农产品供应链管理-外文翻译

外文翻译原文Supply chain management for agricultural productsResource: MBA (IT), IIIT Allahabad Pulastya Roy Agriculture is a significant sector of most of the economy of world. Agriculture derives its importance from the fact that it provides any a country self reliance in terms of food for their people, providing huge direct and indirect employment and more over huge revenue by export of surplus food grain. Agriculture is backbone of the economy and infrastructure for many countries like India, Brazil and others. Due to technical advancement, improved irrigation system and several other reasons production in agriculture has increased several folds. To meet this increased production and business in agriculture sector an equally reliable supply chain support is imperative.Supply chain is basically-“a set of processes functioning synergistically to satisfy a customer’s demand”. Any supply chain trades off between two main attributes of supply chain, “Efficiency and Responsiveness”. Any supply chain is adopted or designed keeping only this two attributes in mind because it defines about which kind of customer the supply chain wants to cater and what is the scale of “return on investment” is being planned for. Agricultural industry uses bo th kind of supply chain as per the need.Designing supply chain for agricultural products:Most of the produce in agriculture can not be sold directly; as per their mode of consumption they can be categorized as follows.There are some products which are not highly perishable like cereals but needed to be processed like- rice is polished, and wheat has to be husked.Some products are highly perishable so they must be sent to market very fast or otherwise needed to be processed and packaged well.For designing a supply chain for any Agriculture product, it’s important to know which kind of agriculture products is that, and accordingly a responsive or efficient supply chain is designed.Supply chain for non perishable items:Most all the cereals like Wheat, Rice, Maize etc. and some vegetables likePotato and Onion are highly inelastic in demand, moreover they are not highly perishables so the supply chain for such products should focus more on efficiency and cost effectiveness than responsiveness. These products have vital supply and demand links with the market. Cereals needs some kind of processing and polishing after they are harvested from field and from here onwards supply chain comes into play. The food grain is then packed in jute bags and then stored in cold storages till they get order from market.These type of agricultural products are highly in elastic in demand and the demand more or less remains constant so their demand can easily be forecasted and hence while designing supply chain for such products efficiency should be more preferred.Supply chain for perishable items:Fruits, green vegetables and flower come under perishable items and they need all together a more responsive, fast and accountable supply chain as a means of propagation from farms to the market.These products are elastic and erratic in demand hence their demand forecasting is also difficult. They need more costly type cold storage and refrigeration, special transportation mechanism and on time delivery, all these requirements make this supply chain very costly, but at the same time the price of these products are consummately adjusted to ensure higher margin and profit. While designing supply chain for such items main focus should be given on the responsiveness.Supply chain management for fruits:To handle supply chain for these items is a very demanding task. Such products need facilities like refrigerated vans, more efficient cold storage faster transportation. This is the sector where India needs more improvement. India is the second largest producer for both fruits and vegetables, next only to China. Major vegetables include potato, eggplants, tomatoes, cassava, cabbage, dry onions, cauliflower, pumpkin, okra and green peas, while fruits include mangoes, oranges, apples, grapes, pineapples and papaya. So we severely need better support system to handle this massive produce. For example refrigerated vans, the need for refrigerated vans is driven by economics. Every year, India wastes over 30 per cent of the fruits and vegetables owing to shortage of proper cold chain infrastructure. As of today, most of the fruits and vegetables and meat get spoilt by the time they are transported from the farmlands to the retail chains in the cities. The export potential of fresh fruits,vegetables and dairy sector in India has not been fully tapped considering the size and diversity of these sectors. A poor supply chain is a chief reason behind this. However, India has a negligible share in imports of fruits and vegetables by countries like Australia, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Lebanon, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Syria and Thailand. Considering the level of imports in Asian countries, the study noted that India has a high potential in many Asian markets. Potential fruits identified by the study for increasing the exports include apples, oranges, bananas, watermelon, mandarin, pineapple, mangoes and guavas. Potential vegetables identified by the study include garlic, cauliflower, tomatoes, potatoes, cucumbers, peas, mushrooms, onions and eggplants.Major problems for fresh fruit and vegetable exports from India include low productivity (cost competitiveness) as compared to global standards, prevalence of a low level of pre-harvest and post-harvest technologies, international quality standards and existence of distortion in market channels and poor supply chain system. Developing region specific export facilitation centers and emphasizing the role of Agri-Export Zones (AEZs) further in tandem with the market requirements, especially to provide a specific thrust to the quality and supply chain requirements of the target markets.A case introduction about the main application technology in Japan Fresh Logistics:In order to maintain the freshness of agricultural products, need to form different products and flow characteristics of the harvest, transport, storage, logistics links the integrated use of various types of technology.(A) the cold chain system is the core of logistics technology, preservation of agricultural products, mainly involving pre-cooling, freezing refrigerated transportation and warehousing sectors insulation.1. Precooling means immediately after the harvest of agricultural products for rapid cooling of their processing, treatment can be controlled by pre-cooling products, respiration and evaporation to prevent the organic acids, Victoria C, etc. to reduce nutrients, inhibit bacterial growth in order to achieve the maintenance of product color, anti-corrosion and to prevent overripe fruit and other fresh-keeping effect. The pre-cooling is more popular in Japan that the main mode are as follows:(1) forced ventilation pre-cooling: to pre-cooling bank chilling by cold air for cooling. Construction costs low, can be applied to wider variety of agricultural industries, but the cooling process more time-consuming, non-uniform cooling.(2) differential pressure ventilation pre-cooling: In the manufacture of pressure difference on both sides of the container, to instill air-conditioning inside the container. Construction costs in the forced ventilation between the pre-cooling and vacuum pre-cooling. Forced ventilation cooling rate faster than the pre-cooling, and the cooling effect of uniform, but some agricultural products so that method has been applied will be sent fade. When loading takes some time.(3) Vacuum precooling: The agricultural products into the decompression chamber, promoting the internal water evaporation, thus cooling. The cooling speed, the effect is even, but not frozen bulky, surface area of small fruit. Higher construction costs, more was necessary to build cold storage.(4) cold-water pre-cooling: to pour cold water on agricultural products, or to soak them in refrigeration. Cool faster, but not suitable for soaking the product can not be more need for a separate cold storage building.2. Frozen refrigerated transport is an important component of cold chain system, mainly involving insulation trucks, containers and incubator technology. Japan is now the majority of perishable agricultural products have been the vast majority of the use of heat insulation container transport trucks and some high-end agricultural products by air to shorten the circulation time. Such as the early morning harvest fish, high-grade fruits, the day will be able to appear in Tokyo department stores on the counter.(B) preservation, and packagingAccording to different product characteristics and circulation patterns, use of appropriate preservation, and packaging technologies. Of potatoes, onions and other non-perishable vegetables, etc. can take a simple packaging, through the air circulation inside the container can control the mildew and rot. And to maximize the size of the transport and improve transport efficiency, bringing the cost advantages of scale. Order online or mail order and other small-scale circulation of agricultural products, the use of foam packaging plus refrigerated cooling agent. Pairs of high-valued agricultural products can be taken to special packaging. Such as Japan in the cherry, peach, strawberry and other fruit on the packaging of easily bruised widespread use of buffering materials, and the use of special preservation tank to absorb the ethylene composition distribution of fruit and control fruit had cooked. In addition, with refrigerated transport, and sometimes need to use foam packaging, the package straight refrigerants.Used for multiple recycling of the transport containers can effectively improvethe transportation efficiency, reduce transportation costs. Japan, the transport of agricultural products widely used standard-size folding transport case, a transportation overlay when placed after the discharge of folding up the transport do not take up space, and can be recycled many times.(C) fresh storageFrozen fresh storage warehouse is the foundation, in addition to a number of recent Refrigeration technology began with the promotion, the more popular two methods are as follows:Controlled atmosphere storage (controlled atmosphere, referred to as CA storage): the use of nitrogen or carbon dioxide to inhibit respiration in order to achieve fresh results.Dried Preserved: The natural drying or artificial drying, raw materials for food or food dehydration, so water does not result in reduced to the extent of food spoilage, so as to achieve the purpose of preservation.Conclusion:Agriculture is the main stay of the Indian and several other economies of world, it constitutes the backbone of rural livelihood security system and accounts for a handsome percent of GDP of the whole world and if given due support to this industry in terms of better supply chain management system it can certainly provide India or in that manner any agricultural based economy a substantial growth.译文农产品供应链管理来源:工商管理硕士（信息技术），印度国际信息学院，阿拉哈巴德.罗伊农业是世界经济中一个最重要的部门。