CAP 59 FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS ORDINANCE
38-考前突击1(建议打印)-重点句和汉译英重要句型-英语二总复习-见下册书
自考英语(二) 考前总复习1-重点句和汉译英重要句型建议：1.巧记单词：利用零散的时间，频繁反复地记忆单词；2. 重视教材：尤其是课文中含有语法要点的句子，以及书后习题和语法讲解中的例句；3. 学会总结：错误经常出现在哪里，错误的原因，避免同类错误的再次出现；4. 肯定自己：看到自己的进步，相信自己能做得更好。
“切记”避免焦躁。
此类情绪对于学习和考试只会产生负面影响。
一、下册教材课文中的重点句（有页码）Unit 11. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. 第1页第1段2. Managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 2页1段3. For managers，every decision has constraints based on policies，procedures，laws，precedents，and the like.2页2段4. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. 2页2段5. Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best-that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 2页4段6. Because different individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals，the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. 2页4段7. When presented with a common case，sales managers tend to see sales problems，production managers see production problems，and so on. 3页2段8. People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. 3页4段9. The literary critics should be as objective as possible in analysis and judgment.5页1点10. She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues. 6页3点11. I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey. 6页3点12. Although he thought he was helping us with the job，he was only in the way.7页1点Unit 213. The terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. 29页1段14. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape. 29页1段15. The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star-a star，whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity.29页2段16. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble，but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull，and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. 30页1段17. Some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.29页2段18. This process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results.30页2行19. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 30页2段20. There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate. 31页2段21. Very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. 31页2段22. He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal. 34页1点23. He has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind.34页1点24. The collapse of the government left the country in confusion. 34页2点25. The research group launched out into a series of new experiments. 35页3点Unit 326. Each time it is shown，the program starts a nationwide debate on the subject. 49页3段27. In addition to this，a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met. 50页1段28 In the vast majority of euthanasia cases，what the patient is actually asking for is something else. 50页4段29. Euthanasia doesn’t take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. 50页5段30. Anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable. Instructions will be sent immediately on request. 50页5段31. Instructions will be sent immediately on request. 54页1点32. Many people opposed building a new highway because of the great cost.55页3点33. She bore the whole burden of raising two children alone. 55页4点34. Students are heavily burdened with home assignments. 55页4点35. The committee demands that no member (should) be absent. 56页1点Unit 436. There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. 84页1段37. And they can have their passports removed，making leaving or “escaping”virtually impossible. 84页2段38. Of these 20，000，just under 2000 are being exploited and abused by their employers.84页1段39. In one of them， a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder，despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. 84页3段40. I was supposed to be paid ￡120 but I never received that amount. 85页2段41. My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police. 85页4段42. Many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse. 85页6段43. So if they do complain，they risk being deported.86页1段44. It is the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery. 86页2段45. The student exploits every possibility to learn English. 88页1点46. Our country is launching a campaign against waste. 89页2点47. We should be always aware of the status of world affairs.90页5点48. There are likely to be more difficulties than you were prepared for. 91页1点Unit 549. The new music was built out of materials already in existence. 105页1段50. What happened，as well as it can be put into words，was this.106页1段51. They freely took over elements from jazz，from American country music，and as time went on from even more diverse sources. 106页1段52. What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression. 106页1段53. In studio recordings，new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live. 106页2段54. Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume，the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand…106页2段55. Often music was played out of doors，where nature provided the environment. 107页1段56. The social and political transformation of a country is essential to the development of the society. 110页1点57. All theories originate from practice and in turn serve practice. 110页2点Unit 658. Robots，becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world，are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention. 138页1段59. The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials，preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation. 138页3段60. Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task，they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. 139页1段61. Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as whether to discard defective parts in finished products. 139页3段62. These future robots，assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions，will have plenty of work to do. 140页2段63. Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics. 140页2段64. His words cast a new light on the problem. 143页2点65. We should be aware of the dangers of exposing children to violence on TV.143页3点Unit766. People in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time. 160页1段67. Generally speaking，the quality of life，especially as seen by the individual，is meaningful in terms of the degree to which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction to the individual. 160页2段68. The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual. 161页2段69. Experiences of a different nature，be it television watching or bird-watching，can lead to a self-renewal and a more “balanced”way of life.161页3段70. Such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use. 161页5段71. To impart positive leisure attitudes to the general public is essential for motivating them to use their leisure in creative and satisfying ways. 162页1段72. It can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts are all likely to have exerted some influence in shaping our attitudes，interests and even skills relevant to how we handle leisure. 162页1段73. The more seriously this is sought，the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged. 162页3段74. You have to attach a label to a box while posting it. 164页1点75. We should make our lives relevant to the needs of the country. 165页3点76. He always has some positive ideas on company policy. 165页4点Unit 877. The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.190页1段78. The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.190页2段79. He later blamed his poor judgment on Jet Lag. 190页3段80. Now that we understand what Jet Lag is，we can go some way to overcoming it. 191页2段81. In time，the physiological system will reset itself，but it does take time.191页5段82. It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.192页2段83. That is by no means the best way of proceeding. 195页1点84. He didn’t take alarm at the news. 196页1点85. The pianist promoted a grand benefit concert. 196页3点86. He didn’t want to be tied to a steady job. 197页4点Unit 987. The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth，the older its population is likely to be-at least，for any future that concerns us now. 212页1段88. To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added，some of them only recently recognized. 212页2段89. There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change. 213页1段90. Taken together，these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged. 213页2段91. There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere，…that we have grown so old.213页3段92. Long life is altering our society，of course，but in experiential terms.213页3段93. But too much of that lengthened experience，even in the wealthy West，will be experience of poverty and neglect，unless we do something about it.213页3段94. Your account of what happened approximates to the real facts. 216页1点95. His earnings are out of all proportion to his skill and ability. 217页2点Unit 1096. A minor-party or independent candidate，…can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them. 240页1段97. Party loyalty has declined in recent decades，but more than two-thirds of the nation‘s voters still identify themselves as Democrats or Republicans. 241页1段98. In deciding whether to pursue a course of action，they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters. 241页2段99. The slogan was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation‘s slow-moving economy. 241页2段100. As in 1980，when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times，the voters were motivated largely by a desire for change. 241页2段101. Whether voters accept this image，however，depends more on external factors than on a candidate‘s personal characteristics. 241页3段102. As in 1980，when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times，the voters were motivated largely by a desire for change. 241页2段103. Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war，but voters remained concerned about the economy. 241页3段104. The invention is going to cause a big stir in the world. 247页3点105. You should save up money to make provision for the future. 247页4点Unit 11106. Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results. 263页4段107. It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals. 264页1段108. If thalidomide were invented today，it would never be released for human use because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers. 264页1段109. The number of animals used in laboratory tests has declined over the last 20 years. 265页1段110. One experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat‘s leg，leaving its leg paralysed. 265页3段111. Even with these new developments in research，only a tiny proportion of all tests are done without using animals at some stage. 265页4段112. The use of animals in experiments cannot stop immediately if medical research is to continue and consumer products are to be properly tested. 265页4段113. When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body，we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals. 266页1段114. As research techniques become more advanced，the number of animals used in experiments may decrease，but stopping testing on animals altogether is a long way away. 266页2段115. I was surprised to see his room in such a litter. 269页2点116. The conditions that existed ten years ago are reproduced today. 270页4点Unit 12117. Until recently daydreaming was generally considered either a waste of time or a symptom of neurotic tendencies. 291页1段118. At its best，daydreaming was considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life. 291页1段119. As with anything carried to excess，daydreaming can be harmful. 291页2段120. There is a growing body of evidence to support the fact that most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it. 291页2段121. Daydreaming significantly contributes to intellectual growth，power of concentration，and the ability to interact and communicate with others. 292页2段122. Daydreaming resulted in improved self-control and enhanced creative thinking ability. 292页4段123. Contrary to popular belief，constant and conscious effort at solving a problem is，in reality，one of the most inefficient ways of coping with it. 292页5段124. Whenever confronted with a task which seemed too hard to be dealt with，he would stretch out on his laboratory sofa and let fantasies flood his mind. 293页1段125. The important thing to remember is to picture these desired objectives as if you had already attained them. 294页2段126. Daydreaming is highly beneficial to your physical and mental well-being.294页4段127. Escape being impossible，the rabbit turned to confront the dog. 299页2点128. The difficulties that confront us cannot be overcome. 299页2点Unit 13129. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing，or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. 326页1段130. In a society where slavery in the strict sense has been abolished，the sign that what a man does is of social value is that he is paid money to do it. 326页1段131. What from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of view voluntary play. 326页3段132. Whether a job is to be classified as labor or work depends，not on the job itself，but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it. 327页1段133. It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population，that is to say，its laborers，will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by the aristocracy. 327页3段134. The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual by fashion which it will be in the economic interest of certain people to change as often as possible. 327页3段135. Workers seldom commit acts of violence，because they can put their aggression into their work，be it physical like the work of a smith，or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. 328页1段136. They were often compelled to work twelve or fourteen hours a day. 330页1点137. The police undertook detailed and comprehensive investigations into the case. 331页2点Unit 14138. The device，though，would do much more than capture a lecture.359页1段139. It was a microcassette found in Kathleen Weinstein‘s shirt pocket that not only led police to her alleged killer but also revealed the New Jersey teacher to be a woman of extraordinary courage and compassion. 359页1段140. Grabbing Weinstein by the jaw，the attacker told her he had a gun and forced her into the Camry. 359页2段141. It was there，police believe，that Weinstein was able to activate the recorder she kept in her bag. 359页2段142. Her power of persuasion were to no avail. 360页3段143. Weinstein’s body，with hands and feet bound，was discovered by a hiker on March 360页3段144. Given her fate，the name of the program has a heartbreaking resonance to it：Random Acts of Kindness. 361页1段145. The operation fostered hope in the patient. 364页2点146. We protested but to no avail.147. He was firmly convinced that risk accompanies decisions. 366页5点Unit 15148. The computer makes possible a marvellous leap in human proficiency.389页1段149. But the question persists and indeed grows whether the computer will make it easier or harder for human beings to know who they really are…。
爱护水资源英语ppt课件
Water saving technologies, such as low flow show heads, faucet aerosols, and water saving tools, can effectively reduce water consumption without affecting daily life
03
Measures to protect water reset
Measures taken by the government
Water resource protection plans
The government should formulate comprehensive plans for the protection of water resources, including the assessment of protected areas, the regulation of water use, and the supervision of pollution sources
01
The importance of water resource
Definition of water resources
01
02
03
Surface water
Water found on the surface of the earth, such as rivers, lakes, and streams
Environmental protection actions
Individuals can take actions to protect the environment, such as not writing garbage into the water, not using pests or fertilizers around rivers and lakes, and planning trees to prevent soil erosion
CAP 59V FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS (FIRE PRECAUTIONS IN NOTIFIABLE WORKPLACES) REGULATION
CAP 59V FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS (FIRE PRECAUTIONS IN NOTIFIABLE WORKPLACES) REGULATIONS一摘要：本文主要介绍了CAP 59V FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS (FIRE PRECAUTIONS IN NOTIFIABLE WORKPLACES) REGULATIONS的主要内容。
(Cap 59, section 7)[10 July 1981](L.N. 214 of 1981)Cap 59V reg 1 CitationThese regulations may be cited as the Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Fire Precautions in Notifiable Workplaces) Regulations.(L.N. 50 of 1985 s. 9)Cap 59V reg 2 InterpretationIn these regulations unless the context otherwise requires-"Building Authority" (建筑事务监督) means the Building Authority as defined in section 2(1) of the Buildings Ordinance (Cap 123); (L.N. 210 of 1985)"inflammable substance" (易燃物品) means any substance specified in Category 5 of the Schedule to the Dangerous Goods (Application and Exemption) Regulations (Cap 295 sub. leg.).Cap 59V reg 3 ApplicationThese regulations apply to every notifiable workplace.(50 of 1985 s. 9)Cap 59V reg 4 Doors(1) Every door leading out of a notifiable workplace shall-(a) be maintained in such condition that it can be readily opened and closed at any time;(b) if it is a sliding door-(i) be so designed as to be self-closing, by its own weight or otherwise; or(ii) be connected to a counterweight by means of a fusible link which shall fuse at a temperature of not more than 68oC thereby disconnecting the counterweight from the door so that the door will close; (c) if it is not a sliding door, be kept closed by means of a self-closing mechanism which shall at all times be fully operational and maintained in good working order;(d) if it is made of metal, be of solid steel with an overall thickness of not less than 3 mm; and (L.N. 210 of 1985)(e) if it is made of materials other than metal-(i) conform to the standards laid down in *Tables F and G of the Third Schedule to the Building (Construction) Regulations (Cap 123 sub. leg. A); or(ii) be in accordance with the specifications shown in the plan approved by the Building Authority under section 14(1) of the Buildings Ordinance (Cap 123). (L.N. 210 of 1985)(2) Every door in a notifiable workplace, other than a sliding door, shall be constructed to open outwards and shall not when open reduce the effective width of any means of escape-(a) from the workplace, if the door is a door leading out of the workplace; or(b) if the door is a door of a room in the workplace being a room in which more than10 persons are employed, from the room. (L.N. 210 of 1985)(3) While any person employed in a notifiable workplace is within the workplace, whether such person is working or not, the doors, gates and shutters leading out of the workplace and the doors of every room in the workplace in which any such person is, shall not be locked or fastened in such a manner that they cannot be easily and immediately opened from the inside.(4) (Repealed L.N. 210 of 1985)(50 of 1985 s.9)______________________________________________________________________________Note:* See Cap 123 sub. leg. B, 1985 Edition.Cap 59V reg 5 Maintenance of fire escapes(1) The proprietor of every notifiable workplace shall maintain in good condition and free from obstruction every doorway, stairway and passageway within the workplace which affords a means of escape from the workplace in case of fire. (50 of 1985 s. 9)(2) No person shall wilfully alter, damage, obstruct or otherwise impair any such doorway, stairway or passageway.Cap 59V reg 6 Fire fighting(1) The Commissioner may, by notice in writing, require the proprietor of any notifiable workplace to provide and maintain at that workplace, in addition to any fire service installation or equipment already in that workplace, means for fighting fire appropriate to the size, type and nature of the undertaking being carried on, which shall be so placed as to be readily available for use. (50 of 1985 s. 9)(2) The notice given under this regulation shall specify in detail the means for fighting fire to be provided and maintained, and the time within which the notice is to be complied with.(3) The proprietor of a notifiable workplace shall, on being served with a notice under this regulation, comply with the notice.(4) No person shall wilfully alter, damage, obstruct or otherwise impair any means for fighting fire provided in accordance with this regulation.(5) In this regulation "maintain" (保持) means maintain in an efficient state, in efficient working order and in good repair.Cap 59V reg 7 Smoking(1) An occupational safety officer may, by notice in writing, prohibit smoking in any notifiable workplace, or in any part thereof, where any inflammable substance or any other substance or article which in his opinion involves danger from fire is present for the purposes of or in connexion with, any industrial process or operation, and the circumstances are such that smoking would give rise to a serious risk of fire. (32 of 2000 s. 48)(2) No person shall smoke in any part of a notifiable workplace in which smoking is prohibited under paragraph (1).(3) The proprietor of a notifiable workplace in which smoking is prohibited under paragraph (1) shall take all reasonably practicable steps to ensure compliance with the prohibition and shall display in prominent positions within the workplace sufficientnumber of notices bearing the words and characters "NO SMOKING 不准吸烟", in letters and characters not less than 180 millimetres high. (71 of 1989 s. 13)(4) All notices displayed in accordance with paragraph (3) shall be maintained in good condition by the proprietor.(50 of 1985 s. 9)。
CAP 59Z FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS (SAFETY OFFICERS AND SAFETY SUPERVISORS) REGULATIONS六
CAP 59Z FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS (SAFETY OFFICERS AND SAFETY SUPERVISORS)REGULATIONS六摘要：本文主要介绍了CAP 59Z FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS (SAFETY OFFICERS AND SAFETY SUPERVISORS) REGULATIONS的主要内容。
Cap 59Z reg 21 Production of reports to Commissioner(1) The Commissioner may, by notice in writing served on the proprietor of an industrial undertaking, require the proprietor to produce any report kept under regulation 20(c) by the proprietor to him before the expiry of such time being not less than 14 days as shall be specified in the notice.(2) The proprietor of an industrial undertaking on whom a notice is served under paragraph (1), shall before the expiry of the time specified in the notice, produce the report to the Commissioner.(Enacted 1986)Cap 59Z reg 22 Offences by proprietor and penalties for offences PART VIOFFENCES BY PROPRIETOR AND PENALTIESA proprietor of an industrial undertaking who contravenes any of the provisions of regulation 14, 16, 18(2), 19, 19A, 20 or 21(2) commits an offence and is liable to a fine of $50000.(Enacted 1986; L.N. 51 of 1994; L.N. 352 of 1994)Cap 59Z reg 23 FormsPART VIIMISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONSIn these regulations-"approved form" (认可格式) means such form as the Commissioner for Labour may from time to time approve by notice in the Gazette or, where the Commissioner for Labour gives prior approval for a different form to be used, such different form.(Part VII added L.N. 352 of 1994)Cap 59Z Sched 1 INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS TO WHICH REGULATIONS APPLY [regulation 3]Construction sitesShipyards (L.N. 352 of 1994)Container handling (L.N. 100 of 2002)(Enacted 1986)Cap 59Z Sched 2 QUALIFICATIONS FOR REGISTRATION AS SAFETY OFFICER [regulation 5 & Third Schedule]Scheduled qualificationIndustrial undertakingA, B, C or DConstruction sitesA, B or CIndustrial undertakings to which these regulations apply except construction sites(L.N. 352 of 1994; L.N. 100 of 2002)Cap 59Z Sched 3 SCHEDULED QUALIFICATIONS[regulation 5(2)]1. For the purposes of regulation 5 and the Second Schedule, the qualifications for registration as a safety officer are as follows-A. A recognized degree or post-graduate diploma in occupational safety and health, or equivalent, and relevant experience of not less than 1 year.B. A degree in Science or Engineering, or equivalent, and a recognized certificate, diploma or higher diploma in occupational safety and health, and relevant experience of not less than 1 year.C. A recognized certificate, diploma or higher diploma in occupational safety and health, and relevant experience of not less than 2 years, of which one year must be obtained after the academic qualification.D. A recognized certificate in construction safety and relevant experience of not less than 2 years, of which one year must be obtained after the academic qualification.2. In paragraph 1-"relevant" (有关) means such experience as may from time to time be recognized as being relevant to the duties of a safety officer under these regulations.3. In paragraphs 1 and 2-"recognized" (获承认) means recognized for the purposes of these regulations by the Commissioner for Labour.(Third Schedule replaced L.N. 100 of 2002)Cap 59Z Sched 4[regulations 14(1),16 & 19A](L.N. 352 of 1994)1.Employment of safely officer for the purposes of regulation 14. ProprietorSafety Officer(a)A proprietor of one construction site who is a principal contractor. One safety officer where the total number of persons employed therein, not being persons employed by a specialist contractor, is 100 or more.(b)A proprietor of more than one construction site who is a principal contractor.One safety officer where the total aggregate number of persons employed at such construction sites, not being persons employed by a specialist contractor, is 100 or more.(c)。
Cap 59L reg 9 Construction, maintenance, etc., of guards一
Cap 59L reg 9 Construction, maintenance, etc.,of guards一摘要：本文主要介绍了Cap 59L reg 9 Construction, maintenance, etc., of guards的主要内容。
(Cap 59, section 7)[1 January 1976](L.N. 103 of 1975)Cap 59L reg 1 CitationPART IPRELIMINARYThese regulations may be cited as the Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Abrasive Wheels) Regulations.Cap 59L reg 2 InterpretationIn these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires- "abrasive wheel" (砂轮) means-(a) a wheel, cylinder, disc or cone which consists wholly or partly of abrasive particles held together by mineral, metallic or organic bonds whether natural or artificial;(b) a-(i) mounted wheel or point; or(ii) wheel or disc, having separate segments of abrasive material;(c) a wheel or disc-(i) made of metal, wood or rubber; and(ii) having any surface consisting wholly or partly of abrasive material; and(d) a wheel, disc or saw to any surface of which, in each case, is attached a rim or segments consisting of diamond abrasive particles,and which is, or is intended to be, power driven and which is for use in any grinding or cutting operation;"employee" (雇员) means a person who in an industrial undertaking is employed in using any abrasive wheel in any grinding or cutting operation;"mounted wheel or point" (嵌固轮子或端点) means a wheel or point consisting in either case of abrasive particles held together by mineral, metallic or organic bonds whether natural or artificial and securely and permanently mounted on the end of a mandrel or quill;"overhang" (外露轴段), in relation to a mounted wheel or point, means that part of the mandrel or quill which is exposed between the collet in which the mandrel or quill is held and the part of the abrasive material nearest to that collet.Cap 59L reg 3 ApplicationSubject to regulation 4, these regulations shall apply to any abrasive wheel used for any grinding or cutting operation in any industrial undertaking.Cap 59L reg 4 Exceptions(1) Regulations 5, 6, 9(a) and (b) and 10 shall not apply to any abrasive wheel manufactured of metal, wood or rubber and having any surface consisting wholly or partly of abrasive material.(2) Regulations 9(a) and (b) and 10 shall not apply to any abrasive wheel which consists wholly of abrasive particles held together by natural bonds.(3) Regulation 5 shall not apply to any abrasive wheel having separate segments of abrasive material.(4) Regulations 5, 6, 8(1), 9 and 10 shall not apply to any abrasive wheel which-(i) does not exceed 235 millimetres in diameter;(ii) is manufactured of rubber; and(iii) has any surface consisting wholly or partly of abrasive material,when that abrasive wheel is used in a portable machine. (5) Regulations 6, 8(1), 9 and 10 shall not apply to any abrasive wheel when it is used for the grinding of glass.(6) Regulations 5, 6 and 10 shall not apply to any wheel, disc or saw to any surface of which, in each case, is attached a rim or segments consisting of diamond abrasive particles.Cap 59L reg 5 Speeds of abrasive wheelsPART IIDUTIES OF PROPRIETORS(1) No abrasive wheel having a diameter of more than 55 millimetres shall be taken into use in any industrial undertaking for the first time in that industrial undertaking after the coming into operation of theseregulations unless the abrasive wheel or its washer is clearly marked, in English or Chinese, with the maximum permissible speed in revolutions per minute specified by the manufacturer of that wheel.(2) No abrasive wheel having a diameter of 55 millimetres or less shall be taken into use in any industrial undertaking for the first time in that industrial undertaking after the coming into operation of these regulations unless there is kept permanently fixed in the room in which grinding is ordinarily carried out with that wheel a notice, in English and Chinese, stating the maximum permissible speed in revolutions per minute specified by the manufacturer for that abrasive wheel or for abrasive wheels of the class to which that abrasive wheel belongs and, in the case of mounted wheels and points, the overhang permissible at that speed:Provided that when grinding with such an abrasive wheel is not ordinarily carried out in any one room the notice shall be kept posted at a place and in a position where it may easily be read by employees employed in grinding with that abrasive wheel.(3) No abrasive wheel shall be operated at a speed in excess of the maximum permissible speed in revolutions per minute specified under this regulation for that wheel:Provided that where the diameter of an abrasive wheel has been reduced its said maximum permissible speed may be increased to that speed which bears the same proportion to the said maximum permissible speed as the original diameter of the abrasive wheel bears to its reduced diameter. Cap 59L reg 6 Speeds of spindles(1) There shall be securely affixed to every power driven machine having any spindle on which an abrasive wheel is, or is intended to be, mounted a notice, in English and Chinese, specifying-(a) in the case of each such spindle (other than a spindle to which sub-paragraph (b) or (c) applies), its maximum working speed;(b) in the case of any such spindle for which there are provided arrangements for operating the spindle at more than one specific working speed, each specific speed; and(c) in the case of any such spindle for which there are provided arrangements for operating the spindle at an infinite number of working speeds within a specified range, the maximum and minimum working speeds of the spindle.(2) No spindle shall, while an abrasive wheel is mounted on it, be operated at a speed in excess of the maximum working speed specified under this regulation for that spindle.(3) The proprietor of an industrial undertaking shall, when so required by an occupational safety officer, provide the occupational safety officer with all such facilities and information as are necessary to enable him to determine the working speed of any spindle, shaft, pulley or other appliance which is used to operate an abrasive wheel. (32 of 2000 s. 48)。
CAP 59W FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS (ELECTRICITY) REGULATIONS五
CAP 59W FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS (ELECTRICITY) REGULATIONS五摘要：本文主要介绍了CAP 59W FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS (ELECTRICITY) REGULATIONS的主要内容。
Cap 59W reg 23 Lighting of apparatusWhere necessary as a precaution against electrical hazard, adequate lighting shall be provided in all parts of the premises where apparatus which, in normal use, requires operation or attention by any person is installed.Cap 59W reg 24 Precautions for special conditionsAll apparatus and conductors-(a) exposed to weather, water, corrosive atmospheres or other adverse conditions;(b) exposed to flammable surroundings or explosive atmosphere; or(c) used in any process or for any special purpose other than for lighting or power,shall be so constructed, installed and protected as may in the circumstances of such exposure or use be necessary to prevent electrical hazard or other danger.Cap 59W reg 25 Precaution for apparatus utilizing high voltageWhere necessary as a precaution against electrical hazard all apparatus operating at high voltage, shall have placed and displayed in a visible position at, on or near such apparatus a notice in red characters and letters each not less than 50 mm high on a white background reading "危险-高压电力 DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE".Cap 59W reg 26 Qualifications and supervision of persons carrying out work(1) Subject to paragraph (2) no person except an authorized person shall carry out or assist in the carrying out of any work on any apparatus where technical or practical knowledge or experience is required in order to avoid electrical hazard.(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1) a competent person under the immediate supervision of an authorized person may carry out or assist in such work if-(a) in the case where the electrical hazard to be avoided is under the control of an electrical contractor, he is appointed by the electrical contractor; and(b) in the case where the electrical hazard to be avoided is under the control of the proprietor, he is appointed by the proprietor.Cap 59W reg 27 Display of notice on treatment for electric shock Such notice, in the Chinese and English languages, as the Commissioner may from time to time issue or approve as to the treatment of persons receiving electric shock shall be displayed in all parts of the premises where electricity is generated, transformed, or used and at such other places in those premises as the Commissioner may direct.Cap 59W reg 28 Construction of substationsPART VISUBSTATIONS(1) Every substation shall be of proper construction and design and all apparatus therein shall be so located, protected or screened as to be inaccessible to all unauthorized persons and secure against interference from outside the substation.(2) Every substation shall be maintained in a dry condition and provided with such efficient means of ventilation as may be necessary to prevent electrical hazard.Cap 59W reg 29 Control of and on entry to substations(1) Every substation shall be under the charge and control of an authorized person and any part thereof where electrical hazard is liable to arise shall be restricted as regards entry so as to be accessible only to an authorized person or to a competent person acting under the immediate supervision of an authorized person.(2) No person except an authorized person or a competent person acting under the immediate supervision of an authorized person shall enter any part of a substation restricted as regards entry under paragraph (1).(3) A notice in red characters and letters each not less than 50 mm high on a white background "危险-变压站;未经授权，不得内进 DANGER SUBSTATION-UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY PROHIBITED" shall be placed and displayed in a visible position at the entrance to every part of a substation restricted as regards entry under paragraph (1).Cap 59W reg 30 Safe access to underground substations(1) Subject to paragraph (2), every underground substation not otherwise easily or readily accessible shall be provided with adequate means of access by a door or trap door with a staircase or ladder securelyfixed and so placed so that no person can make accidental contact with any live part of any switchboard or any bare conductor therein.(2) Where an underground substation-(a) has persons employed therein otherwise than for inspection or cleaning; or(b) is not of ample dimensions and contains machinery driven by electric motors or apparatus utilizing high voltage,then access shall be provided by means of a doorway and a staircase.Cap 59W reg 31 Duties of and offences relating to proprietors and electrical contractorsPART VIIDUTIES, OFFENCES AND PENALTIES(1) It shall be the duty of the proprietor of every industrial undertaking to which these regulations apply to ensure that the provisions of regulations 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12(1), 13, 14, 15, 16(1), 17, 18, 19, 20, 21(1), 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29(1) and 30(1) are complied with.(2) If any such provision is contravened the proprietor of the industrial undertaking where the contravention occurs commits an offence and is liable to a fine of $50000.(3) Any proprietor or electrical contractor who orders, directs, authorizes, permits or suffers any person to contravene regulation 16(3) or 29(2) commits an offence and is liable to a fine of $50000.(4) The proprietor of an industrial undertaking who without reasonable excuse contravenes paragraph (1) in relation to regulation 26 commits an offence and is liable to a fine of $50000 and to imprisonment for 6 months. (71 of 1989 s. 13)(L.N. 47 of 1994)Cap 59W reg 32 Offences relating to misuse of apparatus etc.A person who-(a) wilfully misuses or interferes with any apparatus or protective equipment in a manner liable to cause electrical hazard to himself or other persons; or(b) wilfully and without reasonable cause does any other thing liable to cause electrical hazard to himself or other persons; or(c) contravenes any of the provisions of regulation 16(3), 21 (2),26 or 29(2),commits an offence and is liable to a fine of $50000.(L.N. 47 of 1994)Cap 59W reg 33 SavingThe provisions of these regulations shall be in addition to and not in derogation of the provisions of-(a) regulation 6(1)(a), (b), (c) and (d) of the Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Cargo Handling) Regulations (Cap 59 sub. leg. K);(b) regulation 47(1) of the Construction Sites (Safety) Regulations (Cap 59 sub. leg. I);(c) the Electricity Ordinance (Cap 406). (16 of 1990 s. 62)。
CAP 59D FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGS (FIRST AID IN NOTIFIABLE WORKPLACES) REGULATIONS
Chapter: 59D FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGSGazette Number Version Date(FIRST AID IN NOTIFIABLE WORKPLACES)REGULATIONSEmpowering section 30/06/1997(Cap 59, section 7)[24 August 1968](Originally L.N. 85 of 1968)Regulation: 1 Citation 30/06/1997These regulations may be cited as the Factories and Industrial Undertakings (First Aid in Notifiable Workplaces) Regulations.(50 of 1985 s. 9) Regulation: 1A Application 30/06/1997These regulations shall not apply to any quarry.(L.N. 33 of 1969) Regulation: 2 Interpretation 30/06/1997(1) In these regulations, unless the context otherwise requires-"person trained in first aid" (曾受急救訓練的人) means a person who-(a) holds a current certificate of competency in first aid issued by the St. John Ambulance Association;(b) is a registered nurse within the meaning of the Nurses Registration Ordinance (Cap 164); or(c) has otherwise completed a course of training in first aid approved by certificate under the hand of theCommissioner. (L.N. 223 of 1973)(2) For the purposes of these regulations, the number of persons employed in a notifiable workplace shall betaken to be the number of persons actually working therein at any time. (50 of 1985 s. 9)Regulation: 3 Provision of first aid box or cupboard 30/06/1997(1) In any notifiable workplace, there shall be provided and maintained therein by the proprietor so as to bereadily accessible a separate first aid box or cupboard for each 100 persons or part thereof employed therein. (50 of1985 s. 9)(2) Each first aid box or cupboard shall be of adequate capacity and shall contain the items specified in theSchedule and any additional items required under paragraph (3)(a), (b) or (c).(3) The Commissioner may by notice in writing to the proprietor of a notifiable workplace require that all orany of the following items be provided in that notifiable workplace- (50 of 1985 s. 9; 80 of 1997 s. 102)(a) a sufficient supply of assorted sizes of waterproof adhesive wound dressings;(b) a sufficient supply of waterproof adhesive plaster;(c) a sufficient supply of eye baths;(d) a stretcher.(4) All items provided in a first aid box or cupboard in accordance with paragraph (2) shall be in goodcondition at all times.(5) A stretcher provided in accordance with a requirement under paragraph (3)(d) shall be-(a) kept alongside a first aid box or cupboard; and(b) maintained in good condition at all times.(6) Nothing except appliances and requisites for first aid shall be kept in a first aid box or cupboard.(7) Each first aid box or cupboard shall be marked plainly "FIRST AID" in English and "急救" in Chinese.Regulation: 4 Persons in charge of first aid box or cupboard 30/06/1997(1) In any notifiable workplace all first aid boxes or cupboards shall be placed in the charge of a team ofresponsible persons designated by the proprietor of such workplace.(2) The proprietor of a notifiable workplace shall ensure that at least 1 member of such team is always readilyavailable during working hours.(3) There shall be affixed to each first aid box or cupboard provided pursuant to regulation 3 a notice in Englishand Chinese specifying the names of the members of the team designated in accordance with this regulation.(4) If a first aid box or cupboard is not provided in a workroom in a notifiable workplace, a notice in Englishand Chinese stating the location of the nearest first aid box or cupboard and the names of the members of the teamdesignated in accordance with paragraph (1) shall be displayed in a prominent place in such workroom.(50 of 1985 s. 9) Regulation: 5 Team to include person trained in first aid 30/06/1997 In any notifiable workplace such team shall include at least 1 person trained in first aid for each 100 persons orpart thereof employed therein after the first hundred.(50 of 1985 s. 9) Regulation: 6 Standards for dressings 30/06/1997 All materials for dressings contained in first aid boxes or cupboards shall be those designated in, and of a gradeor quality not lower than the standards specified by, the British Pharmaceutical Codex or any supplement thereto.30/06/1997 Regulation: 7 Exemption where first aid room provided in notifiableworkplace(1) If a room is provided in a notifiable workplace for the sole purpose of providing first aid or medicaltreatment, and arrangements are made so as to ensure the treatment therein of all injuries occurring in the workplace,the Commissioner may by notice in writing exempt the workplace from the requirements of these regulations to suchextent and subject to such conditions as he may specify in the notice. (50 of 1985 s. 9)(2) Such a notice shall be prominently displayed in the room provided.Regulation: 8 Offences and penalties 30/06/1997The proprietor of a notifiable workplace who contravenes any of the provisions of regulations 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable on conviction to a fine of $10000.(L.N. 316 of 1981; 50 of 1985 s. 9)Schedule: SCHEDULE 30/06/1997[regulation 3(2)]CONTENTS OF FIRST AID BOXES OR CUPBOARDSPART INotifiable workplaces in which the number of persons employed is less than 10.(a) A copy of the leaflet giving advice on first aid treatment issued by the Commissioner.(b) A sufficient number (not less than 6) of small sterilized unmedicated dressings for injured fingers.(c) A sufficient number (not less than 3) of medium-sized sterilized unmedicated dressings for injuredhands or feet.(d) A sufficient number (not less than 12) of adhesive wound dressings of assorted sizes.(e) A sufficient number (not less than 2) of triangular bandages of unbleached calico, the longest side ofwhich measures not less than 1.3 metres and each of the other sides not less than 900 millimetres.(f) A sufficient supply (not less than 1 roll of 25 millimetres by 4.5 metres zinc oxide plaster) of adhesiveplaster.(g) A sufficient number (not less than 3) of 30 grams packets of absorbent cotton wool.(h) A pressure bandage.(i) Safety pins.PART IINotifiable workplaces in which the number of persons employed is 10 or more but less than 50.(a) A copy of the leaflet giving advice on first aid treatment issued by the Commissioner.(b) A sufficient number (not less than 12) of small sterilized unmedicated dressings for injured fingers.(c) A sufficient number (not less than 6) of medium-sized sterilized unmedicated dressings for injuredhands or feet.(d) A sufficient number (not less than 24) of adhesive wound dressings of assorted sizes.(e) A sufficient number (not less than 4) of triangular bandages of unbleached calico, the longest side ofwhich measures not less than 1.3 metres and each of the other sides not less than 900 millimetres.(f) A sufficient supply (not less than 1 roll of 25 millimetres by 4.5 metres zinc oxide plaster) of adhesiveplaster.(g) A sufficient number (not less than 6) of 30 grams packets of absorbent cotton wool.(h) A pressure bandage.(i) Safety pins.PART IIINotifiable workplaces in which the number of persons employed is 50 or more.(a) A copy of the leaflet giving advice on first aid treatment issued by the Commissioner.(b) A sufficient number (not less than 24) of small sterilized unmedicated dressings for injured fingers.(c) A sufficient number (not less than 12) of medium-sized sterilized unmedicated dressings for injuredhands or feet.(d) A sufficient number (not less than 36) or adhesive wound dressings of assorted sizes.(e) A sufficient number (not less than 8) of triangular bandages of unbleached calico, the longest side ofwhich measures not less than 1.3 metres and each of the other sides not less than 900 millimetres.(f) A sufficient supply (not less than 2 rolls of 25 millimetres by 4.5 metres zinc oxide plaster) of adhesiveplaster. (80 of 1997 s. 102)(g) A sufficient number (not less than 12) of 30 grams packets of absorbent cotton wool.(h) A pressure bandage.(i) Safety pins.(L.N. 238 of 1984; 50 of 1985 s. 9)。
道路工程英语
英汉术语对照索引abrasiveness 磨耗度absolute datum 绝对基面abutment 桥台abutment pier制动墩acceleration lane加速车道accidental load 偶然荷载accommodation lane 专用车道acoustic barrier 隔音墙acting circles of blasting 爆破作用圈additional stake 加桩adjacent curve in one direction 同向曲线admixture 外加剂admixture 反坡安全线aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量aerophoto base 航摄基线aerophoto interpretation 航摄像片判读ageing 老化aggregate 集料(骨料)air hardining 气硬性alignment design (城市道路)平面设计，线形设计alignment element 线形要素alligator cracking 路面龟裂allowable rebound deflection 容许(回弹)弯沉alternative line 比较线anchored bulkhead abutment 锚锭板式桥台anchored bulkhead abutment 锚锭板式挡土墙anchored retaining wall 锚杆式挡土墙anionic emulsified bitumen 阴离子乳化沥青annual average daily traffic 年平均日交通量anti-creep heap (厂矿道路)挡车堆anti-dizzling screen 防炫屏(遮光栅)antiskid heap (厂矿道路)防滑堆approach span 引桥aquitard 隔水层arch bridge 拱桥arch culvert 拱涵arch ring 拱圈arterial highway 干线公路arterial road (厂内)主干道，(城市)主干路asphalt distributor 沥青洒布车asphalt mixing plant 沥青混合料拌和设备asphalt remixer 沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt remixer 复拌沥青混合料摊铺机asphalt sand 沥青砂asphalt sprayer 沥青洒布机asphaltic bitumen 地沥青at-grade intersection 平面交叉auxiliary lane 附加车道average consistency (of soil) 土的)平均稠度average gradient 平均纵坡aximuth angle 方位角balance weight retaining wall 衡重式挡土墙base course 基层base line 基线basic traffic capacity 基本通行能力beam bridge 梁桥beam level deflectometer 杠杆弯沉仪bearing 支座bearing angle 象限角bearing pile 支承桩bearing platform 承台bed course 垫层bench mark 水准点benched subgrade 台口式路基bending strength 抗弯强度Benkelman beam 杠杆弯沉仪(贝克曼弯沉仪)bent cap 盖梁berm 护坡道binder 结合料binder course 联结层bitumen 沥青bitumen (沥青混合料)抽提仪bitumen-aggregate ratio 油石比bituminous concrete pavement 沥青混凝土混合料bituminous concrete mixture 沥青混凝土路面bituminous concrete moxture 沥青碎石混合料bituminous macadam pavement 沥青碎石路面bituminous moxture 沥青混合料bituminous pavement 沥青路面bituminous penetration pavement 沥青贯入式路面biuminous surface treatment (沥青)表面处治blasting crater 爆破漏斗blastion for loosening rock 松动爆破blasting for throwing rock 抛掷爆破blasting procedure 土石方爆破bleeding 泛油blind ditch 盲沟blind drain 盲沟block pavement 块料路面block stone 块石blow up 拱胀boring 钻探boring log (道路)地质柱状图boring machine 钻孔机borrow earth 借土borrow pit 取土坑boundary frame on crossing 道口限界架boundary frame on road 道路限界架boundary line of road construction 道路建筑限界bowstring arch bridge 系杆拱桥box culvert 箱涵branch pipe of inlet 雨水口支管branch road (城市)支路，(厂内)支道bridge 桥梁bridge decking 桥面系bridge deck pavement 桥面铺装bridge floor expantion and contraction installation traction installation 桥面伸缩装置bridge gerder erection equpment 架桥机bridge on slope 坡桥bridge site 桥位bridle road 驮道broken chainage 断链broken stone 碎石broken back curve 断背曲线buried abutment 埋置式桥台bus bay 公交(车辆)停靠站bypass 绕行公路cable bent tower 索塔cable saddle 索鞍cable stayed bridge 斜拉桥(斜张桥)Cableway erecting equipment 缆索吊装设备California bearing ratio (CBR) 加州承载比(CBR)California bearing ratio tester 加州承载比(CBR)测定仪camber cruve 路拱曲线cantilever beam bridge 悬臂梁桥cantilever beam bridge 悬臂式挡土墙capacity of intersection 交叉口通行能力capacity of network 路网通行能力capillary water 毛细水carriage way 车行道(行车道)cast-in-place cantilever method 悬臂浇筑法cationic emulsified bitumen 阳离子乳化沥青cattle-pass 畜力车道cement concrete 水泥混凝土cemint concrete pavement 水泥混凝土混合料cement concrete pavement 水泥混凝土路面center-island 中心岛center lane 中间车道center line of raod 道路中线center line survey 中线测量center stake 中桩central reserve 分隔带channelization 渠化交通shannelization island 导流岛channelized intrersection 分道转弯式交叉口chip 石屑chute 急流槽circular curve 圆曲线circular curve 环路circular test 环道试验city road 城市道路civil engineering fabric 土工织物classified highway 等级公路classified highway 等级道路clay-bound macadam泥结碎石路面clearance 净空clearance above bridge floor 桥面净空clearce of span 桥下净空climatic zoning for highway 公路自然区划climbing lane 爬坡车道cloverleaf interchange苜蓿叶形立体交叉coal tar 煤沥青cobble stone 卵石coefficient of scouring 冲刷系数cohesive soil 粘性土cold laid method 冷铺法cold mixing method 冷拌法cold-stretched steel bar 冷拉钢筋column pier柱式墩combination-type road system 混合式道路系统compaction 压实compaction test 击实试验compaction test apparatus 击实仪compactmess test 压实度试验composite beam bridge 联合梁桥composite pipe line 综合管道(综合管廊)compound curve 复曲线concave vertical curve 凹形竖曲线concrete joint cleaner (水泥混凝土)路面清缝机concrete joint sealer (水泥混凝土)路面填缝机concrete mixing plant 水泥混凝土(混合料)拌和设备concrete paver 水泥混凝土(混合料)摊铺机concrete pump 水泥混凝土(混合料)泵concrete saw (水泥混凝土)路面锯缝机附录英汉术语对照索引cone penetrantion test 触探试onflict point 冲突点conical slope 锥坡consistency limit (of soil) (土的)稠度界限consolidated subsoil 加固地基consolidation 固结construction by swing 转体架桥法construction height of bridge 桥梁建筑高度construction joint 施工缝construction load 施工荷载construction survey 施工测量continuous beam bridge 连续梁桥contourline 等高线contraction joint 缩缝control point 路线控制点converging 合流convex vertining wall 凸形竖曲线corduroy road 木排道counterfout retaining wall 扶壁式挡土墙counterfort abutmen 扶壁式桥台country road 乡村道路county road 县公路(县道)，乡道creep 徐变critical speed 临界速度cross roads 十字形交叉cross slope 横坡cross walk 人行横道cross-sectional profile 横断面图cross-sectional survey 横断面测量crown 路拱crushed stone 碎石crushing strength 压碎值culture 地物culvert 涵洞curb 路缘石curb side strip 路侧带curve length 曲线长curve widening 平曲线加宽curved bridge 弯桥cut 挖方cut corner for sight line (路口)截角cut-fill transition 土方调配cut-fill transition 土方调配图cutting 路堑cycle path 自行车道cycle track 自行车道deceleration lane 减速车道deck bridge 上承式桥deflection angle 偏角deflection test 弯沉试验degree of compaction 压实度delay 延误density of road network 道路（网）密度edpth of tunnel 隧道埋深edsign elevation of subgrade 路基设计高程design frequency (排水)设计重现期edsign hourly volume 设计小时交通量design of evevation (城市道路)竖向设计design of vertical alignment 纵断面设计design speed 计算行车速度(设计车速)design traffic capacity 设计通行能力design vehicle 设计车辆design water level 设计水位desiged dldvation 设计高程designed flood frequency 设计洪水频率deslicking treatment 防滑处理Deval abrasion testion machine 狄法尔磨耗试验机（双筒式磨耗试验机）diamond interchange 菱形立体交叉differential photo 微分法测图direction angle 方向角directional interchange 定向式立体交叉diverging 分流dowel bar 传力杆drain opening 泄水口drainage by pumping station (立体交叉)泵站排水drainage ditch 排水沟dressed stone 料石drop water 跌水dry concrtet 干硬性混凝土ductility (of bitumen) (沥青)延度ductilometer (沥青)延度仪dummy joint 假缝dynamic consolidation 强夯法economic speed 经济车速econnomical hauling distance 土方调配经济运距element support 构件支撑elevation 高程(标高)embankment 路堤emergency parking strip 紧急停车带emulsified bitumen 乳化沥青erecting by floating 浮运架桥法erection by longitudinal pulling method 纵向拖拉法erection by protrusion 悬臂拼装法erection with cableway 缆索吊装法evaporation pond 蒸发池expansion bearing 活动支座expansive soil 膨胀土expantion joint 胀缝expressway (城市)快速路external destance 外(矢)距fabricated bridge 装配式桥fabricated steel bridge 装拆式钢桥factories and mines road 厂矿道路factory external transportation line 对外道路factory-in road 厂内道路factory-out road 厂外道路fast lane 内侧车道faulting of slab ends 错台feeder highway 支线公路ferry 渡口fibrous concrete 纤维混凝土field of viaion 视野fill 填方filled spandrel arch bridge 实腹拱桥final survey 竣工测量fineness 细度fineness modulus 细度模数fixed bearing 固定支座flare wing wall abutment 八字形桥台flared intersection 拓宽路口式交叉口flash 闪点flash point tester (open cup method) 闪点仪(开口杯式)flexible pavement 柔性路面flexible pier 柔性墩floor system 桥面系flush curb 平缘石foot way 人行道ford 过水路面forest highway 林区公路forest road 林区道路foundation 基础free style road system 自由式道路系统free way 高速公路free-flow speed 自由车速freeze road 冻板道路freezing and thawing test 冻融试验frost boiling 翻浆frozen soil 冻土full depth asphalt pavement 全厚式沥青(混凝土)路面function planting 功能栽植general scour under bridge opening桥下一般冲刷geological section (道路)地质剖面图geotextile 土工织物gradation 级配gradation of stone (路用)石料等级grade change point 变坡点grade compensation 纵坡折减grade crossing 平面交叉grade length limitation 坡长限制grade of side slope 边坡坡度grade separation 简单立体交叉grade-separated junction 立体交叉graded aggregate pavement 级配路面brader 平地机grain composition 颗粒组成granular material 粒料gravel 砾石gravity pier (abutment) 重力式墩、台gravity retaining wall 重力式挡土墙green belt 绿化带gridiron road system 棋盘式道路系统ground control-point survey 地面控制点测量ground elevation 地面高程ground stereophotogrammetry 地面立体摄影测量guard post 标柱guard rail 护栏guard wall 护墙gully 雨水口gutter 街沟(偏沟)gutter apron 平石gutter drainage 渠道排水half-through bridge 中承式桥hard shoulder 硬路肩hardening 硬化hardness 硬度haul road 运材道路heavy maintenance 大修hectometer stake 百米桩hedge 绿篱height of cut and fill at ceneter stake 中桩填挖高度high strength bolt 高强螺栓high type pavement 高级路面highway 公路highway landscape design 公路景观设计hill-side line 山坡线(山腰线)hilly terrain 重丘区horizontal alignment 平面线形horizontal curve 平曲线hot laid method 热铺法hot mixing method 热拌法hot stability (of bitumen) (沥青)热稳性hydraulic computation 水力计算hydraulic computation 水硬性imaginary intersection point 虚交点immersed tunnelling method 沉埋法inbound traffic 入境交通incremental launching method 顶推法industrial district road 工业区道路industrial solid waste (路用)工业废渣industrial waste base course 工业废渣基层inlet 雨水口inlet submerged culvert 半压力式涵洞inlet unsubmerged culvert 无压力式涵洞inorganic binder 无机结合料instrument station 测站intensity of rainstorm 暴雨强度intercepting detch 截水沟interchange 互通式立体交叉interchange woth special bicycle track 分隔式立体交叉intermediate maintenance 中修intermediate type pavement 中级路面intersection (平面)交叉口intersection angle 交叉角，转角intersection entrance 交叉口进口intersection exit 交叉口出口intersection plan 交叉口平面图intersection point 交点intersection with widened corners 加宽转角式交叉口jack-in method 顶入法kilometer stone 里程碑land slide 坍方lane 车道lane-width 车道宽度lateral clear distance of curve (平曲线)横净距lay-by 紧急停车带level of service 道路服务水平leveling course 整平层leveling survey 水准测量light-weight concrete 轻质混凝土lighting facilities of road 道路照明设施lime pile 石灰桩line development 展线linking-up road 联络线，连接道路liquid asphaltic bitumen 液体沥青liquid limit 液限living fence 绿篱load 荷载loading berm 反压护道lading combinations 荷载组合loading plate 承载板lading platetest 承载板试验local scour near pier 桥墩局部冲刷local traffic 境内交通location of line 定线location survey 定测lock bolt support woth shotcrete 喷锚支护loess 黄土longitudinal beam 纵梁longitudinal gradient 纵坡longitudinal joint 纵缝loop ramp 环形匝道Los Angeles abrasion testion machine 洛杉矶磨耗试验机machine (搁板式磨耗试验机)low rype pavement 低级路面main beam 主梁main bridge 主桥maintenance 养护maintenance period 大中修周期manhole 检查井marginal strip 路缘带marshall stability apparatus 马歇尔稳定度仪Marshall stability test 马歇尔试验masonry bridge 圬工桥maximum annual hourly volume 年最大小时交通量maximum dry unit weight (标准)最大干密度maximum longitudinal gradient 最大纵坡mine tunnelling method 矿山法mineral aggregate 矿料mineral powder 矿粉mini-roundabout 微形环交minimum height of fill (路基)最小填土高度minimum longitudinal gradient 最小纵坡minimum radius of horizontal curve 最小平曲线半径minimum turning radius 汽车最小转弯半径mixed traffic 混合交通mixing method 拌和法mixture 混合料model split 交通方式划分modulus of elasticity 弹性模量modulus of resilience 回弹模量modulus ratio 模量比monthly average daily traffic 月平均日交通量motor way 高速公路mountainous terrain 山岭区movable bridge 开启桥mud 淤泥multiple-leg intersection 多岔交叉mational trunk highway 国家干线公路(国道)matural asphalt 天然沥青natural scour 自然演变冲刷natural subsoil 天然地基navigable water level 通航水位nearside lane 外侧车道net-shaped cracking 路面网裂New Austrian Tunnelling Method 新奥法observation point 测点one-way ramp 单向匝道open cut method 明挖法open cut tunnel 明洞open spandrel arch bridge 空腹拱桥opencast mine road 露天矿山道路operating speed 运行速度iptimum gradation 最佳级配iptimum moisture conter 最佳含水量optimum speed 临界速度organic binder 有机结合料origin-destination study起迄点调查outbound traffic 出境交通outlet submerged culvert 压力式涵洞outlet inlet main road 城市出入干道overall speed 区间速度overlay of pavement 罩面overpass grade separation 上跨铁路立体交叉overtaking lane 超车车道overtaking sight distance 超车视距paper location 纸上定线paraffin content test 含蜡量试验parent soil 原状土parking lane 停车车道parking lot 停车场parking station 公交(车辆)停靠站part out-part fill subgrade 半填半挖式路基pass 垭口passing bay 错车道patrol maintenance 巡回养护paved crosing 道口铺面pavement 路面pavement pression 路面沉陷pavement recapping 路面翻修pavement slab pumping 路面板唧泥pavement spalling 路面碎裂pavemengthening 路面补强pavement structure layer 路面结构层附录英汉术语对照索引pavemill 路面铣削机(刨路机)peak hourly volume 高峰小时交通量pedestrian overcrossing 人行天桥pedestrian underpass 人行地道penetration macadam with coated chips 上拌下贯式(沥青)chips 路面penetration method 贯入法penetration test apparatus 长杆贯入仪penetration (of bitumen) (沥青)针入度penetrometer (沥青)针入度仪periodical maintenance 定期养护permaf rost 多年冻土permanent load 永久荷载perviousness test 透水度试验petroleum asphaltic bitumen 石油沥青photo index 像片索引图(镶辑复照图)photo mosaic 像片镶嵌图photogrammetry 摄影测量photographic map 影像地图pier 桥墩pile and pland retaining wall 柱板式挡土墙pile bent pier 排架桩墩pile driver 打桩机pipe culvert 管涵pipe drainage 管道排水pit test 坑探pitching method 铺砌法plain stage of slope 边坡平台plain terrain 平原区plan view (路线)平面图plane design (城市道路)平面设计plane sketch (道路)平面示意图planimetric photo 综合法测图plant mixing method 厂拌法plasticity index 塑限plasticity index 塑性指数poisson’s ratio 泊松比polished stone value 石料磨光值pontoon bridge 浮桥porosity 空隙率porotable pendulum tester 摆式仪possible traffic capacity 可能通行能力post-tensioning method 后张法pot holes 路面坑槽preliminary survey 初测preloading method 预压法prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土prestressed concrete bridge 预应力混凝土桥prestresed steel bar drawing jack 张拉预应力钢筋千斤顶pretensioning method 先张法prime coat 透层productive arterial road 生产干线productive branch road 生产支线profile design 纵断面设计profilometer 路面平整度测定仪proportioning of cement concrete 水泥混凝土配合比protection forest fire-proof road 护林防火道路provincial trunk highway 省干线公路(省道)railroad grade crossing (铁路)道口ramp 匝道rebound deflection 回弹弯沉reclaimed asphalt mixture 再生沥青混合料reclaimed bituminous pavement 再生沥青路面reconnaissance 踏勘red clay 红粘土reference stake 护桩referencion crack 反射裂缝refuge island 安全岛regulating structure 调治构造物reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete bridge 钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete pavement 钢筋混凝土路面reinforced earth retaining wall 加筋土挡土墙relative moisture content (of soil) (土的)相对含水量relief road 辅道residential street 居住区道路resultant gradient 合成坡度retaining wall 挡土墙revelling of pavement 路面松散reverse curve 反向曲线reverse loop 回头曲线ridge crossing line 越岭线ridge line 山脊线right bridge 正交桥right bridge 正桥rigid frame bridge 刚构桥rigid pavement 刚性路面rigid-type base 刚性基层ring and radial road system 环形辐射式道路系统ripper 松土机riprap 抛石road 道路road alignment 道路线形road appearance 路容road eara per sitizen (城市)人均道路面积road area ratio (城市)道路面积率road axis 道路轴线road bed 路床road bitumen 路用沥青road condition 路况road condition survey 路况调查road crossing (平面)交叉口road crossing design 交叉口设计road engineering 道路工程road feasibility study (道路工程)可行性研究road improvement 改善工程road intersection 道路交叉(路线交叉)road mixing method 路拌法road netword 道路网road network planning 道路网规划road planting 道路绿化road project (道路工程)方案图road trough 路槽road way 路幅rock breaker 凿岩机rock filled gabion 石笼roller 压路机rolled cementoncerete 碾压式水泥混凝土rolling terrain 微丘区rotary interchage 环形立体交叉rotary intersection 环形交叉roundabout 环形交叉route development 展线rout of road 道路路线route selection 选线routine maintenance 小修保养rubble 片石running speed 行驶速度rural road 郊区道路saddle back 垭口safety belt 安全带safety fence 防护栅salty soil 盐渍土sand 砂sanddrain (sand pile) 砂井sand gravel 砂砾sand hazard 沙害sand mat of subgrade 排水砂垫层sand patch test 铺砂试验sand pile 砂桩sand protection facilities 防沙设施sand ratio 砂率sandsweeping 回砂sand sweeping equipment 回砂机sandy soil 砂性土saturated soil 饱和土scraper 铲运机seal coat 封层secondary trunk road (厂内)次干道，(城市)次干路seepage well 渗水井segregation 离析semi-rigid type base 半刚性基层separate facilties 分隔设施separator 分隔带sheep-foot roll 羊足压路机(羊足碾)shelter belt 护路林shield 盾构(盾构挖掘机)shield tunnelling method 盾构法shoulder 路肩shrinkage limit 缩限side ditch 边沟side slope 边坡side walk 人行道sieve analysis 筛分sight distance 视距sight distance of intersection 路口视距sight line 视线sight triangle 视距三角形silty soil 粉性土simple supported beam bridge 简支梁桥singl direction thrusted pier 单向推力墩single-sizeaggregat 同粒径集料siphon culvert 倒虹涵skew bridge 斜交桥skew bridge 斜桥skid road 集材道路slab bridge 板桥slab culvert 盖板涵slab staggerting 错位slide 滑坡slope protection 护坡slump 坍落度snow hazard 雪害snow plough 除雪机snow protection facilities 防雪设施soft ground 软弱地基soft soil 软土softening point tester (ring ball) (沥青)软化点议仪method (环—球法)softening point (of bitumen) 沥青）软化点solubility (of bitumen) (沥青)溶解度space headway 车头间距space mean speed 空间平均速度span 跨径span by span method 移动支架逐跨施工法spandrel arch 腹拱spandrel structure 拱上结构special vehicle 特种车辆speed-change lane 变速车道splitting test 劈裂试验spot speed 点速度spreading in layers 层铺法springing 弹簧现象stabilizer 稳定土拌和机stabilized soil base course 稳定土基层stage for heating soil and broken rock 碎落台stagered junction 错位交叉stand axial loading 标准轴截steel bridge 钢筋冷墩机steel bridge 钢桥steel exention machie 钢筋拉伸机stiffness modulus 劲度stone coating test 石料裹覆试验stone crusher 碎石机stone spreader 碎石撒布机stopping sight distance 停车视距stopping truck heap (厂矿道路)阻车堤street 街道street draianage 街道排水street planting 街道绿化street trees 行道树strengthening layer 补强层strengthening of structure 加固stringer 纵梁striping test for aggregate 集料剥落试验structural approach limit of tunnel 隧道建筑限界sub-high type pavement 次高级路面subgrade 路基subgrade drainage 路基排水submersible bridge 漫水桥subsidence 沉陷subsoil 地基substructure 下部结构superelevation 超高superelevation runoff 超高缓和段superstructure 上部结构supported type abutment 支撑式桥台surface course 面层surface evenness 路面平整度surface frostheave 路面冻胀surface permeameter 路面透水度测定仪surface roughness 路面粗糙度surface slipperinness 路面滑溜surface water 地表水surface-curvature apparatus 路面曲率半径测定仪surrounding rock 围岩suspension bridge 悬索桥swich-back curve 回头曲线Tintersection 丁字形交叉(T形交叉)T-shaped rigid frame bridge 形刚构桥tack coat 粘层tangent length 切线长tar 焦油沥青technical standard of road 道路技术标准Telford 锥形块石Telford base (锥形)块石基层terrace 台地thermal insulation berm 保温护道thermal insulation course 隔温层thirtieth highest annual hourly 年第30位最大小时volume 交通量through bridge 下承式桥through traffic 过境交通tie bar 拉杆timber bridge 木桥time headway 车头时距time mean speed 时间平均速度toe of slope (边)坡脚tonguel and groove joint 企口缝top of slope (边)坡顶topographic featurc 地貌topographic map 地形图topographic survey 地形测量topography 地形township road 乡公路(乡道)traffic assignment 交通量分配traffic apacity 通行能力traffic composition 交通组成traffic density 交通密度traffic distribution 交通分布traffic flow 交通流traffic generation 交通发生traffic island 交通岛traffic mirror 道路反光镜traffic planninng 道路交通规划traffic safety device 交通安全设施traffic square 交通广场traffic stream 车流traffic survey 交通调查traffic volume 交通量traffic volume obserbation station 交通量观测站traffic volume 交通量预测traffic volume survey 交通量调查transition curve 缓和曲线transition slab at bridge head 桥头搭板transition zone of cross section 断面渐变段transition zone of curve widening 加宽缓和段transitional gradient 缓和坡段transverse beam 横梁transverse joint 横缝traverse 导线traverse sruvey 导线测量trencher 挖沟机triaxial test 三轴试验trip 出行true joint 真缝trumpet interchange 喇叭形立体交叉trunk highway 干线公路truss bridge 桁架桥tunnel (道路)隧道trnnel boring machine 隧道掘进机tunnel ling 衬砌tunnel portal 洞门tunnel support 隧道支撑turnaround loop 回车道，回车场turning point 转点two-way curved arch bridge 双曲拱桥two-way ramp 双向匝道type of dry and damp soil base 土基干湿类型U-shaped abut ment U形桥台under-ground pipes comprethensive design 管线综合设计underground water 地下水underground water level 地下水位underpass grade separation下穿铁路立体交叉universal photo 全能法测图urban road 城市道路valley line 沿溪线variable load 可变荷载vehicle stream 车流vehicular gap 车(辆)间净距verge 路肩vertical alignment 纵面线形vertical curb 立缘石(侧石)vertical curve 竖曲线vertical profile map (路线)纵断面图viameter 路面平整度测定仪vibratory roller 振动压路机viscosimeter (沥青)粘度仪viscosity (of bitumen) (沥青)粘(滞)度voidratio 孔隙比washout 水毁waste 弃土waste bank 弃土堆water cement ratio 水灰比water content 含水量water level 水位water reducing agent 减水剂water stability 水稳性water-bound macadam水结碎石路面wearing course 磨耗层weaving 交织weaving point 交织点weaving section 交织路段wheel tracking test 车辙试验width of subgrade 路基宽度workability 和易性Y intersection 形交叉精品文档word文档可以编辑！谢谢下载！。
常考句子翻译
Unit 11．The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives.2．Managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance.3．For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.4．But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.5．Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best—that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.6．Different individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.7．People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.8．The literary critics should be as objective as possible in analysis and judgment.9．She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues.10．I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.11．Although he thought he was helping us with the job, he was only in the way.Unit 212．The terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here.13. Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into whichmatter has fallen and from which nothing can escape.14. Some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.15. This process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results.16. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes.17. Very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind.18. He has exerted all his strength to attain his goal.19. He has been exerting a lot of pressure on me to change my mind.20. The collapse of the government left the country in confusion.21. The research group launched out into a series of new experiments.Unit 322. Each time it is shown, the program starts a nationwide debate on the subject.23. In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met.24. In the vast majority of euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else.25. Euthanasia doesn’t take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying.26. Anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.27. Instructions will be sent immediately on request.28. Many people opposed building a new highway because of the great cost.29. She bore the whole burden of raising two children alone.30. Students are heavily burdened with home assignments.31. The committee demands that no member (should) be absent.Unit 432. Of these 20,000, just under 2000 are being exploited and abused by their employers.33. In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.34. I was supposed to be paid ￡120 but I never received that amount.35. My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.36. Many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse.37. So if they do complain, they risk being deported.38. It is the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.39. The student exploits every possibility to learn English.40. Our country is launching a campaign against waste.41. We should be always aware of the status of world affairs.42. There are likely to be more difficulties than you were prepared for.Unit 543. The new music was built out of materials already in existence.44. They freely took over elements from jazz, from American country music, and as time went on from even more diverse sources.45. What developed was a music readily taking on various forms and capable of an almost limitless range of expression.46. In studio recordings, new techniques made possible effects that not even an electronic band could produce live.47. Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume, the music becoming as loud and penetrating as the human ear could stand48. Often music was played out of doors, where nature provided the environment.49 The social and political transformation of a country is essential to the development of the society.50．All theories originate from practice and in turn serve practice.Unit 651. Robots, becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world, are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.52. The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.53. Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.54. Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as whether to discard defective parts in finished products.55. These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do.56. Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.57. His words cast a new light on the problem.58. We should be aware of the dangers of exposing children to violence on TV.Unit 759. People in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time.60. Generally speaking, the quality of life, especially as seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree to which these various areas of life are available or provide satisfaction to the individual.61. The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.62. Experiences of a different nature, be it television watching or bird-watching, can lead to a self-renewal and a more “balanced” way of life.63. Such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief that leisure can and should be put to good use.64. To impart positive leisure attitudes to the general public is essential for motivating them to use their leisure in creative and satisfying ways.65. It can be argued that the people with whom we come into contact in these various contexts are all likely to have exerted some influence in shaping our attitudes, interests and even skills relevant to how we handle leisure.66. The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged.67. You have to attach a label to a box while posting it.68. We should make our lives relevant to the needs of the country.69. He always has some positive ideas on company policy.Unit 870. The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.71. The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.72. He later blamed his poor judgment on Jet Lag.73. Now that we understand what Jet Lag is, we can go some way to overcoming it.74. In time, the physiological system will reset itself, but it does take time.75. It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone.76. That is by no means the best way of proceeding.77. He didn’t take alarm at the news.78. The pianist promoted a grand benefit concert.79. He didn’t want to be tied to a steady job.Unit 980. The nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be—at least, for any future that concerns us now.81. To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added, some of them only recently recognized.82. There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change.83. Taken together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged.84. There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere,… that we have grown so old.85. Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential terms.86. Your account of what happened approximates to the real facts.87. His earnings are out of all proportion to his skill and ability.Unit 1088. A minor-party or independent candidate,… can draw votes away from the major-party nominees but stands almost no chance of defeating them.89. In deciding whether to pursue a course of action, they try to estimate its likely impact on the voters.90. The slogan was meant as a reminder to the candidate and the staff to keep the campaign focused on the nation’s slow-moving economy.91. Whether voters accept this image, however, depends more on external factors than on a candidate’s personal characteristics.92. As in 1980, when Jimmy Carter lost to Ronald Reagan during tough economic times, the voters were motivated largely by a desire for change.93. Bush tried to stir images of his strong leadership of the war, but voters remained concerned about the economy.94. The invention is going to cause a big stir in the world.95. You should save up money to make provision for the future.Unit 1196. Animal research is irrelevant to our health and it can often produce misleading results.97. It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people that had not been thoroughly tested on animals.98. One experiment in nerve regeneration involves cutting a big nerve in a rat’s leg, leaving its leg paralysed.99. Even with these new developments in research, only a tiny proportion of all tests are done without using animals at some stage.100.The use of animals in experiments cannot stop immediately if medical research is to continue and consumer products are to be properly tested.101. When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body, we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals.102. I was surprised to see his room in such a litter.103. The conditions that existed ten years ago are reproduced today.Unit 12104. Until recently daydreaming was generally considered either a waste of time or a symptom of neurotic tendencies.105. At its best, daydreaming was considered a compensatory substitute for the real things in life.106. As with anything carried to excess, daydreaming can be harmful.107. There is a growing body of evidence to support the fact that most people suffer from a lack of daydreaming rather than an excess of it.108. Daydreaming significantly contributes to intellectual growth, power of concentration, and the ability to interact and communicate with others.。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》上册第五单元
The UK EconomyTextThe United Kingdom of Great Britain is a major developed capitalist country. It is now the world’s sixth largest economy and has a gross domestic product（GDP）of US$2645 billion (2010) and is forecast to have the strongest business environment of all major European economies, but also a member of the World Trade Organization. It is a leading global nation, as the second largest exporter and third largest importer of commercial services, and the tenth largest exporter and sixth largest importer of merchandise (2007).Absolute Decline and Relative DeclineBy the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world’s manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, half its cotton. The amount of British shipping was greater than that in the rest of the word put together. But even by 1990 this was no longer the case, the UK having been overtaken by both the United States and Germany; and certainly from1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline. This is understandable but rather misleading, as it has in fact been a period of steady economic growth and rapidly increasing living standards. Britain remains one of the Group of Seven large industrial economies. But there are reasons for describing this period as one of decline. Britain entered the post-war world as one of the successful allies of the Second World War, with some of its chief competitor nations such as Germany and Japan, economically destroyed. Also Britain was the centre of a still vast empire. According to the figures, The UK was second only to the United States in the international economy. Thus Britain was then in an apparently strong economic position, a position it clearly no longer occupies, which indicates some sort of decline.But the basic positive-seeming facts describing the size of the economy, the high proportion of the world trade that was British, and so on, in 1945, did not reveal important negative facts about the UK’s position even t hen. Firstly the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war, selling many of its accumulated overseas assets, and borrowing large amounts from the United States and Canada. These debts meant that the UK entered the post-war era with a major economic problem.Secondly, the era of empire was over. India, popularly known as “The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire, gained its independence in1947, only 2 years after the end of the war. This was the largest element in the empire, providing raw materials and a big market for British goods. This relationship with India was no longer available, and the rest of the empire quickly followed India to independence, leaving Britain as just a medium-size European country, with a population only one fifth the size of the U.S.Thirdly, despite the relatively rapid and trouble-free process of decolonization, Britain was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed (mostly by the end of the 1960s). Also its position as one of the shapers of the post-war world required substantial military contributions-both as one of NATO’s major partners, and as a member of the UN Security Council. All this had the result that Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth (and especially of its research and development budget) on the military than most of its competitors. Military expenditure tends not to generate an economic return in quite the same way as other industrial investment. Fourthly, although Britain was quite badly damaged by German bombing during the war, its industry survived comparatively unaffected. This contrasted greatly with some of its competitors — especially the main losers in the conflict, Germany and Japan, who almost had to start again from nothing. This apparent disadvantage for them may have worked in their favour in that as they had to invest, they could invest in the most modern equipment and new products. British industry however could continue with its older factories and pre-war products, and given its other economic problems, did so —a problem in the long-term. It also meant that output was initially very low potentially large economies: so while Britain looked securely wealthier than them in 1945, a catching-up with the UK was inevitable as they recovered.This failure to invest sufficiently in industry also reflects a long-standing and continuing problem in the UK economy. Even without the particular circumstances of the post-war world, relatively low rates of investment (the amount of money business put aside from profits to reinvest in the business in new products and production methods) were characteristic of the British economy in relation to other developed economies. Economists have pointed to the lack of a close relationship between industry and banks in the UK — again a contrast, particularly with the two most successful post-war economies, Japan and Germany, where banks and industrial firms have very close links. Economic historians have suggested that this may be due to the fact that the UK was the first economy to industrialize, and industrial firms, without foreign competition, grew used to financing their own development, without need to borrow from banks. Banks therefore, not able to find good investment opportunities in the UK, looked overseas for investment opportunities. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment is still a characteristic of the UK economy. So, amongst European nations, Britain is the largest investor in China, but sells fewer of its own manufactured goods here than do Germany or France.The point to note is that the comparatively strong economic position Britain found itself in 1945 was in many ways deceptive. So the decline from Britain’s apparently good fortunes at that point until now is thus not as extraordinary as it might seem, being the result of already existing basic problems. And it should also be remembered that this was not an absolute decline: Britain is not poorer, or producing less than it was in 1945, in fact (like most countries) it is a lot wealthier and more productive than it was then. The problem is that though is has improved, other countries haveimproved more rapidly, hence the slide form being the 2nd largest economy (after the United States) to being the sixth, as it is at present. And even many smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per head of population. So the UK has experienced economic decline, but this decline is relative to some other economies rather than absolute. Nevertheless, this relative failure is a serious cause of concern to the UK governments.Recent HistoryThe British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s. The oil price rises at that time led to very high rates of inflation (up to 25%). This caused many workers to strike for more pay. The fall in the value of the UK currency (The Pound) even forced the Labour (socialist) government to borrow from the International Monetary Fund. British industry, notably the car industry, appeared to be doing badly, with increasing imports relative to export. All these negative economic facts led to a change of government at the next general election, in 1979, when the British people voted in the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher, with the promise of a radical programme of reform. Bureaucracy was reduced (foreign exchange controls were lifted, rules governing banks loosened, (for example). And throughout the 1980s an extensive programme of privatization was carried out, with many state-owned businesses (such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) joining the private sector. It seemed in some ways to be successful in that inflation came under control, and businesses, especially the newly privatized businesses, made profits. The negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment, rising to almost 12% at its worst. So while companies were more efficient, producing the same amount with less workers, and therefore being able to pay higher wages and make higher profits, the cost was paid by the unemployed who had to live on low incomes from state support. The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates than its competitors. In the recession 1990-1992, the economy even shrunk by2.3%.Since then however, the picture has been brighter, with four years of steady growth, at rates higher than that in the rest of the EU. Unemployment has now fallen to 7.7%, which is among the lowest in the EU. Inflation has remained under control at very low levels. Investment has increased, encouraged by low interest rates. Britain’s membership of the EU has also made it an attractive location for inward investment by companies from outside the EU (especially the US and Japan), of which it has received a larger share than any other EU country. Overall it is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment. It is also itself a major source of international investment — in fact it is the second biggest international investor in the world (1995).The Current UK EconomyNational economies can be broken down into three main areas: “primary” industries, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining; “secondary” industries, whichmanufacture complex goods from those primary products; and tertiary industries, often described as services, such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.Britain’s agricultural sector is small (producing1.4% of the national wealth) but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2% of its workforce. There quarters of Britain’s land is used for agriculture, with about a quarter of that under crops- wheat and barley are two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle (both dairy, and beef), though sheep are the most numerous livestock. The beef industry has been hit badly by BSE disease in cattle leading to a 1996 ban on beef exports. The best agricultural land is in the south-east of England.The fishing industry provides 55% of the UK demand for fish. Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught.Energy production is an important part of the UK economy, accounting for 5% of the national wealth. Since the 1970s, when oil and gas were discovered under the North Sea, Britain has become a major oil and gas producer, in addition to its older coal mining industry, which now only accounts for about 1/4 of energy supplies, the rest being divided between oil, gas, and nuclear energy. This abundance of energy resources means that the UK has become an overall exporter of energy. The technology required to extract oil from the difficult offshore conditions has givenUK companies a strong position in the offshore oil industry around the world. Threeof the biggest the companies in Britain are to be found in the energy sector: Shell (half Dutch), British Petroleum (BP), and B ritish Gas. The world’s larg est mining company, RTZ, is a UK company which operates mines all over the world.Britain has large deposits of coal, mined for more than 300 years. Today, coal can be produced more cheaply in other countries and so many British factories and mines have closed. During the 1960s, oil and gas were discovered under the North Sea. With the extraction of North Sea oil and gas that started in the 1970s, until the 2000s the UK was self sufficient in energy, and the UK was a net exporter of oil and gas in recent decades.Due to the decline in North Sea production, and the costs of mining and using coal cleanly, it is expected that the UK will become a major importer of oil and gas by 2015. To avoid this, drastic actions must be taken to reduce energy demand. After becoming a net exporter of gas in 1997, the UK became a net importer again in 2004. From the mid 1990s new renewable energy sources began to play an increasingly important role in the electricity generated. In 1997, there were 550 wind turbines and over 30 wind farms in the UK. The government has made a promise that 10%of the energy of the UK will come from renewable sources by 2010.In the secondary sector of the economy, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. British companies are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceuticals (the British company Glaxo-Wellcome is the biggest drug company in the world), chemicals (ICI is the second largest paint manufacturer in the world), aerospace (overall the UK industry is third in size in the world) and food and drink (Scotch whisky being a majorexport). Britain has a big electronics industry (the fourth largest in the world) but like the car industry (which includes Ford, GM, Peugeot, Nissan, Toyota) this is in many cases foreign-owned. Britain’s last major independent car company, Rover, was recently bought by the German company BMW. A high-technology engineering industry has developed around the motor-racing business, with many of the world’s racing cars, both for Formula One, and the American Indycar series, being designed and built in Britain. McClaren and Williams are two of the most successful of these companies. The recently privatized British Steel is the world’s sixth largest steel company.Although the UK is the world’s sixth largest manufacturer by output, some sectors within British manufacturing have, for some tine now, been characterized by declining employment and productivity. A major challenge comes from emerging economies which are able to produce goods more cheaply than the UK. The global economic slowdown and rising energy and materials costs have also affected manufacturers.However, it is believed that modern British manufacturing can thrive by playing to its strengths of design, technology, creativity, innovation and service. To do this successfully, British manufacturing needs a constant stream of well-qualified and multi-skilled graduates. Globalization also offers new opportunities with the discovery of new markets.Over the past decade, Britain manufacturing has become increasingly hi-tech, resulting in more standardized working hours and better conditions of service for employees.Like most developed economies Britain has seen a relative shrinking of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries, which now produce 65% of national wealth. A lot of this is domestic activity such as retailing, tourism and so on, but Britain is also a major international provider of services, accounting for about 10% of the wo rld’s exports of such services.70% of the UK’s workforce are employed in the service sector. The financial sector is an important part of this service industry, as London is one of the top three financial centres in the world. It has the greatest concentration of foreign banks in the world, accounts for 20% of all international bank-loans, and is the world’s largest foreign exchange market. As well as banking, dealing in commodities and insurance are important processed in “The City”— the name given to the historic area at the centre of London where all this business is concentrated, at the heart of which is the London Stock Exchange, one of the business share-dealing centres in the world. Advertising is another major business service in which UK companies are highly successful.The UK went into a recession in the second quarter of 2008. It is the first time that the UK GDP has contracted for six consecutive quarters. In December 2009, the Office of National Statistics revised figures for the third quarter of 2009 showed that the economy shrank by 0.2%, compared to a 0.6% fall the previous quarter.The current recession in the UK is the longest since modern records began in the 1950s. Germany, France, Japan have all come out of recession technically and the UKhasn’t. It has been suggested that the UK is lagging behind its European neighbors because the UK went into the 2008 recession later.Case Study: The Aerospace IndustryAfter those of the US, the UK’s aerospace industry is the next largest, capable of producing the full range of aerospace products from civil and military aircraft (including helicopters) to missiles, satellites, and jet engines. It produces 2% of UK national output, accounting for 8% of manufactured export goods.Aerospace is one of the UK’s highest value adding manufacturing sectors. The UK has Europe’s largest aerospace industry and the second largest after t he USA, in the word in terms of employment.The first powered flight in the world was made by the Wright Brothers in the US in 1903. It was 1908 when the first such flight was made in the UK. But only a few years later came the First World War which forced the rapid development of the aviation industry, and by 1918 the British industry was the biggest and most sophisticated in the word, producing 1250 aircraft each month.After the war the new aircraft types provided the base for the development of the civil aviation industry. A concerted First World War bomber crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1919, and a civil airline, Imperial Airways, was started in 1924. International air races provided an incentive for technological development, and a British plane, the Supermarine S6B, powered by a Rolls Royce engine, broke many speed records. Rolls Royce became the most successful aero-engine manufacturer at this time. The aircraft-building industry was reduced to a few major companies by a series of mergers.One of the most significant developments of the inter-war period was the development of radar by the UK’s Marconi company in 1922. And when English man Frank Whittle developed the word’s first practical jet engine in 1937, the foundations had been laid for the three major branches of the aviation industry: aircraft, engines and aviation electronics, with British companies prominent in each field.Sadly, in 1939 war came again to provide another spurt of technological change, with many successful British aircraft designs in action, such as the Spitfire fighter and Lancaster bomber, and culminating in the jet-powered Meteor. The Rolls Royce Merlin engine became the best-selling aero-engine of all time with 166 000 produced. The wartime government, seeing the importance that the aircraft industry had gained (it employed 1.8 million workers by the end of the war), planned a range of civil aviation types to take over from wartime production. These included the world’s first jet-powered civil airliner: The Comet.However, the years following the Second World War were problematic for the UK industry. It continued to produce the full-range of products, even selling some of its aircraft to the United States. But in most markets British companies were in head on competition with American companies such as Boeing and McDonnel-Douglas, which were larger, having the advantage of being preferential customers for the enormous US market, both civil and military. The British industry merged into two main aircraft groups: the British Aircraft Corporation, and Hawker-Siddeley Aviation, withRolls-Royce as the main engine builder, and Westland in helicopters,. Nevertheless British civil airliners of the 1960s such as the Trident and the VC10 sold much less well than their American equivalents. Nor did British military aircraft sell very well overseas, with the exception of the unique Vertical Take-off and Landing Harrier, bought by the US Marines amongst others.The answer to the problem lay in collaborative projects with other European aircraft manufacturers which faced the same problems. The first of these was between Britain and France to produce the world’s first supersonic civil airliner, Concorde. The aircraft was a technical success but a commercial failure, only 16 being built for British Airways and Air France. However the successful collaboration led to more such programmes between Britain and France, including the Jaguar combat aircraft, and three types of helicopter, including the Lynx, which holds the world speed record for helicopters.Many other collaborative programmes between Britain and other European countries developed, including the Tornado combat aircraft – a project between Britain, Germany, and Italy. The current European Fighter Aircraft is another such venture. Westland have developed their latest helicopter in association with an Italian company.But the most successful programme has been in civil airliners where the Airbus series of aircraft has effectively competed with American companies. This is an ongoing programme between France, Germany, Britain and Spain. British companies build the wings. British Aerospace build their own range of regional jets, including the successful 146 (popular with Chinese airlines) famous for being the quietest jet airliner. It is likely that these smaller aircraft will go into a European joint-venture too. The industry has been through some major changes of ownership in the last twenty-five years. Rolls-Royce, in attempting to build a revolutionary new engine for the American company, Lockheed, went bankrupt, and had to be rescued by the government in 1971. BAC and Hawker Siddeley were also nationalized – as one company, British Aerospace, in 1977 by the Labour government. But bothRolls-Royce and British Aerospace were privatized in the 1980s by the Conservatives and have since been very successful both in individual projects and in international joint-ventures. The third main arm of the current industry is GEC Avionics, producing a wide range of electronic systems including the technologically advanced cockpit of the latest Boeing 777 airliner. Smaller companies produce a wide range of equipment from ejection seats to landing gears.The Aerospace industry is profitable, with over 300 companies employing 170 000 people. Its overseas sales accounted for around 12% of total world aerospace exports. It has been through difficult times, particularly in the 1970s, moving in and out of public ownership. But it has found success in links with Europe – a pattern it shares with the rest of the UK economy.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Chapter: 59 FACTORIES AND INDUSTRIAL UNDERTAKINGSGazette Number Version DateORDINANCELong title 30/06/1997To amend the law, relating to factories and industrial undertakings and to the employment of women, youngpersons and children therein.[29 September 1955](Originally 34 of 1955)Section: 1 Short title 30/06/1997 This Ordinance may be cited as the Factories and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance.Section: 2 Interpretation 53 of 1999 23/07/1999Remarks:Adaptation amendments retroactively made - see 54 of 2000 s. 3(1) In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires-"approved code" (認可守則) means a code of practice issued under section 7A; (Added 81 of 1993 s. 2)"bodily injury" (身體傷害) includes injury to health;"child" (兒童) has the meaning assigned to it in the Employment Ordinance (Cap 57); (Replaced 55 of 1979 s. 2) "Commissioner" (處長) means the Commissioner for Labour holding office under the Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance (Cap 509), and-(a) includes any person who is acting in that office; and(b) in relation to the exercise or performance of a particular function conferred or imposed on theCommissioner by or under this Ordinance, also includes (subject to section 3) any person authorized toexercise or perform the function; (Replaced 39 of 1997 s. 48)"construction work" (建築工程) means-(a) the construction, erection, installation, reconstruction, repair, maintenance (including redecoration andexternal cleaning), renewal, removal, alteration, improvement, dismantling, or demolition of anystructure or works specified in the Third Schedule;(b) any work involved in preparing for any operation referred to in paragraph (a), including the laying offoundations and the excavation of earth and rock prior to the laying of foundations;(c) the use of machinery, plant, tools, gear, and materials in connexion with any operation referred to inparagraph (a) or (b); (Added 52 of 1973 s. 2)"container" (貨櫃) means an article of transport equipment-(a) of a permanent character and accordingly strong enough to be suitable for repeated use;(b) specially designed to facilitate the transport of goods, by one or more modes of transport, withoutintermediate reloading;(c) designed to be secured or readily handled or both and having corner fittings for these purposes; and(d) of a size such that the area enclosed by the 4 outer bottom corners is either-(i) at least 14 square metres; or(ii) at least 7 square metres if it is fitted with top corner fittings; (Added 32 of 1992 s. 2)"container handling" (貨櫃處理作業) means the loading, unloading, handling, stacking, unstacking, storing or maintaining (including repairing) of containers; (Added 53 of 1999 s. 2)"contractor" (承建商), in relation to construction work, means any person or firm engaged in carrying out construction work by way of trade or business, either on his own account or pursuant to a contract orarrangement entered into with another person, including the State or any public body; (Added 52 of 1973 s. 2.Amended 54 of 2000 s. 3)"corner fittings" (夾角接頭) means an arrangement of apertures and faces either at the top or at the bottom or both at the top and the bottom of a container for the purposes of handling, stacking and securing or any of these purposes; (Added 32 of 1992 s. 2)"court" (法庭) includes a magistrate; (Added 81 of 1993 s. 2)"dangerous trade" (危險行業) means any trade, process or occupation specified in the First Schedule; "factory" (工廠) means any premises or place, (other than a mine or quarry), in which articles are manufactured, altered, cleansed, repaired, ornamented, finished, adapted for sale, broken up or demolished or in which materials are transformed, and within the close or curtilage or precincts of which- (Amended 4 of 1969 s. 2)(a) any machinery other than machinery worked entirely by hand is used; or(b) 20 or more persons are employed in manual labour; (Replaced 37 of 1983 s. 2)"function" (職能) includes a power and a duty; (Added 39 of 1997 s. 48)"industrial undertaking" (工業經營) includes-(a) any factory;(b) any mine or quarry; (Amended 4 of 1969 s. 2)(c) any industry in which articles are manufactured, altered, cleansed, repaired, ornamented, finished,adapted for sale, broken up or demolished, or in which materials are transformed, includingshipbuilding;(d) the generation, transformation, and transmission of electricity or motive power of any kind;(e) any construction work; (Replaced 52 of 1973 s. 2)(f) the loading, unloading, or handling of goods or cargo at any dock, quay, wharf, warehouse or airport;(Replaced 52 of 1973 s. 2. Amended 73 of 1977 s. 2)(fa) container handling; (Replaced 53 of 1999 s. 2)(g) the carriage of coal, building materials, or debris; (Added 52 of 1973 s. 2)(h) the transport of passengers or goods by road, rail, cableway or aerial ropeway; (Replaced 19 of 1976 s.32. Amended 77 of 1990 s. 2)(ha) the preparation of food for consumption and sale on the premises where it is prepared; (Added 77 of 1990 s. 2)(i) any premises or site in or upon which, and the machinery, plant, tools, gear and materials with which,any of the foregoing industrial undertakings is carried on; (Added 37 of 1978 s. 2)"mine" (礦場) means any works or system of works for the extraction of minerals from the earth; (Replaced 4 of 1969 s. 2)"mineral" (礦物) includes-(a) metalliferous ores and other substances in their natural state which are obtainable only by mining or inthe course of prospecting operations;(b) metalliferous ores and other substances in their natural state mined or obtained in the course ofprospecting operations;(c) the valuable parts of such ores or other substances when unmanufactured;(d) the product of treating or dressing such ores or other substances for marketing or export; and(e) kaolin,but does not include-(i) any clay other than kaolin;(ii) granite, porphyry, limestone or sand;(iii) any common mineral substance which the Chief Executive by notice in the Gazette under the Mining Ordinance (Cap 285) has declared not to be a mineral for the purposes of the provisions of thatOrdinance other than section 3 thereof; or (Amended 54 of 2000 s. 3)(iv) any mineral oil; (Added 4 of 1969 s. 2)"notifiable workplace" (應呈報工場) means-(a) any factory, mine or quarry; and(b) any premises or place in which a dangerous trade or scheduled trade is carried on or is proposed to becarried on,but does not include a construction site within the meaning of the Construction Sites (Safety) Regulations (Cap59 sub. leg. I); (Added 50 of 1985 s. 2)"occupational safety officer" (職業安全主任) has the same meaning as in the Occupational Safety and HealthOrdinance (Cap 509); (Added 39 of 1997 s. 48)"prohibition notice" (禁止通知書) means a notice issued under section 9A(1); (Added 50 of 1985 s. 2)"proprietor" (東主) in relation to any industrial undertaking or notifiable workplace includes the person for the time being having the management or control of the business carried on in such industrial undertaking or notifiableworkplace and includes a body corporate and a firm and also the occupier of any industrial undertaking ornotifiable workplace and the agent of such occupier; (Amended 50 of 1985 s. 2; 71 of 1989 s. 2)"quarry" (石礦場) means any works or system of works the principal purpose of which is to extract from the earth for commercial purposes any granite, porphyry or limestone; (Added 4 of 1969 s. 2)"scheduled trade" (附表所列行業) means any trade, process or occupation specified in the Second Schedule;"young person" (青年) has the meaning assigned to it in the Employment Ordinance (Cap 57). (Replaced 55 of 1979 s. 2)(Amended 39 of 1997 s. 48)(2) A woman, young person or child who works in an industrial undertaking, whether for wages or not, eitherin a process or in cleaning any part of the industrial undertaking used for any process, or in cleaning or oiling any partof the machinery or plant, or in any other kind of work whatsoever incidental to or connected with the process, orconnected with the article made or otherwise the subject of the process therein, shall be deemed to be employedtherein for the purposes of this Ordinance or any proceedings thereunder. (Added 51 of 1961 s. 2)(3) None of the provisions of this Ordinance shall apply to- (Amended 73 of 1977 s. 2; 11 of 1980 s. 2)(a) any undertaking which is not carried on by way of trade or for purposes of gain; or(b) any agricultural operation. (Amended 77 of 1990 s. 2)(c) (Repealed 77 of 1990 s. 2)(Amended 50 of 1985 s. 2)30/06/1997 Section: 3 Certain functions to be exercised or performed byCommissioner personallyThe functions conferred or imposed on the Commissioner by sections 4(2) and (2A), 7(1) to (3), 7A and 8 maybe exercised or performed only by the Commissioner personally.(Replaced 39 of 1997 s. 48)Section: 4 Powers of officers 32 of 2000 09/06/2000(1) An occupational safety officer may exercise the following powers- (Replaced 10 of 1965 s. 4. Amended 73of 1977 s. 4; 71 of 1989 s. 4; 39 of 1997 s. 48)(a) to enter, inspect and examine at all reasonable times, by day and night, any premises or place in whichhe knows or has reasonable cause to believe that an industrial undertaking is being carried on;(b) (Repealed 73 of 1977 s. 4)(c) to require the production of any register or other document required to be kept under this Ordinanceand inspect, examine and copy the same;(d) to make such examination and inquiry as may be necessary to ascertain whether the requirements ofthis Ordinance are complied with, and seize anything which may appear to be evidence of an offenceagainst this Ordinance;(e) to examine, either alone or in the presence of any other person, as he thinks fit, respecting mattersunder this Ordinance, any person whom he finds in any industrial undertaking, or whom he hasreasonable cause to believe has been within the preceding 2 months employed in any industrialundertaking, or require any such person to be so examined and to sign a declaration of the truth of thematters respecting which he has been so examined; (Amended 4 of 1969 s. 4)(f) to require any person who employs or has employed any woman, young person or child in an industrialundertaking or any agent or servant of any such employer to give to him all information in thepossession of such person, agent or servant with reference to such woman, young person or child andto the labour conditions and treatment of every woman, young person and child employed by suchemployer;(g) to remove and detain for inquiries in a place of refuge appointed under any Ordinance for the timebeing in force relating to women, young persons or children any young person or child whom he findsin any place in or in respect of which he has reasonable cause to suspect that an offence against thisOrdinance has been committed;(h) to require the posting up, in such place and manner and for such period as he may direct, of any noticein connection with the provisions of this Ordinance or any matter related to the manufacture carriedout, or machinery, plant, process or persons employed in any industrial undertaking; and (Amended11 of 1980 s. 3)(i) any other powers which may be conferred by any regulation made under this Ordinance.(2) Any Health Officer, any officer of the Fire Services Department with the written authority of the Director ofFire Services and any officer specially authorized by the Commissioner may, subject to such directions as the Commissioner may impose, at any time enter and inspect any industrial undertaking for the purpose of ascertainingwhether the requirements of this Ordinance are complied with. (Amended 42 of 1961 s. 2; 4 of 1969 s. 4; 39 of 1997s. 48)(2A) An officer exercising any power conferred on him by subsection (1) may take with him any person, whethera public officer or not, whom he may reasonably need to assist him in carrying out his duties under this Ordinance andin particular may, for his assistance, take persons who have been engaged by the Commissioner, on account of theirspecial expertise, to advise the Commissioner on the safety and health of persons employed in industrial undertakings.(Added 73 of 1977 s. 4; 39 of 1997 s. 48)(2B) A person who accompanies an officer pursuant to subsection (2A)-(a) may give to the officer such assistance in the exercise of any power conferred on him by subsection (1)as the officer may reasonably require;(b) shall be deemed to be a public officer for the purposes of section 6. (Added 73 of 1977 s. 4. Amended32 of 2000 s. 48)(3) The powers conferred by this Ordinance on any officer shall be in addition to and not in substitution for anyother powers which such officer may possess.Section: 5 (Repealed 39 of 1997 s. 48) 30/06/1997 (Repealed 39 of 1997 s. 48)30/06/1997 Section: 6 Employment not to be terminated, etc. by reason of factthat employee has given evidence in proceedings underOrdinance, etc.No employer shall terminate, or threaten to terminate, the employment of, or in any way discriminate against,any of his employees by reason of the fact that the employee has-(a) given evidence, or agreed to give evidence, in any proceeding for the enforcement of any of theprovisions of this Ordinance; or(b) given information to a public officer in any inquiry made by such officer for the purposes of or inconnection with the enforcement of any of the provisions of this Ordinance.(Added 51 of 1961 s. 3. Amended 4 of 1969 s. 5)Section: 6A General duties of a proprietor 30/06/1997(1) It shall be the duty of every proprietor of an industrial undertaking to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health and safety at work of all persons employed by him at the industrial undertaking.(2) Without prejudice to the generality of a proprietor's duty under subsection (1), the matters to which thatduty extends include in particular-(a) the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are, so far as is reasonablypracticable, safe and without risks to health;(b) arrangements for ensuring, so far as is reasonably practicable, safety and absence of risks to health inconnection with the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances;(c) the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure, so faras is reasonably practicable, the health and safety at work of all persons employed by him at theindustrial undertaking;(d) so far as is reasonably practicable as regards any part of the industrial undertaking under theproprietor's control, the maintenance of it in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and theprovision and maintenance of means of access to and egress from it that are safe and without suchrisks; and(e) the provision and maintenance of a working environment for all persons employed by him at theindustrial undertaking that is, so far as is reasonably practicable, safe, and without risks to health.(3) Subject to subsection (4), a proprietor of an industrial undertaking who contravenes this section commits anoffence and is liable to a fine of $500000. (Amended 40 of 1997 s. 2)(4) A proprietor of an industrial undertaking who contravenes this section wilfully and without reasonableexcuse commits an offence and is liable to a fine of $500000 and to imprisonment for 6 months. (Amended 40 of 1997s. 2)(Added 71 of 1989 s. 5. Amended 81 of 1993 s. 3)Section: 6B General duties of persons employed 30/06/1997(1) It shall be the duty of every person employed at an industrial undertaking while at work-(a) to take reasonable care for the health and safety of himself and of other persons who may be affectedby his acts or omissions at work; and(b) as regards any duty or requirement imposed on a proprietor of the industrial undertaking or on anyother person by this Ordinance for securing the health and safety of persons employed at the industrialundertaking, to co-operate with him so far as is necessary to enable that duty or requirement to beperformed or complied with.(2) A person who contravenes subsection (1) commits an offence and is liable to a fine at level 4. (Amended40 of 1997 s. 3)(3) A person employed at an industrial undertaking who wilfully and without reasonable excuse does anythingwhile at work likely to endanger himself or other persons commits an offence and is liable to a fine of $50000 and to imprisonment for 6 months. (Amended 81 of 1993 s. 4)(Added 71 of 1989 s. 5)Section: 6BA Proprietor of relevant industrial undertaking not to53 of 1999 23/07/1999employ, etc. relevant person who does not have relevantcertificate(1) In this section-"appointed day" (指定日期) means the day appointed under subsection (17);"certificate" (證明書) means a certificate referred to in subsection (2);"relevant certificate" (有關證明書), in relation to a relevant person employed at a relevant industrial undertaking, means the certificate issued to the person in respect of his attendance at the relevant safety training course whichrelates to that undertaking;"relevant industrial undertaking" (有關工業經營) means an industrial undertaking the subject of a notice under subsection (2);"relevant person" (有關人士), in relation to a relevant industrial undertaking, means a person the subject of a notice under subsection (2) in the case of that undertaking;"relevant safety training course" (有關安全訓練課程), in relation to a relevant person, means the safety training course the subject of a notice under subsection (2) in the case of the class of persons to which that personbelongs.(2) The Commissioner may, by notice in the Gazette, or by notice in writing published in such other manner asthe Commissioner thinks fit, recognize a safety training course-(a) for a class of persons-(i) employed at an industrial undertaking specified in column 1 of the Fourth Schedule; and(ii) belonging to the persons specified opposite the undertaking in column 2 of that Schedule; and(b) in respect of which a certificate is issued to a person who attends the course.(3) A certificate issued to a person who attends a safety training course which is subsequently recognized undersubsection (2) shall, unless otherwise provided in the notice under that subsection recognizing the course, for the purposes of this Ordinance have the same effect as a certificate issued to a person who attends the course on or after the day on which the course is so recognized.(4) Where the Commissioner is satisfied that a relevant person has undergone training-(a) equivalent to the training provided by a relevant safety training course; and(b) of a standard not less than the standard of the training provided by that course,then-(i) the Commissioner may issue or cause to be issued to the person a certificate in the same terms as thecertificate that would have been issued to the person if he had attended that course; and (ii) the certificate so issued shall, for the purposes of this Ordinance, have the same effect as a certificate issued to a person who has attended that course.(5) On and after the appointed day, every proprietor of a relevant industrial undertaking-(a) shall not employ at the undertaking a relevant person who has not been issued a relevant certificate orwhose relevant certificate has expired;(b) in the case of a relevant person employed at the undertaking-(i) immediately before that day who has not been issued a relevant certificate or whose relevantcertificate has expired, shall cease to continue to employ the person at the undertaking on theexpiration of 1 month after that day unless, before that expiration, the person has been issued arelevant certificate;(ii) on or after that day whose relevant certificate expires during the course of his employment, shall cease to continue to employ the person at the undertaking on the expiration of 1 month after theexpiration of the certificate unless, before the expiration of that month, the person has beenissued a relevant certificate.(6) A certificate shall expire on-(a) the day specified in the certificate, being a day not less than 1 year, and not more than 3 years, after theday on which the certificate was issued;(b) if no such day is specified, on the expiration of 3 years after the day on which the certificate wasissued.(7) On and after the appointed day, it shall be the duty of every relevant person employed at a relevant industrial undertaking who has been issued a relevant certificate which has not expired to-(a) carry the certificate with him while at work at the undertaking;(b) produce the certificate upon demand by-(i) subject to paragraph (c), the proprietor of the undertaking or an agent of the proprietor authorizedby the proprietor for the purpose; or(ii) subject to paragraph (d), an occupational safety officer;(c) if unable to comply with a demand under paragraph (b)(i), make a statement-(i) subject to subparagraph (ii), in a register kept by the proprietor of the undertaking undersubsection (8), that he has been issued the certificate and the certificate has not expired andcontaining such other particulars as are required by the register; and(ii) if and only if he has not made a like statement in that register on the day immediately preceding the day on which that demand is made;(d) if unable to comply with a demand under paragraph (b)(ii), produce the certificate at a place and withina period-(i) specified by the occupational safety officer who made the demand; and(ii) which are reasonable in all the circumstances.(8) On and after the appointed day, every proprietor of a relevant industrial undertaking shall-(a) establish and maintain a register or registers for the purposes of subsection (7)(c) in such form as isspecified by the Commissioner;(b) not cause or permit any statement referred to in subsection (7)(c) made in any such register to beremoved therefrom at any time before the expiration of 18 months from the date on which thestatement was made in the register.(9) Where a relevant certificate which has not expired has been lost, defaced or destroyed, the relevant person to whom it was issued shall, unless he has ceased to be employed at a relevant industrial undertaking, as soon as is reasonably practicable make an application to the Commissioner to be issued a replacement relevant certificate in the same terms (and any such application may consist of, or require the accompaniment of, a statutory declaration madeby the person as to the loss, defacement or destruction of the certificate).(10) The Commissioner shall issue or cause to be issued a replacement relevant certificate pursuant to an application under subsection (9) upon being satisfied that the relevant certificate which it will replace has in fact been lost, defaced or destroyed.(11) A replacement relevant certificate issued pursuant to an application under subsection (9) shall, for the purposes of this Ordinance, have the same effect as the relevant certificate which it replaces.(12) Subject to subsection (13), a proprietor who contravenes subsection (5) commits an offence and is liable toa fine at level 5.(13) It shall be a defence to a prosecution for an offence under subsection (12) for the proprietor to show that he believed, and that it was reasonable for him to believe, that the relevant person to whom the offence relates had been issued with a relevant certificate and that the certificate had not expired.(14) A relevant person employed at a relevant industrial undertaking who-(a) makes a statement referred to in subsection (7)(c); and(b) is not a person who has been issued a relevant certificate which has not expired at the time of makingthat statement,commits an offence and is liable to a fine at level 3.(15) A relevant person who, without reasonable excuse, contravenes subsection (7)(d) commits an offence and is liable to a fine at level 3.(16) A proprietor who contravenes subsection (8) commits an offence and is liable to a fine at level 3.*(17) The Secretary for Education and Manpower may, by notice in the Gazette, appoint a day for the purposes of subsections (5), (7) and (8).(18) A notice under subsection (17) is subsidiary legislation.(19) For the avoidance of doubt, it is hereby declared that subsection (5)(b) shall not operate to entitle an employer to terminate the contract of employment of an employee otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of the Employment Ordinance (Cap 57) in the case of an employee within the meaning of section 2(1) of that Ordinance.(Added 53 of 1999 s. 3) _____________________________________________________________________________Note:* 1 May 2001 was the day appointed under this subsection - see Cap 59 sub. leg. AH.Section: 6C Meaning of "at work" (工作時) 53 of 1999 23/07/1999 For the purposes of sections 6A, 6B and 6BA, a person is at work throughout the time when he is in the course of employment, but not otherwise.(Added 71 of 1989 s. 5. Amended 53 of 1999 s. 4) Section: 7 Power of Commissioner to make regulations, etc. L.N. 130 of 200701/07/2007 Remarks:For the saving and transitional provisions relating to the amendments made by the Resolution of the Legislative Council (L.N. 130 of 2007), see paragraph (12) of that Resolution.(1) The Commissioner may in respect of industrial undertakings by regulation prescribe or provide for-(a) prohibiting or controlling the employment of all persons or any class of persons in dangerous trades orscheduled trades;(b) prohibiting or controlling the employment of women, young persons and children in industrialundertakings, and requiring registers to be kept of women, young persons and children employed inindustrial undertakings;(c) imposing obligations for securing compliance with the provisions of this Ordinance upon persons whoemploy women, young persons or children in industrial undertakings and upon the agents and servantsof such persons;(d) defining the duties and powers of all officers appointed under section 3; (Amended 10 of 1965 s. 5)(e) exempting any industrial undertaking from the operation of this Ordinance or any part thereof;(f) the forms to be used for the purposes of this Ordinance and the manner of publishing such forms;(Replaced 50 of 1985 s. 3)(g) means of securing hygienic conditions;(h) means of ensuring the safety of persons in industrial undertakings and of relieving persons sufferingfrom the effects of accidents in industrial undertakings; (Replaced 4 of 1969 s. 6)(i) means of securing the removal of any danger or defect;(j) requiring notifications to be made in relation to accidents and such dangerous occurrences as may be specified in the regulations;(k) precautions to be taken against fire and providing for means of escape from fire;(l) the taking for purposes of analysis of samples of materials or substances used or handled;(m) requiring notifications to be made in relation to the occurrence amongst person who have been or are employed in industrial undertakings of such diseases as may be specified in such regulations;(n) requiring the medical inspection by a Health Officer or by a medical practitioner employed by the proprietor of the industrial undertaking concerned of any person or of any class of person employed or intended to be employed in any industrial undertaking, and the keeping of records of any such inspections; (Amended 4 of 1969 s. 6)(o) imposing duties on proprietors, contractors and persons employed; (Amended 52 of 1973 s. 3)(oa) without prejudice to the generality of paragraph (o), requiring proprietors and contractors (including any class of proprietors and contractors)-(i) to develop, implement and maintain any management system that relate to the safety ofpersonnel in their industrial undertakings;(ii) to prepare and revise safety policy statements in relation to the general safety policy of their industrial undertakings and make such statements available to persons employed;(iii) to establish safety committees to identify, recommend and review measures to improve the safety and health of persons employed;(iv) to employ, or otherwise use the services of, persons specified in regulations made under this section to assess the effectiveness of any management system referred to in subparagraph (i) asimplemented; (Added 53 of 1999 s. 5)(ob) in relation to any registration of persons referred to in paragraph (oa)(iv) or who operate schemes to train those persons (including any class of those persons)-(i) the keeping of a register;(ii) the specification of conditions (including requirements) for registration;(iii) the recognition by the Commissioner of any scheme having regard to the scheme operator;(iv) the better and more effectual carrying out of the scheme of registration; (Added 53 of 1999 s. 5) (oc) means of assessing by the Commissioner the performance of persons referred to in paragraph (ob);(Added 53 of 1999 s. 5)(od) the appointment of a disciplinary board panel and a disciplinary board by the Secretary for Labour and Welfare with- (Amended L.N. 106 of 2002; L.N. 130 of 2007)(i) all such powers that are necessary for the purposes of conducting any hearing before the board;(ii) power to exonerate or discipline the person concerned (including the power of cancellation of registration, suspension of registration, the imposition of a fine not exceeding $10000 orreprimanding the person concerned);(iii) power to make any order with respect to costs; (Added 53 of 1999 s. 5)(oe) decisions in relation to which appeals may be made to the Administrative Appeals Board (including consequentially amending the Schedule to the Administrative Appeals Board Ordinance (Cap 442));(Added 53 of 1999 s. 5)(p) generally, carrying into effect the provisions of this Ordinance.(2) (a) Where the Commissioner is satisfied that any manufacture, machinery, plant, process or description ofmanual labour, used in industrial undertakings is of such a nature as to cause risk of bodily injury to persons employed in connection therewith, or any class of those persons, he may, without prejudice to the generality of the power to make regulations under subsection (1), make such special regulations as appear to him to be reasonably practicable and to meet the necessity of the case and is particular such special regulations may-(i) prohibit or control the employment of all persons or any class of persons in connection with anymanufacture, machinery, plant, process, or description of manual labour; or(ii) prohibit or control the use of any material or process;and may impose duties on proprietors, contractors, employed persons and other persons. (Amended 52。