美国消费品安全改进法案儿童产品安全CPSIA
美国消费品安全改进法案
美国消费品安全改进法案美国消费品安全改进法案是一项旨在保护消费者免受不安全产品伤害的重要立法措施。
该法案的主要目标是确保消费者在使用各类消费品时的安全性，并提供有效的监管机制来管理和处置不合格产品。
该法案包括以下几个关键内容：1. 产品标准要求：根据不同类别的消费品，制定相应的产品标准。
这些标准涵盖了从电器、儿童玩具到食品和药品等各个领域。
标准除了包括产品的基本功能和质量要求外，还强调了安全性的重要性。
同时，对于容易造成危险的产品，还会特别制定更为严格的标准。
2. 检测和评估机制：为确保产品符合相关标准，消费品安全改进法案建立了一个健全的检测和评估机制。
这包括建立实验室用于测试产品的性能和安全性，并定期进行检查和评估。
对于未通过检测的产品，相关企业将被要求进行改进或下架，以避免给消费者造成损害。
3. 举报和追责制度：该法案还设立了消费者举报和追责制度。
消费者可以通过举报系统向相关机构举报不合格产品或商家的不良行为。
同时，对于存在违规行为的企业，相关机构将采取制裁措施，包括罚款、产品召回以及企业信用的限制等。
这将有效地保护消费者的权益，促进市场的公平竞争。
4. 教育和宣传活动：为提升公众对于消费品安全的认知，该法案还鼓励进行相关的教育和宣传活动。
这包括在学校、社区和媒体等渠道传播安全使用消费品的知识和技巧，以提高消费者自我保护能力。
消费品安全改进法案的实施对于美国的消费者来说具有重要意义。
它能够确保市场上的消费品质量和安全，防止不符合标准的产品流入市场。
通过加强监管和追责，该法案有助于减少消费者因使用不安全产品而遭受的伤害，并维护了公众的利益和信心。
同时，该法案也促进了企业之间的竞争，推动了整个市场的健康发展。
总的来说，消费品安全改进法案在提升消费者福祉和保护他们的权益方面起到了非常重要的作用。
消费品安全改进法案（Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act，CPSIA）是美国国会于2008年通过并于同年12月法案的一项综合性消费品安全立法。
CPSIA美国消费品安全改进法案
PUBLIC LAW 110–314—AUG. 14, 2008 CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 2008122 STAT. 3016 PUBLIC LAW 110–314—AUG. 14, 2008Public Law 110–314110th CongressAn ActTo establish consumer product safety standards and other safety requirements for children’s products and to reauthorize and modernize the Consumer ProductSafety Commission.Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. (a) S HORT T ITLE .—This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008’’. (b) T ABLE OF C ONTENTS .—The table of contents for this Act is as follows:Sec. 1.Short title; table of contents. Sec. 2.References. Sec. 3.Authority to issue implementing regulations.TITLE I—CHILDREN’S PRODUCT SAFETY Sec.101.Children’s products containing lead; lead paint rule. Sec.102.Mandatory third party testing for certain children’s products. Sec.103.Tracking labels for children’s products. Sec.104.Standards and consumer registration of durable nursery products. beling requirement for advertising toys and games. Sec.106.Mandatory toy safety standards. Sec.107.Study of preventable injuries and deaths in minority children related to consumer products. Sec.108.Prohibition on sale of certain products containing specified phthalates.TITLE II—CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION REFORM Subtitle A—Administrative ImprovementsSec.201.Reauthorization of the Commission. Sec.202.Full Commission requirement; interim quorum; personnel. Sec.203.Submission of copy of certain documents to Congress. Sec.204.Expedited rulemaking. Sec.205.Inspector general audits and reports. Sec.206.Industry-sponsored travel ban. Sec.207.Sharing of information with Federal, State, local, and foreign government agencies. Sec.208.Employee training exchanges. Sec.209.Annual reporting requirement.Subtitle B—Enhanced Enforcement AuthoritySec.211.Public disclosure of information. Sec.212.Establishment of a public consumer product safety database. Sec.213.Prohibition on stockpiling under other Commission-enforced statutes. Sec.214.Enhanced recall authority and corrective action plans. Sec.215.Inspection of firewalled conformity assessment bodies; identification of supply chain. Sec.216.Prohibited acts. Sec.217.Penalties. Sec.218.Enforcement by State attorneys general. Sec.219.Whistleblower protections. Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008. Commerce and trade. 15 USC 2051 note. Aug. 14, 2008[H.R. 4040]122 STAT. 3017 PUBLIC LAW 110–314—AUG. 14, 2008Subtitle C—Specific Import-Export ProvisionsSec.221.Export of recalled and non-conforming products.Sec.222.Import safety management and interagency cooperation.Sec.223.Substantial product hazard list and destruction of noncompliant importedproducts.Sec.224.Financial responsibility.Sec.225.Study and report on effectiveness of authorities relating to safety of im-ported consumer products.Subtitle D—Miscellaneous Provisions and Conforming AmendmentsSec.231.Preemption.Sec.232.All-terrain vehicle standard.Sec.233.Cost-benefit analysis under the Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970.Sec.234.Study on use of formaldehyde in manufacturing of textile and apparel ar-ticles.Sec.235.Technical and conforming changes.Sec.236.Expedited judicial review.Sec.237.Repeal.Sec.238.Pool and Spa Safety Act technical amendments.Sec.239.Effective dates and Severability.SEC. 2. REFERENCES.(a) D EFINED T ERMS.—As used in this Act—(1) the term ‘‘appropriate Congressional committees’’ meansthe Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Rep-resentatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, andTransportation of the Senate; and(2) the term ‘‘Commission’’ means the Consumer ProductSafety Commission.(b) C ONSUMER P RODUCT S AFETY A CT.—Except as otherwiseexpressly provided, whenever in this Act an amendment isexpressed as an amendment to a section or other provision, thereference shall be considered to be made to a section or otherprovision of the Consumer Product Safety Act (15 U.S.C. 2051et seq.).SEC. 3. AUTHORITY TO ISSUE IMPLEMENTING REGULATIONS.The Commission may issue regulations, as necessary, to imple-ment this Act and the amendments made by this Act.TITLE I—CHILDREN’S PRODUCT SAFETYSEC. 101. CHILDREN’S P RODUCTS CONTAINING LEAD; LEAD P AINTRULE.(a) G ENERAL L EAD B AN.—(1) T REATMENT AS A BANNED HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE.—Except as expressly provided in subsection (b) beginning onthe dates provided in paragraph (2), any children’s product(as defined in section 3(a)(16) of the Consumer Product SafetyAct (15 U.S.C. 2052(a)(16))) that contains more lead than thelimit established by paragraph (2) shall be treated as a bannedhazardous substance under the Federal Hazardous SubstancesAct (15 U.S.C. 1261 et seq.).(2) L EAD LIMIT.—(A) 600 PARTS PER MILLION.—Except as provided in subparagraphs (B), (C), (D), and (E), beginning 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the lead limit referred to in paragraph (1) is 600 parts per million total lead content by weight for any part of the product.(B) 300 PARTS PER MILLION.—Except as provided by subparagraphs (C), (D), and (E), beginning on the date Effective dates.15 USC 1278a.15 USC 2051 note.15 USC 2051 note.122 STAT. 3018 PUBLIC LAW 110–314—AUG. 14, 2008that is 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act,the lead limit referred to in paragraph (1) is 300 partsper million total lead content by weight for any part ofthe product.(C) 100 PARTS PER MILLION.—Except as provided in Applicability.subparagraphs (D) and (E), beginning on the date thatis 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act, subpara-graph (B) shall be applied by substituting ‘‘100 parts permillion’’ for ‘‘300 parts per million’’ unless the Commissiondetermines that a limit of 100 parts per million is nottechnologically feasible for a product or product category.The Commission may make such a determination onlyafter notice and a hearing and after analyzing the publichealth protections associated with substantially reducinglead in children’s products.(D) A LTERNATE REDUCTION OF LIMIT.—If the Commis-sion determines under subparagraph (C) that the 100 partsper million limit is not technologically feasible for a productor product category, the Commission shall, by regulation,establish an amount that is the lowest amount of lead,lower than 300 parts per million, the Commission deter-mines to be technologically feasible to achieve for thatproduct or product category. The amount of lead establishedby the Commission under the preceding sentence shallbe substituted for the 300 parts per million limit undersubparagraph (B) beginning on the date that is 3 yearsafter the date of enactment of this Act.(E) P ERIODIC REVIEW AND FURTHER REDUCTIONS.—TheCommission shall, based on the best available scientificand technical information, periodically review and revisedownward the limit set forth in this subsection, no lessfrequently than every 5 years after promulgation of thelimit under subparagraph (C) or (D) to require the lowestamount of lead that the Commission determines is techno-logically feasible to achieve. The amount of lead establishedby the Commission under the preceding sentence shallbe substituted for the lead limit in effect immediately beforesuch revision.(b) E XCLUSION OF C ERTAIN M ATERIALS OR P RODUCTS ANDI NACCESSIBLE C OMPONENT P ARTS.—(1) C ERTAIN PRODUCTS OR MATERIALS.—The Commissionmay, by regulation, exclude a specific product or material fromthe prohibition in subsection (a) if the Commission, after noticeand a hearing, determines on the basis of the best-available,objective, peer-reviewed, scientific evidence that lead in suchproduct or material will neither—(A) result in the absorption of any lead into the humanbody, taking into account normal and reasonably foresee-able use and abuse of such product by a child, includingswallowing, mouthing, breaking, or other children’s activi-ties, and the aging of the product; nor(B) have any other adverse impact on public healthor safety.(2) E XCEPTION FOR INACCESSIBLE COMPONENT PARTS.—(A) I N GENERAL.—The limits established under sub-section (a) shall not apply to any component part of achildren’s product that is not accessible to a child through122 STAT. 3019 PUBLIC LAW 110–314—AUG. 14, 2008normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of suchproduct, as determined by the Commission. A componentpart is not accessible under this subparagraph if suchcomponent part is not physically exposed by reason ofa sealed covering or casing and does not become physicallyexposed through reasonably foreseeable use and abuse ofthe product. Reasonably foreseeable use and abuse shallinclude to, swallowing, mouthing, breaking, or other chil-dren’s activities, and the aging of the product.(B) I NACCESSIBILITY PROCEEDING.—Within 1 year afterthe date of enactment of this Act, the Commission shallpromulgate a rule providing guidance with respect to whatproduct components, or classes of components, will beconsidered to be inaccessible for purposes of subparagraph(A).(C) A PPLICATION PENDING CPSC GUIDANCE.—Until theCommission promulgates a rule pursuant to subparagraph(B), the determination of whether a product componentis inaccessible to a child shall be made in accordance withthe requirements laid out in subparagraph (A) for consid-ering a component to be inaccessible to a child.(3) C ERTAIN BARRIERS DISQUALIFIED.—For purposes of thissubsection, paint, coatings, or electroplating may not be consid-ered to be a barrier that would render lead in the substrateinaccessible to a child, or to prevent absorption of any leadinto the human body, through normal and reasonably foresee-able use and abuse of the product.(4) C ERTAIN ELECTRONIC DEVICES.—If the Commissiondetermines that it is not technologically feasible for certainelectronic devices, including devices containing batteries, tocomply with subsection (a), the Commission, by regulation,shall—(A) issue requirements to eliminate or minimize thepotential for exposure to and accessibility of lead in suchelectronic devices, which may include requirements thatsuch electronic devices be equipped with a child-resistantcover or casing that prevents exposure to and accessibilityof the parts of the product containing lead; and(B) establish a schedule by which such electronicdevices shall be in full compliance with the limits in sub-section (a), unless the Commission determines that fullcompliance will not be technologically feasible for suchdevices within a schedule set by the Commission.(5) P ERIODIC REVIEW.—The Commission shall, based onthe best available scientific and technical information, periodi-cally review and revise the regulations promulgated pursuant to this subsection no less frequently than every 5 years after the first promulgation of a regulation under this subsection to make them more stringent and to require the lowest amount of lead the Commission determines is technologically feasible to achieve.(c) A PPLICATION W ITH ASTM F963.—To the extent that any regulation promulgated by the Commission under this section (or any section of the Consumer Product Safety Act or any other Act enforced by the Commission, as such Acts are affected by this section) is inconsistent with the ASTM F963 standard, such Deadline. Requirements. Deadline.122 STAT. 3020 PUBLIC LAW 110–314—AUG. 14, 2008 promulgated regulation shall supersede the ASTM F963 standard to the extent of the inconsistency. (d) T ECHNOLOGICAL F EASIBILITY D EFINED .—For purposes of this section, a limit shall be deemed technologically feasible with regard to a product or product category if— (1) a product that complies with the limit is commercially available in the product category; (2) technology to comply with the limit is commercially available to manufacturers or is otherwise available within the common meaning of the term; (3) industrial strategies or devices have been developed that are capable or will be capable of achieving such a limit by the effective date of the limit and that companies, acting in good faith, are generally capable of adopting; or (4) alternative practices, best practices, or other operational changes would allow the manufacturer to comply with the limit. (e) P ENDING R ULEMAKING P ROCEEDINGS T O H AVE N O E FFECT .— The pendency of a rulemaking proceeding to consider— (1) a delay in the effective date of a limit or an alternate limit under this section related to technological feasibility, (2) an exception for certain products or materials or inacces-sibility guidance under subsection (b) of this section, or (3) any other request for modification of or exemption from any regulation, rule, standard, or ban under this Act or any other Act enforced by the Commission, shall not delay the effect of any provision or limit under this section nor shall it stay general enforcement of the requirements of this section. (f) M ORE S TRINGENT L EAD P AINT B AN .— (1) I N GENERAL .—Effective on the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Commission shall modify section 1303.1 of its regulations (16 C.F.R. 1301.1) by sub-stituting ‘‘0.009 percent’’ for ‘‘0.06 percent’’ in subsection (a) of that section. (2) P ERIODIC REVIEW AND REDUCTION .—The Commissionshall, no less frequently than every 5 years after the date on which the Commission modifies the regulations pursuant to paragraph (1), review the limit for lead in paint set forth in section 1303.1 of title 16, Code of Federal Regulations (as revised by paragraph (1)), and shall by regulation revise down-ward the limit to require the lowest amount of lead that the Commission determines is technologically feasible to achieve. (3) M ETHODS FOR SCREENING LEAD IN SMALL PAINTED AREAS .—In order to provide for effective and efficient enforce-ment of the limit set forth in section 1303.1 of title 16, Code of Federal Regulations, the Commission may rely on x-ray fluorescence technology or other alternative methods for meas-uring lead in paint or other surface coatings on products subject to such section where the total weight of such paint or surface coating is no greater than 10 milligrams or where such paint or surface coating covers no more than 1 square centimeter of the surface area of such products. Such alternative methods for measurement shall not permit more than 2 micrograms of lead in a total weight of 10 milligrams or less of paint or other surface coating or in a surface area of 1 square centi-meter or less.Deadline. Effective date.122 STAT. 3021 PUBLIC LAW 110–314—AUG. 14, 2008(4) A LTERNATIVE METHODS OF MEASURING LEAD IN PAINT GENERALLY.—(A) S TUDY.—Not later than 1 year after the date ofenactment of this Act, the Commission shall complete astudy to evaluate the effectiveness, precision, and reliabilityof x-ray fluorescence technology and other alternativemethods for measuring lead in paint or other surfacecoatings when used on a children’s product or furniturearticle in order to determine compliance with part 1303of title 16, Code of Federal Regulations, as modified pursu-ant to this subsection.(B) R ULEMAKING.—If the Commission determines,based on the study in subparagraph (A), that x-ray fluores-cence technology or other alternative methods for meas-uring lead in paint are as effective, precise, and reliableas the methodology used by the Commission for compliancedeterminations prior to the date of enactment of this Act,the Commission may promulgate regulations governing theuse of such methods in determining the compliance ofproducts with part 1303 of title 16, Code of Federal Regula-tions, as modified pursuant to this subsection. Any regula-tions promulgated by the Commission shall ensure thatsuch alternative methods are no less effective, precise, andreliable than the methodology used by the Commissionprior to the date of enactment of this Act.(5) P ERIODIC REVIEW.—The Commission shall, no less fre-quently than every 5 years after the Commission completes the study required by paragraph (4)(A), review and revise any methods for measurement utilized by the Commission pursuant to paragraph (3) or pursuant to any regulations promulgated under paragraph (4) to ensure that such methods are the most effective methods available to protect children’s health. The Commission shall conduct an ongoing effort to study and encourage the further development of alternative methods for measuring lead in paint and other surface coating that can effectively, precisely, and reliably detect lead levels at or below the level set forth in part 1303 of title 16, Code of Federal Regulations, or any lower level established by regulation.(6) N O EFFECT ON LEGAL LIMIT.—Nothing in paragraph(3), nor reliance by the Commission on any alternative methodof measurement pursuant to such paragraph, nor any rule prescribed pursuant to paragraph (4), nor any method estab-lished pursuant to paragraph (5) shall be construed to alter the limit set forth in section 1303 of title 16, Code of Federal Regulations, as modified pursuant to this subsection, or provide any exemption from such limit.(7) C ONSTRUCTION.—Nothing in this subsection shall beconstrued to affect the authority of the Commission or any other person to use alternative methods for detecting lead asa screening method to determine whether further testing oraction is needed.(g) T REATMENT AS A R EGULATION U NDER THE FHSA.—Any ban imposed by subsection (a) or rule promulgated under subsection (a) or (b) of this section, and section 1303.1 of title 16, Code of Federal Regulations (as modified pursuant to subsection (f)(1) or (2)), or any successor regulation, shall be considered a regulation of the Commission promulgated under or for the enforcement of Deadline. Deadline.122 STAT. 3022 PUBLIC LAW 110–314—AUG. 14, 2008 section 2(q) of the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (15 U.S.C. 1261(q)). SEC. 102. MANDATORY THIRD P ARTY TESTING FOR CERTAIN CHIL-DREN’S PRODUCTS. (a) M ANDATORY AND T HIRD P ARTY T ESTING .— (1) G ENERAL CONFORMITY CERTIFICATION .— (A) A MENDMENT .—Paragraph (1) of section 14(a) (15 U.S.C. 2063(a)) is amended to read as follows: ‘‘(1) G ENERAL CONFORMITY CERTIFICATION .—Except as pro-vided in paragraphs (2) and (3), every manufacturer of a product which is subject to a consumer product safety rule under this Act or similar rule, ban, standard, or regulation under any other Act enforced by the Commission and which is imported for consumption or warehousing or distributed in commerce (and the private labeler of such product if such product bears a private label) shall issue a certificate which— ‘‘(A) shall certify, based on a test of each product or upon a reasonable testing program, that such product com-plies with all rules, bans, standards, or regulations applicable to the product under this Act or any other Act enforced by the Commission; and ‘‘(B) shall specify each such rule, ban, standard, or regulation applicable to the product.’’. (B) E FFECTIVE DATE .—The amendment made by subparagraph (A) shall take effect 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act. (2) T HIRD PARTY TESTING REQUIREMENT .—Section 14(2) (15 U.S.C. 2063(2)) is further amended by redesignating paragraph (2) as paragraph (4) and inserting after paragraph (1) the following: ‘‘(2) T HIRD PARTY TESTING REQUIREMENT .—Effective on the dates provided in paragraph (3), before importing for consump-tion or warehousing or distributing in commerce any children’s product that is subject to a children’s product safety rule, every manufacturer of such children’s product (and the private labeler of such children’s product if such children’s product bears a private label) shall— ‘‘(A) submit sufficient samples of the children’s product, or samples that are identical in all material respects to the product, to a third party conformity assessment body accredited under paragraph (3) to be tested for compliance with such children’s product safety rule; and ‘‘(B) based on such testing, issue a certificate that certifies that such children’s product complies with the children’s product safety rule based on the assessment of a third party conformity assessment body accredited to conduct such tests. A manufacturer or private labeler shall issue either a separate certificate for each children’s product safety rule applicable to a product or a combined certificate that certifies compliance with all applicable children’s product safety rules, in which case each such rule shall be specified. ‘‘(3) S CHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THIRD PARTY TESTING .— ‘‘(A) G ENERAL APPLICATION .—Except as provided under subparagraph (F), the requirements of paragraph (2) shallNotice. Certification.15 USC 2063 note.122 STAT. 3023 PUBLIC LAW 110–314—AUG. 14, 2008apply to any children’s product manufactured more than90 days after the Commission has established and pub-lished notice of the requirements for accreditation of thirdparty conformity assessment bodies to assess conformitywith a children’s product safety rule to which such chil-dren’s product is subject.‘‘(B) T IME LINE FOR ACCREDITATION.—‘‘(i) L EAD PAINT.—Not later than 30 days after the date of enactment of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, the Commission shall pub-lish notice of the requirements for accreditation of third party conformity assessment bodies to assess con-formity with part 1303 of title 16, Code of Federal Regulations.‘‘(ii) F ULL-SIZE CRIBS; NON FULL-SIZE CRIBS; PAC-IFIERS.—Not later than 60 days after the date of enact-ment of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, the Commission shall publish notice of the requirements for accreditation of third party con-formity assessment bodies to assess conformity with parts 1508, 1509, and 1511 of such title.‘‘(iii) S MALL PARTS.—Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, the Commission shall pub-lish notice of the requirements for accreditation of third party conformity assessment bodies to assess con-formity with part 1501 of such title.‘‘(iv) C HILDREN’S METAL JEWELRY.—Not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, the Commis-sion shall publish notice of the requirements for accreditation of third party conformity assessment bodies to assess conformity with the requirements of section 101(a)(2) of such Act with respect to children’s metal jewelry.‘‘(v) B ABY BOUNCERS, WALKERS, AND JUMPERS.— Not later than 210 days after the date of enactment of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, the Commission shall publish notice of the requirements for accreditation of third party con-formity assessment bodies to assess conformity with parts 1500.18(a)(6) and 1500.86(a) of such title.‘‘(vi) A LL OTHER CHILDREN’S PRODUCT SAFETY RULES.—The Commission shall publish notice of the requirements for accreditation of third party con-formity assessment bodies to assess conformity with other children’s product safety rules at the earliest practicable date, but in no case later than 10 months after the date of enactment of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, or, in the case of children’s product safety rules established or revised1 year or more after such date of enactment, not laterthan 90 days before such rules or revisions take effect.‘‘(C) A CCREDITATION.—Accreditation of third party con-formity assessment bodies pursuant to the requirements established under subparagraph (B) may be conducted Deadlines. Notices.122 STAT. 3024 PUBLIC LAW 110–314—AUG. 14, 2008 either by the Commission or by an independent accredita-tion organization designated by the Commission. ‘‘(D) P ERIODIC REVIEW .—The Commission shall periodi-cally review and revise the accreditation requirements established under subparagraph (B) to ensure that the requirements assure the highest conformity assessment body quality that is feasible. ‘‘(E) P UBLICATION OF ACCREDITED ENTITIES .—The Commission shall maintain on its Internet website an up- to-date list of entities that have been accredited to assess conformity with children’s product safety rules in accord-ance with the requirements published by the Commission under this paragraph. ‘‘(F) E XTENSION .—If the Commission determines that an insufficient number of third party conformity assess-ment bodies have been accredited to permit certification for a children’s product safety rule under the accelerated schedule required by this paragraph, the Commission may extend the deadline for certification to such rule by not more than 60 days. ‘‘(G) R ULEMAKING .—Until the date that is 3 years after the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, Commission proceedings under this paragraph shall be exempt from the requirements of sections 553 and 601 through 612 of title 5, United States Code.’’. (3) C ONFORMING AMENDMENTS .—Section 14(a)(4) (15 U.S.C. 2063(a)(4)), as redesignated by paragraph (2) of this subsection, is amended— (A) by striking ‘‘required by paragraph (1) of this sub-section’’ and inserting ‘‘required under paragraph (1), (2), or (3)’’; and (B) by striking ‘‘requirement under paragraph (1)’’ and inserting ‘‘requirement under paragraph (1), (2), or (3)’’. (b) A DDITIONAL R EQUIREMENTS ; D EFINITIONS .—Section 14 (15 U.S.C. 2063) is further amended by adding at the end the following: ‘‘(d) A DDITIONAL R EGULATIONS FOR T HIRD P ARTY T ESTING .— ‘‘(1) A UDIT .—Not later than 10 months after the date of enactment of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, the Commission shall by regulation establish require-ments for the periodic audit of third party conformity assess-ment bodies as a condition for the continuing accreditation of such conformity assessment bodies under subsection (a)(3)(C). ‘‘(2) C OMPLIANCE ; CONTINUING TESTING .—Not later than 15 months after the date of enactment of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, the Commission shall by regulation— ‘‘(A) initiate a program by which a manufacturer or private labeler may label a consumer product as complying with the certification requirements of subsection (a); and ‘‘(B) establish protocols and standards— ‘‘(i) for ensuring that a children’s product tested for compliance with an applicable children’s product safety rule is subject to testing periodically and when there has been a material change in the product’s design or manufacturing process, including the sourcing of component parts;Protocols. Standards. Deadlines.Termination date.Web site. Records.PUBLIC LAW 110–314—AUG. 14, 2008122 STAT. 3025‘‘(ii) for the testing of random samples to ensurecontinued compliance;‘‘(iii) for verifying that a children’s product testedby a conformity assessment body complies withapplicable children’s product safety rules; and‘‘(iv) for safeguarding against the exercise of undueinfluence on a third party conformity assessment bodyby a manufacturer or private labeler.‘‘(e) W ITHDRAWAL OF A CCREDITATION.—‘‘(1) I N GENERAL.—The Commission may withdraw itsaccreditation or its acceptance of the accreditation of a thirdparty conformity assessment body accredited under this sectionif the Commission finds, after notice and investigation, that—‘‘(A) a manufacturer, private labeler, or governmental entity has exerted undue influence on such conformityassessment body or otherwise interfered with or com-promised the integrity of the testing process with respectto the certification of a children’s product under this sec-tion; or‘‘(B) such conformity assessment body failed to comply with an applicable protocol, standard, or requirement estab-lished by the Commission under subsection (d).‘‘(2) P ROCEDURE.—In any proceeding to withdraw the accreditation of a conformity assessment body, the Commis-sion—‘‘(A) shall consider the gravity of the conformity assess-ment body’s action or failure to act, including—‘‘(i) whether the action or failure to act resultedin injury, death, or the risk of injury or death;‘‘(ii) whether the action or failure to act constitutesan isolated incident or represents a pattern or practice;and‘‘(iii) whether and when the conformity assessmentbody initiated remedial action; and‘‘(B) may—‘‘(i) withdraw its acceptance of the accreditationof the conformity assessment body on a permanentor temporary basis; and‘‘(ii) establish requirements for reaccreditation ofthe conformity assessment body.‘‘(3) F AILURE TO COOPERATE.—The Commission may sus-pend the accreditation of a conformity assessment body if itfails to cooperate with the Commission in an investigationunder this section.‘‘(f) D EFINITIONS.—In this section:‘‘(1) C HILDREN’S PRODUCT SAFETY RULE.—The term ‘chil-dren’s product safety rule’ means a consumer product safetyrule under this Act or similar rule, regulation, standard, orban under any other Act enforced by the Commission, includinga rule declaring a consumer product to be a banned hazardousproduct or substance.‘‘(2) T HIRD PARTY CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT BODY.—‘‘(A) I N GENERAL.—The term ‘third party conformity assessment body’ means a conformity assessment bodythat, except as provided in subparagraph (D), is not owned,managed, or controlled by the manufacturer or private。
cpsia标签样式
cpsia标签样式摘要：1.CPSIA标签的概述2.CPSIA标签的必要性3.CPSIA标签的内容和格式4.如何在产品上添加CPSIA标签5.违反CPSIA标签的后果6.总结正文：随着消费者对产品安全性的日益关注，各类产品标签也变得越来越重要。
其中，CPSIA（美国消费品安全改进法案）标签就是一种至关重要的标签。
本文将详细介绍CPSIA标签的相关内容，包括其必要性、格式以及在产品上添加的方法和注意事项。
一、CPSIA标签的概述CPSIA是美国国会于2008年通过的一项法案，旨在提高消费品的安全性。
该法案对儿童产品、玩具和婴幼儿用品等提出了更严格的安全要求。
在CPSIA法案下，制造商、进口商和零售商需对相关产品进行严格的安全检测，并在产品上添加CPSIA标签，以证明产品符合美国消费品安全标准。
二、CPSIA标签的必要性CPSIA标签具有以下必要性：1.法律要求：根据CPSIA法案，儿童产品和某些其他消费品必须标注CPSIA标签，否则将面临罚款、召回产品等处罚。
2.消费者权益保障：CPSIA标签有助于消费者了解产品的安全性能和适用年龄，从而确保消费者的权益。
3.市场竞争力：拥有CPSIA标签的产品，更容易获得消费者的信任，提高市场竞争力。
三、CPSIA标签的内容和格式CPSIA标签主要包括以下内容：1.生产商或进口商的名称和联系方式。
2.产品型号和批次号。
3.产品适用的年龄段。
4.符合的美国安全标准。
5.检测机构的名称和认证标志。
CPSIA标签的格式没有统一的要求，但通常包括以上信息，并采用易于阅读的字体和颜色。
四、如何在产品上添加CPSIA标签1.首先，确保产品符合CPSIA法案的相关要求。
2.选择合适的标签材料，如纸质、塑料等。
3.设计标签内容，包括上述提到的必要信息。
4.将标签粘贴在产品或包装的显眼位置。
5.如果产品有多个部件，每个部件上都应添加CPSIA标签。
五、违反CPSIA标签的后果违反CPSIA标签规定，可能会导致以下后果：1.面临罚款：美国消费品安全委员会（CPSC）有权对违反CPSIA法案的企业进行罚款。
CPSIA-2008年美国消费者产品安全改善法案(整体译文)
H.R.4040美利坚合众国第一百一十届国会第二次会议二零零八年一月三日（星期四）于华盛顿市开始举行有关儿童消费品安全标准和其它安全要求的设立以及消费品安全委员会的重新授权和现代化的法案本法案由美利坚合众国参议院和众议院于召集的国会会议上通过。
第1条简称；目录(a) 简称——该法案可称为《2008年消费者产品安全改善法案》（Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008）(b) 目录——本法案目录如下：第1条简称；目录第2条参考第3条发布实施条例的权利第一编——儿童产品安全第101条. 含铅儿童产品；含铅涂料标准第102条. 某些儿童产品的强制性第三方测试第103条. 儿童产品的跟踪标签第104条. 耐用婴幼儿产品标准和消费者登记第105节. 玩具与游戏器具的广告标签要求第106节. 强制性玩具安全标准第107节. 对少数民族儿童的与消费品相关的可预防性伤亡研究第108节. 禁止销售含特定邻苯二甲酸盐的产品第二编消费品安全委员会改革第一章——经营管理改善第201节. 委员会的授权第202节. 委员会全员要求；临时法定人数；员工第203节. 部分递送给国会的文件第204节. 加速制定法律第205节. 监察长的审查与报告第206节. 禁止行业赞助的差旅第207节. 与联邦政府、州政府、地方政府和外国政府机构信息共享第208节. 交换雇员培训第209节. 年度报告要求第二章——加强的执行权力第211节. 公开信息披露第212节. 建立一个公众消费品安全数据库第213节. 依据其他由消费品安全委员会执行的法令制定的储存强制令第214节. 加强的召回权利以及改正措施计划第215节. 对于由防火墙隔开的符合性评估机构的检查；供应链的识别第216节. 禁止行为第217节. 处罚第218节. 由州总检察长执行第219节. 举报人保护第三章——详细的进出口相关规定第221节. 召回品及不合格品的出口第222节. 进口安全管理及跨部门间的合作第223节. 重大产品隐患清单及不合格进口产品的消毁第224节. 财政责任第225节. 与进口消费品安全相关的公权力效力研究及报告第四章——杂项规定及顺应性修订第231节. 先占性第232节. 各类地形用车辆标准第233节. 按照《1970年的危险品包装法案》实施成本效益分析第234节. 织物及服饰产品中的甲醛使用研究第235节. 技术及顺应性变化第236节. 加快复审第237节. 撤消第238节. 浴池及温泉安全技术修订第239节. 生效日期及可分割性第2条参考(a) 本法案中使用的术语定义：(1) “相关国会委员会”指的是众议院能源与商务委员会（Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives）和参议院参议院商务、科学和运输委员会（Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate）；(2) 术语“委员会”指的是消费品安全委员会。
CPSIA检测,什么是CPSIA,CPSIA介绍,美国CPSIA
CPSIA检测,什么是CPSIA,CPSIA介绍,美国CPSIA CPSIA 《消费品安全改进法案》简要 美国CPSIA/HR4040检测铅/邻苯⼆甲酸盐 第101条. 含铅⼉童产品；含铅油漆法规 将我们的任何规章翻译到除英语以外的语⾔, 纯粹是为了⽅便不能阅读英语的公众, 但是规章应以英语⽂本为准。
我们设法为读者提供忠于英语原⽂的翻译, 由于翻译中存在的困难, 可能会有⼀些差别。
翻译⽂件中有指明在英语原⽂在何处的附注。
Translation of any of our regulations into a language other than English is intended solely as a convenience to the non-English-reading public and the English version of our regulations remains the authoritative text. We have attempted to provide an accurate translation of the original material in English, but due to the difficulties of translation slight differences may exist. References identifying the original document in English are available in our translated document. ________________________________________ 基本综述: 消费品安全改进法案》降低⼉童产品中所允许的含铅量. 第101条对⼉童产品的含铅量和这类产品使⽤的油漆的含铅量作了新的限制规定. 含铅量限制规定 对⼉童产品中含铅量的限制将在三年之内逐步完成。
美国CPSIA,HR4040指令简介
美国CPSIA，HR4040指令简介美国CPSIA，HR4040指令简介HR4040“Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008”是消费品安全改进法案（简缩为：CPSIA），对包括玩具在内的许多消费品都有提出安全要求（即：不仅限于玩具），ASTM F963是玩具安全要求。
HR4040生效180天后（2009年2月10日），ASTM F963成为强制玩具安全标准。
以后出口美国的玩具不仅要符合ASTM F963要求，还需同时符合HR4040玩具安全要求，比如可触及部件的总铅，Phthalates等。
相信未来ASTM F963的修订版本也会把HR4040的相应内容一起考虑。
法案生效1年后（2009年8月14日），ASTM F963与HR4040中油漆、涂层总铅LIMIT一样，都是90ppm。
HR4040提到油漆、涂层总铅LIMIT是“本法案生效1年后，消费品委员会会用0.009％代替16 CFR 1303.1中的0.06％”，而ASTM F963油漆、涂层总铅测试一直是按16 CFR 1303要求执行（可参考ASTM F963-07 4.3.5）。
所以，两标准对油漆、涂层的总铅要求一致。
美国总统布什2008年8月14日签署了《2008消费品安全改进法案》（H。
R。
4040）。
法案进一步授权于消费品安全委员会（CPSC）加强消费品特别是儿童产品的安全管理。
我们在第21号ITB中有列出一些相关要求，现进一步补充完善。
本法案对儿童产品铅及邻苯二甲酸盐含量提出明确要求，详情如下表列：禁用物质范围／要求生效期：铅（Sec。
101）供12岁以下儿童使用的产品（任何正常使用或滥用后可触及部件）≤600 ppm 法案生效180天后≤300 ppm 法案生效1年后≤100 ppm（除非技术达不到要求的部件）法案生效3年后家俱和供12岁以下儿童使用产品的表面油漆≤90 ppm（0.009％）（修改16 CFR 1303.1）小面积油漆：如单个产品油漆重量少于10g或表面积少于1 cm＆sup2；，≤2 mg，XRF扫描技术或其它方法法案生效1年后邻苯二甲酸盐（Sec。
儿童化妆品cpc认证标准
儿童化妆品cpc认证标准
CPC认证（儿童产品证书Children's Product Certifi cate）是指根据美国消费品安全改进法案（CPSIA）的要求，生产儿童产品的企业需要向美国消费品安全委员会（CPSC）提供证明，证明其产品符合相关的安全标准。
CPC证书必须随产品一起包装，并在产品上市时提供给零售商和消费者。
儿童化妆品CPC认证的标准主要包括以下几个方面：
1.安全法规：儿童化妆品必须符合美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）对化妆品的安全性要求，以及CPSIA对儿童产品的铅含量和邻苯二甲酸盐（Phthalates）含量限制。
2.标签要求：化妆品包装上需要有清晰的标签，包括产品成分、生产日期、有效期、使用方法、警告和注意事项等。
3.包装安全：化妆品包装应足够坚固，能够保护内容物免受外界污染，且不易被儿童误用，防止造成窒息等危险。
4.产品测试：生产商需要对儿童化妆品进行第三方测试，确保产品符合上述的安全标准和法规要求。
5.合规声明：CPC证书中需要包含生产商对产品合规性的声明。
要注意的是，上述标准可能会随着法规的更新而变化，因此生产商需要持续关注相关法规的最新动态，并确保产品的合规性。
在中国出口儿童化妆品到美国市场时，除了要满足中国的相关法规外，还需要确保产品符合美国的法规要求。
儿童塑料戒指的执行标准
儿童塑料戒指的执行标准
儿童塑料戒指的执行标准包括但不限于：
1. ISO 8124：这是一个国际标准，规定了玩具的强制性安全要求。
虽然这个标准主要针对玩具，但许多国家将其应用于所有儿童产品，包括塑料戒指。
2. CPSIA（美国消费品安全改进法案）：这是一个美国法案，规定了儿童产品的强制性安全标准。
根据CPSIA，儿童戒指必须符合某些安全要求，如有毒物质限制和进口商品检测。
3. EN 71：这是一个欧洲标准，规定了玩具的强制性安全要求。
虽然这个标准主要针对玩具，但许多国家将其应用于所有儿童产品，包括塑料戒指。
此外，儿童塑料戒指的执行标准还应包括对原材料的要求。
原材料应符合国家相关的环境保护、卫生安全等标准，杜绝使用有毒有害的化学物质。
材料的使用寿命、强度和耐磨性也应当符合相应的要求，以保证产品的使用寿命和安全性。
此外，儿童塑料戒指的执行标准还应包括对产品设计和制造过程的要求。
产品的外形应当符合儿童的审美趣味，但同时又不能有尖锐的部分或是易脱落的小件，以免造成伤害。
以上信息仅供参考，建议查阅专业书籍或咨询专业人士获取更准确的信息。
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违背法案的罚则加重
法案中划定违背此《消费品安全法》、《联邦易燃织物法》 及《联邦危险物质法》的一系列民事罚款总额上限，将大 幅增至1500万美元。
违背单个《消费品安全法》处于最高10万美元罚款。 违背消费品安全委员会任何法规的刑事惩罚，将面对5年
2、列明产品所能够满足的规定、禁令、标准及法规的名称。
生效时间：
CPSIA颁布90天后生效。（2008年11月12日）
六、强制第三方检测（第102章）
第三方检测制度执行的时间表：从 CPSC建立并公布从
事儿童产品第三方检测机构具备的条件开始，90后新生产 的产品应送到具备资质条件的第三方检测机构检测，同时 CPSC在规定时限内公布相关的合格评定标准：
十二、关于纺织品和服饰生产中甲醛使用的 研究 （第234章）
CPSC对纺织品和服饰生产中以及在其他任何同 类产品中使用甲醛的问题进行研究，查明在这类 产品或这类产品配件的生产中使用甲醛对消费者 造成的任何风险（危害）。
时限：两年以内（最后时期为2010年8月）
美国《消费品安全改进法案》第二部分
联邦法规第16部分 CPSC 16 CFR --1303部分 Part 1303 --1500部分 Part 1500
美国玩具标准
ASTM F963－美国材料及测试协会（ASTM）1986年开始颁布玩具安 全标准。
– 2008年前为自愿性标准 – 2008年CPSIA定为强制性标准 – 包含美国原有联邦及部分地方法律法规要求 – 包含美国法规所不包含的大量涉及玩具安全的内容，特别是机械物理要
适用范围：儿童产品中所使用的各类材料 。 条款要求：儿童产品的铅含量限值：
① 0.06%(600 ppm)，法规生效 180 天后开始实施 (2009 年 2 月 10 日)； ② 0.03%(300 ppm)，法规生效 1 年后开始实施 (2009 年 8 月 14 日)； ③ 0.01%(100 ppm)，法规生效 3 年后开始实施 (2011 年 8 月 14 日)； 注：豁免----不能被儿童接触到的部件。目前CPSC正 在制定“判定不会与儿童接触的零部件的指南”
八、适玩用具范和围游：戏零产售品商广，告制造的商标、志进要口求商（，分第销10商5章，或）
OEM生产商
条款要求：
任何含有直接购买方式或订购产品信息内容的产品 广告，必须在产品上或产品旁边标明《联邦危害物质 法案》（FHSA）要求的相关适用警告语。
法规规定了产品广告中警告语必须使用的语言、格式 和分布位置。制造商、进口商或OEM生产商有义务把 这一产品广告的要求告知零售商，零售商也应主动向 供应商咨询相关内容。CPSC在该修正案颁布90天内， 制订并颁布针对这一要求的法规。法案生效120天后， 本条例要求适用于网络广告；法案生效180天后，本条
2007年，中国出口玩具连续出现的安全质量问题引发了 国外政府、媒体、消费者对中国产品安全质量的争议。 特别是美国的某些议员不断在公开场合指责中国的产品 质量，引导舆论指责中国，并要求对《消费品安全法案》 进行修订。
2008年7月，美国国会、参众两院分别以高票通过了 H.R.4040 《消费品安全改进法案》。
制第三方
的强制性标准
核和评估其有效
须具有可溯源
含量上限
检测
性
的标签
100ppm
2008年11月11日
2009年1月10日
2009年8月14日前
2009年8月14日
2011年8月14日
美国玩具法规体系
国会制定法案 联邦政府部门制定法规
--消费品安全委员会 (CPSC) --《联邦法规汇编》 州政府制定地方性法规
五、法规中“术语”解释 （106章 e条）
① “儿童玩具”：专门为12岁及以下儿童玩耍使用而设计 的消费品。
② “儿童产品”：主要为12岁或以下儿童设计并生产的消 费品；
③“儿童护理产品”：专门为3岁及以下婴幼儿设计，用于 帮助他们睡眠、进食、吃奶及出牙（长牙）的产品。
④“可放进口中”的玩具 —— 如果玩具的任何部分确实可 被儿童放进口中和含在口中，因此这个玩具可以被儿童 吸吮和咀嚼（如果产品仅是可以被舔到，那将不被视为 “可放进口中”）。玩具或其部件中必需有某一部分尺 寸小于5cm才视为“可放进口中”。
例要求适用于产品目录和其它印刷材料。
九、与消费品有关的防止少数族（裔）儿童伤害和 死亡的研究（第107章）
条款要求：
修正案生效90天内，美国联邦政府应启动评定与 消费品关联的可预防伤害和死亡在不同少数族（裔） 儿童间的差异性的研究，包括在美国的黑人、西班牙 裔美国人、美国印第安人、阿拉斯加原住民、夏威夷 人和亚裔/太平洋沿岸岛国人。
二、油漆及涂料的总铅含量（第101章，f部分）
适用范围：儿童产品 条款要求：
在玩具、儿童首饰、家具等上所使用油漆油 墨等涂层材料中铅含量限值从0.06%（600ppm） 降至0.009%（90ppm），法规生效1年后开始实 施。 具体的时间是：2009年8月14日
注：当涂料样品的质量小于10mg或面积小于 10cm2时，仍然需要进行检测。
美国玩具法规
法案 Act --CPSA -- Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA)（美国消费品安全改进法案） --Labeling of Hazardous Art Material Act (LHAMA) (美国危险艺术材料标签法案) ……
六、强制第三方检测（第102章）
适用范围：
所有涉及到儿童产品安全法令法规的产品。这些法令法规包 括《消费品安全法案》及本改进法案及其他类似法案。
条款要求：
1、生产商及进口商都必须通过检测或抽检的基础上获得其产 品的符合性证书，证明其产品符合所有的规定、禁令、标准及 法规的要求。
颁布相关法规 以提供绝缘材 料的安全指导
DINP、DIDP、
每件产品上。
将表面涂层总
BnOP、含量 不超过0.1%
ASTM F963与 某些产品的安全、
铅含量上限改 为：90ppm
限制儿童
对儿童产
ASTM F963
标记和测试方法
要求儿童产品
产品任何
品实行强
作为玩具安全
有相关性，将审
以及包装上必
部分总铅
☆含铅涂料---改进法案颁布30天内；
☆ 全尺寸和非全尺寸婴儿床---改进法案颁布60天内； ☆ 奶嘴 ---改进法案颁布60天内； ☆小零件---改进法案案颁布90天内； ☆儿童金属首饰---改进法案案颁布120天内； ☆婴儿蹦床、助步车、跳跳椅---改进法案案颁布210天内； ☆所有其他涉及儿童产品法规的产品---在可行情况下尽快发 布，但不能晚于修正案颁布10个月。
四、玩具强制性安全标准（第106章）
CPSC对特殊玩具、部件和风险的规则制定对以下的内 容依据安全要求、安全标签要求和测试方法检查和评 估ASTM F963或替代标准的可行性：
通过摄取或吸入儿童产品中的可吞食物引起的内伤或外伤 的风险
毒性物质 球形玩具 半圆形物体 绳、带子和橡皮绳 电池操作玩具
七、儿童产品的可追溯标签（第103章）
适用范围：儿童产品
条款要求：
CPSIA颁布生效一年后，生产商必须在产品及其包装
上加贴永久性的标识。标识中应包括生产日期、地点、 批次信息，最终消费者借助该标识能够追溯产品的制造 商、生产日期及地点、批次信息（批次号、流水号及其 它识别信息）。 关于广告的规定---产品在不能满足消费品安全法规及 标准要求之前，不得在广告、标签及包装上提及相关的 法规及标准。
条款要求：
①永久禁令---禁止玩具和儿童护理产品中的三种邻苯二甲 酸盐（DEHP、DBP和BBP）含量超过0.1%
②临时禁令—禁止所有可放入口中的儿童玩具和儿童护理 产品中的三种邻苯二甲酸盐（DINP，DIDP和DnOP） 含量超过0.1%
③研究---要求CPSC指定一个慢性危害顾问小组（CHAP） 研究和评估所有邻苯二甲酸盐（单体或化合物）或其替 代物对儿童的潜在健康影响。一旦得出对儿童健康有潜 在影响，会有更多的增塑剂被限制。
美国《消费品安全改进法案》 （儿童产品安全）(CPSIA)
江门检验检疫技术中心 讲解人：蒋小良 2010年9月28日
主要内容
一、 CPSIA制定的背景 二、 CPSIA实施时间表 三、 CPSIA主要内容 四、 “镉”事件 五、如何应对国外越来越高的准入门槛
美国《消费品安全改进法案》的背景
《美国消费品安全改进法案》的主要内容
在全美建立统一的强制性国家标准。 进一步规范含铅玩具 玩具上加贴可追溯性标签。 将自愿性标准ASTM F963转化为强制性标
准。 对某些儿童产品实行强制性第三检测 对玩具中的6种邻苯二甲酸盐实施控制
一、儿童产品中的铅（总铅）含量（第101章）
求。 主要内容：
– 机械物理，燃烧性能 – 化学安全要求：包括铅总量和8种可溶重金属元素的要求 – 噪音、电安全、抗菌、噪音、增塑剂含量等要求。 最新版本 ASTM F963-2008 – 2009年3月15日颁布。 变化：增加了为玩具中磁铁部件及其他一些潜在危险制定的新完全准则，
取消了对玩具箱的要求
8月14日美国布什总统正式签署颁布了该修正案。
修正案内容涉及广泛，既包含对儿童玩具及儿童产品监 管政策的调整，也包括了美国监管部门消费品安全委员 会（简称CPSC）本身改革的内容 。
美国消费品安全改进法令(CPSIA)的时间表
限制儿童产品 任何部分总铅 含量上限为： 600ppm
每6个月颁布一 次至少两种婴儿 耐用/学步产品 的标准