翻译材料_第五章_英汉句子对比与翻译
英汉语言对比与翻译

“It is the meaning of a message that is transferred from one language to another, and the transfer is accomplished by analyzing and then reconstructing semantic relationships.”1 “Translation can therefore be defined as the operation by which the relevant signification of linguistic signs is determined through reference to a meaning as formulated in a message, which is then fully reconstructed in the signs of another language.”2 1、2. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach[M]. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 3;52
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义 Nhomakorabea就保留原文句法与译文体现原作精神的问题,傅雷也有精辟的论述:“假如破坏本国文字的结构与特性,就能传达异国文字的特性而获得原作的精神,那么翻译真是太容易了。不幸那种理论非但是刻船求剑,而且结果是削足就履,两败俱伤。” 1
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怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳:辽宁教育出版社2005:2
关于英汉语言的比喻
陈安定:英语句子好比“一串珍珠”,而汉语句子则像“一盘大小各异的珍珠,散落玉盘,闪闪发光,灿烂夺目。”1
英汉句法翻译(分句、合句与长句)

3.1 分句译法
• 分句译法又称之“拆句法”。就是把英语中较长的句 子译成汉语中较短的句子。
• 从结构上看:英语的句子好比参天大树,枝叶横生; 而汉语的句子则如万顷碧波,层层推进。
• 在下列两种情况下宜于使用分句法: • (1) 原文句子虽不长,但照直译时所得的译文很别
扭,不拆便读不 顺口或容易发生误解。一般将一些单 词或短语译成独立的句子。 • (2) 原文句子冗长,特别是那些曲折迂回,层见跌 出的一大串文字。一般将从句分译成汉语的单句。
• 4. He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.
• 他摇了摇头,两目睁得圆圆的,接着又眯成一条线,脸 上露出了愤怒的神色。
3.1.2 将词组或短语译成汉语的句子
• 1.I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.
• 由于受到顽强抵抗,吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领要地的敌人甚 至还没有能占领外围地带,这一事实使我增强了信心。
指代它,与主句的其他 成分连句成文。
got to know the real people of Egypt.
• 英国人在埃及呆了那么多
年,却从来没有真正了解
埃及人,这是异乎寻常的。
4. It’s quite probable that he is gone.(他已经走了,有那一是条很举可世能的公。)
3.3.1 切断法(顺序法)
• 所谓切断法,就是按英语句子的语序把英语长句“化整为零”, 按意群将长句断开译成若干汉语分句。如:
英汉句子比较与翻译

英汉句子重心的差异 汉语的习惯是叙事在前,表态在后。 英语的习惯是表态在前,叙事在后。
We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by side—not just in a passive way but as active friends. 我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民 应该共处,不仅仅是消极共处,而是要积极地友 好相处,这是正确而必要的。
2)汉语无主句 用来表达观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召等 例句: 应该教育儿童说实话。 Children should be taught to speak the truth. 发现了错误,一定要改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
静态与动态
英语倾向于多用名词,因而叙述呈静态 (static);汉语倾向于多用动词,因而叙述呈 动态(dynamic) 英语句子中,名词与介词占优势 英语句子的静态趋向主要体现在句法的名词化 He failed in this exam, so he felt disherateded. His failure in the exam made him disheartened.
The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people. 这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成 就,这是我向往已久的。 I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency. 贵国政府一再表示,协议中有关香港的安排不是权 宜之计,这种保证使我感到鼓舞。
Unit 5---英汉对比与篇章翻译

English
Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion (显性联接) Hypotactic
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
意合型语言
(以意统形)
Compare the sentence structures:
• 我的小孙子/外孙他很 调皮。 • 那所房子你们早该修 了。 • 英语这门语言,学会 它可不容易。 • 这里建大桥,我看行 不通。
Chinese Structure: 话题Topic-Comment 话题-评论
• My little grandson is very naughty. • You should have repaired the house. • It is by no means easy to learn the English language. • I don’t think it workable to build a bridge here.
人到齐就开会。 不要人云亦云。
The meeting will begin when all are here.
Don’t say what others have said. Tense (时态) 帐单撕碎了。 The bill was torn to pieces. 问题解决了。 The problem was solved. Voice (语 态) 你再说一个字, If you should say one more 我马上走。 word, I would go at once. 你死了, If you should die, I would go and 我去当和尚。 be a monk. Mood (语气)
翻译通论 第五章 翻译的方法和技巧

直译与意译结合(the combination of literal translation and liberal translation)
直译和意译两种方法可以结合使用,能够产生出完美的译文。除此之 外,有些单词、成语和句子在英汉翻译过程中即可采用直译,亦可采 用意译,具体采用哪一种方法,译者可根据语境或译者的要求来做选 择。 例如:
直译(literal translation)
刘重德(1991:52)教授认为直译有如下特点: (1)literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and
the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating. (直译以句子为基本单位,在翻译过 程中同时考虑整个文本。) (2)Literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and such main sentence structures or patterns. (直译力求再创 整个文学作品的思想内容与风格,同时尽可能地保持原修 辞手法、句子结构和句型。)
意译在短语中的使用 例如:chew the fat(闲谈), dead shot(神枪手),rat race(激烈竞争)
意译在句子中的使用 例句:塞翁失马,焉知非福。 译文:A loss may turn out to be gain。 分析:这个句子如果按照原文直译为:When the old man on the frontier lost his mare, who could have guessed it was a blessing in disguise? 很明显这是在讲一个故事,然而,事实上, 这是一个汉语成 语,出自《淮南子﹒人间训》,比喻一时虽然受到损失,也许反而因 此能得到好处。所以,直译无法体现成语要表达的因祸得福的意思。 译文按照意译将其深层含义译出,指坏事在一定条件下可变为好事。
英汉句式对比与翻译

of the total population of the earth, China plays in world
affairs a role that can only grow more important in the
years ahead.
-- Jimmy Carter
Trunk line: S + V + (O) Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributes
• 这样的英语句子,结构显得过于松散了,变成汉式英语而非典型地道的英语句子了。
为什么会这样呢?
• 英汉句子的差异:形合与意合 • 这种差异在翻译中给译者带来一定的障碍。将一个重形合的
语篇译成重意合的语篇,最常见的错误就是将形合的特点迁 移(transfer)到重意合的语言中。 • 翻译中译者面临的困难很多,但句型结构的迁移是最大的障 碍。现在不少译者的译文充斥着英语的句法结构,甚至还美 其名曰“忠实于原文”,这种观念实在有害。
• 英语的结构性就很明显,如:
• It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory
explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of
• Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.
英汉句子比较与翻译

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傅雷:东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧,我人重综合,重归纳,重暗示,重含蓄;西方人则重分析,细微曲折,挖掘唯恐不尽,描写唯恐不周。
汉语学家王力:西洋语法是硬的,没有弹性;中国语法是软的,富有弹性。……所以中国语法以达意为主。 英国人写文章往往化零为整,而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。
1
2
3
5
这个问题必须予以处理。
6
This matter must be dealt with.
7
无被动助词
1
看似主动,但在主谓关系上却有被动含义,这种语言现象在汉语中大量存在。
2
例句:
3
那里讲什么语言?
4
What language is spoken there?
5
这个任务必须按时完成。
6
This task must be fulfilled in time.
There is nothing wrong with this computer.
这台电脑没有什么毛病。
2 –ible, -able 结尾的形容词作定语,与every, the only或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时,也常需后置。 The doctors have tried every way possible. 大夫们已经试过各种可能的办法了。 They had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time. 为了能及时赶到那儿,他们克服了极大的困难。 It is the only wild berry edible here in this area. 它是这个地区惟一能食用的野莓。
I worked very hard on this book.
[英语四六级]Unit 5---英汉对比与篇章翻译
![[英语四六级]Unit 5---英汉对比与篇章翻译](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/3990187e3b3567ec102d8af8.png)
Two Types of Transfer
• Negative Transfer (负迁移) Errors arise from analogy. 类推会产生错误。
• Positive Transfer (正迁移) Errors decrease by analysis. 分析能减少错误。
Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning.
Topic-prominent Subject-prominent Language Language 话题突出型语言 主语突出型语言
Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements
Relatively fixed (相对固定) Order of time (时间先后顺序)
Examples of Negative Transfer
1. The writer likes writing at light (night). 【语音 迁移】 2. He only eat two meal a day. 【词形迁移】
Difference Between
Comparative Study and Contrastive Study Comparative Study lays emphasis on the similarities between languages and applies the diachronic method of research. Contrastive Study lays emphasis on the differences between languages and applies the synchronic method of research.
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第五章英汉句子对比与翻译第一节英汉在连贯方式上的“形合”与“意合”连贯是句子依据合理的语义和逻辑关系,恰当地连为一体的语篇特征,但在重意合的汉语中,这种特征往往隐含在上下文中,呈“隐性”状态,但这并不妨碍汉语读者对其阅读和理解,因为汉语是依靠语篇的语境意义来弥补其在逻辑和连贯方面的不足,而英语语篇中的逻辑和连贯关系则表现出“显性”的特征,既它的逻辑和连贯关系是通过外在的形式,既词法和句法结构来体现的,因此,在翻译过程中,译者就应该注意这种“隐性”和“显性”之间的转换。
翻译练习:1)We crossed the Y angtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to myluggage… At the sight of his back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them hastily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them.2)As the weather was getting better, we decided to go for an outing the next day.3)Three month later, when he had spent all his five dollars, he felt obliged to climb onto slow-goingfreight trains, despite the police’s pursuits or arrests.4)It was only his legendary travel experiences, especially the experiences of his visit to the northern partof Shaanxi Province 60 years ago that determined his lifetime cause, thus closely connoting his life with the Chinese revolution.第二节英汉在语义层次表达上的“形合”和“意合”进行英汉对比研究的学者们常将英语句子比作树木结构,将汉语的句子比作竹子结构。
这就是说,英语句子中充满了从属结构,从属结构包括了动词的非限定形式、介词短语和各种分句。
从属结构可以比作“枝杈”;汉语句子充满了并立结构,并立分句之间用逗号分开,直直的,每有“枝杈”,像根竹子。
汉语的这些并立分句常被称作“流水句”。
英语句子的树木结构是英语的形合在语意层次表现上的具体体现:句子的主干(主句)用来表示主要信息,从属结构(枝杈)表示次要信息。
这样意义层次在表面结构上就表现出来了,呈显性;汉语句子的竹子结构是汉语的意合在语意层次表现上的具体体现:句子中充满了在形式上并立的分句,语意层次要靠上下文来表示,在表面形式上看不出来,呈隐性。
英汉翻译中就应该充分考虑到英文和中文的这些不同特征。
翻译练习:1)X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make visible details that are otherwise impossible toobserve.2)“How does the human brain work” remains one of the most profound questions confronting modernscience.3)One out of every ten persons in 1978 United States labor force was a teenager, compared with one outof fifteen in 1960.4)Situated at the foot of the hill is a hut where I think you will surely find the book that you have beenlooking for in the past.第三节英译汉句型的转换英汉两种语言在表达方式上有相似之处,但更多的是差异。
同一个思想和概念,英语有英语的表达方式,汉语有汉语的表达方式。
在很多情况下,翻译的本质,实际上是一种“替代”。
在英译汉时,需用汉语的表达方式去“替代”英语的表达方式;这中翻译中的句型转换,也可以说是“改换说法”。
翻译练习:1)Wet paint!2)No Smoking!3)No littering!4)Where love is the case, the doctor is an ass.5)Nowadays it is not seldom that a man lives to be seventy years old.6)It is popular for the fine views from the summit of the mountain.7)Man did not learn to write until about 3000 B.C..8)The battle field became something holy. It was not touched.9)For most people the word “education”means “school”and “school”conjures up an image of abuilding with classrooms.第四节英汉句子结构的差异与翻译是“重写”或“改写”英语句子的特点是句子中的每一个成分,均可有修饰语,而且修饰语可以不止一个,每个修饰语都可以很长;一个修饰语还可以被另一个休息语修饰,因此句子结构复杂,犹如“参天大树,枝叶横生”,被称为“树状形结构”。
汉语修饰语少而短,句子由一个一个的分句构成,逐步展开,犹如“万顷碧波,层层推进”,被称为“波浪形结构”。
汉语的这种句式,语法学家称之为“流水句”。
如果说,汉英两种语言在句子结构上有许多差异的话,这是最根本的一个差异。
英汉对译成功的关键就是改换句型。
Nida 曾说过:“In order to translate meaning, form must be changed”。
钱中书先生说:“得意忘言”。
这里所谓的“form”和“言”,主要是指语言形式,既“表达方式”。
就句子而言,主要是指句子结构。
因此,英译汉时,我们要把英语句子的“树状形结构”转换成汉语句子的“波浪形结构”。
翻译练习:1)A beautifully situated park on the lake’s shore provides a perfect spot to savor an ice cream whilewatching the boats darting about on the bay or the exciting arrival of the famous M/S Mount Washington(华盛顿山号游轮)as she docks nearby.2)Of the more than 300 separate tribes, the largest is the Navaho in the Southwest.3)The air seemed almost sticky from the scent of bursting buds.4)Hangzhou’s West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with green hills and deep caves ofenchanting beauty.第五节翻译是“重写”或“改写”翻译是“重写”也可以说是“改写”,是学习翻译的一个十分重要的概念。
思果先生在《翻译新究》中说:“我一向认为翻译是翻译,不是写作。
这个观念很害事,可能是学翻译的人走不通的胡同。
翻译不是翻译,是重写。
”“我已经说过,字是桎梏,一定要打破;翻译要意译;要找中文表达原文的意思、感情等等。
不过,我现在还觉得不够;不如说要重写,容易叫读者明白我的用心。
”如果说,翻译中“替代”的方法主要是在翻译词汇和短语的层次上进行的话,句型的转换则主要是在翻译句子的层次上进行的,而重写则更多的是在段落的层次上进行的。
当然,句子翻译中的句型转换,实际上也是重写。
翻译练习:1)Here in New Hampshire there are many opportunities to find a peaceful spot hidden among the lushforests of tall evergreens and hard-woods or next to a rambling brook or pictorial lake.2)Lulled by the gentle motion and soothed by the rippling music of the waves, the babies soon fellasleep.3)It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country lifeand love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort.4)Some fishing boats were becalmed just in front of us. Their shadows slept, or almost slept, upon thewater, a gentle quivering alone showing that it was not complete sleep, or if sleep, that it was sleep with dreams.第六节英语长句的翻译在英语长句的翻译中,万万不可根据语法成分的对应来决定汉语语序,否则译文常常是佶屈聱牙,不堪卒读。