦对外国投资的优惠政策1.优惠政策框架津巴布韦政府对外国投资的优惠政策主要体现在对特定行业、特定地区以及特殊投资方式的外国投资实行进口关税、所得税等税收减免，同时，符合条件的外国投资还可以获得部分行业的财政补贴。
2.行业鼓励政策根据津巴布韦新的投资和税收政策规定，对投资以下行业的企业，实行特殊企业税政策：（1）农业。
提供25%的特殊补贴用于购置农业机械设备或农用建材；园艺业、农业机械、农作物、牛肉、蔬菜和鱼类相关企业免收增值税；进口的农用设备免增值税、农机5%的关税；用于商品包装的原料可减进口关税；进口“免关税许可证”项下的物品可减关税。
（2）矿业。
从2004年1月起，矿业领域公司的公司税率从25%降至15%；矿业发展所需的进口物品减进口关税；进口“免关税许可证”项下的物品可减关税。
但2012年1月27日津巴布韦大幅提高了矿业领域申请费、注册费、交易许可证费等费用，提高幅度较低的为数倍，较高了数十倍到数百倍，而铂金矿权注册费提高幅度达到5000倍。
（3）制造业。
出口至少50％的企业，所得税率为20％。
（4）旅游业。
对于每年至少60％的营业利润是以外汇形式实现的公司，所得税率为20％；“核定旅游发展区”内的企业前5年免所得税，之后每年所得税率为15％。
（5）交通运输业。
进口公共汽车免关税；进口燃油以及相关产品减关税；进口公共交通工具零部件减关税；进口铁路机车或有轨电车零部件减关税；进口垃圾清理或道路维护交通工具减关税。
（6）经津巴布韦工贸部审核，进入以下行业，并达到以下条件的企业，为开发型企业：进口产品深加工；设立国际采购和物流中心；高新技术开发；高工业附加值，实现科技产业转化；创造本地就业机会；出口创汇。
开发型企业可享受以下优惠政策：前10年征收10%企业税，之后按20%征收；进口企业开工及生产所必须的生产资料可予以免税；企业分红免征所得税；企业员工的个人福利免收1/3的个人所得税；在固定地点长期雇佣员工超过500人以上，可减免一定税赋。
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authorized economic operators
什么是授权经营者？
授权经营者（Authorized Economic Operators，简称AEO）是由世界关贸组织（WTO）制定的国际贸易安全框架中的一个关键概念。
AEO为那些通过符合一系列安全标准和要求的认证程序的企业，提供了在国际贸易中享受特权和便利的机会。
授权经营者概述
1.1 历史背景
授权经营者概念与2001年发生的9/11恐怖袭击有关。
此事件导致国际社会对贸易安全的关注和重视。
为了确保国际贸易的顺利进行，同时防范恐怖主义和非法货物的跨境流动，国际贸易安全框架涌现出来。
授权经营者是其中一个重要组成部分。
1.2 AEO的目的
AEO旨在通过授权合格企业，建立安全、可靠和高效的国际贸易流程。
授权经营者通过履行安全管理标准，以及管理和控制其供应链，提供了一种信任机制，使各国海关对其进行简化和加速处理。
授权经营者分类
2.1 世界关贸组织框架
AEO的分类和认证程序遵循了世界关贸组织的要求。
根据世界关贸组织的框架，授权经营者分为两种类型：AEO认证和AEO互认。
2.2 AEO认证
AEO认证适用于进出口企业，其履行一系列安全管理标准和要求。
主要目标是建立安全的物流流程和供应链，并提高对贸易合作伙伴的可靠性。
获得AEO认证的企业在国际贸易中享有特权和优惠，例如减少货物检查和加速清关。
2.3 AEO互认
AEO互认允许一个国家的授权经营者在其他参与AEO互认计划的国家得到承认。
这为国际贸易提供了更高程度的便利和信任，也减少了重复认证的需求。
AEO认证程序
3.1 AEO认证标准
AEO认证的关键在于符合一系列安全管理标准。
这些标准涉及企业的物理安全、供应链安全和信息安全等方面。
企业需要评估和优化其流程、标准和做法，以确保其符合AEO认证的要求。
3.2 AEO认证流程
AEO认证程序由各个国家的海关管理机构负责。
企业需要向所在国家的海关申请，并提交相关申请表和证明文件。
海关将对企业进行评估和审核，确定其是否符合AEO认证的要求。
3.3 优势和利益
获得AEO认证可以使企业在国际贸易中获得一系列优势和利益。
首先，获得AEO认证的企业可以享受快速通关和减少货物检查的特权，从而节省时间和成本。
其次，AEO认证可以增加企业在国际市场上的竞争力，提高其可靠性和可信度，吸引更多客户和合作伙伴。
此外，获得AEO认证还可以使企业获得更好的金融和保险条件，以及更灵活的商务安排。
授权经营者的国际发展趋势
4.1 国际趋势
随着国际贸易的发展和合作加深，授权经营者概念在全球范围内得到认可和推广。
越来越多的国家和地区加入AEO互认计划，建立和发展国际贸易安全网络。
4.2 未来发展
随着全球贸易安全的关注不断增加，AEO认证和互认计划有望得到更广泛的认可和采用。
未来，授权经营者的数量和范围有望继续增长，并为企业提供更多便利和机会。
总结
授权经营者是国际贸易安全框架中的一个重要概念，旨在通过认证合格企业，建立安全、可靠和高效的国际贸易流程。
AEO认证和互认计划为企业提供了在国际贸易中享有特权和优惠的机会。
通过符合一系列安全管理标准和要求，企业可以获得AEO认证，并享受快速通关和减少货物检查的特权，从而提高其可信度和竞争力。
未来，授权经营者的发展前景广阔，将为国际贸易提供更多便利和机会。