SCI 常见经典句型
sci写作句式
sci写作句式以下是一些常用的SCI写作句式：1. "The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of X on Y." （本研究旨在探讨X对Y的影响。
）2. "The results indicate that X is a more effective treatment than Y for Z." （结果表明，X比Y更有效地治疗Z。
）3. "In this study, we found that X significantly improved Y in patients with Z." （在这项研究中，我们发现X显著改善了Z患者的Y。
）4. "Our data suggest that X may be a promising candidate for the treatment of Y." （我们的数据表明，X可能是治疗Y的有前途的候选者。
）5. "The results of this study demonstrate that X plays a critical role in the regulation of Y." （本研究的结果表明，X在调节Y中起着关键作用。
）6. "To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that X can regulate Y in Z." （据我们所知，这是第一项证明X可以调节Z中Y的研究。
）7. "Our findings support the hypothesis that X is essential for the development of Y." （我们的发现支持了X对Y的发展至关重要的假设。
sci常用句式
sci常用句式SCI常用句式是指在SCI论文中经常出现的句式，这些句式具有高效表达和规范的特点，使文章更加简洁明了，逻辑清晰。
下面是SCI 常用句式及其使用方法：1. There is a growing consensus that…（越来越多的人认为……）这个句式可以用来表达某个观点在学术界或社会上认可度越来越高的情况，可以体现作者在研究背景和前沿方向上的掌握。
2. It is widely acknowledged that…（人们普遍认为……）同样地，引入适当的学术语言去表述一些已经被学者公认的结论或现象。
3. In order to + 动词原形（为了……）这个句式可以用来表达作者在研究中采用了什么方法或手段，也可以用于强调研究目的。
4. A growing body of evidence suggests that…（越来越多的证据表明……）这个句式可以用于介绍当前研究领域的最新研究成果和进展。
5. It is worth noting that…（值得一提的是……）这个句式具有突出和强调的作用，可以用于强调作者认为值得关注的观点或实验结果。
6. In light of…（考虑到……）这个句式可以用于介绍某个研究现象的解释或原因。
7. It is therefore imperative that…（因此，有必要……）这个句式可以用于表达作者的建议或提出某个问题的解决方案。
8. The findings suggest that…（研究结果表明……）这个句式用于揭示实验或调查的研究结果，可以作为文章结论的开头。
9. The implications of the research are…（研究的意义在于……）这个句式可以用于分析研究结果的意义和价值，为论文提供深度和广度。
10. Overall, the study implies that…（总的来说，这项研究意味着……）这个句式用于总结研究的经验和教训，为进一步的研究提供参考。
SCI文章优美句型-写SCI论文必备
1．To further substantiate a role of…..2．To gain further insight into the involvement of……3．Several lines of evidence suggest a potential role of……4．The discrepancies between these studies may be explained in part by the fact that….5．It can also not be excluded that…..6．To further elucidate the role of…….7．There is growing evidence that……….8．Several studies indicate that…………9．It is generally accepted that………..10. In vitro studies revealed that………….11. This is somewhat surprising since………12. Furthermore, available data suggest the potential to……..13. development and generation of more specific inhibitors will be required to further explore their potential to………..14. A better understanding of the regulation of their expression will thus be……. instrumental in the development of specific targeting approaches…….15. Little is known either on……….16. ………….remain to be elucidated in more detail17. The aim of this study was to clarify whether….. were therapeutic agents against18. This study may provide a new recognition of natural medicine for the treatment of19. Epidemiological studies have shown the incidence of20…. are thought to act through receptor-independent and dependent mechanisms to promote…21. …..which are derived from….., have been reported to possess a variety of potent properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammation, radical-scavenging, and cardiovascular protecting activity, anti-tumor, and so on.22. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of …. and to evaluate the efficacy of cardiopr otection by…….23. The pathological features of diabetes and/or its complications that were causedby…. had been investigated extensively.15. It has been established that TGF-b1 was a major regulator of collagen biosynthesis.16. As discussed above, it wa s discovered that….. showed beneficial influences on…..and had cardioprotective effects, suggesting that….. may ameliorate ……. 17. However, the mechanisms responsible for the effects of….on…still need to be discussed.18. This study elucidated the function al role of …. against ……may provide novel evidence for an antidiabetic property.19. …sparked intense debate and research into the cardiovascular security of…20. An updated review of21. The significance of this finding rests on the fact that….22. …. what is in agreement with literature data23. The value and novelty of this study is to indicate, for the first time in an in vivo model, that the molecular mechanism of atherosclerosis prevention by ……is consistent with a diminution of the class B scavenger receptor CD36 expression 24. The question remains open as to why….25….. may lead to a better understanding of the discrepancies among human studies and with the animal ones.26. ….numerous studies suggest that it has a preventive role in atherosclerosis, although the mechanism of action still remains unclear.27. The original aim of this study was to establish whether…..28. Expression of some of the scavenger receptors is increased at the atherosclerotic lesion,8 but to datethe regulatory mechanisms for most of these genes are not yet known and could lead to a better understanding of the process, prevention, and therapy of this disease. 29. This finding is important in the light of the still unknown mechanism of foam-cell formation from human aortic SMCs.30. The results shown in Figure excluded this hypothesis,31. Treatment of cells with a-tocopherol (50 mmol/L) resulted in a time-dependentdecrease of CD36 protein expression (Figure 2B), as was observed at the mRNA level.32. An understanding of the mechanisms by which……is central to an understanding of ……33. ……remains to be determined…..recent data support an important role for….in the pathogenesis of As.34. However, mounting evidence suggests that ……35. ….although the biological function has not been defined…..36. Given the established role of ……, we explored whether.37. In the following work, we outlined a novel signaling pathway for…..these findings suggest an unexpected role for …..in the pathogenesis of As38. The expression of …..in , led us to search for its expression in ….. To address this issue, we performed IF microscopy using antibodies against….39. To determine whether ….. was also expressed in…., we performed ICH. As shown in figure, the nuclei of ….show strong staining for …… By contrast, no staining is seen in…..40. As anticipated, cells treated with…exhibited a reductionin…..Unexpectedly,….NO effect was observed with or….this observation suggest that…..41. To further characterize the effect of …on …., we examined…..42. To determine whether…..The effect of ….were also examined in…..we also examined the ability of … on ….This findings indicate that….42. Accordingly, we consider the possibility that….43. Surprisingly, …..This results established a link between…..and …..44. Since Ox-LDL stimulated PPAR expression, we speculated that ……45. As demonstrated in…., similar results were obtained when……46. We further examined the effect of…. the surface expression of CD36 by…. 47…. has been reported previously to be an effective inducer of…..induce expression of ….in …cells.48. induce significant expression of mRNA encoding ……similar results wereobtained when…was used as…..49. to investigate whether…..and …are linked, we utilized a …..that has been demonstrated previously to interfere with….50. while it is possible that …..make minor contributions to ,this data indicate that the effect I is mediated primarily by SR CD36.51. The observation that ….raised the possibility that….52. To investigate whether….function to regulate transcription of ….promoter,53. to confirm that….collectively , these results suggests that….54. The above findings raised the Intriguing possibility ……..55. A detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular events that underlie formation of As plaque, is prerequisite to the rational design of the therapeutic of the disease.56. In this work, we have presented evidence implicating…..in a novel signaling pathway that regulate differentiation and lipid metabolism in…..57. ….endows cultured ….cells with the ability to bind and internalized OxLDL.58. our observation that…..suggest that …..may be important for the modulation of gene expression in this context.59. In fact, we have recently demonstrated that ….This observation reveals a novel mechanism whereby……60. it fits well with the previously defined role of ….61. Although prior work has focused primarily on , it is likely that…..62. there is strong evidence that….all of these observations are consistent with our identification ….as….63. our findings th at ……, that….., and that….., collectively suggest that…..may playa role in….. Clearly, in vivo studies will be required to further address the possibility.64. In the case of …, a number of studies have provided compelling evidence that….65. the work presented herein has in many cases utilized…..in an effort/ attempt to….66. It is tempting to speculate that the elucidation of a nuclear receptor signaling pathway involved in…..may open the door for therapeutic intervention of this process, 67. since the relationship between …. And atherogenesis is complex, the influenceof…on…must also be taken into account.68. Clearly, in vivo studies will be required to determine whether…have potential utility in the treatment or prevention of atherogenesis.69．To expl ore the idea that…… was used to identify……70．Furthermore, these studies demonstrate…..to be an important signaling molecule in…..and may serve as a therapeutic target in the prevention and treatment of vasculoproliferative disorders72. have been widely used in clinical practise and their efficacy in reducing cardiovascular risk has been well described73. These results suggest that …..has a potent protective effect against…. The findings provide a new insight into the mechanism by which74. Despite extensive studies, the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases have not yet been fully elucidated. Recent experimental and clinical studies have suggested that reactive oxygen species play a major pathological role75. However, it remains unknown whether…….76. ….has been shown to possess various pharmacological activities such asanti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.77. …recognized as a molecular target for anti-inflammatory78. …Furthermore, we have confirmed an involvement of reactive oxygenspecies(ROS) in..79. .. The present study was attempted to investigate the effect…..80. All other reagents were of the best grade commercially available…..81. The experiments in this article were conducted in accordance with guidelines established by the Animal Care and Use Committee of ….. University.82. …cells were generously provided by…maintained in ….83. To elucidate the mechanisms of …..action, its effect on ….was examined by…..84. …..may have promising beneficial effects in preventing….. and may be of significance from the aspect of…..85. In studies of the molecular mechanisms of….. A previous report indicated that86. To study the role of….. we designed an antisense to deplete theendogenou s ….protein.87. Consistent with the fact that….dominant-negative…did not rescue the effect of…..88. The results presented above suggest a requirement for…in…. We further explored this possibility using,,,,,,89. As our results suggested that….. we attempted to rescue….90. To further test the relationship of… with the…91. The activation of …. in response to….. signalling is required for….., and the results presented above suggest that ….. is a component of this signaling cascade92. To test this hypothes is, we performed….. This feature might explain the fact that93. In vivo experiments suggest that ….This is supported by the fact that depletion of….with the aid of RNA interference (RNAi) attenuates Rho activation in response to …To further explore the mechanism of …. function, we examined the interactions between…..and ,…..94. To investigate the function of….95. We tested this prediction by analyzing….96. Several studies have demonstrated that …..pathway controls…… during …. development, and that activ ation of……. is an indispensable step in this process 97. This difference may reflect the fact that……common but variant molecular mechanism may be involved in98. Five lines of evidence indicate that……. led us to predict and verify that……99. It will be int eresting to investigate whether ….. has an importantfunction in this process.100. …ed as a traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, offers therapeutic potential for cardiovascular and other diseases. …….., extracted from the root extract of rhubarb has sparked increasing interest for therapeutic application.101. It was postulated that…. Therefore the present study was designed to study the effect of….on VSMCs proliferation induced by Ang II, and the expression of….102. ….has been implicated in…. underlining its importance in cardiovascular disease103. provided a possible avenue for interference with VSMCs proliferation….104. The major finding of this work showed that….105. The present study provided a valuable novel insight into molecular mechanisms of ….inhibited VSMCs proliferation induced by …….106. To verify that emodin mediated effects on VSMCs were not a consequence of cytotoxicity, LDH activity was determined as a parameter of cytotoxicity in supernatants of emodin and Ang II-treated cells. Consistent with the light microscope observations, LDH activity in supernatants of treated and untreated cells remained unchanged. So the inhibitory effect was mainly due to an inhibition of cell proliferation rather than to a direct cytotoxic effect.107. Further evidence was provided that ….played a crucial role in the cardioprotective properties of …..108. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the effect of the …. and …. in combination onThe present studies were undertaken to investigate the potential effect of…. and to explore the cellular mechanism of cross-talk of the AT1 receptor and statin in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).109. The present study explored the possibility that…..110. Collectively, these facts and speculations suggest that。
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结
SCI论文写作中一些常用的句型总结1.引言句型：- In recent years, there has been growing interest in...- With the rapid development of...- In the context of...- It is widely recognized that...2.目的句型：- The purpose of this study is to...- This research aims to...- The objective of this paper is to...3.方法句型：- The experimental design involves...- The research methodology employed in this study includes...4.结果句型：- The results indicate that...- It is evident from the findings that...- The study reveals that...- The data suggests that...5.讨论句型：- The current study has several implications for...- These results are consistent with previous research showing...- The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of...- The limitations of this study should be considered, such as...6.结论句型：- In conclusion...- To sum up...- Overall...- This study provides further evidence that...7.建议句型：- It is suggested that future research should focus on...- Further investigation is warranted to...8.引用句型：- According to (author's name), (quote)...- (Author's name) has argued that...- The literature suggests that...9.比较句型：- In contrast to...- On the other hand...- Similarly...10.解释句型：- This can be attributed to...- One possible explanation for this phenomenon is...- The results can be explained by...请注意，在撰写SCI论文时应避免直接复制粘贴以上句型，而是根据具体情况进行适当修改，以确保句子的流畅性和准确性。
SCI 写作万能句型
1. One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is ......2. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the .....3. X is the leading cause of death in western industrialised countries.4. X is a common disorder characterised by ......5. Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and ......6. Xs are the most potent anti-infammatory agents known.7. X is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in Y.8. In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for ......9. In the history of development economics, X has been thought of as a key factor in .......10. The issue of X has received considerable critical attention.11. X is a major public health problem, and the cause of about 4% of the global burden of disease.12. X is an increasingly important area in applied linguistics. 13. Central to the entire discipline of X is the concept of ....... 14. X is at the heart of our understanding of ......1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.4. Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:5. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have notattained an adequate understanding of ......There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......6. Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.7. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......1. To date various methods have been developed and introduced to measure X:2. In most recent studies, X is measured in four different ways.3. Radiographic techniques are the main non-invasive method used to determine ....4. Different authors have measured X in a variety of ways.5. Previous studies have based their criteria for selection on ......6. A variety of methods are used to assess X. Each has its advantages and drawbacks.7. Data were gathered from multiple sources at various time points during the 2007–2008 academic year.1. The semi-structured approach was chosen because ......2. Smith et al (1994) identify several advantages of the case study, .......3. It was decided that the best method to adopt for this investigation wasto ......4. A case study approach was chosen to allow a ......5. The design of the questionnaires was based on ......6. The X method is one of the more practical ways of ......7. It was considered that quantitative measures would usefully supplement and extend the qualitative analysis.8. Many of the distributions were not normal so non-parametric signed rank tests were run.9. The X approach has a number of attractive features: ......1. A strong relationship between X and Y has been reported in the literature.2. Prior studies that have noted the importance of ......3. In reviewing the literature, no data was found on the association between X and Y.4. As mentioned in the literature review, ......5. Very little was found in the literature on the question of .....6. This study set out with the aim of assessing the importance of X in ......7. The third question in this research was ......8. It was hypothesized that participants with a history of ......9. The present study was designed to determine the effect of ......1. The results of this study show/indicate that .......2. This experiment did not detect any evidence for ......3. On the question of X, this study found that ......4. The current study found that ......5. The most interesting finding was that ......6. Another important finding was that .....7. The results of this study did not show that ....../did not show any8. significant increase in ......9. In the current study, comparing X with Y showed that the mean degree of ......10. In this study, Xs were found to cause .....11.X provided the largest set of significant clusters of ......12. It is interesting to note that in all seven cases of this study......1. This paper has given an account of and the reasons for the widespread use of X ......2. This essay has argued that X is the best instrument to ......3. This assignment has explained the central importance of X in Y.4. This dissertation has investigated ......1. This study set out to determine ......2. The present study was designed to determine the effect of .......3. In this investigation, the aim was to assess ......4. The purpose of the current study was to determine ......5. This project was undertaken to design ...... and evaluate .....6. Returning to the hypothesis/question posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state that .....1. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......2. There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of ......3. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......4. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.5. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ......6. During the past 30 years much more information has become availableon ......7. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on .......8. A large and growing body of literature has investigated ......1. Many historians have argued that ...... (eg. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994)2. Numerous studies have attempted to explain ..... (for example, Smith , 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002)3. Recent evidence suggests that ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson,2001)4. Recently, in vitro studies have shown that T.thermophylus EFTu can ...... (Patel et al., 1997;Jones et al., 1998).5. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that ......6. Several attempts have been made to ....... (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999; Johnson, 2001)7. Several studies have revealed that it is not just X that acts on ...... (Smith, 1996; Jones .......8. Several biographies of Harris have been published. Smith presentsan ........ account, whilst Jones .....9. Several studies investigating X have been carried out on ......10. Data from several sources have identified the increased morbidity and mortality associated with obesity11. Previous studies have reported ...... (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1992).12. Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; Jones 1999, ......13. A number of studies have found that ...... (Smith , 2003; Jones, 2004).14. Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationshipbetween .......15. At least 152 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between......16. Other studies have considered the relationship ......17. The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, .......18. The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).19. The geology of X has been addressed in several smallscale investigations and .......20. Xs have been identified as major contributing factors for the decline of many species (1).21. X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids in murine- induced arthritis (11).22. It has been suggested that levels of X are independent of the size of the Y (Smith et al., 1995) It has conclusively been shown that X and Y increase Z (Smith et al., 1999; Jones, 2001 ......23. It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to ...... (Smith, 1998; ......1. One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether ......2. A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that ......3. One of the limitations with this explanation is that it does not explain why...4. One criticism of much of the literature on X is that ......5. The key problem with this explanation is that ......6. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.7. However, there is an inconsistency with this argument.8. Smith's argument relies too heavily on qualitative analysis of ......9. It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable. Smith's interpretation overlooks much of the historical research ......10. One major criticism of Smith's work is that .....11. Many writers have challenged Jones' claim on the grounds that .......12. X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......1. Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account.2. Perhaps the most serious disadvantage of this method is that .....3. Difficulties arise, however, when an attempt is made to implement the policy.4. Nevertheless, the strategy has not escaped criticism from governments, agencies and academics.5. One major drawback of this approach is that ......6. The main limitation of biosynthetic incorporation, however, is ......7. However, this method of analysis has a number of limitations.8. However, approaches of this kind carry with them various well known limitations.9. All the studies reviewed so far, however, suffer from the fact that .......10. However, there are limits to how far the idea of/concept of X can be taken.11. However, such explanations tend to overlook the fact that......12. However, one of the problems with the instrument the researchers used to measure X was ......1. Article references were searched further for additional relevant publications. Articles were searched from January 1965 until April 2008.2. Publications were only included if .......3. X was prepared according to the procedure used by Patel et al. (1957).4. The synthesis of X was done according to the procedure of Smith (1973).5. X was synthesised using the same method that was detailed for Y, using ......6. This compound was prepared by adapting the procedure used by Zhao et al. (1990).7. For this study the X was used to explore the subsurface ......8. An alternative method for making scales homogenous is by using .....1. The initial sample consisted of 200 students of whom 13 did not complete all of the interviews2. All studies described as using some sort of X procedure were included in the analysis.3. A systematic literature review was conducted of studies that .....4. All of the participants were aged between 18 and 19 at the beginning of the study.....5. Two groups of subjects were interviewed, namely X and Y. The first group were ......6. A random sample of patients with ...... was recruited from .......7. Forty-seven students studying X were recruited for this study.8. The students were divided into two groups based on their performanceon ......9. The project used a convenience sample of 32 first year modern languages students.10. Just over half the sample (53%) was female, of whom 69% were ......11. Participants were recruited from 15 clinics across ......, covering urban and rural areas ......12. Eligibility criteria required individuals to have received ....13. Five individuals were excluded form the study on the basis of ....14. Eligible women who matched the selection criteria were identified by ......15. Semi structured interviews were conducted with 17 male offenders with a mean age of 38 years16. A comparison group of 12 male subjects without any history of X was drawn from a pool of .......1. In order to identify the T10 and T11 spinous processes, the subjects were asked to ......2. In order to understand how X regulates Y, a series of transfections was performed.3. To enable the subjects to see the computer screen clearly, the laptop was configured with ......4. To see if the two methods gave the same measurement, the data was plotted and ......5. To control for bias, measurements were carried out by another person.6. To measure X, a question asking ...... was used.7. To determine whether ......, KG-1 cells were incubated for ......8. To establish whether ......,9. To increase the reliability of measures, each X was tested twice with a 4-min break between .......10. To compare the scores three weeks after initial screening, a global ANOVA F-test was used The vials were capped with ..... to prevent volatisation.11. In an attempt to make each interviewee feel as comfortable as possible, the interviewer ......1. For the purpose of height measurement, subjects were asked to stand .....2. For the purpose of analysis, 2 segments were extracted from each ......3. For the estimation of protein concentration, 100 μL of protein sample was mixed with ......1. Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.2. In the past two decades a number of researchers have sought to determine ......3. Previous studies have reported ......4. A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies ......5. Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with .......6. Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) showed that ......7. The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with ......8. Recent evidence suggests that .......9. Several attemps have been made to ......10. A number of researchers have reported ......11. Xs were reported in the first models of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith, & Patel, 1977).12. What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how ...... Studies of X show the importance of .....1. However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ......2. However, a major problem with this kind of application is ......3. Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:4. However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ......5. There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ......6. Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.7. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ......1. To date there has been little agreement on what ......2. More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about .....3. One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ......4. In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ......5. The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.6. Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ......7. This concept has recently been challenged by ....... studies demonstrating .......1. So far, however, there has been little discussion about ......2. Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors .......3. However, far too little attention has been paid to ......4. In addition, no research has been found that surveyed .......5. So far this method has only been applied to ......6. This indicates a need to understand the various perceptions of poverty that exist among ......7.However, the evidence for this relationship is inconclusive ......8.What is not yet clear is the impact of X on ......9.The neurobiological basis of this X is poorly understood.10. However, much uncertainty still exists about the relation between ......11. Until recently, there has been no reliable evidence that ......12. However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ......13. Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for .....14. No previous study has investigated X15. Although extensive research has been carried out on ...., no single study exists which .... ..1. Most studies in the field of X have only focussed on ......2. Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.3. The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.4. The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ......5. Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they .....6. However, few writers have been able to draw on any structured research into the opinions and attitudes of ......7. The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.8. The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.9. Researchers have not treated X in much detail.10. Previous studies of X have not dealt with ......11. Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether ......12. However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature ....13. Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which adequately covers ......14. However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if these differences still persist.15. X's analysis does not take account of ..... nor does he examine ......1. Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with X operating system.2. The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of ......3. There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate ...... 2. To ascertain ......4. The aim of this research project has therefore been to try and establish what ......5. The aim of this study is to investigate the differences between ......6. The main aim of this investigation is to assess the doses and risks associated with ......7. This thesis intends to determine the extent to which ...... and whether .....8. This thesis will examine the way in which the .......9. This research examines the emerging role of X in the context of ......10. This dissertation seeks to explain the development of .......11. This case study seeks to examine the changing nature of .....12. Drawing upon two stands of research into X, this study attempts to ......13. The aim of ths study is to shine new light on these debates through an examination of ......14. The major objective of this study was to investigate ......15. One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were ......16. The objectives of this research are to determine ......17. This study therefore set out to assess the effect of management by ......, and the effect of ......18. This study systematically reviews the data for......, aiming to provide clarity surrounding the role of ...../1. The central question in this dissertation asks how ......2. In particular, this dissertation will examine six main research questions:3. The hypothesis that will be tested is that ......4. The key research question of this study was thus whether or not ......5. This study aimed to address the following research questions:6. Another question is whether ......1. This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of ......2. This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.3. The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of a qualitative, semi- structured interview methodology.4. By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the ...... This work takes the form of a case-study of the ......5. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.6. Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide both descriptive, interpretive and empirical data.7. A holistc approach is utilised, integrating literary, numanistic and archeological material to establish ......8. The research data in this thesis is drawn from four main sources: .....9. The study was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via .......10. Five works will be examined, all of which .....1. Due to practical constraints, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive review of ...... It is beyond the scope of this study to examine the .......The reader should bear in mind that the study is based on a small sample of ......2. Another potential problem is that the scope of my thesis may be too broad. A full discussion of X lies beyond the scope of this study.1. The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters, including this introductory chapter.2. My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.3. Chapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how ......4. The third chapter is concerned with the methodology used for this study.5. The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that have been identified in analysis.6. Chapter 6 analyses the results of interviews and focus group discussions undertaken during the course of this research, ......7. The final chapter draws upon the entire thesis, tying up the various theoretical and empirical strands in order to ......8. Finally, the conclusion gives a brief summary and critique of the findings,9. ......and includes a discussion of the implication of the findings to future research into this area.10. ...... Finally, areas for further research are identified.1. While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this dissertation will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as .......2. Throughout this paper the term X will refer to/will be used to refer to .......3. In this dissertation the acronym/abbreviation XYZ will be used.4. According to ...... (2000) X can be defined as follows; " X is one of ...... "5. The term X is a relatively new name for ...... commonly referred to as ....。
sci论文常用句型大全
sci论文常用句型大全1.Taken together, our data provide new mechanistic insights intopossible endogenous signaling metastatic signaling pathways involved in maintaining proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells.2.We sought to determine whether seliciclib (CYC202, R-roscovitine)could increase the antitumor effects of doxorubicin, with no increase in toxicity, in an MCF7 breast cancer xenograft model.3.MIB1 (ki67) immunohistochemistry demonstrated reducedproliferation with treatment.(用于ki67方面)4.Survivin embodies these properties, and5.Moreover, in pre-clinical bladder tumor models, inhibition ofSurvivin expression and/or function has been shown to impede tumor cell proliferation, and markedly induce spontaneous or chemotherapy induced apoptosis6.The efficacy of mainstay cancer therapies, cytotoxics and radiation,has reached a plateau in the treatment of many cancers, and there is an urgent sense that improvements must now come from fresh approaches.7.Median age was 62 years with a range of 40-74 years.8.splice variants might function in effect as dominant negatives so thattheir expression might concurrent with survivin.9.There is a hypothesis that10.The absence of in vivo data on this point has now been remedied witha paper in this issue of the JCI by Altieri and colleagues.11.Thus, this raises an interesting question whether...12.raising the possibility that most, if not all, tumors express...13.The levels of p21 and p27 increased after treatment with doxorubicinor seliciclib alone or in combination, compared to untreated controls.14.In contrast, it is abundantly expressed in a wide variety of malignanttissues.15.On the contrary,...16.By contrast,a good title will attract the relevant researchers andincrease the number of citations you receive17.We have found that the human breast cancer cells MCF-7/Adroverexpress not only P-gp but also XIAP and Survivin, and showed high resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs doxorubicin, docetaxel and vincristine, in contrast to their parental cells KB and MCF-7.18.Survivin is aberrantly expressed in various kinds of cancer cells but isundetectable in normal differentiated adult tissues, with the exception of testis, thymus, and placenta.19.The attributable mortality of CVC related bloodstream infectionsranges from 0% to 11.5%,20.Given these low rates, it is not clear whether new technical devicesconfer further advantages21.Patients with a history of allergy to chlorhexidine or to transparentdressings were excluded.22.Recurrence is difficult to treat and incurable in most patients23.She also runs the risk of infection because she has no spleen and willhave to take penicillin for a few months.ing these sites carried an increased risk of noninfectiouscomplications25.Patients with gastroparesis are at increased risk for aspirationpneumonitis26.Some research suggests that frequent consumption of fruit andvegetable can cut the risk of lung cancer even in smoke. 有研究显示，对水果和蔬菜长期的消耗，甚至能使吸烟者患肺癌的危险性降低。
sci不同部分的常用句式
sci不同部分的常用句式一、引言科学论文是科学研究成果的重要形式之一，论文中的句式使用直接影响到读者对论文内容的理解和接受程度。
本文将以SCI论文不同部分为切入点，分别列举常用的句式，旨在帮助科研人员提高论文写作的质量和效率。
二、引言部分常用句式1. 简介研究背景和意义：- 过去几十年里，关于...的研究取得了显著进展。
(In the past few decades, significant progress has been made in the research on...)- 这项研究的重要性在于...(The significance of this study lies in...)- 目前，对于...的认识仍然不够充分。
(Currently, our understanding of... remains incomplete.)2. 表明研究目的和问题：- 本研究旨在探讨...的影响。
(The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of...)- 本文的主要问题是...(The main question addressed in this paper is...)- 我们的研究目标是...。
(Our research aims to...)3. 介绍研究方法和实验设计：- 采用了...的方法进行实验。
(The experiment was conducted using the method of...)- 在实验设计中，我们考虑了...的因素。
(In the experimental design, we took into account the factors of...)- 为了验证我们的假设，我们采用了...的实验方案。
(To test our hypothesis, we employed an experimental design of...)三、方法部分常用句式1. 描述实验对象或样本：- 本研究选择了...作为研究对象。
SCI 常见经典句型
Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem anda detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the ....is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, ..has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done ..during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
SCI 常见经典句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions whicha ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。