20th century literature[1]
二十世纪英国文学
Some terms
Symbolism 象征主义 Expressionism 表现主义 Surrealism 超现实主义 Futurism 未来主义 Dadaism 达达主义 Imagism 意向主义 Stream of consciousness 意识流 Existentialism 存在文学 Theatre of absurd 荒诞派戏剧 Black humor 黑色幽默
Mansfield’s Major Works: Prelude 《前奏》 Bliss and Other Stories 《幸福集》 The Garden Party and Other Stories 《园会集》 The Dove’s Nest and Other Stories 《鸽巢集》 Something Childish and Other Stores 《幼稚集》 The Daughters of the Late Colonel 《已故中校 的女儿》
20thcenturyenglishliteraturehistoricalbackgroundwweconomicdepressionworkersmovementirishnationalistmovementww21newtheoriesdarwinsevolutionarytheoryeinsteinstheoryfreudsanalyticalpsychologykarlmarksfriedrichengelsstheoryscientificsocialismarthurschopenhauerspessimismfriedrichnietzschesdoctrineshenrybergsonsirrationalphilosophyculturalbackgroundculturalbackgroundrealism20thcenturyenglishliterature二十世纪英国现实主义文学改变了维多利亚时代那种高雅温和的倾向加强了对英国社会的保守性和虚伪性的批判具有一种冷峻地直面人生的特点
20th century American__ literature
T. S. Eliot’s Poems
• • • • • • • • • • T. S. Elliot (1888-1965) One of the greatest poets of the 20th century One of the first to sense the futility and fragmentization of modern life and see modern society at its most disgusting Famous for the style of fresh visual imagery, flexible tone and highly expressive rhythm
• After WWⅡ, a new generation of American authors wrote in the skeptical, ironic tone. • In the 1960s and 70s, they turned increasingly to experimental techniques.
20th Century Literature
Historical background American poetry in 20th century American novels in 20th century
Historical Background
• The growth of mass-circulation periodicals created a rich market place for popular writers. • WWI stands as a great dividing line between the 19th century and contemporary America. • A sense of the failure of political leaders and a belief in the futility of hope dominated.
20世纪英国文学
• It means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age.
Angry Young Men
• During the fifties there appeared a group of young writers who were fiercely critical of the established order. They were called “Angry Young Men”, a term taken from John Osborne’s play Look Back in Anger, which first appeared in 1956.
The Theatre of the Absurd
• The Theatre of the Absurd is a term applied to a group of dramatists who were active in the 50’s.
• The term “Theatre of the Absurd” was coined by Martin Esslin in his 1962 book by that title. It refers to the work of a loosely associated group of dramatists who first emerged during and after World War II. (Samuel Beckett)
20世纪美国文学英文版.ppt
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III. What is an “image”?
An image is defined by Pound as that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas” “endowed with energy”. The exact word must bring the effect of the object before the reader as it had presented itself to the poet’s mind at the time of writing.
4. It is this movement that helped to open the first pages of modern English and American poetry.
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VI. Ezra Pound
1. life 2. literary career 3. works (1) Cathay (2) Cantos (3) Hugh Selwyn Mauberley
3
II. Background 1. First World War – “a war to end all wars” (1) Economically: became rich from WWI. Economic
boom: new inventions. Highly-consuming society. (2) Spiritually: dislocation, fragmentation. 2. wide-spread contempt for law (looking down upon law) 3. Freud’s theory
20世纪文学
History of English Literature
20th Century Literature
II. Literature: literary trends at turn
1. socialist movement: William Morris revolution, socialism, communism 2. apologist of Imperialism & Colonialism: Rudyard Kipling 3.neo-romanticism: Robert Louis Stevenson 4. naturalism 5. aestheticism: Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde
History of English Literature
20th Century Literature
History of English Literature
20th Century Literature
I. Historical background 1. political 2. cultural II. literature 1. turn 2. poetry 3. novel 4. drama
History of English Literature
20th Century Literature
II. Literaert Stevenson (1850-1894):Scotland ★ “Treasure Island” “The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde”: novella about dual (split) personality ★ features: fantastic, impossible and unrealistic; duality of good and evil in human personality
20世纪英国文学
The Forsyte Saga
• Theme • Its main theme is the possessive instinct
• It marks the summit of critical realism in all Galsworthy’s works.
• Major characters: • Soames Forsyte, Irene,
Bosinney.
D. H. Lawrence
D. H. Lawrence
Chatterley’s Lover • Streams of Consciousness: • James Joyce: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man , Ulysses • Virginia Woolf: The Voyage Out Night and Day Jacob’s Room Mrs.
• The absurdity of human conditions is the main theme of the plays of the school of the theatre of the absurd. P329
Major Figures in 20th
Century
• Poetry • Yeats: The Responsibilities, The Wild Swans at Coole, The Tower, The
• English novelist and poet, one of the most influential Байду номын сангаасnd controversial literary figures of the 20th century.
英国诗歌20世纪概况
2. A widespread demand for social reform of every kind; not slow and orderly reform, which is progress, but immediate and intemperate reform, which breeds a spirit of rebellion and despair. Before the Victoria age had come to an end, English literature appeared to have lost touch with healthy English life. Writers at that time had mostly a critical attitude towards morals and religion, Church and State.
George Bernard Shaw
D. H . Lawrence
Virginia Woolf
James Joyce
John Galsworthy
One of the most prominent of 20th century realistic English writers. The Man of Property The Forsyte Saga A Man of Devort Ⅲ Main Writers and their works
Thomas Hardy
Last and one of the greatest Victorian novelists. The Poor Man and the Lady Desperate Remedies Under the Greenwood Tree Far From the Madding crowd Tess of the D’Urbervilles Jude the Obscure
20世纪美国文学史ppt课件
1920s, Jazz Age.
I. Historical Background: WWI, peace-making period/boom time.
Politically, US entered WWI in 1917 for purity and democracy. The period of peace-making ended with general disillusionment about the value of war: only a sense of the failure of political leaders and a belief in the futility of hope. No abiding solutions to the world’s problems was found. And the resurgence of nationalism and the rise of new totalitarianism produce a second world war.
from serious problems.;
3
Lost Generation
refers to those writers who were devoid of faith, values and ideas and who were alienated from the civilization the capitalist society advocated. It includes the writers such as (Hemingway, F.S. Fitzgerald, Thomas Wolfe, and Louis Bromfield) and poets (like Malcolm Cowley, E. E. Cummings, Archibald Macleish, and Ezra Pound), who rebelled against former values and ideas, but replaced them only by despair or a cynical hedonism. They were totally frustrated by the WWI and returned from that “Great War” to their own country only to find the grim reality that the social values and civilization were hollow and affected if compared to the cruel realities of the battleground. They felt alienated from Am; erican civilization, which4
APS考试-文学类-二十世纪世界文学史要点
二十世纪文学史要点（中英双语版）On the 20 Century World Literature History20世纪文学史上最为突出的是现代主义文学。
我在这这门课上主要学习了现代主义文学的一些主要流派以及各流派的代表作家、作品。
The most prominent literary trend in the history of 20th century literature is modernist literature. In this course, I studied some of the major genres of modernist literature and the representative writers and works of each genre.一.意识流小说及其代表的作家作品意识流小说是20世纪20、30年代流行于英、法、美等国的现代主义文学流派或小说类型，不重视描摹客观世界，而着力于表现内心真实，尤其是表现人的意识流程，从而打破传统小说的叙事模式和结构方法，用心理逻辑去组织故事。
在创作技巧上，意识流小说大量运用内心独白，自由联想的方法。
意识流的创作方法，后来被现代作家广泛采用成为现代小说的基本方法之一。
代表作品有普鲁斯特的《追忆似水年华》福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》等。
The stream-of-consciousness fiction is a modernist literary genre popular in England, France and the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. It does not pay attention to depicting the objective world. Still, it focuses on expressing the inner reality, especially the process of human consciousness, thus breaking the traditional narrative mode and structural method of the fiction and organizing the story with psychological logic. In terms of creative techniques, stream-of-consciousness fiction make extensive use of internal monologue and free association. The stream-of-consciousness method was later widely adopted by modern writers as one of the basic methods of modern fiction. Representative works include Proust's " In Search of lost time", Faulkner's "The Sound and the Fury ", etc.普鲁斯特是法国意识流作家，他的代表作《追忆似水年华》的主人公马塞尔是一位家境殷实，体弱多病的青年，小说的主要内容就是他在病床上回忆在贡布雷度过的童年和在巴黎、威尼斯等地度过的时光。
The 20th-century Literature
Modern Poetry:In the 20th century, two characteristic strains in American poetry are introspection and social criticism. These two themes are frequently combined into introspective social criticism,Modernism The essence of modernism was a break with the past, and it also fostered a belief in art and literature as an avenue to self-fulfillment. It included a wide range of artistic expressions such as symbolism, impressionism, post-impressionism, futurism, constructivism, imagism, expressionism, dada, and surrealism.There are some features of modernism:1) Modernism dramatized discontinuity (a sense of disjunction) and imminent severance from the pastMuch of the modern temper was critical of received beliefs, They had a strong feeling of alienation, of loss, and of despair.. Representative modernist poets are T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound. 2) Modernists had a sense of fragmentation in social communities and the fragmentation within the individual himself. these writers used an anti-hero. he is weak, ineffective, inapt,3) The distinctive feature of literary modernism was its strong and conscious break with traditional forms, perceptions, and techniques of expression, and its great concern with language and all aspects of its medium.. The modernists made great efforts to remake the language of literature, and they were interested in technique and craftsmanship. Streams of consciousness, the use of myth as a structural principle, and the primary status given to the poetic image, all challenged traditional representation. Generally speaking, this new desire in craftsmanship and skill was one of the hallmarks of the early decades of the 20th century.3. Imagism1) Emergence: first in the movement of Imagism as a reaction to Victorian and Edwardian poetry. It began with Thomas Ernest Hulme (1883-1917), In America, it started tin Chicago in 1912 when a new magazine was launched under the title of Poetry: A Magazine of Verse,2) Major featuresImagism was one of the most essential techniques. Not all modernists were imagists. It was only one technique that tried to be revolutionary, tried to do something new with language. Here are some major characteristics of imagism.(1) With a spirit of revolt against convention, imagism was anti-romantic and anti-Victorian. But imagism stressed free choice of subject matters (often dealing with single, concentrated moments of experience), concreteness of imagery, musical phrases, economy of expression, and the use of a dominant image, or a quick succession of related images. It aimed at instantaneous effect, visual and concise. Imagists used the language of common speech and employed exact words(2) Imagism produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.(3) In a sense, imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction.(4) Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet. It used suggestion rather than complete statement and saw concentration as the very essence of poetry. Therefore, an imagistpoem consists of clear visual images,3) The most outstanding figures of the movement were Ezra Pound,Amy Lowell (1874-1925), and Hilda Doolittle (1886-1961).4. Some Famous Poets1) Ezra Loomis Pound (1885-1972)(1) the father of modern American poetry, he led the experiment inrevolutionizing poetry. Pound was America’s first self-consciousinnovator in poetry and one of the most important imagist poets andcritics of his time.His major work of poetry is the Cantos, a modernepic, which he continued for over fifty years. His critical essays arecollected in Make It New , The ABC of Reading , Guide to Kulchur ,and Literary Essays2) Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965)(1) Eliot was a poet, playwright, and literary critic.. He became theacknowledged leader of the new poetry and criticism poetry andcritical essays. published The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock inPoetry and Preludes in Blast. His poems showed his disappointmentin modern society. The Waste Land（《荒原》）,. It has been regardedas a central text of modernism.The Waste Land reads like the manifesto of the “Lost Generation”. It has evoked a great deal of comment on its originalityand on its severe attack on postwar Europe. published The HollowMen which continues the same theme.. But his best work is a group of four long poems entitled Four Quartets, led to his receipt of the Nobel Prize in 1948. In the sameyear he received the Order of Merit. His brilliant and bewilderingoriginal poetry, with its fresh visual imagery, its flexible tone, itshighly expressive rhythm, its nostalgic pessimism and bittercondemnation of the postwar world, was the most important influenceon all the modernists.(3) Comparison between T.S. Eliot and Walt Whitman:Walt Whitman was a great poet of American romanticism. He wasoptimistic and wrote a kind of poetry that was designed to praiseAmerican dreams; he had a wide audience of the common peoplereading what he wrote. So Whitman wrote within the acceptedtradition of American life, trying to express the common aspirationsof Americans. Eliot was different from Whitman. He was a great poetof American modernism. He did not accept the validity of theAmerican dream, and he was not optimistic like Whitman. So hisaudience was small, only elitists who took a view of society differentfrom mass culture. Eliot did not accept those commercial values. Hecriticized the trend in society, so he withdrew from mass culture to anelite culture.II. Modern Fiction1. Lost GenerationThe term “Lost Generation” was first used by Gertrude Stein (1874-1946), It included the young English and American expatriates as well as men and women caught in the war and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. It means this generation had lost the beautiful sense of the calm idyllic past. being cut off from their past, disillusioned in reality, and without a meaningful future to fall on, they were lost in disillusionment and existential voids. They indulged in hedonism They lost their sense of being a part of American society. Since none of the best writers was closer to combat, it was not the war itself, but long exposure to European culture which intensified their criticism of American life.They had not given up on American civilization. They criticized it, satirized it, laughed at it, but they still considered themselves Americans. By experiencing European culture and European values, they came to have a perspective on what was going on in America. So the lost generation stayed away from America to understand it better.3. Modern FictionNaturalism had shown that social and biological forces limited individual freedom.. For instance, the commonest techniques for expressing linguistic blight are fragmentation, literary montage, and the frenetic inter-penetration of passages to suggest a disordered simultaneity as shown in Hemingway’s In Our Time (1925). In the process of this change, American fiction grew mature and became a leading force in world literature. His principal theme ---- that of secession from society ---- was one that had long engaged the American writer.The excellent writers of the period include Sherwood Anderson (1876-1941), Henry Louis Mencken (1880-1956), Upton Sinclair (1878-1968), Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951), Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940), John Dos Passos (1896-1970), John Steinbeck (1902-1968), Willa Cather (1873-1947), Thomas Wolfe (1900-1938), Nathaniel West(1903-1940), and John O’Hara 91905-1970). They had drawn the potential of naturalism onward toward a modernism that seemed comfortable appropriate to twentieth-century American experience, and had constructed a modern, experimental tradition of American fiction.1) Earnest Hemingway (1899-1961)Hemingway was generally regarded as spokesman for the Lost Generation. He was famous for his novels and short stories written inhis spare, laconic, yet intense prose with short sentences and veryspecific details. Almost all his stories deal with the theme of courage inface of tragedy. They reveal man’s impotence and despairing courage toassert himself against overwhelming odds.his first collection of fifteen short stories, In Our Time, in 1925, portraying the world of adulthood as an arena of danger and violence. In1926 he published his first novel, The Torrents of Spring, but The SunAlso Rises (1926) about the disillusionment of the lost generation wasan immediate success, With the success of A Farewell to Arms (1929), he firmly established his reputation as a great American writer. This novel shows that not only war threatens people, but the very texture of life itself involves violence and death. By then he had surpassed Fitzgerald, even one of his mentors, Gertrude Stein.In 1936 he took part in the Spanish Civil War as a journalist, His experience there provided material for his novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) with the theme that the loss of freedom anywhere is a diminution of it everywhere. This is a love story of great appeal, and this is also a war novel containing the message that all liberals must help each other, must act collectively, if good is to endure.In 1952 he published The Old Man and the Sea,. This short novel highlights the theme that a man can be destroyed but not defeated. The Nobel Prize was awarded him in October, 1954 with the following defensive statement: “For his powerful style-forming mastery of the art of modern narration, as most recently evinced in The Old Man and the Sea…Hemingway’s earlier writing displayed brutal, cynical and callous signs which may be considered at variance with the Nobel Prize requirements for a work of ideal tendencies. But on the other hand he also possesses a heroic pathos which forms the basic element of his awareness of life, a manly love of danger and adventure, with a natural admiration of every individual who fights the good fight in a world or reality overshadowed by violence and death.(3) CommentCritics generally hold that Hemingway wrote best earlier in his career, and that his chief contributions are in the sense of the short story.His short stories represent him at his most experimental, telegraphic in style and presentation. They depend heavily on direct description and dialogue with little commentary or interpretation. Influenced by Mark Twain, Hemingway brought the colloquial style to near-perfection.One of the important things that makes Hemingway popular is that in a time of general despair and pessimism he wrote stories with heroes that the readers could admire. There is a particular term, “the code hero”, for his character. The code hero with stoic courage lives by a pattern which gives life meaning and value. Hemingway explored courage in many forms. He portrayed courage and cowardice in battle and defined courage as “an instinctive movement toward or away from the center of violence, with self-preservation and self-respect the mixed motives.” He also wrote about courage with which people face the tragedies in life. To him, man’s greatest achievement is to show “grace under pressure”, or to hold the “purity of line through the maximum of exposure”, as he once said.In his fiction the nihilistic vision of sterility, failure, and death is modified by his affirmative assertion of the possibility of living withstyle and courage. Therefore, he often dealt with war and its effects on people, with contests such as hunting and bullfighting which demand stamina and courage, and with the question how to live with pain.Hemingway’s iceberg theory of writing is famous. Think of an iceberg: one eighth of an iceberg is above the water. All of the rest is underneath the water. The same is true with Hemingway’s writing. His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning. The rest is implied.One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing. Hemingway’s vocabulary is easy and his sentence patterns are easy, but they are extremely difficult to be fully understood. His lean, economical style of writing is striking: sentence short, uncomplicated, but active; words simple but filled with emotion;few modifiers, and great control of pause with action of the story continuing during the silences. There are times when the most powerful effect comes from restraint and understatement for he believed the strongest effect comes with an economy of means. His control of his medium reaches from the most profound levels of meaning to the uppermost limits of conscious style and language. In one sense he was more limited in scope than most of his contemporaries, for he had but a single theme— how man face tragedy in a world stripped of all values except that of intensity.Hemingway’s writing emphasizes emotion. He wanted to recreate for the reader the emotion of being there. For this reason, Hemingway is often called a lyric writer. He was interested in conveying a deep emotional feeling. He did have some realistic techniques, but on the whole he was not like the realistic writers because he was more interested in conveying his personal emotion. And this is the goal of many modernist writers— recreate proper feelings of the situation or experience in the reader, arouse an involuntary subjective response.Hemingway deserves “the attention of posterity as he captured in his works the uncomfortable realities of his age and forced into public consciousness a realization of the brutalities of war and their lingering psychological effects.”2) Francis Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)Fitzgerald is generally regarded as the spokesman of the 1920s, the peculiar decade that combined the postwar economic boom and the sense of spiritual disorientation. He was both a leading participant in the typically pleasure-seeking and money-making life of the 1920s, and at the same time, he was a self-conscious writer with detached observation of it. So, he was the most representative writer of fiction in the 1920s, the spokesman of the “roaring 20s”. His works not only reflected, but also helped to influence the prevailing mood of the time.In 1920 his first novel This Side of Paradise reached the reading public with its thoroughly modern sensibility.. It was the first Americannovel depicting the casual dissipations of “flaming you th”. Moreover, it also reflects the new norms of the 1920s which was also known as the “roaring 20s”, “Jazz Age”, and “Dollar Decade”.a second novel entitled The Beautiful and Damned (1922).. Yet TheBeautiful and Damned already betrayed the author’s doubts and his fear that this way of life was destroying the people who pursued it.In 1925, he wrote his best novel The Great Gatsby which deals symbolically with the frustration and despair resulting from the failure of the American dream.(3) CommentFitzgerald’s fiction reveals the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American dreams of love, splendor and gratified desires and shows what America meant in terms of the reckless 1920s: Prohibition, speakeasies, new cars, victory abroad, popular fads, and new wealth. The Great Gatsby presents the American scene during those riotous years. The novel is a superb recreation of the high-keyed, frantic atmosphere of the times. It is also the single most profound commentary in American fiction on what has become known as American Dream.American dream means that in America one might hope to satisfy every material desire and thereby achieve happiness. It is deceptive because it proposes the satisfaction of all desire as an attainable goal and identifies desire with material.He dealt most with the double theme of love and money. The fascination for wealth is one of the most important characteristics of his writing.He was a realist in an old fashion. All his stories are about morality, industry, and maturity. Therefore, his stories can be regarded as moral fables.3) John Steinbeck (1902-1968John Steinbeck is regarded as the foremost writer of the Great Depression during the 1930s. He was a great spokesman for the oppressed, writing about the poverty-stricken people in their sufferings.(2) Literary Careerhis first romantic book Cup of Gold. The publication of Tortilla Flat in 1935 attracted considerable attention and acclaim from critics. In 1939 he published his masterpiece The Grapes of Wrath, and was elected to the National Institute of Arts and Letters. In 1940 The Grapes of Wrath won a Pulitzer Prize.. A major reason for its enduring significance is perhaps his high skill in creating believable characters through dialogue as well as depiction, his subtle presentation of the transformation of his characters from their politically unconscious response to the pressure of changing conditions to a dawning class consciousness and his thematic combination of social protest with a benign view of human nature andbiological interpretation of human experience. However, the novel also caused much controversy for some time. Even worse, it was banned fora period of time on ideological and artistic grounds because it wasaccused of being communist propaganda and being a structurally formless story.Steinbeck’s prose style is note for a poetic quality which heightens the realism of his naturalistic writing. His best writing was produced by his outrage at the injustices of society and by his admiration for the strong spirit of the poor. His fiction combined warm humor, regionalism, and violence with a realistic technique which produced a unique kind of social protest.(3) The Grapes of WrathThe Grapes of Wrath, which combines naturalist and symbolisttechnique to depict his characters’ plights. Most important, it binds the Depression, the overwhelming fact of the thirties, to Americasdemocratic heritage.”。
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20th Century Literature
Background
Imperialism Call for social reform Irish nationalism Two world wars destroyed idealism, loyalty to God, everything traditional.
Modernistic writers
Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)
Indirect Interior Monologue This occurs in the way she captures the private thoughts of her characters. It allows her to move easily from one character to the next, and allows the reader insight into each character’s mind. The narrative leaves one mind and enters another, hovering between the minds of the characters. Human consciousness transcends the Mrs. Dalloway, limitations of individual minds and time. The Wave, To the Light House
of Property)
D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers, Women in
Love, Lady Chatterley’s Lover Joseph Conrad: Lord Jim, The Heart of Darkness E.M. Forster: Howard’s End, A Passage to India
epic), Finnegans Wake
Homework
Read The Importance of Being Earnest and Pygmalion.
Modern literature
Modernism: a break with all tradition Rejection of the traditional framework of narrative, description, rational exposition in poetry and prose; In favor of a stream-of-consciousness presentation of personality A dependence on the poetic image as the essential vehicle of aesthetic communication A dependence on myth as a characteristic structural principle A tendency to dissolve into chaos of sharp atomistic impressions Sorrow for the tendency towards “dehumanization” Alienation and loneliness
Modernist Poetry
Imagist movement, against romantic fuzziness (['fʌzinis]模 糊) and facile (['fæsail] 温和的) emotionalism in poetry New enthusiasm for the 17th century metaphysical(玄学派) poetry, much higher degree of intellectual complexity
Poets
T. S. Eliot:
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, The Waste Land (landmark of modern poetry) The Second Coming, When You Are Old
W.B. Yeats
Modernistic writers
James Joyce (1882-1941)
New notions of the nature of consciousness, derived from the pioneer exploration of the subconscious
stream of consciousness:
Themes: possibility of love, establishment of emotional communication in a community of private consciousness
Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses (modern
Subtlety of symbolist poetry, imagistic precision and complexity
Poetic language and rhythms closer to those of conversation, colloquial, slangy (俗话多的) Irony and wit, with the use of puns to achieve union of thought and passion
Oscar Wilde: art for art’s sake:
The
Samuel Beckett (Waiting for Godot) & Theatre of the Absurd Harold Pinter: The Dumb Waiter, etc.
Novelists
Thomas Hardy: Novels of character and environment John Galsworthy: The Forsyte Saga (The Man
Dylan Thomas: The Fern Hill Philip Larkin Ted Hughes
Seamus Heaney
Drama
George Bernard Shaw: realistic
Mrs.
Warren’s Profession, The Widower’s Houses, Pygmalion Picture of Dorian Gray; Lady Windermere’s Fan, An Ideal Husband, etc.