上外翻译I笔记(第九讲)
上外翻译I笔记(第十一讲)
第十一讲主动与被动●导入译例水烧开了The water is boiled.房间打扫干净了The house has been cleaned up.票卖光了The ticket are sold out.稿子才写了一半The article is half finished.Joe has taken my place. (I am released.) 重心在my placeThe place has been taken by Joe. (You don’t have to bother.) 重心在by Joe The place has been taken. (We are late.)The dishes must be washed up. (Anyhow someone has to do it!)You must wash up the dishes. (giving an order)幸亏一个渔夫救起了他Fortunately, a fisherman picked him up. 渔夫很幸运Fortunately, he was picked up by a fisherman. 我很幸运●英汉主动被动比较英语中有被动语态，汉语中只有被动句式鸡吃光了The chicken has been eaten up. (The chicken has eaten up its food.)信寄了？Has the letter been mailed?●英语常见被动形式典型被动句：This book is not well accepted by the readers.简化被动句：This book does not sell well.The house will not let. (The house will not be let.)这个房子租不出去（这个房子不出租）●英语简化被动语态These shirts wash well. 这些衬衫耐洗This composition reads smooth. 这篇文章读起来很顺口The door won’t lock. 这门锁不上Velvet feels smooth. 天鹅绒摸上去很光滑She doesn’t photograph well. 她不上镜Damp clothes iron easily. 湿衣服好烫简化被动语态强调事物本身的一种特质士兵被打伤了一条胳膊The soldier’s arm was wounded.墙上被炸出了一个洞A big hole was blown in the wall.他被人画了一张漫画Someone has drawn a caricature of him.●英语被动语态的用法不知道或没必要说明动作的执行者出于礼貌、措词圆通等考虑无从说出主动者是谁便于上下文衔接突出谈话的中心显得客观、正式简化句子结构●用法1：不知道或没必要说明动作的执行者Such books are written for children. 这种书是为儿童写的We haven’t been told about it. 没有人告诉我们这件事The English evening has been put off till Saturday. 英语晚会已经延期到星期六举行●用法2：出于礼貌、措词圆通等考虑You are requested to give us a performance. 请你给我们表演一个节目It is hoped that the child will cure her bad habit of crying. 希望孩子能够改掉爱哭的不良习惯Turn in the paper tomorrow, if it can be done. 论文要是大家能够完成的话，就明天交吧●用法3：无从说出主动者是谁You are wanted on the phone. 有人给你打电话Rice is chiefly grown in the south. 大米主要产于南方The problem is being studied. 该问题正在研究●用法4：便于上下文衔接He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.他在台上出现，观众热烈鼓掌欢迎Jack fought John in the men’s singles last night and was defeated.杰克昨晚在男子单打比赛中与约翰相遇，结果输了●用法5：突出谈话的中心The song was composed by a student. 这首歌曲是一个学生写的The program was designed by ourselves. 这套程序是我们自己设计的She is spied on by a nosy, suspicious neighbor.一个疑神疑鬼爱管闲事的邻居总是窥探她的生活●用法6：显得客观It is believed that they would do it again.It is said/estimated/reported/learned/predicted/rumored that…It cannot be denied (must be admitted) that…It is generally considered that…人们一般认为It is understood that…●用法7：显得正式A party will be held by classes I and II. Your presence will be appreciated.Under the auspices of the students’ Union, a lecture will be given by … on… at….●用法8：简化句子结构若要信到，贴足邮票Letters won’t be sent unless adequately stamped.话不说不明Words unspoken are not clear.A few moments after the accident, he was seen by a policeman to whom he made an oral statement.事故发生后不久，他遇到了警察并向他口头描述了事情的经过●翻译方法1：英语被动转汉语主动（用施事者做主语）It is considered to be cruel by many British people to send animals to rockets into outer space.很多英国人认为，把动物用火箭送上太空是相当残忍的Energy is needed for this reaction and it is supplied by the light of the sun.这种反应需要能量，而太阳光则能提供所需的能量●翻译方法1：英语被动转汉语主动（保留原主语）The subject will be treated more fully later.这个主题稍后将详细讨论The solution to the problem was finally found.这个问题的解决办法终于找到了●翻译方法1：英语被动转汉语主动（增添适当主语）I am afraid that I shall be laughed at.我担心人家笑话我John was seen to steal from the store.有人看见约翰从商店偷东西●翻译方法2：英语被动转化汉语无主句Nothing can be done without money.没有钱就无法做事Visitors are requested to leave their coats in the cloak room.请来宾把大衣放在衣帽间里It is hoped that Shanghai will be able to establish friendly relations with more foreign cities.希望上海今后能与更多国外城市建立友好关系●翻译方法3：英语被动转化汉语判断句Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的I was received by Mr. Wang when I first came to Hong Kong.第一次来香港的时候是王先生接待我的●翻译方法4：英语被动转化汉语被动She was set up and was sentenced to life imprisonment.她遭人陷害，被判无期徒刑His discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science.他的这项发现在科学界受到高度评价Vegetable oil has been known since antiquity.植物油自古以来就为人们所熟悉The child is spoiled.这孩子给宠坏了Jack was beaten black and blue.杰克让人打得青一块紫一块的This task will be accomplished by the second group.这项任务将由第二组来完成This phenomenon can only be explained by assuming that the surface of the earth is curved.只有假定地球表面是不平的，这种现象才能得到解释This region must be protected from too frequent visits.这个地区必须加以保护，避免过于频繁的参观●其它转换译例The temperature is lowered so that water may be turned into ice.把温度降低以便使水变成冰The whole party was ruined by his presence.他的到来把整个聚会搞砸了The economic freedom was provided by breaking up large concentration of power.由于打破了权利的过度集中，从而实现了经济自由Ten percent reduction in the auto accidents was realized by exercising tighter control over the speed limit.由于加强了公路车速限制，车祸发生率下降了十个百分点●巩固练习The famous hotel has been practically ruined by the big fire.这场大火几乎使这家知名宾馆化为灰烬这家知名的宾馆在这场大火中几乎化为灰烬A group of sharks were spotted off the coast earlier this month.本月早些时候在海岸线附近人们发现了一群鲨鱼The sense of inferiority he acquired in his youth has never been eradicated.他年轻时形成的自卑感至今都没有完全消除他至今都没能摆脱年轻时形成的自卑感Over the years 26 amendments have been added to the Constitution, but the basic document has not been changed.过去这些年里宪法增加了26项修正案，但基本文件始终未变The spaceship will be totally controlled by an on-board electronic computer.这艘宇宙飞船将完全由机载电子计算机控制While there are thousands of stocks, the ones bought and sold most actively are usually listed on the NYSE.股票事实上成千上万，但那些买卖最活跃的通常是在纽交所上市的Some are deceived into thinking that people like to store up energy, to rest and save themselves as mush as possible.有些人误以为人们喜欢积蓄精力，喜欢休息，喜欢尽可能保养自己These brokers are paid commissions by the buyers and the sellers by executing their orders.这些股票经纪人通过按买卖双方要求进行交易从中提取佣金Spare-time learners are usually the best learners. Their rate of learning is helped by the fact that they want to learn and consequently they try to learn.利用业务时间学习的人学得最好。
上外翻译I笔记(第十三讲)
第十三讲从句的翻译●导入译例Love is what you feel when you feel the feeling you have never felt before.爱情是一种当你感觉到以前从未感觉到的感觉时的那种感觉（表语从句、状语从句、定语从句）The doctor examined the rat that carried the flea that harbored the germ that infected the poor Indian.大夫检查了那只耗子，耗子身上寄生有跳蚤，跳蚤身上则寄生有细菌，这种细菌使那个可怜的印第安人染上了病大夫检查了那只寄生有跳蚤的耗子，是跳蚤身上的细菌使那个可怜的印第安人染上了疾病寄生在跳蚤身上的细菌使那个可怜的印第安人染上了病，大夫检查了那只寄生有跳蚤的耗子The old Saturday Evening Post cartoon the husband yelling at the mother who yells at the kid who kicks the dog who bites the cat who claws the mouse remains a classical American strategy coping with anger.现在美国人发泄愤怒的策略还是像《周六晚报》上刊登的漫画那样：丈夫冲着妻子吆喝，妻子冲着孩子吆喝，孩子就拿狗出气，狗就去咬猫，猫再去抓耗子●定语从句之溶合翻译法：前置定语A man who doesn’t try to learn from others cannot hope to achieve much.一个不向别人学习的人是不能指望有多大成就的The few points which the president stressed in his report were very important indeed.院长在报告中强调的几点的确很重要They like Mary, who is warm and pleasant, but do not like John, who is aloof and arrogant.他们喜欢热情活泼的Mary，不喜欢冷漠高傲的JohnJane’s laughter, which is very infectious, broke the ice.Jane极富感染力的笑声打破了僵局●溶合翻译法：做谓语There are many students in this class who come from big cities.这个班的许多学生来自于大城市There are a growing number of entrepreneurs who cast their eyes on China, the fastest growing economy in the world.越来越多的企业家把目光投向了中国这个经济增长最快的国家●溶合翻译法：连动或者兼语式I need someone who can look after my child when I am away.我需要有人在我不在的时候来照顾我的小孩（兼语式）He took a bottle of wine out of his pocket, which he began to drink slowly.他从衣兜里掏出一瓶酒慢慢地喝起来（连动式）●拆分翻译法：保留关系词They will fly to Kunming, where they plan to stay for two or three days, and then go on to Guilin. 他们将坐飞机去昆明，在那儿停留两三天，然后继续出发去桂林A few days before I had called on a friend of ours, a physician, whose son my son Tony wanted to play with while I did the shopping.几天前，我拜会过一位朋友，是位内科医生。
上外中级口译第三版听力教程原文及讲解--Unit9
上外中级口译第三版听力教程原文及讲解--Unit9第一篇：上外中级口译第三版听力教程原文及讲解--Unit 9 Unit nine.Part one.About single sex education.3.Exercises.1.This is a talk given by an educator about single sex education.Listen and supply missing words you hear from the talk.I am going to be discussing the benefits of single sex education.As a teacher and advisor in an all girl school, I am often asked to defend single sex education.Specifically all girls education as if girl schools were on trial.I personally strongly recommend single sex education for girls.But the arguments against this form of education can be quite powerful.So I would like to begin by pointing out 3 of the main arguments against all girl schools.First of all, critics of all girl schools argue that the separation of the sexes seems old fashioned.It goes against the aims and the goal of feminism educators which is to provide fairness.To make sure boys and girls have the same educational opportunities and are treated in the same ways.Secondly, the critics say that in single sex schools boys and girls can’t develop the ability to interact with one another.They point out that in single sex schools boys and girls can’t learn how to be comfortable with each other and also how to compete with each other.The third criticism is that single sex schools don’t provide children with the smooth transition into the adult world where men and women live together.In single sex schools, these critics say, boys and girls cannot become prepared for a world in which they will work, play and live together as adults.But although these are serious arguments I believe that single sex education is beneficial for girls.In the second part of this lecture I will focus on two strong advantages of single sex education.It values girls’unique qualities and it helps girls develop self confidence.2.The following part is a continuation to the above talk.Listen and then provide the missing information in the spaces given below.The real benefit of all girls education is that it values girls’ unique qualities, the qualities that make them different from boys.What are these unique qualities? Well, I am going to list a few.First of all, girls can often concentrate on higher level abstract thinking at an earlier age than boys can.Secondly, they can often work for longer periods of time.Girls also enjoy collaborative learning activities and so they work well in groups.Finally, as girls mature, they are often kind of co-operative rather than competitive.These four qualities are valued in all girls schools.The second benefit of single sex education is that it helps girls develop self-confidence.I strongly believe that girls become more self-confident without the distraction and different learning styles of boys.In a single sex environment girls enjoy being leaders.They offer help to others and they also ask for help when they need it.For example, if they don’t understand a math or science concept they will ask for clarification.But when girls are in the same classroom as boys they often lose their self esteem.Boys are sometimes a louder, and may jump up out of their seats and wave their arms at people’s faces, if they know the answer to a teacher’s question.If this happens girls typically sink back in their chairs and wait for the boys to quiet down.But if there are no boys around girls can feel free and be themselves.Now it’s true that all girl schools do separate girls from the real world while they are growing up.But in the real adult world boys are the ones who set the rules of the game.And these rules don’t necessarily reflect the needs or talents of girls.In an all girl school girls can become confident enough to challenge the rules.And thenperhaps they can change the real world into a place designed to accommodate both men and women.Part two.Statements.2.Exercises.Listen and then choose the answer that is closest in meaning to each statement you hear.1)This project is urgent.I have to type all these reports by Monday morning.So there goes my sleep this weekend.2)We are thinking of asking professor Brown if he can give the exam during the final week of classes.But we are told that th ere isn’t much chance of that.3)Professor White Head hadn’t planned to invite her to the Monday meeting.But he changed his mind at the last minute.4)Since it’s going to cut your fortune to get your car fix why don’t you just trade it for a new one?5)It is essential to stay healthy when you are faced with important examinations.Studying all night will be good for neither your grades nor your health.6)The committee finally reached a decision.And I couldn’t have hoped for a better outcome.Everybody says they haven’t seen like this for weeks.7)I had a hard time getting through this novel.Who can remember the names of all those 45 characters in it?8)Michael has put all his time and mind into his studies.Though he has only studied English for two years he speaks it very well.9)We’ve undercharged them.The invoice doesn’t include the legal fees or our agency commission.We need to inform them of this immediately.10)We have little choice about when to send the application.Yesterday was too soon to send it and tomorrow will be too late.11)It took 2 weeks longer than usual to get your package because the postal workers were on strike.12)The price of the car was so low that it made Brad suspicious of the value.He hesitated for 10 days and still made no decision.13)When he met us on Thursday professor Baker saidthat he tried to reschedule the class at a time convenient to the majority.14)If it takes Mike two hours to do the East Asian history assignment it will take the rest of the class double the time.15)Why bother to call Smith and tell him about the meeting this afternoon.We will see him at lunch.16)The snack bar is not always this deserted.It’s the end of the semester.Everyone is in the library studying.17)We’d expected the repairs to cost us about 15 dollars, but they charged us 3 times as much.18)Ms.Plate came to meet us at the reception.I thought that she was the secretary, but she turned out to be the president of the company.19)After studying mathematics for two years at a German university in Berlin, she has changed to an architecture program in an American university in Washington.20)Even though the doctor has advised him to quit, Bob still smokes a pack of cigarettes a day.中级口译听力教程第三版4B Part 3.3.Exercises.1.It’s cool for everyone to be successful.Listen to the short conversation and then choose the best answer to each question you hear.M: Mary, do you think you have ever been discriminated against because you are a woman? W: Well, let’s see.I have two answers for that.The first answer is yes.That’s my gut feeling.But sometimes I think no.I am not being discriminated against.I just need to try harder.I guess I am saying yes and no.Look, we are in a society where discrimination is definitely going on in the business world.I see women getting paid less than men do for the same position.And often women get jobs as assistance but they are the ones who do all the work.Also there is thus old boys club, the support network that men have.Men do help each other, and they could help women too.But they don’t.M: So then you are saying that men do have an easier time of it.W: Yeah, it is easier for men.But I have mixedfeelings.Sometimes I think that I am just making excuses for myself.What I ask myself is, “Am I good enough?” “Am I as good as the men?” Perhaps I am not.But I rea lly believe that if I do the work necessary in the business world, I will be able to be as successful as any men.I think that there is much more of level playing field than there was before.There is much more opportunities now for women than when I was younger.M: And do you think successful women help other women?W: Yes, I do.Women tend to think of helping themselves and helping other people too.And I hope that I can help to increase the opportunities for many young girls as well as boys.M: You want to help boys also?W: Of course.It’s cool for everyone to be successful.And I do see progress in the future.I really do.Questions:1)What is this conversation mainly about?2)Mary mentions several things that point to discrimination against women.Which of the following is not one of these things?3)Which of the following statements is true according to the conversation? 4)In which of the following fields does Mary probably work?2.Do you think there is rarely quality now? This is a short conversation about the changing gender roles.Listen and choose the best answer to each question you hear.W: Michael, I’d like to ask your opinion about how gender roles are changing.Do you think there is rarely quality now?M: That’s absolutely not true.The first thing is that the re is still a paid disparity.Women make only about 70 percent of the dollar that men earn.There have been changes in the last 20 years or so, but that have been relatively modest.And there is still that glass ceiling where women hit this invisible barrier as they try tomove up.W: Could you give me an example of the glass ceiling?M: Well, look at this.I am a social worker.90 percent of my colleagues are women.But both the CEO and his boss are men.So the top executives are men, and you know, the lower paid levels, most of them are women.I think that men are much more likely to be raised with the sense of entitlement than women.W: And what about quality at home?M: I don’t think there is a quality there, either.You see I think that gender differences often operate on unconscious levels.It almost never occurs to men that they can do house work just as well as women or take care of children.Even if they have divorced and have custody of a child.But women have been parenting children alone for ever.And women just assume that they can do it.W: How has it affected you in your own life?M: Well, with both of my children from 2 different marriages,I was always the person who got up at night and gave the babya bottle.I was always very actively involved with caring for my children cooking for them.And I joined a play group with my son 25 years ago.Incidentally I was the only male involved.And I loved it.W: Good for you!M: That was very very different from my father’s generation.My father had almost nothing to do with us until we were 8 or 10.He held us and gave us some smiles and so on.But he wasn’t really an active parent.But I was determined to be a part of the joy of it all.W: So what you are saying is that the situation has changed but there is still inequality.M: Oh, yes, I think that’s true absolutely.Questions:1)What’s Michael’s opinion about how gender roles are changing?2)About what percentage of men’s pay to women make forthe same type of job? 3)Which of the following statements is true about the quality at home? 4)Which of the following statements best describes Michael?3.Gender and language.This is a part of a lecture about gender and language.Listen carefully and then supply the missing parts of the answers to the following questions.Good morning.Please take notes on today’s lecture.Everyone should pick up his pen or rather everyone should pick up her pen, or everyone should pick up his/her pen, or her/his pen.Wait let me start again.Everyone should pick up their pens.Is that correct? You get my point, right? The title of this lecture is Gender and Language.What I am going to discuss more specifically is the topic of sexism and language and how to avoid it.First then, is it true that language can be sexist? The answer is yes, it can.Take the example of this word, Mister.What word has the same meaning for women? There is none.There is Misses which means I am married.There is Miss which means it’s none of your business whether I am married or not.Well, not exactly, but you get my point.Let’s turn to the question of gender’s specific terms.Many terms like mailman or policeman are gender specific.They all refer to man.If there are women who do these jobs, so what do we do? Well a safe option is to use what we call gender neutral terms such as mail-carrier or police-officer.Why should we use gender neutral language? Well, first of all, because it describes the world the way really is.If children grow up hearing the word chairman then the internalized idea that all leaders are men which isn’t true.Secondly it’s a q uestion of equality.For example when people say mankind it sounds as if they are only talking about man.But when you say human beings or people then you include both men and women.But vocabulary isn’t theonly problem.Grammar is a problem too.Do you remember the example I gave at the beginning, everyone should pick up pen.Well, I wasn’t really making a joke.The fact is I have to choose a broad noun, and I don’t want to give the impression that everyone in the room is male or female either.So I am facing a d ilemma.What’s the solution? Well, personally, I prefer to say, everyone should pick up their pen(s).I realize this is not grammatically correct.But it does avoid sexism.And you will find that most university professors and writers would probably make the same choice that I do.Look at the newspaper, or look around you on the bus or on the subway.You will see plural pro-nouns in places you might not expect.Part 4.Listening and translation.3.Exercises.1.Sentence translation.Listen and translate each sentence you have heard into Chinese.Then write it in the space given below.1)Nine out of ten trade visitors interviewed were generally very satisfied with the fare.And 92 percent of the visitors spontaneously declare to intend to visit the fare again in 2008.2)Some nations have worked to meet the shortage of clean fresh water.They are trying to keep their rivers from being polluted.3)I read that according to recent statistics 67 percent of Americans favor the death penalty in cases of murder.That’s 2/3 of the population.4)A gold watch and a necklace were stolen from a home on Broad Street.The criminals entered the house through a bathroom window.5)A man was arrested at midnight on Harper Street, because he was carrying a handgun without license.He was taken to the police station for questioning.2.Passage translation.Listen and translate each passage you have heard into Chinese.Then write it in the space given below.You may take notes while you are listening.1)Doctors think that most people cannot live beyond a hundred years.But agrowing number of scientists believe that the aging process can be controlled.There are more than 12,000 Americans over 100 years old who receive social security benefits, and their numbers are increasing each year.Some scientists claim that theoretically and under ideal conditions animals including men can live 5 times longer than their normal period of growth.A person’s period of growth last approximately 25 years.If this theory is accurate future generations can expect a life-span of 150 years.2)Well, the neighbor-hood watch program has been running for more than 5 months, and has been incredibly successful.We used to have a lot of minor problems on our block, but now it’s very quiet.Everyone knows that our neighborhood is off limits for trouble makers.Just last week we won a special award from the mayor’s office.All of us were invited to a big award ceremony.We had dinner, heard some guests speakers, and then accepted our award for out-standing community service.Unit Nine Part one About single-sex education Feminist n.女权主义者adj.主张男女平等的, 女权主义的Liberal宽容忍耐的;心胸宽?的;无偏见的/慷慨的;大方的/（指教育）扩展心智的, 德育的（不单纯作职业或技术的训练）/自由党人/不严格的;自由的;不讲究准确性的To interact(with)相互作用;相互影响/指人）一起活动或互相合作（尤指为互相联系Beneficial有益的;有用的;有好处的: Collaborative adj.协作的, 合作的 Clarification n.澄清, 阐明Self-esteem自尊;自负: high/low self-esteem 很强的[弱的]自尊心/ injure sb's self-esteem 伤某人的自尊心 To accommodate Feminists Part two To undercharge（某人）少收（某物的）价款 Invoice发票;发货清单;服务费用清单: Agent’s commission 代理商佣金 En route on the way 在路上;在中途Part three Gender生理上的）性别分类, 性Disparity n.不同，不等。
上外翻译I笔记(第六讲、第七讲)
第六讲英汉对比之思维与文化●汉语直观性强百褶裙pleated skirt露背装halter top回形针paper clip●汉语爱以具体比喻抽象蚕食nibbleOur army won a smooth and overwhelming victory.我军势如破竹，打得敌军落花流水Wisdom prepares for the worst; but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes. 智者未雨绸缪，愚者临渴掘井●中国人重整体，西方人重个体●汉语无主句、省略句居多●本体型思维和客体型思维The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声都没有●顺向思维与逆向思维after you, sir 先生，您先请But we are getting ahead of the story.但是我们正在讲后面的故事All the date mentioned in the paper have been moved back in time.论文中提到的日期都提前了●语言观东方人言简意赅，西方人口若悬河东方人喜欢和谐，西方人喜欢争论文化：Culture is whatever people do monkeys don’t.二、文化差异as wise as an owl 猫头鹰dragon 龙三、联想异同同：as white as snow异：体壮如牛as strong as a horse如鱼得水like a duck to water多如牛毛as plentiful as blackberries水中捞月to fish in the air害群之马black sheep挥金如土spend money like water画蛇添足gild the lily四、制度信仰世界观的差异intellectual vs. 知识分子（没有实践经验的）individualism vs. 个人主义（英雄主义）green：inexperienced; envy; environmentally friendly; money隐情，形容穷，不辞而别，形容喉咙疼She felt that she must not yield, she mush go on living her straitened, humdrum life. This was her punishment for having made a mistake. She had made her bed, and she must lie on it.一、调整句子长度二、调整句子结构第七讲选义与选词I worked hard for nothing.work：工作、志愿工作、付出、解大便…Tom passed.pass：死了、考试过了、没有叫牌、传球我需要一根粗绳子a fat woman, a fat income, big fat apple, fat lands选义一：词性Like attracts like 物以类聚Like father, like son. 有其父必有其子虎父无犬子上梁不正下梁歪I like jazz●选义二：搭配man and animalman and womanofficers and men 官兵the boss and his men 老板和下属man and wife 丈夫和妻子run a car run a factory run short 用完run messages 送信run the street 流浪街头Evil news runs fast. 恶事传千里The play runs 4 weeks. 这出戏连演四周run across a friend 遇到一位朋友run for presidency 竞选总统run into debts 欠债run to the extremerun the risk of 冒…的风险run a thread through a needle’s eye 穿针引线the street runs northimmediate reply 立刻答复immediate boss 顶头上司immediate neighbor 近邻immediate family 核心家庭nuclear familyimmediate interests 直接利益本义：中间没有隔层this is a challenge to the lawthis poses a challenge to logic 这简直荒谬绝伦a challenge to the government’s authority 公然对抗政府权威a challenge to a theory 对一项理论的质疑I challenge my own conclusion 我重新考虑我的结论can you produce any proof to challenge the fact 你能拿出证据来否认这一事实吗the local press challenged the license of the driver 当地报纸要求吊销那个司机的驾驶执照●选义三：语境Words don’t have meanings; people have meanings for words. 词本无义，义随人意No context, no text. 无语境，不成篇if：如果？是否？John娶了marry吗？打败？击打？选义四：文化背景John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. John为人可靠。
上海外国语大学翻译硕士MTI考研经验分享
上海外国语大学翻译硕士MTI考研经验分享本人现在是上外高翻笔译研究生，因为前段时间不断有学弟学妹问我关于备考MTI的相关事宜，感觉有必要写一篇经验帖来供后来人参考。
仅是个人愚见，感觉有用的就看看，没用的也凑合着看吧~~呵呵，不过我相信还是有些用处滴~~我当初考研之前也是火急火燎，想要找到组织，想要有人接受，有人指点，遂逛遍各大论坛，遍地留QQ号，可奇怪的是竟没有一个人加我扣扣，而到第二年我考上的时候，加我的人一大把。
我很是郁闷呀，可能是当时没赶上好时间吧。
但是，话又说回来，我还是很感激当年很有爱心的学姐学哥们，他们及时在论坛上留下了回忆版真题，还有备考过程，其间经历的种种，给了我很大的启发。
作为后来人，我也很愿意分享一下自己备考过程中的酸甜苦辣，学习心得，以及备考建议。
（在此须说明一点：所谓别人成功的经验，不要盲目接受，选择最适合自己的才是最重要的哦。
最重要的一点是跟着心里的选择走，认定了就好好拼一把）关于选学校：可能在备考之处，很多人选择MTI的动机各不相同，所以就有人在纠结，我到底该报那所大学？是译专业不强的名牌大学翻，还是专业实力很强的二流大学，或者是专业实力很强的，学校又是全国重点的北上广？我的选择很简单：首先，看自己的兴趣，看自己喜欢什么专业，然后根据专业圈定几所心仪的学校。
然后根据以后的就业情况，以及是否公平公正，学校实力，报录比，学费等综合考虑。
（顺便提醒一点：上外很亲睐跨专业考翻硕的童鞋哦，绝对没有歧视哦）我看中的两点：1.专业很强，老师很强，这样自己才有可能很强。
2.学校不黑：有些学校喜欢开后门，人际关系特别那啥~特别是北方的学校，而且北方的天气空气都不太好。
相比较而言，上外广外比较好考，招生人数也多（上外今年扩招突然人数增加到了七八十人复试录取比1：1.2考进去的机会很大，广外招的人就更多了，一两百呢），所以综合保险起见，东部和东南的学校稍微更好一点，就业前景也不错。
关于学费：选择学校的时候自己要做好心里准备，一般而言，专硕的学费是相当贵的，这一点一定要想到。
2015年北京外国语大学翻译硕士MTI考研百科知识与真题写作真题笔记
2015年北京外国语大学翻译硕士MTI考研百科知识与真题写作真题笔记各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上研究生，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。
选择MTI有点原因：1、MTI时间短，时间就是成本。
至于学费问题，提前工作一年的工资应该大于四万元。
2、MTI实用性更强。
3、MTI目前竞争较学硕更小，对于不愿冒险的童鞋来说是个更保险的选择。
下面谈谈我的考经：1、北外的招录比。
北外的研招办有11年和12年的统计。
大家可以自己去查一下。
但是这个统计相较于去年的报考人数要少不少，而且没有计算入报送的名额，报送的名额一般都在一半甚至更高。
童鞋们在考研现场确认之后两个星期可以给北外研招办打电话，问下具体的报考名额，这样自己心里比较有底。
2、大家应该知道，北外最看重的是专业课的成绩。
初试成绩总分、政治和二外只要达到国家线的要求就可以，谁能进复试看的是专业课的总分。
只有专业课的成绩才算入复试成绩中。
因此专业课是最最重要的。
百科相比于翻译更容易拿高分。
翻译有时候下了功夫却不一定能体现在成绩上，而百科则是复习好了肯定有高分。
百科也很容易拉开分数。
当然，翻译也是非常重要的。
因为最后进复试看的还是翻译水平。
当然，北外的复试刷人比例很低，所以进了初试就几乎是成功了一大半了。
lz在百科上花了很大的力气，最终努力也没有白费，考了近130。
Lz看了很多书，《中国文化读本》《中国文化概论》《中国国家地理》等等等等，还有购买了一些考研机构和的资料和考上的学姐的笔记，按照北外考题的风格和类型，最后整理了1300多个词条，考前把词条全部背熟，前面的名词解释就是手到擒来了。
小作文：根据公文写作的书，重点阅读可能成为考题的类型，如解说词、通知等等，把格式记牢，根据北外历年的真题和其他学校的真题练手。
大作文：一般是议论文，论点要明晰，论据要充足，条理要清楚。
3、政治：lz高中学理，没有政治基础。
上外法语一年级辅修笔记整理
上外法语一年级辅修笔记整理一、直陈式现在时的动词变位（一）第一组动词–er（aller除外）动词变位时，去掉不定式词尾-er，分别加上：j e tuil/ellenousvousils/elles变位-e-es-e -ons-ez-ent（ent不发音）★不定式以–ger，-cer结尾的第一组动词在变位时，nous的词形稍有变化。
如：manger：nous mang e ons commencer：nous commençons★以-eler结尾的动词，除nous,vous，其他人称为ll。
如：appeler：j’appe ll e tu appe ll es il appe ll e ils appe ll ent nous appe l ons vous appe l ez★在倒数第二个音节有-e或-é的动词：-e →è, -é→è.但nous,vous不变。
如：espérer:★以-eter结尾的动词：如：je t er: je/tu/il/ils →ttacheter: je/tu/il/ils →ètegeler: il gèle★以-oyer,-uyer,-ayer结尾的动词，除nous,vous，在哑音-e前，-y →-i。
如：netto y er： je netto i e nous netto y ons vous netto y ez对于以-ayer结尾的动词，也可以在哑音-e前保留-y。
（二）第二组动词-ir动词变位时，由词根分别加上：j e tuil/ellenousvousils/elles变-- -it -iss-is-isse位is is ons sez nt 如：finirj etuil/ellenous vous ils/elles变位finisfinisfinitfinissonsfinissezfinissent（三）第三组动词，不规则动词1.不定式以-ir结尾的动词，如：dormer ：je dor s ouvrir ：j’ouvr e2.不定式以-oir结尾的动词，如：recevoir ：je reçoi s pouvoir ：je peu x3.不定式以-re结尾的动词，如：rendre ：je rend sje tu Il(elle)nous vous Ils(elles)être（是）suis es est sommes êtes sontaller（去）vais vas va allons allez vontavoir（有）ai as a avons avez ontvenir viens viens vient venons venez viennentfaire（做）fais fais fait faisons fait es fontconnaître connaisconnaisconnaitconnaissonsconnaissezconnaissentsavoir sais sais sait savons savez saventapprendre apprendsapprendsapprendapprenonsapprenezapprennentmettre（放）mets mets met mettons mettez mettent décrire décris décris décrit décrivons décrivez décrivent voir（看）vois vois voit v o yons v o yez voient vouloir v eu x v eu x v eu t voulons voulez v eu lent lire lis lis lit lisons lisez lisent dire（说）dis dis dit disons dit es disent sortir sors sors sort sortons sortez sortentdevenir dev ie nsdev ie nsdev ientdevenonsdevenezdev ie nnentconduire（驾驶）conduisconduisconduitconduisonsconduisezconduisentexagérer（夸张）exagèreexagèresexagèreexagéronsexagérezexagèrent（四）代词式动词（自反动词）je tu il（elle）nous vous ils（elles）me te se nous vous se如se laverje tu il/elle nous vous ils/elles变位me lave te laves se lave nous lavons vous lavez se lavent二、过去分词的动词变位第一组动词：把词尾–er 变成-é第二组动词：把词尾–ir 变成–i第三组动词：变成-i, -u, -s, -t★常见部分第三组动词的过去分词不定式过去分词词尾不定式过去分词词尾avoir eu attendre attendu uêtre étéboire bunaître nédormir dormi i connaitre connurire ri dépendre dépendusortir sortiservir servi devenir devenuasseoir assis s entendre entendumettre mis falloir falluprendre pris lire luapprendre appris pleuvior plucomprendre compris pouvoir puouvrir ouvert t répondre réponducouvrir couvert savoir suécrire écrit vendre vendufaire fait vouloir vouludire dit voir vumourir mort descendre descendu三、直陈式未完成过去时的动词变位Nous直陈式现在时变位去掉词尾-ons，分别加je tu il/elle nous vous ils/elles变位-ais -ais -ait -ions -iez -aient★être是例外：je tu il/elle nous vous ils/elles变位J’étais étais était étions étiez étaient注：commencer: je commençais , nous commencionsmanger: je mangeais , nous mangionsvoir: je voyais , nous voyionspleuvoir: il pleuvait四、简单将来时的动词变位在动词不定式后分别加词尾je tu il/elle nous vous ils/elles变位-ai -as -a -ons -es -ont ★以-re结尾的第三组动词，要先去掉词尾的e ，然后加上述词尾。
上外出版社《口译教程》汉英翻译参考译文
Lesson 11.3 美国副总统复旦演讲韩市长，非常感谢您！谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。
今天我们很高兴来到这里。
我和我夫人为有这次机会再次来到中国访问感到荣幸。
感谢贵国对我们的欢迎，特别感谢复旦大学的热情接待。
我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们！我们此行带来了布什总统和美国人民的良好祝愿。
我知道在座的许多人很快就要从这所优秀的大学毕业。
我听说贵校有极为严格的标准，得到复旦大学的学位代表着多年的刻苦攻读和自我约束。
我祝贺在座各位学业有成。
对各位老师坚持复旦大学99年追求卓越的传统我深表钦佩。
1.4 Speech by Wang Guangya at Princeton UniversityLadies and Gentlemen,Good evening.I am honored to be invited to your seminar tonight. For me, for my colleagues and for many other Chinese, Princeton has long been a familiar name. With a history longer than the country, it has produced many outstanding people, Woodrow Wilson, the 28th US president, Albert Einstein, the great scientist, and T. S. Eliot, the famous poet, to name but a few. As former president Bill Clinton said in 1996 at the celebrations for the 250th anniversary of Princeton,“At every pivotal moment in American history, Princeton, its leadership, faculty and its students have played a crucial role.”I am more pleased to learn that all of you have a keen interest in China. Though our two countries are geographically far apart, we have a great deal in common in the everyday life. While many Chinese enjoy Hollywood movies and McDonald’s fast food, many Americans find that their clothes and daily necessities are made in China.I hope that to day’s seminar will help you gain a better understanding of China and its foreign policy, thus deepening further our friendship and cooperation.1.5 新工厂落成典礼上的讲话各位尊敬的来宾，女士们，先生们：下午好！欢迎大家前来参加我们公司在中国的首家新厂房的落成典礼！感谢各位拨冗光临，与我们共同庆祝这一盛大的活动！我谨代表公司对今天来参加典礼的各位供应商、客户嘉宾、各位员工和业务伙伴说声“谢谢！”公司管理层深深为我们的新工厂感到骄傲，我们能干的员工感到骄傲，他们发展了工厂的业务，使之达到国际水平。
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第九讲：增减重复●结构上的增补：主语久仰久仰!I heard so much about you!恐怕他不会来了I’m afraid he will not come进来了就休想出去Once you are in, you would not be allowed to get out.●结构上的增补：谓语听了这个消息，她面色苍白，手冰凉at the news, her face turned pale and her hands (turned) cold.He has been broadcasting for 4 hours without any mistakes.他连续播音四个小时，中间没有出现任何差错The dean had a lot of work to do before the meeting.主席在出席会议之前还有很多工作要做“Truly Allah has blessed us” Ahmed exclaimed piously. “Soil, water, sun—we can grow anything”“真主真是保佑我们哪”，阿赫麦德虔诚地说道，“我们有土地，有水，有阳光—种什么都行”●结构上的增补：宾语老师越讲空洞的大道理，学生就越感到讨厌The more the teacher elaborates on empty theories, the more the students disgust them.First you borrow, then you beg.头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭●结构上的增补：修饰语她闭上眼睛，把手放在他的手里She closed her eyes and put her hand into his.怎样才能使更多的年轻人增加富含铁质食物的食用量呢？How can we get young people to increase their consumption of iron-rich food?●结构上的增补：状语Blue is such a pretty. Jim had always liked her in blue.蓝颜色是那么漂亮。
Jim在世时就总是喜欢她穿蓝色的衣服The ancient sites, which had the important political, economical and religious things going on, are almost all gone.这些遗址，过去曾是重要的政治、经济和宗教活动场所，现在几乎荡然无存了●增补时间状语完成时：曾，已经，过，了进行时：在，着，正将来时：将，就，要，会，便●结构上的增补：连词不努力就不会成功One will not succeed unless one works hard.早知这样就不来了If I had known it earlier, I would not come.The best cook can not please all the diners.即使最好的厨师也不能让所有的食客满意●结构上的增补：量词和表示复数的词a full moon 一轮满月a bad dream 一场噩梦have a rest 休息一下the king of animals 百兽之王the mountains 群山all the presidents of the nation 历任总统●结构上的增补：省略成分He did not really represent their opinions to the higher-ups although he insisted he did.他并没有把他们的意见真正反映给上级，尽管他坚持说已经反映过了Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好（比较）Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man.读书使人充实；讨论使人机智；写作使人准备（排比）At the time of Kennedy’s assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster.肯尼迪遇刺时，基辛格认为，如果肯尼迪再任一届总统的话，大概不是立大功，就是闯大祸（虚拟条件）●语义上的增补谁都知道那里很艰苦Everyone knows life there is rather difficult.Today the school-leaving age is 16, but many girls stay at school after that age.如今允许离校的年龄定在16岁，许多女孩过了这个年龄还要继续留在学校里学习The crowds melted away as the police arrived.警察赶来后，人群渐渐散开了He regarded the National Day edition of the Y angtze Evening Post as a collector’s item.他把国庆节的那份扬子晚报视为收藏家的珍品●语义上的增补：动词After a whole day’s work, they would sit in front of a wayside shop, enjoying three of the best things in life along the Nile—tea, conversation, and the water pipe.忙碌一整天，他们会坐在路边商店的门前，享受尼罗河沿岸人们生活里的三件最大乐事—喝茶、聊天、抽水烟For the international community the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown to be the third largest economy in the world, and is set to grow further.对国际社会来说，这些变化带来的引人注目的结果就是中国已跃居为世界第三经济大国，而且今后定会更强大●语义上的增补：范畴词We have got great achievements militarily, politically and economically.我们在军事、政治、经济等方面取得了巨大的成绩stability 稳定性transparency 透明度remedy 补救措施retreat 休养地exchange 交易所fillings 填充物●修辞的增补At the age of 35, she had first learned what it is to be a mother.她35岁的时候，才生平第一次尝到了做母亲的滋味It is a bit fishy that the old man should have given away a villa like that.那么好端端的一幢别墅，那个老头儿竟然白白地送了人，其中颇有蹊跷As he sat down and began talking, words poured out.他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完Hearing the death of his son in the front, the old lady sank down with her face in her hands.获悉儿子在前线阵亡的消息，老太太一屁股坐了下去，两手捂住了脸●增补必要的背景In our country we say “Beehouse” as you say Adams or Cecil.在我们国家，一提起姓“比霍”的，就跟你们提起亚当斯或西赛尔这些闻名美国的的大家族一样，几乎人人皆知The archaeologists discovered thousands of previously unidentified rock art sites across Arnhem Land.在澳大利亚北部地区阿那姆地，考古学家发现了成千上万个以前从未有人识别的石艺场址●重复----表意更加明确In “IOU” I represents I, O owe, and U you.在“IOU”中字母I代表“我”，O代表“欠”，U代表“你”（省略）I’m always very aware of everything that is going on around the street, even in my own neighborhood, where I used to feel safe.现在我在街上总是十分注意周围的动静，就连在家门口附近也是一样，虽然过去我觉得家门附近是安全的（关系词）When it comes to writing, if richness needs gifts with which everyone is not endowed, simplicity by no means comes by nature. To achieve it needs rigid discipline.谈到写作，如果说写华丽的文章需要有天资，而这（份天资）并不是人人都具备的，简洁则决不是天生的。
要做到简洁（这一点），必须经过严格的训练（代词）●重复----语言更加生动As regards health, I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness. I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake.谈到健康问题我就没什么可说的了，因为我没怎么生过病。
我想吃什么就吃什么，想喝什么就喝什么，眼睛睁不开就睡觉People use natural science to understand and change nature.人们利用自然科学去了解自然，改造自然They have been victimized so often that they have lost their fear and anger.他们屡次受害，已经不觉得害怕，也不感到气愤了●冠词的省略The local people’s response to the new security measures was enthusiastic.当地居民对新的安全措施反应强烈His room is small but cozy, with a fireplace, a soft chair and a sofa.他房间里有壁炉、软椅和沙发，虽然小些，但挺温馨●代词的省略It is very important to learn English well.学好英语非常重要It is me. / It is raining. 是我/ 下雨了He entered the room, his nose red with cold.他走进屋来，鼻子冻得通红One is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老●连词的省略Early to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy.早睡早起身体好When we are of one heart, everything becomes easy.大家齐心了，一切事情都好办了●介词的省略Will you be out for a long time?你会出去很久吗？The products made in this factory are good in quality and low in price.该厂生产的产品物美价廉On weekends we have no classes.周末我们不上课●谓语动词的省略I won’t be free tomorrow.我明天没空What you did is way beyond the call of duty.你所作的远不在你的职责范围之内（此句中way为副词，意为far）●修辞层面的省略What is the shortest possible way to the railway station?去火车站哪条路最近？University applicants who had worked at a job would receive a preference over those who had not. 报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。