外文翻译---供应链管理ABC
供应链管理(中英对照)
Supply Chain Management供应链管理The so-called supply chain, in fact, from suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, distribution centers and channels, and so constitute a logistics network. The same enterprise may constitute the different components of this network node, but the situation is different from a corporate network in different nodes. For example, in a supply chain, companies may not only in the same manufacturers, storage nodes, and in distribution centers, such as possession node location. In the more detailed division of labor, the higher the professional requirements of the supply chain, different nodes are basically composed by different enterprises. In the supply chain flows between the member units of raw materials, finished products, such as inventory and production constitutes the supply chain of goods flow.所谓供应链，其实就是由供应商、制造商、仓库、配送中心和渠道商等构成的物流网络。
外文文献翻译供应链管理与5s管理
供应链管理与5s管理外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：90 th Annual International Supply Management Conference, May 2005英文原文Lean Supply Strategies: Applying 5S Tools to Supply Chain ManagementKimball BullingtonAssociate Professor of Supply Chain ManagementMiddle Tennessee State University90th Annual International Supply Management Conference, May 2005ABSTRACT: Supply strategies in a lean environment should support the operations strategy. It is appropriate then to use lean concepts and lean terminology in the creation of supply strategy for lean operations. This paper examines supply strategy development in a lean production environment by utilizing 5S, a key lean concept. The concepts of lean supply and 5S will be introduced followed by a discussion of how the 5S methodology may be used to develop and implement a supply strategy.Key words: lean ; 5s ; supply strategy;1 Lean SupplyThe term “lean supply” implies that the supply chain is appropriate for lean production. Lean production is a concept of waste elimination inprocesses, which has enjoyed popularity in manufacturing companies. The basic tenets of lean production as outlined by Womack and Jones (1996) include the following 、Specify value 、Identify the value stream、Organize the value stream to promote flow、Communicate demand through pull、Strive for perfection.It is appropriate for the supply management function in a lean environment to integrate lean concepts and terminology into the development of supply strategy. One of the foundational lean concepts that serves as a basis for all of the tenets given above is 5S.What is 5S?The 5S’s are lean concepts derived from the Japanese words: seiri (sort), seiton (set in order), seiso (shine or purity), seiketsu (standardize), and shitsuke (sustain) (Hirano,1996). Companies adopting the lean production philosophy often implement the 5S process to bring order to the workplace and thereby support lean production. 2 Why Use the 5S Concept as a Model for Lean Supply Strategy?5S is a proven model for organizing and maintaining a lean production environment. The relationship between purchasing or supply and the general management of operations may be improved through the use of a common vocabulary built around concepts familiar to the organizational head and the heads of other departments. For this reason, 5S is an appealing model for the development of supply strategy in a leanproduction environment. A model for using 5S to develop supply strategy follows.2 Sort:Remove All But the Necessary Materials, Equipment and Supplies.Typically, the first step in a producer’s implementation of 5S will be a tour of the target area marking with red tags those items that appear out of place or unnecessary. After reviewing each item, the item will either be put in its proper place or removed if it is unnecessary or redundant. The Sort process is essential to developing the organization of the workspace needed for lean production.Sorting the supply base includes selection of suppliers to add to the system and selecting suppliers to eliminate (supply base consolidation or rationalization). Implementing Sort in the supply base through supplier consolidation achieves the following benefits. It reduces the waste of inefficient work methods by reducing the number of suppliers that must be managed by the procurement staff. Sorting reduces the waste of selecting the wrong suppliers by focusing efforts of selection, evaluation, and improvement on a few select suppliers. This also improves the quality (conformance to specifications and delivery) of the products received from these suppliers by focusing quality assurance, control and improvement activities on a smaller number of suppliers. Sorting reduces processing waste as fewer purchase orders may be necessary and fewerselection audits are needed. Finally, Sorting increases the opportunity for supply chain partnering.So for the management of supply, the primary implementation of Sort is selection. There are several criteria that may be used to identify candidates for elimination in the sorting process.First, a performance review ., review of quality, delivery, and price performance) isolates some candidates for elimination. Next, a review of redundant suppliers is conducted. How many suppliers have identical or overlapping capabilities? Finally, a review of the number of part numbers purchased from each supplier will often result in identification of a large number of suppliers providing only one or a few parts.All of the sorting or consolidation is an effort to approach an optimum number of suppliers. Multiplying suppliers increases variation and overhead. The practice of utilizing multiple suppliers for a single part in order to reduce risk often increases risk, just as increasing the number of components in an assembly usually increases the probability of failure.Set in Order: Arrange Product and Equipment So It is Easy to Find and Easy to Use.Equipment and storage locations are labeled so equipment or tools will be easy to identify and put away when they are no longer in use ., tool cutouts or outlines on a peg board or in a tool chest). The labeling of storage locations with tape on the floor or the work station facilitatesvisual management. A glance is sufficient to identify missing tools or tools not properly stored.Arranging suppliers so they are easy to use brings to mind the concept of s egmentation. Segmentation provides a “place for everything” and allocates “everything in its place.” The supply base is sorted or segmented by value potential and risk, by strategic value and opportunity for cost improvement, by value potential and criticality, or other such criteria. The proper “place” for a supplier is a location in a segmentation matrix. The value of this exercise comes from clearly identifying how each supplier will be treated based on identifiable criteria. Table 1 is an example segmentation of the supply base by annual expenditures and risk yielding four segments of suppliers with different opportunities for value contribution.The key suppliers for lean production companies tend to be in the high risk –high value potential or “partnership” category of the supplier segmentation matrix.Partnership suppliers represent a higher risk to the company in terms of design complexity, startup communication, custom tooling, overall higher demand for buyer input, and schedule pressures ., just-intime support). Risk can also be thought of as the level of opportunity for adverse effects on value ., deterioration in delivery, lead time, price, or quality).The other supplier segments have different needs. The low risk –high value potential segment may include commodity items where price dominates other considerations. If the risk may be reduced for high risk –high value potential items, significant savings may be realized by some form of competitive bidding.The high risk –low value potential suppliers affect value by the nature of the factors that make them high risk. Risk factors could include demanding delivery requirements, advanced technology, etc. Temporary situations, such as cash flow problems or capacity limitations, could be the major risk factors. Segmentation helps prevent the supply manager from overlooking these potential problem suppliers. Finally, the low risk – low value potential suppliers typically have relatively high transaction costs as compared with the value of the product. The opportunity for adding value comes by consolidating these purchases and reducing transaction costs. Several different segmentations may be conducted in order to properly categorize the suppliers. The segmentation of suppliers may also include an evaluation of quality ., certified, conditional, approved status). Performance measures may be helpful in segmenting the remaining supply base. Hau Lee (2002) suggests the use of an uncertainty framework as a means of segmenting the supply base for demand and supply uncertainty.The location aspect of Set in Order may be addressed by identifyingthe location value of each supplier on a large map. This may identify further opportunities for consolidation by grouping suppliers locally or in targeted areas or along trucking routes so more than one supplier may be visited on a single trip. Other considerations for2.2.1 Keep Everything Swept and Clean.Cleaning implies system maintenance and inspection. As a work area is cleaned, problems such as oil leaks or other maintenance issues become more apparent before they have a chance to affect performance. The inspection of suppliers implies surveys or audits. The objective of auditing suppliers is to obtain objective evidence that supports the Sort and Segmentation decisions or evidence that supports action of a different sort, such as risk reduction and continuous improvement. These audits may include: site surveys, supplier self-assessments, remote surveys, third party certification type surveys ., ISO 9000 or QS 9000), or third party quality awards such as the Baldrige Award (or state award using the Baldrige criteria). Major changes in supplier personnel and the work place environment may not be detected by 3rd party audits such as ISO certification audits. First person audits should be structured in such a way as to detect performance or personnel changes.For key suppliers (identified in the Set in Order or Segmentation stage), on-site visits should be scheduled with a frequency appropriate to the relationship. For example, high risk-high value potential suppliersusually receive the highest frequency of visits followed by high risk – low value potential, and low risk - high value potential suppliers respectively. Low risk –low value potential suppliers are generally not surveyed except for mail surveys of regulatory compliance issues. 2.2.2 Integrating the First Three S.Standardize ensures that your implementation of the Sort, Set in Order, and Shine doesn’t deteriorate over time. It formaliz es the procedures, schedules and practices that sustain the system and drive future improvements. Problems avoided by Standardize include: Firstly , the number of suppliers grows unchecked,Secondly, the segmentation deteriorates and the classification of the suppliers becomes unknown,Thirdly, suppliers are not visited on a regular basis,Fourthly, surveys are conducted informally or with renegade processes.How can you standardize? Assign 3S duties. Ensure that the personal plans or objectives of the supply management personnel cover the sort (supplier consolidation), set in order (segmentation), and shine (audit) issues necessary.Strategic buyers, commodity managers, or the purchasing manager are charged with the resp onsibility of surveying the charts in each buyer’s area to ensure they are kept current. The results of these surveys may bedisplayed on checklist charts demonstrating the level of implementation.Often the motivation for adding suppliers comes from outside of the purchasing function. Do these functions understand why consolidation is valuable? One advantage of the 5S approach is that a common language will be used between purchasing and manufacturing. This should facilitate the communication between these groups, but what about interactions between design engineering and purchasing? This is a critical interface for two reasons. First, engineering is the source of many requests for new suppliers. Second, engineering, particularly design engineering, may have a creative environment that feels constrained by programs that promote rigid discipline. Engineers have complained that they see no reason to limit their supplier selections just so the buyers can play more solitaire on the computer. The 5S program provides reasoning behind the consolidation efforts. Survey schedules are maintained using software that reminds the process owner and the appropriate managers. In some organizations, the quality assurance department can serve a role as a third party to the process with supplier delivery performance being considered with quality performance for preferred supplier status. Supplier surveys or audits should be part of the personal evaluation process for the owners of this process ., buyers, supplier quality engineers, commodity managers).3 Discipline Starts With the Leadership.Do you care enough to be consistent with your message and vision? Are you communicating the strategy, including the reasons for your actions, outside of the procurement function? Are you training new employees properly? Does the proper structure exist to support this strategy? These are issues for leadership. No 5S process for supply management will be effective without vigilant leadership. Lean producers have used this process effectively, but consistent leadership over time is necessary to prevent system deterioration.4 Summary.Each element of the 5S technique corresponds to an element of supply strategy for a lean supply chain. 5S is a powerful tool in manufacturing, in part, because of its simplicity. Simplicity makes 5S a powerful supply management tool as well.中文译文精益供应策略：将5S工具应用于供应链管理作者：Kimball Bullington供应链管理副教授田纳西州立大学第90届国际供应管理年会，2005年5月摘要：精益环境中的供应战略应该支持运营战略。
供应链管理系统双语英文翻译
供应链管理系统双语英文翻译1) A supply chain includes only the organizations directly involvedin supplying components needed for manufacturing.一个供应链仅包括直接参与提供所需的元件制造业的组织。
Answer: FALSE2) A supply chain consists of all parties involved, directly or indirectly, in fulfilling a customer request. Answer: TRUE 供应链由所有各方，直接或间接参与，满足客户要求。
3) A supply chain could be more accurately described as a supply network or supply web.Answer: TRUE供应链可以更准确地描述为供应网络。
4) The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the overall value generated. TRUE每一个供应链的目的是生成的整体价值最大化。
5) The objective of every supply chain is to maximize the value generated for the manufacturing component of the supply chain. Answer: FALSE每一个供应链的目标是最大化为供应链的制造组件生成价值。
6) Every supply chain must include all 5 stages. Answer: FALSE每个供应链必须包括所有 5 个阶段。
7) The cycle view of a supply chain holds that the processes in a supply chain are divided into a series of activities performed at the interface between successive stages. Answer: TRUE 供应链周期认为供应链流程分为一系列的活动上演在连续阶段之间的接口。
供应链管理外文翻译——Supplychain
1 供应链管理理论、实践及未来的挑战供应链相关理论很明显大部分大部头文章的注意力日益增多的集中在供应策略、业务策略和供应链管理含义的确定上即通常集中在断言他们是什么这样的问题上。
当前所描绘的SCM规范是三个要素的结合体现象、惯例和未来的发展趋势。
现象争议来源于研究范围和侧重点的不同。
一些学者公开宣布他们使用的是供应链管理和采购术语的“同义词”Stuart1997其务实的态度可能会受到很大的赞扬但是与一个作用和一个过程的证明类似似乎某些时候会错过许多供应链或网络管理思路。
另一些人显然有更宽泛的理解举例来说精益供应的做法侧重于“汽车装配的采购活动及组成部分和组件系统制造商的供应活动”Lamming1996年183页。
因此莱明倾向于更广泛的“供应管理”概念。
一些采购供应链管理专家将SCM看作是与供应商的一种发展关系GiuniperoBrand1996年另一人则认为良好的供应管理还不够还要有一个额外的、更广泛、更综合、涵盖一切的系统这个系统包括采购、运输以及销售的最终用户Davis1993年。
在关于定义和描述的争论中我们最终还是返回重新定位专业和职能例如运行管理和物流学。
我们认同采用建构主义的价值探讨行动者本身如何从事有意义的决策而不是试着重新构建。
通过后面这种方法我们便有机会探讨理想的实践主义者和推动者之间的界限以及他们如何有关方面在诠释他们的首要目标、活动范围和职责分配。
这种做法的价值在于并不否认理论和模型在常规供应管理中的贡献。
惯例当从理论向解决办法转化时问题就出现了有利的属性经常归因于某些特点。
例如一个定义表明如果通过电子手段或网络连接的所有供应链能够促进物流和信息流有效和高效的流动那么都可以被认为是真正的时尚ChandrashekarSchary1999年27页 2 有些惯例特别是源于实践的方法具有优越性。
源于丰田公司及其供应商的IMVP引领的精益的生产方式可以说就是这种类型。
另一个例子也许是许多定制和敏捷性的例子Pine 1993年Goldman等1995年 Meier和Humphreys 1998。
供应链管理外文翻译
The Impact of Green Supply Chain Management on Transportation Cost ReductionABSTRACT: Supply chain management（SCM）has become an important competitive approach for organizations. The issue of green supply chain management is critical for the successful implementation of industrial ecosystems and industrial ecology. Organizations have a number of reasons for implementing these green supply chain policies, from reactive regulatory reasons, to proactive strategic and competitive advantage reasons. From an overall environmental and organizational perspective, it is important to understand the situation and what issues exist in this field. Many organizations worldwide have already experienced globalization and a shifting focus to competition among networks of companies in this environment. Multinational enterprises have established global networks of suppliers that take advantage of country-industry specific characteristics to build this competitive advantage. To success having this competitive advantage, logistics and supply chain managers have to balance efforts to reduce costs and innovate while maintaining good environmental performance. Therefore, today, competition is not between companies, between supply chains. This study brings us the effect of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) on the Transportation Cost Reduction (TCR). Keywords: Green Supply Chain; Transportation Cost; Cost Reduction1.IntroductionGlobal enterprises are permanently trying to develop new, flexible, applicable and innovative methods to enhance their success and competitiveness. Some of these organizations are enhancing their competitiveness through improvements in their environmental activities performance to comply with environmental law and regulations. The main point of complying with environmental law and regulations is customer environmental concerns and environmental impact of production and service activities. Besides, increasing of awareness of the propensity for environmental pollution within organizations’ supply network to c ost them in consumer complain, cleanup and punishment.To response the requirement of environmental law and regulations, minimum standards of environmental performance have become increasingly prevalent in the purchasing agreements of multinational corporations for their local and global suppliers. This requirement has become a new customer expectation from suppliers therefore suppliers have to reduce costs and improve quality and service to complete their responsibility for their customers.It is generally thought that green supply chain management has a great effect in increasing environmental performance, minimizing waste and achieving cost savings. Besides because of increasing synergy among business parties, green supply chain management enhances efficiency through partner and their supply networks. This synergy is expected to enhance the corporate image, competitive advantage andmarketing exposure.However, if green supply chain management practices are to be fully adopted by all organizations, a demonstrable link between such measures and cost saving, specifically transportation cost saving is very necessary. Bowen et al. state that organizations will adopt green supply chain management practices if they identify that this will result in specific financial and operational benefits.Thus, there is a clear research need to establish the potential link between structure of green supply chain and effective transportation cost saving, to provide an accelerator for enterprises to establish effective green their supply chains.Many enterprises have demonstrated significant efforts to establish green supply chain management initiatives. While there is not enough study which examine about cost reduction through Green Supply Chain Management and tested an empirical link between such efforts and Transportation Cost Reduction. Therefore, this paper presents the results of a survey of organizations to investigate the proposition that there is a significant relation between GSCM and TCR.2. Literature ReviewThis paper encompasses previous “functional” specific research on aspects of GSCM, to develop a conceptual model of GSCM and TCR. In this paper, the structure of green supply chain management encompasses environmental parameters as:(1) Purchasing and In-Bound Logistics,(2) Production or the Internal Supply Chain,(3) Distribution and Out-Bound Logistics,(4) Reverse Logistics.2.1 Purchasing and In-Bound LogisticsFrom the purchasing - the beginning point of supply chain - perspective of the supply network it is under discussion that GSCM has several benefits, ranging from cost reduction to integrating suppliers in a participative decision-making process that promotes environmental innovation). Green purchasing strategies which the largest part of inbound logistics side is adopted by the companies to response global concern of environmental stability.Green purchasing might enhance issues such as using environmental transportation, cost reduction, material substitution and waste minimization of hazardous materials. The involvement and support of suppliers is crucial to achieving such goals. Therefore, companies are increasingly managing their suppliers’ environmental performance to ensure that the materials and equipments supplied by them are environmentally-friendly in nature and are produced using environmentally friendly processes.Integration of suppliers into environmental management system could be completed in two steps. First step, Walton et al suggest that environmental issues become main part of strategic planning to response regulations and the demands of environmental accountability. In second step, organizations integrate their supplier to their supply chains to make reduction operational costs and improve customer service.2.2 Greening the Production Phase or the Internal Supply ChainThere are several notions that could be explained about green supply chain in production phase, such as cleaner production, design for environment, remanufacturing and lean production. Lean production has an importance to decrease the environmental impact of the internal supply chain. Lean production improves environmental performance by reducing general waste and minimizing hazardous wastes.Besides, production phase has an important role in keeping same quality level of organization that: having environmentally-friendly production; prevention of pollution at source; cleaner production practices are adopted; closed loop manufacturing (reverse logistics) is incorporated to the fullest extent possible, re-use and recycling of materials is maximized; material usage is reduced; the recyclable content of a product is increased; the production processes are optimized so that generation of waste, both hazardous or otherwise, is minimized; and products are redesigned (design for the environment). Also additionally design of the facility based on lean production is able to minimize vehicle movement.2.3 Greening the Outbound Function and Reverse LogisticsOn the outbound side of the green supply chain, reverse logistics, environment-friendly packaging, and environment-friendly distribution, are all initiatives that might improve the environmental performance of an organization and its supply chain. Management of wastes in the outbound function such as reverse logistics and waste exchange can lead to cost savings and enhanced competitiveness. Many of these initiatives involve compromises between various logistics functions as reverse logistics and environmental consideration in order to improve the environmental performance of an organization.In an eco-transportation system, required parameters of a transportation system such as type of transport, fuel sources, infrastructure, operational practices and organization, can be considered. These parameters and the dynamics that connect them, determine the environmental impact generated in the transportation logistics phase of the supply chain.3. Model and MethodologyAt this section, w investigate research question by using a questionnaire to collect data. After collecting, I use SPSS software to control relation between our variables by regression analysis.Model has three phases. In first phase, five dimensions are used of all GSCM dimensions which affect fuel consumption & maintenance, repairing expenditure. In second phase, the well known relation with fuel consumption & maintenance, repairing expenditure and transportation cost reduction is used to get result for this study. Transportation cost reduction side is third phase in our model. One point about methodology should be clarified in second phase.The reverse relation between fuel consumption & maintenance, repairing expenditure and transportation cost reduction. But the difficulties of finding fluctuation in transportation cost reduction in a direct way. To get result about transportation cost reduction, I use the second phase as a step phase. Through secondphase, I get effect of five dimensions into fuel consumption & maintenance, repairing expenditure, then using result and using reverse relation, I reach the point which explains the effect of five dimensions into transportation cost reduction.3.1 QuestionnaireTo validate the model given in the preceding section, regression analysis is used to determine the causal relationships between environmental transportation, suppliers by environmental criteria, helping suppliers to establish their own environmental management system, optimize internal process to minimize vehicle movement, reverse logistics and transportation cost reduction.An empirical survey-based research approach was adopted, comprising of 38 items. The questionnaire was distributed to the environmental management representative or the logistics representative of ISO 14001 certified organizations. The justification for using a five-point scale served to understand that there might have been a tendency of having most negative responses loading heavily on the median level, the center point of the scale. The research instrument was distributed to corporations using an online survey website. Company representatives enter the website and response the questions through website.That website serves data as in SPSS file and SPSS estimates a series of separate but interdependent regression equations simultaneously. We have drawn upon the theory and the research objectives to determine which independent variable will predict which dependent variable. The proposed relationships are then translated into a series of structural equations for each dependent variable. The structural model expresses these relationships among independent and dependent variables.3.2 HypothesisAt this section, there are five different hypothesis e to examine the impact of GSCM on TCR. Five different hypothesis is coming from five different dimensions of GSCM. Of course, total dimensions are not only five but as representing in the preceding section, only five of all dimensions are used to create hypothesis. Hypothesis’ are in representing as below.3.3 ResultsBased on model and hypothesis, results have been gotten by using regression analysis method. In this analysis FCMRE and TCR is dependent variables and the other five dimensions of GSCM(Using more environmental transportation, Reverse logistics, Choice of suppliers by environmental criteria, Helping suppliers to establish their own EMS, Optimize internal process to minimize vehicle movement) are independent variables.4. ConclusionThis study concludes that green supply chain management encompasses potential to make cost saving in transportation. From production firm perspective, specially, main concerns of firms are continuously tracking, controlling and thinking how to manage their all kinds of cost, especially transportation cost.As mentioned in preceding sections, there is a relation as in formula mode between fuel consumption & maintenance, repairing expenditure (FCMRE) andtransportation cost. Because of the difficulties to collect and get the transportation cost data, model has fuel consumption & maintenance, repairing expenditure as a connection variable. This study proves the existing relation between GSCM and FCMRE. After proving this relation and using the relation between FCMRE and TCR, this study explains the impact of GSCM on transportation cost. Also, these research findings suggest that green their supply chains management affect not only fuel consumption, maintenance and repairing cost, but also through these variables affect transportation cost indirectly.绿色供应链管理对降低运输成本的影响摘要：供应链管理（SCM）已成为一种重要的竞争手段。
供应链简明相关专业英语词汇
供应链相关专业英语词汇1. 缩写词汇缩写全拼翻译3PL/TPL Third party logistics 第三方物流ABC Activity based costing approach ABC 成本法AFR Aggregate Forecasting and Replenishment 合作预测于补给ANN Artificial neural network 人工精神网络APS Advanced planning system 先进计划系统BLM Business logistics management 企业物流管理BPR Business Process Reengineering 业务流程重组CAD Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计CAO Computer aided order 计算机辅助订货CCM Coordination control mechanism 协调控制机制CCM Coordination control mode 协调控制模式CEO Chief Executive Officer 企业主管CIM Coordinated inventory management 协同库存管理CIM Computer Integrated Manufacturing 计算机集成制造CIO Chief information officer 信息主管CKO Chief knowledge officer 知识主管CLM Council of logistics management 美国物流管理协会CPFRCollaborative planning, forecasting andreplenishment合作计划、预测和补货CSI Customer service index 客户服务指标CRP Capacity requirement planning 产量需求规划CSL Customer service Level 客户服务水平DME Double marginal effect 双重边际效应DRP Distribution requirement planning 配送需求计划ECR Efficiency consumer response 有效用户响应EDI Electronic Data Interchange 电子数据交换EFT Electronic Funds Transfer 电子资金转账ERP Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划ESC Efficient supply chain 效率性供应链ETO Engineering to Order 面向定单设计FMS Flexible Manufacture System 柔性制造系统FMS Flexible Manufacture System 柔性制造系统HSE Hockey-stick effect 曲棍球帮现象IMS Inventory management strategies 库存管理策略ITM Information tracking mechanism 信息跟踪机制JIT Just in time 准时制生产JMI Jointly managed inventory 共同管理库存LRP Logistics resource planning 物流资源计划LSP Logistics service provider 物流服务提供商MIS Measuring index system 评价指标体系MPS master production scheduling 主生产排程MRP Material Requirement Planning 物料需求计划MRP ⅡManufacturing Resource Planning 制造资源计划MTO Make to order 按订单生产MTS Make to stock 备货生产NSM Negotiation selection method 协商选择法OEM Original equipment manufacturer 原始设备制造商POS Point of sale 销售终端QFD Quality function development 质量功能开发RSC Responsive supply chain 响应性供应链RSC Revenue sharing contracts 收益共享契约RCCP rough-cut capacity planning 粗能力计划SCC Supply chain coordination 供应链协调SCD Supply chain design 供应链设计SCM Supply chain management 供应链管理SCN Supply chain network 供应链网络SCP Supply chain planning 供应链计划SCP Supply chain partnership 供应链合作关系SFA Sales Forecast Accuracy 预测准确率SKU Stock Keeping Unit 库存进出计量的单位SI Sell in 销售进入渠道SO Sell out 销售给消费者SRM Supplier relationship management 供应商关系管理S&OP Sales and operation planning 销售运营计划TOC Theory of constraint 约束理论TPM Traditional purchase mode 传统采购模式TMS Transportation management system 运输管理系统VMI Vendor Managed Inventory 供应商管理库存WMAPE Weighted Mean Percentage Error 加权平均绝对百分比误差WMS Warehouse management system 仓储管理系统2. 非缩写核心词汇ABC classification ABC 分类Accessory 附件Action Report 行动报告Aggregate Planning ．总体规划Agile Manufacturing 灵活制造Allocated Inventory 保留量Alternate BOM 替代物料表Anticipation Inventory 预期库存Assemble to Order 定单组装Automation 自动化Available Inventory 可用库存Available to Promise 可答应量Backlog 待交货Back Order 逾期订单Bill of Labor 人力表BOM Bill of Material 材料表bill of resources 资源表BOM Code 材料表码Bom Explosion 材料表展开Bom Implosion 材料表逆展Bom Structure 材科表结构Built-on-the-Iine parts 线上生产零件Bulk lssue 大批发料Bullwhip Effect 长鞭效应Business Plan 事业计划Capacity 产量Capacity Control 产量控制Capacity requirement planning 产量需求规划Check-in 结入Check-Out 结出Common part Bom 共享件材料表constraint management 限制因素管理continuous production 连续式生产critical capacity 关键产量critical part 关键零件customer order 客户定单customization 客制化customer service level 顾客服务水准cycle count interval 周期盘点区间cycle counting 周期盘点cycle time 周期时间Demand Management 需求管理demonstrated capacity 验证产量iscret manufacturing 装配式生产distribution center 配销中心distribution requirement planning 分销资源计划economic order quantity 经济订购量economic part period 经济量期emergency kanban 紧急看板finished goods 完成品firm planned order 固定计划定单first in first out 先进先出forecast 预测forecast horizon 预测期间fundamental data 基本资料gross requirement 总需求inbound queue control 输入端队列控制independent demand 独立需求input/output control 输入／输出控制intermittent production 问歇式生产inventory management 库存管理inventory status 库存状态inventory type 库存形态job 工件，工作job shop 工件生产工厂just in time 及时供补kanban 看板kanban ceiling 看板界限lead time 前置时间lead time offset 前置时问冲销least total cost 最低总成本批量法least unit cost 最低单位成本批量法level scheduling 平准化排程level production(linearity) 平准化生产linearity 定率生产load 负荷look ahead/look back 瞻前顾后法lot for lot 逐批批量法lot number 批号lot size 批量lot size inventory 批量库存lot sizing rule 批量法则maintenance, repair and operational supplies 间接物料make to order 定单生产make to stock 计划生产manufacturing bom 制造单元manufacturing cell 指令单manufacturing order 制造规划与控制manufacturing planning and control 制造资源规划master production scheduling 主生产排程material requirement planning 材料需求规划（计划）modular bom 模块材料表modular production 模块化生产mps item MPS 项目net requirement 净需求offset time 冲销时问on-hand inventory 在库量on-order inventory 在途量operations planning and control 作业规划与管制operations process chart 作业程序图order interval 订购区间order point 订购点parent/component 父件／子件pan number 件号past due 逾期量peg file 溯源文件pegging 溯源periodic order quantity 定期批量法periodic review system 定期评估法picking order 领料单plan-do-check-action cycle 计划一执行-检查-行动循环planned order receipts 计划定单收料planned order releases 计划定单发出planning bom 计划材料表planning horizon 计划期间planning time fence 计划时栅priority control 优先次序控制prioriry planning 优先次序规划preventive maintenance 预防性维护process manufacturing 流程式生产product family 产品族product line 产品线product structure 产品结构表product sub-line 产品副线production activity control 生产活动管制production rate 生产速率production plan 生产计划production planning 生产规划production run 生产连project-based production 项目式生产projected available balance 预计可用量pull system 拉式系统purchase order 订购单purchase reuisition 请购单quantity-per 单位用量quick response 快速反应rated capacity 评估产量raw material 原材料reasonableness test 合理测试receiving order 收料单refill kanban 补充看板re-order point 再订购点法repetitive manufacturing 重复性生产replacement part 替代件replenishment plan 补充计划replenishment time 补充时间resource requirement planning 资源需求规划rework kanban 重加工看板rolling kanban 滚动看板rolling schedule 滚动式排程rough-cut capacity planning 粗略产量规划safety stock 安全存量safety time 安全时间sales order 销售定单．scheduled receipts 在途量（已订未交货）scarp rate 报废率secondary stockroom 次级仓semi-finished goods 半成品serial number 序号shop calendar 厂历shop floor 制造现场shop floor control 制造现场控制stock keeping unit 材料库存单位subsontract order 外包单supply chain management 供应链管理synchronized control 同步控制synchronized production 同步生产theoretical capacity 理论产量Lime bucket 时段time phased order point 分期间订购点法transferring order 调拨单transportation inventory 运输库存total employee involvement 全员参与total preventive maintenance 全面预防型维护total productive maintenance 全面生产性维护total quality management 全面质量管理unit of measure 单位visual review system 目视评估法where-used report 用途表WIP inventory 在制品库存WIP tracking 在制品追踪work flow control system 工作流程控制系统work-in-process 在制品yield 良品率。
基于供应链的ABC分类管理
采购与供应管《u rc h a s e & S u p p ly基于供应链的A B C分类管理♦覃予摘要：以ABC分类法为基础，以产品模块化风险管理思想作参考，运用模糊集理论，建立 起充分考虑产品设计重要性、产品采购周期、产品价值因素等的物资ABC分类方法，对提升 库存管理水平，采购策略针对性以及加强现代物流结合性具有深刻的现实意义。
关键词：ABC分类法库存管理物料对于制造型企业而言，为满足客户需求，需对 产品进行细分，快速地对产品进行不断更迭。
产品 线的持续丰富虽然提高了企业的市场竞争能力，但是制造企业不得不增加采购原材料及外购件的宽 度，间接增加了库存压力，且大量库存资金的占用 增加了库存管理工作的难度。
如果缺乏科学的库存 物资管理手段，会降低库存周转率，浪费企业资 源，甚至会降低企业在所处环境的竞争力。
因此，提高制造企业的供应链库存管理水平对增强企业竞 争力具有重大的意义。
为适应现代化生产的需要，特别是迎合多品 种、小批量生产的环境，以ABC分类法为基础，参考产品模块化风险管理思想，运用模糊集理论，建立起充分考虑产品设计重要性、产品采购周期、产品价值因素等的物资ABC分类法。
该库存管理 方法利用模糊因子分析，将客观的数据参数化，建立一整套数据分析模型，制定相应的管理策略，从而使库存分类管理更加合理有效。
1传统A B C分类法U传统ABC分类法简介ABC分类法（Activity Based Classification，ABC)全称ABC分类库存控制法，是由意大利经 济学家维尔弗雷多•帕累托（VilfredoPareto)首创 的。
ABC分类法是储存管理中常用的分析方法，也是经济工作中的一种基本工作和认识方法。
1951年，管理学家戴克（H.F.Dickie)将其应 用于库存管理，命名为ABC法。
该分析方法的核 心思想是在影响一个事物的众多因素中分清主次，识别出少数的但对事物起决定性作用的关键因素 和多数的但对事物影响较少的次要因素。
供应链管理外文翻译文献
供应链管理外文翻译文献供应链管理外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Supply Chain ManagementThe so-called supply chain, in fact, from suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, istribution centers and channels, and so constitute a logistics network. The same enterprise may constitute the different components of this network node, but the situation is different from a corporate network in different nodes. For example, in a supply chain, companies may not only in the same manufacturers, storage nodes, and in distribution centers, such as possession node location. In the more detailed division of labor, the higher the rofessional requirements of the supply chain, different nodes are basically composed by different enterprises. In the supply chain flows between the member units of raw materials, finished products, such as inventory and production constitutes the supply chain of goods flow.That is, to meet a certain level of customer service under the conditions, in order to make the whole supply chain to minimize costs and the suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, distribution centers and channels, and so effectively organized together to carry out Product manufacturing, transport, distribution and sales management.From the above definition, we can be interpreted to include supply chain anagement of rich content.First of all, supply chain management products to meet customer demand in the process of the cost implications of various members of the unit are taken intoaccount, including from raw material suppliers, manufacturers to the warehouse distribution center to another channel. However, in practice in the supply chain analysis, it is necessary to consider the supplier's suppliers and customers of the customers, because their supply chain performance is also influential.Second, supply chain management is aimed at the pursuit of the whole supply chain's overall efficiency and cost effectiveness of the system as a whole, always trying to make the total system cost to a minimum. Therefore, the focus of supply chain management is not simply a supply chain so that members of the transportation costs to minimize or reduce inventory, but through the use of systems approach to coordinate the supply chain members so that the entire supply chain total cost of the minimum so that the whole supply chain System in the most fluent in the operation.Third, supply chain management is on the suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, distribution centers and organically integrate the channel into one to start this problem, so many businesses, including its level of activities, including the strategic level, tactical and operational level Level, and so on.Although the actual logistics management, only through the organic supply chain integration, enterprises can significantly reduce costs and improve service levels, but in practice the supply chain integration is very difficult, it is because: First of all, in the supply chain There are different members of different and conflicting objectives. For example, providers generally want manufacturers to purchase large quantities of stable, and flexible delivery time can change; desire to the contrary with suppliers, although most manufacturers are willing toimplement long-term production operations, but they must take into account the needs of its customers and to make changes Positive response, which requires manufacturers choice and flexibility in procurement strategy. Therefore, suppliers and manufacturers to the goal of flexibility in the pursuit of the objectives inevitably exist between the contradictions.Secondly, the supply chain is a dynamic system, with time and constantly changing. In fact, customers not only demand and supply capacity to change over time, supply chain and the relationship between the members will change over time. For example, the increased purchasing power with customers, suppliers and manufacturers are facing greater pressure to produce more and more personalized varieties of high-quality products, then ultimately the production of customized products.Research shows that effective supply chain management can always make the supply chain of enterprises will be able to maintain stability and a lasting competitive advantage, thus increasing the overall supply chain competitiveness. Statistics show that, supply chain management will enable the effective implementation of enterprise total cost of about 20 per cent decline in the supply chain node on the enterprise-time delivery rate increased by 15 percent or more, orders to shorten the production cycle time 20 percent to 30 percent, supply chain Node on the enterprise value-added productivity increased by 15 percent or more. More and more enterprises have already recognized that the implementation of supply chain management of the great benefits, such as HP,IBM, DELL, such as supply chain management in the practice of the remarkable achievements made is proof.Supply chain management: it from a strategic level and grasp the overall perspective of the end-user demand, through effective cooperation between enterprises, access from the cost, time, efficiency, flexibility, and so the best results. From raw materials to end-users of all activities, the whole chain of process management.SCM (supply chain management) is to enable enterprises to better procurement of manufactured products and services required for raw materials, production of goods and services and their delivery to clients, the combination of art and science. Supply chain management, including the five basic elements.Plan: This is a strategic part of SCM. You need a strategy to manage all the resources to meet our customers for your products. Good plan is to build a series of methods to monitor the supply chain to enable it to effective, low-cost delivery of high quality for customers and high-value products or services.Procurement: you can choose the products and services to provide goods and services providers, and suppliers to establish a pricing, delivery and payment processes and create methods to monitor and improve the management, and the suppliers to provide goods and services Combined with management processes, including the delivery and verification of documentation, transfer of goods to your approval of the manufacturing sector and payments to suppliers and so on.Manufacturing: arrangements for the production, testing, packaged and ready for delivery, supply chain measurement is the largest part of the contents, including the level of quality, product yield and productivity of workers, such as the measurement.Delivery: a lot of "insider" as "logistics", is to adjust the user's orders receipts, the establishment of the storage network, sending and delivery service delivery personnel to the hands of customers, the establishment of commodity pricing system, receiving payments.Return: This is the supply chain problems in the handling part. Networking customers receive the refund of surplus and defective products, and customer applications to provide support for the problem.Source70 in the late 20th century, Keith Oliver adoption and Skf, Heineken, Hoechst, Cadbury-Schweppes, Philips, and other contact with customers in the process of gradually formed its own point of view. And in 1982, "Financial Times" magazine in an article on the supply chain management (SCM) of the significance, Keith Oliver was that the word will soon disappear, but "SCM" not only not disappeared, and quickly entered the public domain , The concept of the managers of procurement, logistics, operations, sales and marketing activities sense a great deal.EvolutionSupply chain has never been a universally accepted definition, supply chain management in the development process, many experts and scholars have putforth a lot of definition, reflecting the different historical backgrounds, in different stages of development of the product can be broadly defined by these For the three stages:1, the early view was that supply chain is manufacturing enterprises in an internal process2, but the supply chain concept of the attention of the links with other firms 3, the last of the supply chain concept of pay more attention around the core of the network links between enterprises, such as core business with suppliers, vendors and suppliers, and even before all the relations, and a user, after all the users and to the relationship.ApplySupply chain management involves four main areas: supply, production planning, logistics, demand. Functional areas including product engineering, product assurance, procurement, production control, inventory control, warehouse management, distribution management. Ancillary areas including customer service, manufacturing, design engineering, accounting, human resources, marketing.Supply Chain Management implementation steps: 1, analysis of market competition environment, identify market opportunities, 2, analysis of customer value, 3, identified competitive strategy, 4, the analysis of the core competitiveness of enterprises, 5, assessment, selection of partners For the supply chain partners of choice, can follow the following principles:1, partners must have available the core of their competitiveness.2, enterprises have the same values and strategic thinking3, partners must Fewer but Better.CaseAs China's largest IT distributor, Digital China in China's supply chain management fields in the first place. In the IT distribution model generally questioned the circumstances, still maintained a good momentum of development, and CISCO, SUN, AMD, NEC, IBM, and other famous international brands to maintain good relations of cooperation. e-Bridge trading system in September 2000 opening, as at the end of March 2003, and 6.4 billion yuan in transaction volume. In fact, this is the Digital China from the traditional distribution supply chain services to best reflect the changes. In the "distribution of services is a" concept, Digital China through the implementation of change channels, expansion of product and service operations, increasing its supply chain in the value of scale and specialized operations, to meet customer demand on the lower reaches of the In the course of the supply chain system can provide more value-added services, with more and more "IT services" color.供应链管理所谓供应链，其实就是由供应商、制造商、仓库、配送中心和渠道商等构成的物流网络。
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毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译外文出处：The ABCs of Supply Chain (用外文写)Management附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文供应链管理ABC1．什么是供应链管理供应链是一种关于整合的科学和艺术，它主要探究提高企业采购生产商品所需的原材料、生产商品，并把它供应给最终顾客的效率的途径。
以下是供应链管理的五个基本组成模块：计划--它是供应链的战略层面。
企业需要有一个控制所有资源的战略以满足客户对产品或服务的需求。
计划的核心是建立一套机制去监控整条供应链以便使它能有效运作：低成本、高品质配送和增值客户服务。
该模块连结着供应链的作业与营运目标，主要包括需求/供给规划（Demand/Supply Planning）与规划基础建设（infrastructure）两项活动，对所有采购运筹流程、制造运筹流程与配送运筹流程进行规划与控制。
需求/供给规划活动包含了评估企业整体产能与资源、总体需求规划以及针对产品与配销管道，进行存货规划、配送规划、制造规划、物料及产能的规划。
规划基础建设管理包含了自制或外包决策的制定、供应链的架构设计、长期产能与资源规划、企业规划、产品生命周期的决定、新旧产品线规划与产品线的管理等。
采购—选择供给你提供用来生产产品或服务的原材料或服务的供应商。
和供应商建立一套价格、供应、支付过程的体系，创造一种机制以监控此过程、改善供应商关系。
理顺此过程以管理供应商交付的原材料库存或服务，其中包括收货、出货、检验、中转和批准支付。
此模块有采购作业与采购基础建设两项管理活动，其目的是描述一般的采购作业与采购管理流程。
采购作业包含了寻找供货商、收料、进料品检、拒收与发料作业。
采购基础建设的管理包含了供货商评估、采购、运输管理、采购品质管理、采购合约管理、付款条件管理、采购零组件的规格制定。
制造—这是制造步骤。
计划这些必需的活动：生产、测试、包装、预出货。
作为供应链的核心机制，它意味着质量水平、产品输出和工厂产能的有效控制。
此模块具有制造执行作业与制造基础建设两项管理活动，其目的是描述制造生产作业与生产的管理流程。
制造执行作业包含了领料、产品制造、产品测试与包装出货等。
制造基础建设的管理包含了工程变更、生产状况掌握、生产品质管理、现场排程制定、短期产能规划与现场设备管理等。
配送—许多权威人士都把它归咎为物流的一部分。
它包括客户下达的订单，建立仓库网络，选择承运商，分发货物给客户，建立收款制度等。
本模块包含订单管理、仓储管理、运输管理与配送基础建设等四项管理活动，其目的是描述销售（sales）与配送（distribution）的一般作业与管理流程。
订单管理作业包含了接单、报价、顾客资料维护、订单分配、产品价格资料维护、应收账款维护、授信与开立发票等流程。
仓储管理作业包含了拣料、按包装明细将产品包装入柜、确认交货地点与运送货物等流程。
运输管理作业包含产品运输方式安排、进出口管理、货品安装适宜规划、进行安装与产品试行（例如，销售大型机器给顾客，须先帮忙安装完毕，然后进行试车）。
配送基础建设的管理包括配送管道的决策制定、配送存货管理、配送品质的掌握与销售管理法的制定。
回收—供应链的难题之一。
这需要创建一个网络以接收那些客户返回的缺陷产品或过剩产品，支持对接收到的货物产生质疑的客户。
以退回的货物的属性分，包括：不良品、间接物料(MRO)、过剩成品。
以退货作业的对象分，包括：顾客对供货商、供货商对顾客。
以对于退货响应方式包括：核准作业、退货排程、退换作业、销毁作业。
2．供应链管理软件功能供应链管理软件可能是这个星球上最分散的应用软件。
以前五个主要的供应链模块中的每一个都是涵盖了至少一打不同的作业，这些作业又都有他们各自独特的软件来支持。
因此有一些大的软件供应商尝试将这些不同的软件模块整合在一个平台之上，但是由于种种因素没有一家供应商能有一个完整的软件包，整合这些不同的软件模块已成为他们的噩梦。
或许建置供应链软件最好的途径是把他们拆分开：帮助企业计划供应链的软件和帮助企业执行供应链的软件。
供应链计划（SCP）软件使用独特的数学算法来帮助企业减少存货，提高供应链运作效率。
供应链计划软件完全依靠精确的数据来运行。
例如，一个制造厂商，如果不能提供最新的客户订单信息、分销商的库存信息、工厂制造能力信息、配送能力给供应链计划软件，就不要期望供应链计划软件能跑出精确的你所期望的结果。
供应链计划软件适用于先前提到的供应链的五个主要模块，他的核心在于需求计划--企业能生产多少产品来满足不同的客户需求。
供应链执行（SCE）软件的功能是使供应链的不同步骤自动化。
它通过信息排程的方式将订单从生产工厂传递给原材料供应商。
3．在安装供应链管理软件之前是否需要有企业资源计划软件这是一个非常有争议的问题。
一般的，如果企业计划安装供应链计划软件，那么企业可能首先要有企业资源计划软件，因为供应链计划软件依赖各种信息才能良好的运转，而这些信息大部分在企业资源计划软件中都已经存在。
理论上你可以从企业历史遗留下来的系统（对于大多数企业来说，EXCEL表在各种不同的地方都有使用）中收集供应链计划软件所需的各种数据，但是要快速、可靠的从企业的各个部门搜集其所有所需的信息简直就是一场恶梦。
然而企业资源计划软件就是一个整合所有信息的有效工具。
如果企业已经建置了企业资源计划软件，供应链计划软件就有了一个单一稳定的数据源。
许多准备安装供应链计划软件的CIO声称他们会首先安装企业资源计划软件，他们称企业资源计划项目为“建立舒适的信息储藏室”。
当然，建立企业资源计划系统花费昂贵并且非常困难，因此如果没有首先安装企业资源计划软件那就需要一条为供应链计划软件提供所需数据的方法。
供应链执行软件较少的依靠来自企业的各种集成信息，因此受企业资源计划软件的约束较少。
但是在另一方面，供应链执行软件必须能通过不同的方式与企业资源计划软件进行数据交换。
现在供应链执行软件与互联网、企业资源计划软件、供应链计划软件的数据交互能力显得尤为重要。
举个例子，企业想建立一个联接客户和供应商的WEB站点，就必须从SCE,SCP和ERP中提取最新的有关订单、结算、制造状况、配送等数据。
4．安装供应链管理软件的目标在互联网时代到来之前，人们对供应链软件的期望被局限在提高企业预测客户需求的能力和保证供应链更平稳的运行上。
但是随着互联网的普及，它事实上已成为公认的网际时代数据交换的标准方式。
现在，理论上企业可以将自己的供应链与客户和供应商的供应链连结在一起，形成一个单一的、巨大的供应网络，进而优化成本、发现机会：这在以前对每个企业来说都是非常棘手的。
这也是B2B兴起的重要原因：每一个与你发生商业行为的团体都能被连结在一起，形成一个合作互赢的大团体。
当然，这些技术能够带来效益还需要一段时间。
但是鉴于B2B只是经过了短短几年，在一些行业的应用已经取得了显著的进步，像快速消费品行业、高科技制造业、汽车制造业。
当你问及那些行业的领先者，他们期望在未来从供应链中得到什么，他们所有的回答只有一个词：可见性。
多数行业的供应链就像一场大的扑克牌游戏：玩家不会展示他的牌因为他不相信其他的任何游戏参与者，尽管如果他展示他手中的牌他肯定会受益。
所以供应商得去猜测有多少原材料会被订购。
制造商得去从供应商那里订购超过需求的原材料以确保如果有不确定的客户需求的到来。
零售商几乎没有缺货,如果他肯让制造商分享相关产品的销售信息。
互联网使企业展示手中的信息给其他企业成为可能，但是千百年来的不信任和缺乏平等机制使他变得非常困难。
5．什么是供应链协同让我们看一个快速消费品行业的协同案例：沃尔马（Wal-Mart）和宝洁（Procter & Gamble）的供应链协同。
在上世纪八十年代两家公司开始建立供应链协同机制之前，零售商很少与制造商分享信息。
但是两个巨人开发了一套软件系统用以联接宝洁和沃尔马的配送中心，当在沃尔马配送中心的宝洁产品库存下降到一定水平时，这个系统会发出一个自动的警报给宝洁，从而执行一个补货的动作。
这个信息系统至始至终联接着沃尔马的所有商店，它让宝洁可以监控沃尔马货架上宝洁产品存量的变化。
当宝洁的某个品项存货发生突然下降时，可以通过实时的卫星链路将信息发送回工厂。
依靠这些实时的信息，宝洁知道应该什么时候生产、出货，在沃尔马的商店里陈列多少产品，不需要位置堆积如山的库存来保证对沃尔马的供货，并且结算和发票处理业实现了自动化。
这个系统帮助宝洁实现了时间的节约、库存的降低和低的订单处理成本，从而也实现了沃尔马“天天低价”的目标。
思科系统(Cisco Systems),一家互联网设备供应商，也因为它的供应链协同而出名。
思科通过连接供应商、集成商、契约制造商的增值网构筑了一个虚拟的JIT(just-in-time)供应链。
当一个客户订购了思科的产品时，比如说客户直接通过思科的WEB站点订购了一台路由器，这个订单将会触发一大堆信息给集成电路板的契约制造商。
同时，集成商也得到路由器的加工信息：比如说为路由器安装一个供电电源。
思科的契约制造商有一些是从事路由器基座之类的零部件生产，还有一些是组装成品，他们已经知道都应该为这台路由器安装哪些零件，安装工序是什么，因为他们已经通过思科的增值网连接着思科的制造执行系统。
契约制造商进入思科的增值网后，增值网会开始检查契约制造商的生产线，确认哪条是合适于生产路由器的。
生产厂会粘贴一个条码给路由器，插进电线以模拟检测它对各种不同网络化境的适应。
完成之后对比它是否与客户订单符合。
如果这些都检查没有问题，然后就要写入思科的软件系统，最后就可以出货给客户。
思科依靠这个强大的软件程序来无论何时何地都可以监控整个供应链，并且不再有仓库、存货、纸质发票。
供应链可以自动运行，如果有问题出现，软件会发出警报给管理人员来解决问题，修补错误。
供应链软件管理员称之为“例外管理”，如果没有错误发生就不需要做什么事情。
如果说这个供应链协同软件有什么弱点，就是说他们没有得到充分的检验,特别是在现在。
思科的网络被设计成用来支持企业的快速增长。
分布式的制造决策是非常好用的，如果决策能处理制造和销售过程中的大部分事情。
但是思科的网络对于近来的经济波动几乎完全没有办法适应。
当客户对思科产品的需求飞速下降时，它要花费大量的时间来调整所有的流程以适应复杂的供应链，思科和它的供应链伙伴也会受到大量过程库存的欺骗，这也是大型高科技制造企业的通病。
思科被迫更加关注它的供应链计划能力。
6．安装供应链软件的障碍得到你的供应商和合作伙伴的信任。
自动化供应链之所以难以实现是因为它的复杂性已经超出了单个企业所能控制的范围。
企业员工需要改变工作方式，并且也需要把供应商的员工纳入自己的网络。