英语语法长难句讲义

2015考研英语基础班讲义(语法长难句部分)考研英语长难句解析一、考研英语长难句之定语从句一、定语从句定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。

在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。

对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。

此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。

例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题)例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise插入语或隐性定, market- oriented economy 分译in which在这种经济中consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.合译例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly.例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled.例 6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.例7. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital.例8.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.(2005年真题)二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句例1. The audience leraned form the internet the news that a serious explosion broke out in Xi’an a few days ago.观众从网上知道了这则消息：几天前，西安发生了一起严重的爆炸事故。

例2.The rumor that she eloped with her boyfriend just cannot hold water, for I saw her at home just now.她和她男朋友私奔的谣言根本站不住脚，例3.However, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.(2009年第3篇)在贫穷国家，为了促进经济的快速发展，教育应该是最优先考虑的方面之一，然而这个传统的观点是错的。

三、考研英语长难句之倒装句倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。

英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。

倒装有两种。

将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装(complete inversion)。

如Then began a bitter war between the two countries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。

只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前，叫做部分倒装(partial inversion)。

如At no time was the entrance left unguarded.入口无时无人把守。

英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。

前一种情况，倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误，后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。

例1介词短语提前（Among the advantages (that future biochips, or “living computers”, would have over conventional semiconductor chips）(that定从) are （that they are smaller, they do not generate as much heat, and they allow for the parallel processing of information）that主语从句, making them faster than today’s semiconductor devices.例2This is the world out of which grows the hope（the hope grows）, for the first time in history(插入语), of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.注意：调整语序，加强语气。

以There be引出的倒装句a. There seem to be many good candidates in the district.b. There exist many problems among the present day students.c. There appears to be a man in black in the distance.以副词here, there, then, now, next引出的倒装句a. Here come the rest of the party.b. Now comes your turn.c. Then followed the discovery of a new compound.d. Next came Edward with his wife.以表地点的介词短语引出的倒装句a. At the school gate stood a guard.b. Under the tree are sitting some students.c. On the bed lay a pretty kitten.主语为代词时，不用倒装Behind the counter he stood.Behind the counter stood a man with glasses.以表方位的副词引出的倒装句a. Up went the arrow into the air.b. Down fell a dozen apples.c. Off went the horse.not短语置于句首a. Not until he went abroad did he know the truth of the fact.b. Not a moment did she waste on campus.c. Not only did I know her, but I was her best friend.d. Not simple is this book interesting, but also instructive.no短语置于句首a. By no means should he be left alone.b. In no way are can we allow this to continue.c. In no case are you to leave your post.d. On no account should we follow blindly.e. Under no circumstances can we create or destroy energy.f. No longer are they staying with us.g. No sooner had she finished the poem than the students began go ask her questions.only置于句首a. Only by this means is it possible to explain his failure to act decisively.b. Only after making investigation can we have the right to speak.c. Only when one loses freedom does one know its value.比较状语从句中的倒装a. He ran as fast as did the person who came from England.b. I spend less than do nine out of ten people in my position.c. The greater the number of the free electrons in a material, the better is the conductivity of the material.让步状语从句中的倒装a. Small as atoms, electrons are still smaller.b. Complex as it may appear, the rocket, which was invented in China over 800 years ago, is a relatively simple device.c. Hard as I tried to explain it to him, he still didn’t understand.d. Much as I disagree with you, I yet respect you.e. Vague though its category (is), it is without doubt an essay.f. Try as he would, he could not lift the rock.四、考研英语长难句之被动语态1.变为汉语的主动形式e.g. In his attitude can be found seeds for art in the 20th century: the art of the primitive, of symbol, and of imagination.e.g. It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset：it invites you to think that animals should be tested either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.e.g. On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.e.g. In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.2.被动结构的表语化，可译为：“是…的”，“由…的”等。