大学英语修辞学第二章
英语修辞【大学英语专业课件】
一、明喻（simile） 明喻（ ）
• 2、He looked as if he had just stepped 、 out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来， 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来， 像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。 像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。 3、It has long leaves that sway in the 、 wind like slim fingersreaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动， 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细 的手指去触摸什么东西似的。ification） 拟人（ ）
• • • • 这里用“ 这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类 和 把蜜蜂比作人类 妇女的生育。 妇女的生育。 2、My only worry was that January 、 would find me hunting for ajob again. 我唯一担心的是， 我唯一担心的是，到了一月份我又得去找工 作。 英语里常把“ ”“月”“日 人格化， 英语里常把“年”“月”“日”人格化，赋 以生命，使人们读起来亲切生动。 以生命，使人们读起来亲切生动。
• •
•
二、隐喻（metaphor） 隐喻（ ）
• 这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事 这种比喻不通过比喻词进行， 物来描写， 间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 物来描写，甲乙两事物之 间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 • • • • 1、German guns and German planes rained 、 down bombs，shells andbullets…… ， 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样 倾泻下来。 倾泻下来。 2、The diamond department was the heart and 、 center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
大学英语英语修辞简介2
1)Nominal metaphor
Eg: 1. Time is money.
2. The news is a dagger to his heart.
2)Verbal metaphor
Eg: 1.The electricity failure paralyzed the train service.
1. Simile(明喻)
Definition: A figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image.
(In dealing with simile, an additional point should be noted: the two things compared are in different kinds and are said to be similar in one respect only, and not in all ways.)
2. He treats his daughter as the apple in the eye.
3. Samuel Johnson regarded a dictionary as a watch.
2. Metaphor（暗喻）
Definition: A figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used one thing is applied to anther.
《英语修辞学》第二章
to the entire cream
Personality and anthropology
要点一
Personalization
Personalization is a rhetorical device where abstract ideas or inanimate objects are given human qualities or attributes For example, "the waves dance in the moonlight" personalizes the waves by giving them the ability to dance
Importance
Rhetoric plays a critical role in communication, allowing individuals to express their ideas clearly and persistently It is essential in various fields such as politics, law, education, and business, where the ability to influence and supervise others is key to success
高级英语第二册1、2、3、5、7、10单元修辞
Lesson11 We can batten down and ride it out.--metaphor2 Everybody out the back door to the cars!--elliptical sentence3 Telephone poles and 20-inch-thick pines cracked like guns as the winds snapped them.-simile4 Several vacationers at the luxurious Richelieu Apartments there held a hurricane party to watch the storm from their spectacular vantage point--transferred epithet5 Strips of clothing festooned the standing trees, and blown down power lines coiled like black spaghetti over the roads-metaphor, simileLesson21 The little crowd of mourners –all men and boys, no women—threaded their way across the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, wailing a short chant over and over again.—elliptical sentence2 A carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightning speed.—historical present, transferred epithet3 Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.—synecdoche4 As the storks flew northward the Negroes were marching southward—a long, dusty column, infantry, screw-gun batteries, andthen more infantry, four or five thousand men in all, winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels.—onomatopoetic words symbolism5 Not hostile, not contemptuous, not sullen, not even inquisitive.—elliptical sentence6 And really it was like watching a flock of cattle to see the long column, a mile or two miles of armed men, flowing peacefully up the road, while the great white birds drifted over them in the opposite direction, glittering like scraps of paper.—simileLesson31The fact that their marriages may be on the rocks, or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern.—metaphor2They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into, each other’s lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.—simile3It was on such an occasion the other evening, as the conversation moved desultorily here and there, from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter, without and focus and with no need for one that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place, and all at once they was a focus.—metaphor4The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seedsmultiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth.—simile5Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s English slips and slides in conversation.—metaphor ,alliteration 6When E.M. Forster writes of ―the sinister corridor of our age,‖ we sit up at the vividness of the phrase, the force and even terror in the image.—metaphorLesson51Charles Lamb, as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays, unfettered the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream’s Children.—metaphor2Read, then, the following essay which undertakes to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma.—metaphor, hyperbole3Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.—antithesis4What’s Polly to me, or me to Polly?—parody5This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey.==understatement6Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame.—metaphor, extended metaphorLesson71Here was the very heart of industrial America, the center of its most lucrative and characteristic activity, the boast and pride of the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth—and here wasa scene so dreadfully hideous, so intolerably bleak and forlornthat it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke.—metaphor, hyperbole, antithetical contrast 2Here was wealth beyond computation, almost beyond imagination—and here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of alley cats.—hyperbole, antithetical contrast3The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills.—litotes, understatement4Obviously, if they were architects of any professional sense or dignity in the region, they would have perfected a chalet to hug the hillsides—a chalet with a high pitched roof, to throw off the heavy winter snows, but still essentially a low and clinging building, wider than it was tall.—sarcasm5And one and all they are streaked in grime, with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks.—metaphor6When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of anegg long past all hope or caring.—ridicule ,irony, metaphor7I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer.—irony8Safe in a Pullman, Ihave whirled through the gloomy, God-forsaken villages of Iowa and Lansas, and the malarious tidewater hamlets of Georgia.—antonomasia9It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius, uncompromisingly inimical to man, had devoted all the ingenuity of Hell to the making of them.—hyperbole ,irony10They like it as it is: beside it, the Parthenon would no doubt offend them.—irony11It is that of a Presbyterian grinning.—metaphorLesson101The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curious questionings by the young: memories of the deliciously illicit thrill of the first visit to a speakeasy, of the brave denunciation of Puritan morality, and of the fashionable experimentations in amour in the parked sedan ona country road; questions about the naughty, jazzy parties, theflask-toting‖ sheik‖ , and the moral and stylistic vagaries of the ―flapper‖ and the ―drug-store cowboy‖.—transferred epithet2Second, in the United States it was reluctantly realized bysome—subconsciously if not openly—that our country was no longer isolated in either politics or tradition and that we had reached an international stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality or the geographical protection of our two bordering oceans.—metaphor3War or no war, as the generations passed, it became increasingly difficult for our young people to accept standards of behavior that bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success.—metaphor4The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure, and by precipitation our young people into a pattern of mass murder it released their inhibited violent energies which, after the shooting was over, were turned in both Europe and America to the destruction of an obsolescent nineteenth century society.—metaphor5The prolonged stalemate of 1915-1916,the increasing insolence of Germany toward the United States, and our official reluctance to declare our status as a belligerent were intolerable to many of our idealistic citizens, and with typical American adventurousness enhanced somewhat by the strenuous jingoism of Theodore Roosevelt, our young men began to enlist under foreignflags.—metonymy6Their energies had been whipped up and their naive destroyed by the war and now, in sleepy Gopher Prairies all over the country, they were being asked to curb those energies and resume the pose of self-deceiving Victorian innocence that they now felt to be as outmoded as the notion that their fighting had “made the world safe for democracy‖.—metaphor7After the war, it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and‖ Puritanical‖gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center(where living was still cheap in 1919)to pour out their new-found creative strength, to tear down the old world, to flout ht morality of their grandfathers, and to give all to art, love, and sensation.—metonymy synecdoche8Younger brothers and sisters of the war generation, who had been playing with marbles and dolls during the battles of Belleau Wood and Chateau-Thierry, and who had suffered no real disillusionment or sense of loss, now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion.—metaphor9These defects would disappear if only creative art were allowed to show the way to better things, but since the country was blindand deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar, there was little remedy for the sensitive mind but to emigrate to Europe where‖they do things better.‖—personification, metonymy ,synecdoche。
大学英语修辞
大学英语修辞1) Simile：(明喻）2) Metaphor：(暗喻）3) Analogy: (类比）4) Personification: (拟人）5) Hyperbole: (夸张）6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）7) Euphemism: (委婉）8) Metonymy (转喻）9) Synecdoche (提喻）10) Antonomasia (换称）11) Pun: (双关语）12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙）13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）14) Irony: (反语）15) Innuendo: (暗讽）16) Sarcasm: (讽刺）17) Paradox: (隽语）18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）19) Antithesis: (对照）20) Epigram: (警句）21) Climax: (渐进）22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）23) Apostrophe：(顿呼）24) Transferred Epithet: (一就修饰语）25) Alliteration: (头韵）26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声）修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。
它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。
（一）音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)顾名思义，音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。
包括: a) Onomatopoeia(拟声) 是模仿事物发出的声响,如：Presently there came theclick of high-heeled shoes.高跟皮鞋声咯咯地传了过来。
b) Alliteration(头韵) 就是在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音；如：Peter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.皮特.派特咽下了一口腌菜用的胡椒粉。
高级英语2修辞总结
高级英语2修辞总结Lesson 1: XXXPub Talk has a Charm of its OwnGrowing up in English pubs。
I have come to XXX。
It maybe due to my upbringing that I find it XXX meanders。
leaps。
sparkles。
and glows。
No one knows where it will go。
Suddenly。
XXX。
and the XXX.XXXXXX。
we often make ns to history。
We reference the musketeers of Dumas。
the descendants of convicts。
Saxon churls。
and XXX.XXXXXX for effect。
For example。
getting out of bed on the wrong side is not a XXX。
we may say it to add humor or emphasize a point.XXXXXX。
They help us express complex ideas in a simple way。
For instance。
we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes ofthe XXX and way of life。
Another example is the XXX ideas spread like seeds。
XXX.Avoiding Slip-XXXWhile pub talk has its charm。
it is XXX in our language。
Itis essential to XXX.5.The n een ns can e n and mistrust。
英语修辞学(打印版)
英语修辞手法1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country./ This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸张）It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述）It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻）It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
英语修辞学Ss' handouts2
English Rhetoric Chapter 2Reading 3I am more than angry. I did not give birth to my one and onlyson to have him snatched away from me 18 years later. My child has been loved and cared for and taught right from wrong and will not be fed into any egomaniac’s war machine.Our 18-to 25-year-olds have not brought this world to its present sorry state. Men over the age of 35, down through the centuries, have brought us here, and we women have been in silent accord.Well, this is one woman, one mother, who says No. I did not go through the magnificent agony of childbirth to have that glorious young life snuffed out.Until the presidents, premiers, supreme rulers, politburos, senators and congressmen of the world are ready to physically, as opposed to verbally, lead the world into combat, they can bloody well forget my child.Unite mothers！Don’t throw your sons and daughters away.Sometime, somewhere, women must say No.No. No. No. No. No. Never my child.(Louise M. Saylor, Washington Post, Jan.28, 1980)Reading 4In informal situations, we often overgeneralize from the facts: “She’s never on time”; “Advertising is only a pack of lies.”A little consideration shows us that in reality all-or-none, black-or-white situations are rare; reality is more accurately described in terms of finer shadings and degrees. Most readers are aware of this, and although they will accept and make statements like the above uncritically enough in conversations, they are suspicious of them in writing.Be especially cautious in using terms like “all”, “always”, “everybody”, “nobody”, “never”, “none”, “only”and “most”. Before making such all-inclusive statements, make sure that they are justified. If there are any exceptions to some assertion you make, modify your language to make it more accurate. Don’t say that all young people have such and such a disadvantage: “some” or “many” might be more accurate. Before you say that almost all the schools in that area have very poor educational facilities,ascertain from some reliable source whether more than 80 percent actually do;otherwise you are not really justified in saying it. Keep in mind that the English vocabulary provides you with a wealth of qualifying terms (some, few, often, to name only a few) and choose those that most accurately describe the number, extent, and frequency of the facts you are asserting.Exercise twoⅠ. Identify the reasoning pattern used in each of the following passages.1.There seems to be a general assumption that brilliant people cannotstand routine, and that they need a varied, exciting life in order to dotheir best. It is also assumed that dull people are particularly suited fordull work. We are told that the reason present-day young people protestso loudly against the dullness of factory jobs is that they are bettereducated and brighter than the youth of the past. (Eric Hoffer, “DullWork”)2.The cases of Adolf Beck, of Oscar, of the unhappy Brooklyn bank tellerwho vaguely resembled a forger and spent eight years in Sing Sing[State Prison in New Y ork] only to “emerge”a broken, friendless,useless, “compenstated” man—all these, if the dignity of the individualhas any meaning, had better have been dead before the prison door everopened for them. This is what counsel always says to the jury in thecourse of a murder trial and counsel is right: far better to hang this manthan “give him life.”(Jacques Barzun, “In Favor of Capital Punishment”)Ⅱ. Fill in each blank with an appropriate preposition.Emotional fallacies appeal directly (1)_______ the human frailties(2)_______ the audience: some (3)________their prejudices, some (4)________ their vanity, some (5)________their national pride, others(6)_______their desire to emulate people they admire. Because(7)______this, they exert great persuasive force. These fallacies should beavoided (8)______writing (9)______essentially the same reason that you shun slanting: they deceive your readers. Remember how often you have felt cheated because an advertiser convinced you to buy an expensive, ineffective product (10)______ playing (11)______your desire to be attractive (12)______the opposite sex. Using such tactics(13)_______argument can only have short-range effectiveness; yourcommitment should be to make a lasting impression (14)______your readers.(Michael E. Adelstein and Jean G..Pival: The Writing Commitment, 2nd ed. 1980, pp. 328-329)III. An elementary acquaintance with the general patterns of inference can help writers in two ways.,1.It can make them aware of the premises that underlie an argument.Analyze the following example and provide its major premise:“There is a school ahead. Here we come across a traffic sign onwhich there are school children.”2.It can also help a writer check the validity of his line of reasoning.Examine the following example, point out its fallacy and provide possible remedies:Some elected officials are bribe-takers.Smith is an elected official.Therefore, Smith is a bribe-taker.IV. Identify the fallacies of pathos in each of the following paragraphs as “Ad Hominen”, “Name calling”, or “Bandwagon Appeal”with the help of a dictionary.1.Many advertising slogans urge readers to buy something so that they becomeassociated with the majority of people or with a particular prestigious group: “Beer belongs,”“Camels aren’t for everybody (but then, they don’t try to be),”“John the Pepsi generation,”“The car for the people who think,”“长龙，只为少数派的宣言”.2.When challenged by an opponent to discuss military spending, a politicianaccuses the opponent of alcoholism.3.He (the male) is a half dead, unresponsive lump, incapable of giving orreceiving pleasure or happiness; consequently he is at best an utter bore, an inoffensive blob, since only those capable of absorption in others can be charming.。
(完整word版)现代大学英语精读5修辞
● 1. Alliteration 头韵●2。
Allusion 引喻● 3. Anaphora 首语重复法●4。
antithesis对偶● 5. Antonomasia 换称，代称●6。
Chiasmus 交错法●7。
Hyperbole 夸张●8. Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻●9。
metonymy借喻，转喻●10。
oxymoron 反意法，逆喻●11. Repetition 重复，反复●12。
Paradox 隽语●13。
Parallelism 排比, 平行●14. Pun 双关●15. Simile 明喻●16. Syllepsis 一语双叙法,兼用法●17。
Synecdoche 提喻●18. transferred epithet移就●19。
Irony反语Where do we go from hereAntithesis●Ossie Davis has suggested that maybe the English language should bereconstructed so that teachers will not be forced to teach the Negro child 60 waysto despise himself，and thereby perpetuate his false sense of inferiority, and the white child 134 ways to adore himself，and thereby perpetuate his false sense of superiority。
(para4）●As long as the mind is enslaved，the body can never be free。
(para5）●Psychological freedom ...。
..physical slavery （para5)●And one of the great problems of history is that the concepts of love and powerhave usually been contrasted as opposites - polar opposites——so that love is identified with a resignation of power, and power with a denial of love. (para7）●For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can’t murder.（para19)●The dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into brighttomorrows of quality，integrated education. （para. 25)●There will be those moments when the buoyancy of hope will be transformed intothe fatigue of despair。
《英语修辞学》第二章
Chapter Two Brief History of Western Rhetoric
By Song Pingfeng
Contents of This Chapter
• 1. Classical rhetoric • 2. Rhetoric in the Middle Ages • 3. Rhetoric in the Renaissance • 4. New Classic Rhetoric • 5. Contemporary Rhetoric
Page 4
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
1.2 The social and political organizations of Ancient Greece:
(1) Polis or City-state: In 508 B.C., the city of Athens became one of the first polis, or one of the first city-states in ancient times.
Page 2
The concept of rhetoric in general
Along with grammar and logic or dialectic, rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. Rhetoric normally explains the three arts of using language as a means to persuade (logos, pathos, and ethos), as well as the five canons of Rhetoric: memory, invention, delivery, style, and arrangement. From ancient Greece to the late 19th Century, it was a central part of Western education, filling the need to train public speakers and writers to move audiences to action with arguments.
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The book Rhetoric falls in three parts treating respectively (1) the nature of rhetoric, (2) invention, and (3) arrangement and style. two categories of arguments based on the kinds of proof: artistic and inartistic. Inartistic proofs external evidence such as witnesses, contracts, evidence based on torture. Artistic proofs three means of persuasion:
about education: Education is the savior of the world. The teacher should explain principles and provide examples as models; The teacher should guide his students to the acquisition of practical wisdom. Contribution: His trained a large amount of political figures, and statesmen, promoted the practical use of rhetorical arts.
Pathos--emotional appeal The effects of emotional appeal include moral anger, ambition, excitement, fear, happiness, pity, jealousy, etc. Emotional appeal depends on the skillful and witty handling of language.
Do not overuse: logos—convincing but boring and dry; pathos—funny and moving but pointless; ethos—wit-abounding but ineffective Only through the interdependence of all these appeals can a speech be effective.
Socrates
Socrates (469--399 BC), philosopher Most of our knowledge of him comes from the works of Plato
柏拉图有一天问老师苏格拉底什么是爱情。 苏格拉底叫他到麦田走一次，要不回头地走，在途中 要摘一颗最好的麦穗，但只可以摘一次。柏拉图充满信心 地去了。谁知过了半天他仍没有回来，最后，他垂头丧气 地出现在老师跟前，诉说空手而回的原因：“很难的看见 一棵看似不错的，却不知是不是最好，不得已，因为只可 以摘一次，只好放弃，再看看有没有更好的，到发现已经 走到尽头时，才发觉手上一棵麦穗也没有。”这时，苏格 拉底告诉他：“那就是爱情，爱情是一种理想，而且很容 易错过。”
Unique method of philosophical inquiry— questioning people on the positions they asserted and working them through questions, proving that their original assertion was wrong. Socrates’ philosophical ideas: (1) Do what one thinks is right even in the face of universal opposition; (2) Pursue knowledge even when opposed.
Plato
Plato (427?-347? B. C.) study afte约前427年－前347年），古希腊 伟大的哲学家，也是全部西方哲学乃至整 个西方文化最伟大的哲学家和思想家之一， 他和老师苏格拉底，学生亚里士多德并称 为古希腊三大哲学家。另有其他概念包括： 柏拉图主义、柏拉图式爱情、经济学图表 等含义
Ethos--ethical appeal Ethos includes one’s personal standing, academic authority, and moral qualities used to guarantee or even raise his or her credibility and acceptability in the mind of the audience. Story of “The wolf is coming!”
Aristotle 亚里士多德(384--322 BC) studied under Plato, Greek philosopher
世界古代史上最伟大的哲学家、科学家和教育家之一 柏拉图的学生，马其顿国王亚历山大大帝的老师。马克思曾称亚 里士多德是古希腊哲学家中最博学的人物，恩格斯称他是古代的 黑格尔。亚里士多德一生勤奋治学，从事的学术研究涉及到逻辑 学、修辞学、物理学、生物学、教育学、心理学、政治学、经济 学、美学、博物学等，写下了大量的著作，他的著作是古代的百 科全书，据说有四百到一千部，主要有《工具论》、《形而上 学》、《物理学》、《伦理学》、《政治学》、《诗学》等。他 的思想对人类产生了深远的影响。他创立了形式逻辑学，丰富和 发展了哲学的各个分支学科，对科学等作出了巨大的贡献。最早 论证地球是球形的人。
logos pathos ethos
Logos—logical reasoning Effective logical reasoning comes from sound logical thinking which is expressed in relevant material, proper organization, coherent sentences, and words. Deduction 演绎法 Induction 归纳法
Deductive way of arguing is termed as enthymeme三段论省略式. “Enthymeme is the very heart and soul of rhetoric.” Enthymeme leaves space for imagination; therefore it is more effective. “He is only human and therefore liable to make mistakes.” Premise: “All men make mistakes.” “All human make mistakes and he is only a common man.” Conclusion: “He is liable to make mistakes.”
2.1.4 Roman rhetoricians and their theory
Marcus Tullius Cicero (106--43 B. C.) 西塞罗 Roman statesman, orator, and writer Cicero’s influence had special significance during the Renaissance, with its emphasis on the humanistic training of clergy and statesmen. at least seven rhetorical treatises, suggested three levels of style: High style: to move the audience; Middle style: to delight/persuade the audience; Low style: to teach the audience
Isocrates
Isocrates (436-338 B.C.) founder of the first rhetorical school in history. Isocrates’ philosophical idea: Reality is immediate human experience: “What you see is what you get.” Knowledge is tentative. We can’t know anything for sure. “A good opinion is one that helps explain life in a way that helps people get along in the world.”
“Rhetoric (form and eloquence) was impressive but did not tell people much.” What is important is not the form of language, not the skill of using language, but the thought, truth, fact and wisdom in it. Contribution: The importance of justice and truth
Aristotle advocates a plain or natural style that exhibits the virtues of clarity, dignity, propriety and correctness. His style contrasts with pompous styles that preceded and followed him. Founder of Western rhetoric