语言学conversationalimplicature演示文稿
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8 Conversational Implicature
1.3 Context and meaning (deixis)
• Person deixis: identify participants in the discourse. I, you, he • Space deixis: indicate the spatial relation between the speaker and the referred object and place. Come/go, bring/take Is Johnny there? I want you to put it there. • Time deixis: indicate time relations. Now, them… Pull the trigger now. John lives in Chicago now.
Summary:
• Locution: the literary meaning. LA is what linguists have been studying all the time. • Illocution: the speaker’s communicative intention or the function it is intended to perform. IA is what speech act theory is most concerned with. • Perlocution:can be as the same as the illocution when it is recognized and satisfied, very different from it when it is not recognized or when it is ignored. It involves many psychological and social factors, of which we are still more or less in the dark.
语用学-5--Conversational-implicaturePPT课件
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1.2 Defining implicatures
What is intended by the speaker, or the intended
speaker meaning.
Invisible meaning or implicit meaning.
Additional conveyed meaning that is more than
importance of the conditions governing conversation Implicature
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What is said what is implied— Conventional implicature Non-conventional implicature General principle of discourse CP Rational cooperative Submaxims (Kant) Aesthtic, social, moral See talking as a special case of purposive
In what context does this dialogue occur?
Please explain the meaning that B intends to convey.
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How is it possible for the speaker and the hearer to understand each other?
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E.g. It is cold in here. Setting: in a classroom Speaker: teacher hearer: student Analysis: from Searle? Grice? The speaker X intends to make a request of the
语言学课件
A: 昨天上街买了些什么? B: 就买了些东西。 > I don’t want to tell you what I bought.
Dear Sir,
Mr. X’s command of English is excellent, and
his attendance at tutorials has been regular.
萍：爸爸，不过四凤同鲁贵在家里都很好,很 忠诚的。 朴：恩，我很累了。 我预备到书房歇一下。 你叫他们送一碗浓一点的普洱茶来。
> 我不这么认为，但是现在也不想再过多地讨
论这个问题。
Violation of the maxims (Manner)
1. Avoid obscurity of expression
Make your contribution such as required at the
stage at which it occurs by the accepted
purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
Yours > Mr. X is not suitable for the job.
--- Where does John live? --- Somewhere in the south of France. Or: In order to hold the Quality maxim, he has chosen to violate the first maxim of Quantity.
2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. Aunt: How did Jimmy do his history exam? him things that happened before the
Conversational Implicature 会话含义
Definition
• In 1967, American philosopher Grice put forward the Cooperative Principle: “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged” (Hu, 2001, p. 282-283). • And in order to further explain the Cooperative Principle, Grice divided it into four categories of maxims: the maximum of quantity, quality, manner and relation.
Levinson's three principles of CI
• Quantity Principle • Information Principle • Manner Principle RULE: Q>M>I
Conversational Implicature
The Cooperative Principle Neo-Gricean pragmatics
Mao Yan
The Cooperative Principle
In the process of understanding a conversation, it needs the interlocutors' common sense, shared knowledge, and inferential capability. Besides, cooperation is a key principle in communication.
Chapter 7Conversational Implicature
• 但在现实交际中,人们出 于种种原因,并不都严格 地遵守合作原则及其相 关准则.因而就产生了会 话含义。
Flouting the Maxim of quality(说自知是 虚假的话;说缺乏足够证据的话)
• Many figures of speech like irony, metaphor, hyperbole, rhetorical questions and etc.belong to this kind of flouting.eg: He is made of iron.(metaphor) Women are tigers. • The obvious false statement:no human beings are made of iron.No women are tigers. • Its implicature is he has characteristics like iron like hardness, non-flexibility, durability.
(Flouting the maxim of quality) Cal:I had hoped you would come to me last night Rose:I was tired~~~I'm your fiancee Cal:My fiancee! My wife in practice, if not yet by law. So you will honor me~~~
4.2 Cooperative Principle
• Grice introduces Cooperative Principle (CP) in his book Logic and Conversation 《逻辑与会话》in 1975 • 在格赖斯看来，要使交谈顺利进行，就要 求交谈参与者共同遵守一般原则，即在参 与交谈时，要使你说的话符合你所参与交 谈的公认目的和方向。
(完整版)语用学-5--Conversational-implicature
implicature吗？
1. What is an implicature? E.g. A: I have a fourteen year old son. B: Well, that's all right. A: I also have a dog. B: Oh, I'm sorry.
Conversational implicature
Divergence in meaning: Formal devices VS. natural L Formalist VS. informalist Construct an ideal L Inadequte attention to the nature and
E.g. The duck ran up to Mary (p) and licked her (qBut this is not always true in real life as in the above example. Whenever p & q is true, it logically follows that q & p is true:
The logical representation of conjunction: p & q
This logical expression stands for: if p is true and q is true, then p & q is true. If either p or q is not true (i.e. false), then the conjunction of p and q is necessarily false.
B means more than what he or she says, but A can understand it or interpret it well in the context. How does this happen? How does the hearer get from what is said to what is meant, from the level of expressed meaning to the level of implied meaning.
1. What is an implicature? E.g. A: I have a fourteen year old son. B: Well, that's all right. A: I also have a dog. B: Oh, I'm sorry.
Conversational implicature
Divergence in meaning: Formal devices VS. natural L Formalist VS. informalist Construct an ideal L Inadequte attention to the nature and
E.g. The duck ran up to Mary (p) and licked her (qBut this is not always true in real life as in the above example. Whenever p & q is true, it logically follows that q & p is true:
The logical representation of conjunction: p & q
This logical expression stands for: if p is true and q is true, then p & q is true. If either p or q is not true (i.e. false), then the conjunction of p and q is necessarily false.
B means more than what he or she says, but A can understand it or interpret it well in the context. How does this happen? How does the hearer get from what is said to what is meant, from the level of expressed meaning to the level of implied meaning.
语用学The Theory of Conversational Implicature
Conversational Implicatures
• A conversational implicature is an inference from the semantic content depending on context, speaker's intention, hearer's attitude and the mutual['mjuːtʃʊəl] assumption共同假设. • Grice's Theory of Conversational Implicature (1967) is "one of the single most important ideas in pragmatics" (Levinson, 1983)
Cancellability (可撤消性): If the linguistic or situational contexts changes, the implicature will also change. A: Do you want some coffee? B: Coffee would keep me awake. (I do not like coffee.) B: Coffee would keep me awake. I want to stay up.
• 2) The Cooperative Principle
• to explain the mechanisms(['mek(ə)nɪz(ə)m]机制,原理) by which people interpret conversational implicature or to explain why people often mean more than what they say, Grice (1975) proposed the Cooperative Principle and introduced four conversational maxims • The general principle • Both the speaker and the hearer try to be cooperative in the ongoing communicative exchange according to certain purposes. • a rational (合理的；理性的) speaker in normal cases will follow this general principle
语言学-5Con-Implicature-Ippt课件
——科技在进步，新的药物在研制，希望总是有的。
（quality） 13. —— Where is Mary?
—— She’s not well. (relation) 14. —— Is he brave?
—— He’s a lion. (manner)
.
特殊会话含意
人们应该遵守合作原则——他现在蔑视或违反合 作原则——他是在故意蔑视或违反合作原则—— 他其实是在另一个层次上参与合作——更高的合 作层次产生“含意”。
.
合作原则的准则/次则（内容）
合作原则
Co-operative Principle
量准则
质准则
关系准则
方式准则
The Maxim of Quantity The Maxim of Quality The Maxim of Relation The Maxim of Manner
.
量准则
Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange). 说话要足量。 Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. 但也别多说。
( hard-working, indifferent, precise about what he does etc.)
.
规约含意：语义层面的含意
个别词语和表达是否具有“含意”的属性？肯定的回答引 申出规约含意（conventional implicature）的概念。特点为： 不可消除 可分离（与词语有约定俗成的联系） 不可推导（不需合作原则的帮助进行推导） 22. She is poor but honest. （“对照”意不可消除）
（quality） 13. —— Where is Mary?
—— She’s not well. (relation) 14. —— Is he brave?
—— He’s a lion. (manner)
.
特殊会话含意
人们应该遵守合作原则——他现在蔑视或违反合 作原则——他是在故意蔑视或违反合作原则—— 他其实是在另一个层次上参与合作——更高的合 作层次产生“含意”。
.
合作原则的准则/次则（内容）
合作原则
Co-operative Principle
量准则
质准则
关系准则
方式准则
The Maxim of Quantity The Maxim of Quality The Maxim of Relation The Maxim of Manner
.
量准则
Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange). 说话要足量。 Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. 但也别多说。
( hard-working, indifferent, precise about what he does etc.)
.
规约含意：语义层面的含意
个别词语和表达是否具有“含意”的属性？肯定的回答引 申出规约含意（conventional implicature）的概念。特点为： 不可消除 可分离（与词语有约定俗成的联系） 不可推导（不需合作原则的帮助进行推导） 22. She is poor but honest. （“对照”意不可消除）
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▪ A:How are you? ▪ B:I'm dead. ▪ (possible speaker meaning:I'm very tired.)
语言学
conversationalimplicature 演示文稿
Outline
▪ Grice ▪ Cooperative Principle ▪ Conversational Implicature
▪ Grice(1913—1988)
▪ a British-educated philosopher of language
▪ Husband: What should we buy for the kids? Wife: Let's veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.
Conversational Implicatures
▪ A conversational implicature is an inference from the semantic content depending on context, speaker's intention, hearer's attitude and the mutual assumption.
Manner Maxim
▪ Be perspicuous: 1) Avoid obscurity of expression. 2) Avoid ambiguity. 3) Be brief (Avoid unnecessary prolixity) 4) Be orderly.
▪ Open the door. Go to the door, put the key into the lock, turn the key clockwise two times and push.
▪ Honesty is the first policy.
Relation Maxim
▪ Be relevant（关联的）.
▪ 1) A: Mrs. Smith is so disgusting at the party. B: The curtain is very beautiful.
▪ 2) A: I am out of petrol. B: There is a garage at the corner.
▪ Significance: ▪ one of the foundations of the
modern study of pragmatics.
Categories of Implicature
Cooperative rinciple
▪ Cooperative principle is a very important factor in the process of generating implicature.
▪ Grice's work: ▪ he proposed different kinds of
implicatures and used that term as he claimed that 'implication' was not the right word. ▪ He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words.
Quality Maxim
▪ Try to make your contribution true: ▪ 1) Do not say what you believe to be false. ▪ 2) Do not say that for which you lack
adequate evidence.
▪ Grice:"Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted perpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Cole&Morgan, 1975:45)
▪ Grice's Theory of Conversational Implicature (1967) is "one of the single most important ideas in pragmatics" (Levinson, 1983)
examples for implicature
▪ Study:
▪ The differences and relationships between speaker meaning and linguistic meaning.
▪ nonliteral speech as the outcome of a cooperative principle, and some derived maxims of discourse,speaker meaning
Four Maxims of Cooperative Principle
▪ Quantity Maxim(数量准则) ▪ Quality Maxim(质量准则) ▪ Relation Maxim（关系准则） ▪ Manner Maxim（方式准则）
Quantity Maxim
▪ 1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current perpose of the exchange).
▪ 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
▪ Michael has four dictionaries. ▪ Michael has five, six or even more
dictionaries.
语言学
conversationalimplicature 演示文稿
Outline
▪ Grice ▪ Cooperative Principle ▪ Conversational Implicature
▪ Grice(1913—1988)
▪ a British-educated philosopher of language
▪ Husband: What should we buy for the kids? Wife: Let's veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.
Conversational Implicatures
▪ A conversational implicature is an inference from the semantic content depending on context, speaker's intention, hearer's attitude and the mutual assumption.
Manner Maxim
▪ Be perspicuous: 1) Avoid obscurity of expression. 2) Avoid ambiguity. 3) Be brief (Avoid unnecessary prolixity) 4) Be orderly.
▪ Open the door. Go to the door, put the key into the lock, turn the key clockwise two times and push.
▪ Honesty is the first policy.
Relation Maxim
▪ Be relevant（关联的）.
▪ 1) A: Mrs. Smith is so disgusting at the party. B: The curtain is very beautiful.
▪ 2) A: I am out of petrol. B: There is a garage at the corner.
▪ Significance: ▪ one of the foundations of the
modern study of pragmatics.
Categories of Implicature
Cooperative rinciple
▪ Cooperative principle is a very important factor in the process of generating implicature.
▪ Grice's work: ▪ he proposed different kinds of
implicatures and used that term as he claimed that 'implication' was not the right word. ▪ He reprinted many of his essays and papers in his valedictory book, Studies in the Way of Words.
Quality Maxim
▪ Try to make your contribution true: ▪ 1) Do not say what you believe to be false. ▪ 2) Do not say that for which you lack
adequate evidence.
▪ Grice:"Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted perpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged." (Cole&Morgan, 1975:45)
▪ Grice's Theory of Conversational Implicature (1967) is "one of the single most important ideas in pragmatics" (Levinson, 1983)
examples for implicature
▪ Study:
▪ The differences and relationships between speaker meaning and linguistic meaning.
▪ nonliteral speech as the outcome of a cooperative principle, and some derived maxims of discourse,speaker meaning
Four Maxims of Cooperative Principle
▪ Quantity Maxim(数量准则) ▪ Quality Maxim(质量准则) ▪ Relation Maxim（关系准则） ▪ Manner Maxim（方式准则）
Quantity Maxim
▪ 1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current perpose of the exchange).
▪ 2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
▪ Michael has four dictionaries. ▪ Michael has five, six or even more
dictionaries.