专题1 第4讲 阅读理解
(复习指导)第3部分专题1 第4讲 千年古人语译作今时言——文言文翻译Word版含解析
第4讲千年古人语，译作今时言——文言文翻译一、命题角度翻译文言文句子是对文言文阅读能力的综合考查。
文言文阅读“理解”能力层级，一共包括五个方面：(1)理解常见文言实词在文中的含义；(2)理解常见文言虚词在文中的意义和用法；(3)理解与现代汉语不同的句式和用法；(4)了解并掌握常见的古代文化知识；(5)理解并翻译文中的句子。
翻译文言文句子不仅直接对应第五个方面，而且包含了对前四个方面的考查。
根据历年高考真题，以及高考阅卷评分的实际情况，该类题得分点主要包括两大方面：一是整个句子的大意，往往在2分左右；二是句中的关键实词(主要包括通假字、一词多义、古今异义词、偏义复词等)、特殊用法(词类活用)、文言句式[判断句、被动句、倒装句(主谓倒装、宾语前置、定语后置、状语后置)和省略句]等，命题者一般在一道小题中设置三个左右这样的得分点，每个1分。
根据文言文翻译命题选材和阅卷评分时指定的得分点来分析，翻译题的选材主要有如下几个特点：(1)含有重点实词的句子；(2)含有词类活用现象的句子；(3)含有古汉语特殊句式的句子；(4)只有联系上下文才能准确理解的句子。
文言文句子翻译为文言文阅读的重中之重，近年全国卷赋分10分，2020年新高考全国卷Ⅰ、Ⅱ赋分8分。
命题特点如下：(1)选句有二，句子不甚长，多为叙事性的，兼有陈述句、疑问句或感叹句。
(2)考点全面而突出。
全面：从通假字、一词多义、古今异义、重要虚词到特殊句式，乃至语气、文意通顺，多有涉及。
突出：对关键实词、文意通顺的考查。
(3)赋分重点是关键实词，生僻字是得分难点。
二、解题技法方法一知识迁移法在文言文句子翻译中，知识的积累是基础，迁移是目的；只知积累，不能迁移，是知识的“书橱”；只想着考场发挥，不注重积累，结果必然是竹篮打水。
文言文需要综合的知识基础，积累的内容包括重要的实词、虚词、词类活用、特殊句式；实词又包括一词多义、古今异义、通假字、偏义复词等。
积累的途径包括课本、成语、做过的练习题。
高考语文复习 第1板块 现代文阅读 专题1 第4讲 分析论点论据和论证
有研究者追溯郭熙《早春图》的渊源,提出这幅卷轴画原是北宋宫殿 一套建筑画中的一幅。邓椿《画继》记载,他祖上被赐予一个宅子,他父 亲被任命为提举官时,朝廷派遣一个中官监修这所宅第。一天,邓椿的父 亲看到裱工用“旧绢山水”擦拭桌子,他拿过来一看,发现竟是郭熙的作 品。那位中官说：“昔神宗好熙笔,一殿专背(即‘裱’)熙作,上(徽宗)继 位后,易以古画,退入库中者不止此尔。”邓父请求徽宗赏赐这些“退 画”。徽宗答应了,并派人把废弃的郭熙壁障整车拉到邓宅。这个记载透 露了宋神宗时期皇宫中“一殿专背熙作”的状态,这应该是郭熙创作《早 春图》这类大幅山水时的状态。
邓椿的记载还引导我们思考另外一个问题,即郭熙绘画的“历史物质 性”甚至在徽宗时期就已经发生了重要变化：从形式上说,这些画作从建 筑绘画转变为卷轴画；从空间上说,它们从皇宫内的殿堂进入了私人宅第； 从观赏方式上说,它们从要求“远观”的宏大构图转变为鼓励“近视”的 独幅作品。
需要强调的是,这种“历史物质性”的转换并非少数作品的特例。一 幅卷轴画可能在它的流传和收藏过程中并没有发生形态上的重大变化,但 是各代的藏家在上面盖上图章、写下题跋,尤其是乾隆等帝王把这类操作 全面系统化之后,即使形态未改但也是面貌已非。
一、快速梳理论证结构 1．抓住文体特征。 明确论点,分析观点与材料的内在逻辑关系。论述类文本中论点是 灵魂,起统率作用。要厘清其行文思路,可分析其论点与材料的内在逻辑 关系、材料性质、论证方法,进一步按常见的论证结构(总分、并列、层 进、对照)作切分。
2．寻找标志性词语。 找出表明上下文内容间关系的标志性词语,并仔细区别其代表的意 思,有助于我们对文章结构的分析。可以作为标志性词语的有：关联词、 表明承接递进关系的词语、顺序词、范围词、过渡词。 3．寻找关键语句。 论述类文本中的有些句子,如领起句、总起句、过渡句、设问句和 小结句等,往往能体现文章思路,为我们划分文章结构提供重要参考。
新高考适用2023版高考英语二轮总复习第1部分阅读能力突破篇专题1阅读理解第4讲主旨大意题
第一部分专题一第4讲A(2022·山东省泰安市高三一模)Imagine that one day you live in a highly immersive (身临其境) virtual world.You can go to a virtual concert, take a trip online, view or create artworks and try on or buy digital clothing.Amid a pandemic like COVID-19, instead of seeing teachers and classmates on a video call screen, you could join them in a virtual classroom.This may help you understand the concept, metaverse.The term metaverse refers to a shared virtual 3D world in which people can access via the Internet.Currently, most virtual spaces look more like the inside of a video game than real life.However, metaverseʼs made the digital spaces more realistic by the use of virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR, 增强现实).Metaverse was first used in Neal Stephensonʼs novel SnowCrash in 1992.The novel is about Hiro, a pizza delivery man by day and a VR superhero by night who lives in an online universe called The Metaverse.“He is in a computer-generated universe that his computer is drawing onto his glasses and pulling into his earphones，” the novel says of the city that everyone pops into in VR.The idea rings in many other works, for example, in ReadyPlayerOne directed by Steven Spielberg.In recent years, metaverse has become the latest popular word to capture the tech industryʼs imagination so much that one of the best-known Internet platforms is renamed to embrace the futuristic idea—Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg recently announced that he changed his companyʼs name to Meta.Tech companies are also dedicated to exploring metaverse-related products.Facebook has launched meeting software for companies, called Horizon Workrooms, to use with VR headsets.The headsets cost $300 or more, putting the metaverseʼs most cutting-edge (尖端的) experiences out of reach for many.For users who can afford it, they can enter the virtual worlds created by different companies.Fans of metaverse see it as the next stage in the development of the Internet.So, do you expect the coming of metaverse?1．What can be inferred about metaverse？________A．It is a video game like real life.B．It is a parallel universe imagined by scientists.C．It gives us a real life in a virtual world.D．It can protect yourself from a pandemic.2．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about？________A．The fiction SnowCrash.B．The origin of metaverse.C．A VR superhero.D．The film ReadyPlayerOne.3．Why did Facebook CEO use Meta as his companyʼs name？________A.Metaverse has become more popular.B．He lives in a virtual world every day.C．Facebook is the best-known Internet platform.D．He has accepted the idea of metaverse.4．What can we know from the text about VR headsets？________A．They are very cheap for most of us.B．Their users can experience a virtual world.C．Horizon Workroom donʼt need them at all.D．They will bring us into the final stage of the Internet.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了什么是虚拟空间(metaverse)、其产生的由来及运用。
高考英语二轮专题训练模块2专题1第4讲主旨大意题模拟精练巧押题含解析新人教版
专题1 第4讲A阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
(2020·北京通州一模)Infectious diseases and associated deaths have reduced，but they remain a significant threat throughout the world.Infectious diseases outbreaks and the fear and panic that accompany them present various economic risks.First，there are costs to the health system，both public and private，of medical treatment of the infected and of outbreak control.Concern over the spread of a relatively contained outbreak can lead to decreased trade.Travel and tourism to regions affected by outbreaks are also likely to decline.Some long-running outbreaks，such as HIV，prevent foreign direct investment.The economic risks are large.It is estimated that the expected yearly cost of infectious diseases is at roughly $500 billion.Even when the health impact of an outbreak is relatively limited，its economic consequences can quickly become expanded.Liberia，for example，saw GDP growth decline 8 percentages from 2013 to 2014 during the Ebola outbreak in Africa.The risk is complex，but policymakers have tools in response.Investing in improved health care，supply of clean water，and better health systems can reduce the frequency of human contact with viruses.Investment in reliable disease monitoring in both human and animal populations is also critical.Within formal global watch systems，instead of discouraging reporting possible outbreaks，it may be beneficial to develop incentives for reporting suspected cases，as countries may reasonably fear the effects of such reporting on trade，tourism，and other economic rmal monitoring systems，social media for example，which collect information from official reports，media reports，online discussions，and eyewitness observations，can also help national health systems and international responders get ahead of the outbreak news during the early stages.Cooperations for monitoring infectious diseases readiness at the national level provide information national governments can use to react timely to their outbreaks.There is a significant market failure when it comes to vaccines(疫苗) against individual low-probability viruses that collectively are likely to cause panic.Giventhe low probability that any single vaccine of this type will be needed，high Research and Development(R&D) costs，and delayed returns，medical companies hesitate to invest in their development.However，responsible international corporations such as CFPI can overcome this market failure.Its goals include advancing candidate vaccines against specific low-probability，high-severity viruses through proof of concept to enable rapid clinical testing in the event of outbreaks.It also aims to fund development of institutional and technical platforms to speed R&D in response to outbreaks for which there are no vaccines.Undoubtedly，humans and infectious viruses will coexist.However，we can take effective measures to manage the risk of the diseases.Joint action now at the local，national，and multinational levels can go a long way toward protecting our collective well-being in the future.1．What does the underlined word “incentives” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?A．Habits. B．Opinions.C．Arguments D．Rewards.2．CFPI is a special company which .A．is able to predict the trend of the marketB．develops vaccines against infectious virusesC．makes huge profits by selling general medicineD．employs staff who graduate from famous universities3．What does the passage imply?A．More importance should be attached to health care systems.B．All-level cooperations are required to handle infectious diseases.C．It will not be long before mankind thoroughly defeats the viruses.D．Technologies hold the key to the settlement of medical problems.4．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A．Health Risks and Research of Infectious DiseasesB．Global Cooperation and Spread of Infectious DiseasesC．Economic Impact and Solutions of Infectious DiseasesD．Medical Service and Development of Infectious Diseases【答案】 1.D 2.B 3.B 4.C【解析】这是一篇说明文。
2023高考英语二轮复习 阅读理解专题对点讲练 第4讲 主旨大意题
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities ...
... The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time ... and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls. ... What is the passage mainly about? A.A mathematical method. B.A scientific study C.A woman psychologist. D.A teaching program.
2. 段落大意题
2. 段落大意题
2021·新高考卷Ⅰ卷D篇 Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 34. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. B. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.
专题1第4讲转化与化归思想Word版
四、转化与化归思想转化与化归思想方法，就是在研究和解决相关数学问题时，采用某种手段将问题通过变换使之转化，进而使问题得到解决的一种数学方法．一般是将复杂的问题通过变换转化为简单的问题，将难解的问题通过变换转化为容易求解的问题，将未解决的问题通过变换转化为已解决的问题．(1)直接转化法：把原问题直接转化为基本定理、基本公式或基本图形问题．(2)换元法：使用“换元”把式子转化为有理式或使整式降幂等，把较复杂的函数、方程、不等式问题转化为易于解决的基本问题．(3)数形结合法：研究原问题中数量关系(解析式)与空间形式(图形)关系，通过互相变换获得转化途径．(4)等价转化法：把原问题转化为一个易于解决的等价问题，以达到化归的目的．(5)特殊化方法：把原问题的形式向特殊化形式转化，并证明特殊化后的问题的结论适合原问题．(6)构造法：“构造”一个适宜的数学模型，把问题变为易于解决的问题．(7)坐标法：以坐标系为工具，用计算方法解决几何问题是转化方法的一个重要途径．(8)类比法：使用类比推理，猜测问题的结论，易于探求．(9)参数法：引进参数，使原问题转化为熟悉的问题实行解决．(10)补集法：假如正面解决原问题有困难，可把原问题的结果看作集合A ，而把包含该问题的整体问题的结果类比为全集U ，通过解决全集U 及补集∁U A 使原问题获得解决，表达了正难则反的原则．[例1] 若椭圆C 的方程为x 25＋y 2m ＝1，焦点在x 轴上，与直线y ＝kx ＋1总有公共点，那么m 的取值范围为________．[思维流程]特殊与一般的转化步骤特殊与一般转化法是在解决问题过程中将某些一般问题实行特殊化处理或将某些特殊问题实行一般化处理的方法．这类转化法一般的解题步骤是：第一步：确立需转化的目标问题：一般将要解决的问题作为转化目标．第二步：寻找“特殊元素”与“一般元素”：把一般问题转化为特殊问题时，寻找“特殊元素”；把特殊问题转化为一般问题时，寻找“一般元素”．第三步：确立新目标问题：根据新确立的“特殊元素”或者“一般元素”，明确其与需要解决问题的关系，确立新的需要解决的问题．第四步：解决新目标问题：在新的板块知识背景下用特定的知识解决新目标问题．第五步：回归目标问题．第六步：回顾反思：常用的特例有特殊数值、特殊数列、特殊函数、特殊图形、特殊角、特殊位置等．对于选择题，当题设在普通条件下都成立时，用特殊值实行探求，可快捷地得到答案；对于填空题，当填空题的结论唯一或题设条件提供的信息暗示答案是一个定值时，能够把题中变化的量用特殊值代替，即可得到答案．1．已知双曲线C ：x 2a 2－y 2b2＝1的右支上存有一点P ，使得点P 到双曲线右焦点的距离等于它到直线x ＝－a 2c(其中c 2＝a 2＋b 2)的距离，则双曲线C 离心率的取值范围是( ) A ．(1, 2 ] B ．[2，＋∞)C ．(1, 2＋1] D ．[2＋1，＋∞)[例2] (1)设x ，y 为正实数，若4x 2＋y 2＋xy ＝1，则2x ＋y 的最大值是________．(2)若关于x 的方程9x ＋(4＋a )·3x ＋4＝0有解，则实数a 的取值范围是________．[思维流程]函数、方程与不等式间的转化函数、方程与不等式就像“一胞三兄弟”，解决方程、不等式的问题需要函数协助，解决函数的问题需要方程、不等式的协助，所以借助于函数、方程、不等式实行转化与化归能够将问题化繁为简，一般可将不等式关系转化为最值(值域)问题，从而求出参变量的范围．2．已知函数f (x )＝13ax 3＋bx 2＋x ＋3，其中a ≠0. (1)当a ，b 满足什么条件时，f (x )能取得极值？(2)已知a >0，且f (x )在区间(0,1]上单调递增，试用a 表示出b 的取值范围．[例3] 若对于任意t ∈[1,2]，函数g (x )＝x 3＋⎝⎛⎭⎫m 2＋2x 2－2x 在区间(t,3)上总不为单调函数，则实数m 的取值范围是________．[思维流程]正与反的转化法正难则反，利用补集求得其解，这就是补集思想，一种充分表达对立统一、相互转化的思想方法．一般地，题目若出现多种成立的情形，则不成立的情形相对很少，从反面考虑较简单，所以，间接法多用于含有“至多”“至少”情形的问题中．3．若二次函数f (x )＝4x 2－2(p －2)x －2p 2－p ＋1在区间[－1,1]内至少存有一个值c ，使得f (c )>0，则实数p 的取值范围是________．[例4] 已知函数f (x )＝x 3＋3ax －1，g (x )＝f ′(x )－ax －5，其中f ′(x )是f (x )的导函数．对满足－1≤a ≤1的一切a 的值，都有g (x )<0，则实数x 的取值范围为________．[思维流程]主与次的转化法合情合理的转化是数学问题能否“明朗化”的关键所在，通过变换主元，起到了化繁为简的作用．在不等式中出现了两个字母：x 及a ，关键在于该把哪个字母看成变量，哪个看成常数．显然可将a 视作自变量，则上述问题即可转化为在[－1,1]内关于a 的一次函数小于0恒成立的问题．4．设f (x )是定义在R 上的单调增函数，若f (1－ax －x 2)≤f (2－a )对任意a ∈[－1,1]恒成立，求x 的取值范围．“化归与转化”还有“数与形的转化、数学各分支之间的转化”等，应用时还应遵循以下五条原则：1．熟悉化原则将陌生的问题转化为熟悉的问题，以利于使用熟知的知识和经验来解答问题．2．简单化原则将复杂的问题转化为简单的问题，通过对简单问题的解决，达到解决复杂问题的目的，或获得某种解题的启示和依据．3．和谐化原则转化问题的条件或结论，使其表现形式更符合数与形内部所表示的和谐统一的形式，或者转化命题，使其推演有利于使用某种数学方法或符合人们的思维规律．4．直观化原则将比较抽象的问题转化为比较直观的问题来解决．5．正难则反原则当问题正面讨论遇到困难时，应想到考虑问题的反面，设法从问题的反面去探求，使问题获得解决，或证明问题的可能性．总来说之，化归与转化是高中数学的一种重要思想方法，掌握好化归与转化的思想方法的特点、题型、方法、要素和原则对我们学习数学是非常有协助的．一、选择题1．若a >2，则关于x 的方程13x 3－ax 2＋1＝0在(0,2)上恰好有( ) 个根A ．0 B ．1 C ．2 D ．3 2.如下图，已知三棱锥P -ABC ，P A ＝BC ＝234，PB ＝AC ＝10，PC ＝AB＝241，则三棱锥P -ABC 的体积为( )A ．40B ．80C ．160D ．2403．定义运算：(a ⊕b )⊗x ＝ax 2＋bx ＋2.若关于x 的不等式(a ⊕b )⊗x <0的解集为{x |1<x <2}，则关于x 的不等式(b ⊕a )⊗x <0的解集为( )A ．(1,2)B ．(－∞，1)∪(2，＋∞)C.⎝⎛⎭⎫－23，1D.⎝⎛⎭⎫－∞，－23∪(1，＋∞) 4．已知OA ＝(cos θ1,2sin θ1)，OB ＝(cos θ2，2sin θ2)，若OA '＝(cos θ1，sin θ1)，OB '＝(cosθ2，sin θ2)，且满足OA '·OB '＝0，则S △OAB 等于( )A.12 B ．1C ．2 D ．4 5．已知函数f (x )＝4sin 2⎝⎛⎭⎫π4＋x －23cos 2x ＋1且给定条件p ：“π4≤x ≤π2”，又给定条件q ：“|f (x )－m |<2”，且p 是q 的充分条件，则实数m 的取值范围是( )A ．(3,5)B ．(－2,2)C ．(1,3)D ．(5,7)6．抛物线y ＝x 2上的所有弦都不能被直线y ＝m (x －3)垂直平分，则m 的取值范围是( )A.⎣⎡⎭⎫－12，＋∞B.⎝⎛⎭⎫－3，－12C.⎝⎛⎭⎫－12，＋∞ D ．(－1，＋∞) 二、填空题7. 若x ，y ∈R ，集合A ＝{(x ，y )|x 2＋y 2＝1}，B ＝⎩⎨⎧⎭⎬⎫(x ，y ) x a －y b ＝1，a >0，b >0，当A ∩B 有且只有一个元素时，a ，b 满足的关系式是________．8．已知数列{a n }满足a 1＝1，a n ＋1＝a 2n ＋a n ，用[x ]表示不超过x 的最大整数，则⎣⎡⎦⎤1a 1＋1＋1a 2＋1＋…＋1a 2 013＋1＝________. 9．在各棱长都等于1的正四面体OABC 中，若点P 满足OP ＝x OA ＋y OB ＋z OC (x ＋y＋z ＝1)，则|OP |的最小值等于________．三、解答题10．(2013·海淀模拟)在四棱锥P -ABCD 中，P A ⊥平面ABCD ，△ABC 是正三角形，AC 与BD 的交点M 恰好是AC 的中点，又∠CAD ＝30°，P A＝AB ＝4，点N 在线段PB 上，且PN NB ＝13. (1)求证：BD ⊥PC ；(2)求证：MN ∥平面PDC ；(3)设平面P AB ∩平面PCD ＝l ，试问直线l 是否与直线CD 平行，请说明理由．11．已知函数f (x )＝x －1x，g (x )＝a ln x ，其中x >0，a ∈R ，令函数h (x )＝f (x )－g (x )． (1)若函数h (x )在(0，＋∞)上单调递增，求a 的取值范围；(2)当a 取(1)中的最大值时，判断方程h (x )＋h (2－x )＝0在(0,1)上是否有解，并说明理由．12．已知直线l 1：4x －3y ＋6＝0和直线l 2：x ＝－p 2(p >0)．若抛物线C ：y 2＝2px 上的点到直线l 1和直线l 2的距离之和的最小值为2.(1)求抛物线C 的方程；(2)若以抛物线上任意一点M 为切点的直线l 与直线l 2交于点N .试问x 轴上是否存在定点Q ，使点Q 在以MN 为直径的圆上？若存在，求出点Q 的坐标，若不存在，请说明理由．。
2019版二轮复习英语通用版讲义： 阅读理解之题型篇 专题一 第四讲 词义猜测题——上下文中求答案 含解析
第四讲词义猜测题——上下文中求答案[考查内容] [设问方式] 根据上下文猜测词义是阅读能力的一部分，也是高考阅读理解测试中重要的一项。
要做好这类题目，考生要记住：在完整的语篇中，单词和词组的意义总是受特定的语境、上下文限制的，因此考生可以根据上下文，并利用所掌握的语法、词汇和构词法等知识确定它们的意义。
词义猜测可以是对一个单词的意义的推断，也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断；既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。
在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，而要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。
By saying that “...” in the first (second ...) paragraph, the author means that ________. In Paragraph ..., “...” can be replaced by“______”．The meaning of “...” in Paragraph ... is related to ________.Which of the following has the closest meaning to ... (Paragraph ...)？As is used in Line ..., the word “...” refers to ________.The underlined sentence in the ... paragraph probably means that ________.词义猜测题7大猜词技巧要做好词义猜测题，考生除了必须熟练掌握《考试大纲》规定的词汇外，在平时的训练中还要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心，还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。
专题一 第4讲 现代诗歌的表达技巧
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2．下面对诗歌艺术特色的赏析，不正确的一项是(3分) ( ) A．这首诗由三部分组成，每部分均以这样两句诗开头： “雪落在中国的土地上，/寒冷在封锁着中国呀……”它 重复叠现，构成了这首诗的主旋律。 B．“雪落在中国的土地上”，这里的“土地”，是一种单 纯的客观景物，是作者抒情的载体。 C．“寒冷”“封锁”等词语虽然简洁，但极富弹力与表现 力，它们蕴涵着深深的历史和现实的思考，使诗的意象 和内涵增添了极大的重量。 D．“沿着雪夜的河流……——啊，你/蓬发垢面的少妇”， 这一环境描写为后面创设了凄凉又阴沉的氛围。
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(3)要指明表达的作用。分析完了修辞手法只能算是答了一 半，其表意作用则是另一半。表意作用要紧扣修辞手法作 答。如本题中的拟人则要扣住“变无情的自然为有情”这一 角度作答。 [参考答案] 用了拟人的修辞手法。“倦意”“黎明的 眼”“湿草的懒味”等词语，不仅真切地呈现了黎明的情 景，且把无情的自然万物变得富有人情味，很好地折射了 “我”的内在情感。
《再别康桥》的 参考答案：(1)结构上：首尾呼应，结构严谨，并且造成
第一节和最后一 了全诗回环往复的韵律美。
节，语意相似， (2)内容上：诗人无限的情思，由一个“轻轻的招手”这 节奏相同，这样 样的动作牵动出来，并以“挥一挥衣袖”这样的动作结 写有什么作用？ 束，貌似复唱，实际上情感已得到深化，渲染了伤别的 请简要赏析。 氛围，构成了主题的回旋。
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(3)画面描写
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分析
总结
诗人把笔触指向了女性的悲 在这首诗中，诗人勾
惨遭遇，“蓬发垢面的少妇”“垂 勒 了 两 幅 饥 馑 流 亡 第一
着头”坐在“破烂的乌篷船里”， 图，表现了人民所遭 幅
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第二部分专题一第4讲【真题达标组】A(2019全国卷Ⅱ，C)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e －book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel's “me” time. And like more Americans, she's not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent，according to statistics from the report.“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?” Bechtel said，looking up from her book. Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself,” she said.Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first－name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “It's a chance for self－reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，”said Laurie Demerit, whose company provided the statistics for the report.1. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?A．Food variety.B．Eating habits.C．Table manners.D．Restaurant service.2. Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?A．To meet with her coworkers.B．To catch up with her work.C．To have some time on her own.D．To collect data for her report.3. What do we know about Mazoleny?A．He makes videos for the bar.B．He's fond of the food at the bar.C．He interviews customers at the bar.D．He's familiar with the barkeeper.4. What is the text mainly about?A．The trend of having meals alone.B．The importance of self－reflection.C．The stress from working overtime.D．The advantage of wireless technology.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文，列举了越来越多人喜欢单独吃饭的现象，并解释了原因。
1．B细节理解题。
文章第二段主要是一篇关于各种饮食习惯的比例分析报告，故选B。
2．C推理判断题。
根据文章第三段“Today，I just wanted some time to myself…”可知出去吃午餐是为了有点儿自己的时间，故选C。
3．D细节理解题。
根据文章第四段“He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper…”可知他与酒吧老板相熟，故选D。
4．A主旨大意题。
本文主要反映了现在越来越多的人习惯于独自用餐，形成一种趋势，故选A。
B(2018，北京卷，A)My First Marathon(马拉松)A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go ahead.I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed me that I was “not athletic”．The idea that I was “not athletic” stuck with me for years. When I started running in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind. A test of wills!The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line.I woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped to readjust. Not the start I wanted!At mile 3, I passed a sign: “GO FOR IT, RUNNERS！”By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.By mile 21, I was starving!As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on running.I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact, I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签), I can now call myself a “marathon winner”．5. A month before the marathon, the author ________.A．was well trainedB．felt scaredC．made up his mind to runD．lost hope6. Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year?A．To acknowledge the support of his teacher.B．To amuse the readers with a funny story.C．To show he was not talented in sports.D．To share a precious memory.7. How was the author's first marathon?A．He made it.B．He quit halfway.C．He got the first prize.D．He walked to the end.8. What does the story mainly tell us?A．A man owes his success to his family support.B．A winner is one with a great effort of will.C．Failure is the mother of success.D．One is never too old to learn.【语篇解读】本文为一篇记叙文。