关系分句
第34讲 关系分句
3）在非限制性关系分句中
如前所述，非限制性关系分句中，通常用who(m)/whose指人，用which 指物。
The driver, who was very young, had only just got his licence. The book, which only appeared a year ago, has already gone through several editions.
因此，关系代词的选择带有一定的复杂性，必须综合考虑上述诸种 因素加以选择。
1）在限制性关系分句中
a) 在其中作主语时，按照一般的则用who/that指人，which/that指物。 但在实际使用中，指人大多用who，较少用that；指物大多用that，较少用 which;尤其在口语中是如此。
He’s the man who lives next door to us. He drives a car that can travel 150 miles an hour.
(=…and Moriarty passed it on to me.)
状语分句 But he would have to be careful not to offered Crass, the foreman, who could give him the sack at any time.
(=…because he could give him the sack at any time.)
interesting, which is quite a different thing. 在这里，which指的是上文部分内容，即指(men) not half so interesting （as Bowles）。
定语从句
3、由than引导的定语从句 在带有比较级的句子中，than可以 作代词，兼有连词和代词的性质。 在这样的定语从句也可以理解成 than 是连词，后面省略了主语what
The old man has eaten more food than is good for his health.
4、由but引导的定语从句 but作为关系代词主要与具有否定意 义的主句连用，且只用于限定性定 语从句。But可以指代人，也可指代 物，but的意思是who… not, that (which)…not. Not a day went by but brought us new changes.
定语从句(关系分句）
定义：关系分句（Relative Clause) 是由关系词引导的分句结 构。这种分句 结构又称“定语从 句”(Attributive Clause), 因为 这种分句的主要功能是作名词修饰 语（即“定语”）。但是，关系分 句除作“定语”外，还可表示其他 意义，因此将这种结构特征名之为 “关系分句”。
1在限制性关系分句中关系代词 的选择
a) 在分句中作主语的关系代词的选择，一般规则 who/that指人，which/that指物。
He is the man who lives next door to us.
b ）关系代词作介词补足成分，介词通常前置， whom指人，which指物。
James is a man for whom I have the greatest respect.
c)当先行项被形容词最高级 ,序数词以及 first、last、few、no、very 等词修饰时。
He is the cleverest man that ever taught in our school.
英语关系分句的解读与翻译新探
英语关系分句的解读与翻译新探英语关系分句是英语语法中的一种重要结构,通常由两个或多个分句构成,其中一个分句包含一个或多个连词,而另一个分句则包含一个或多个副词或从句。
关系分句在英语中广泛应用于句子的转折、因果、条件等语义关系的表达,因此对于英语翻译来说也非常重要。
本文将探讨英语关系分句的解读和翻译新探。
首先,我们将介绍英语关系分句的定义、结构和常见类型。
然后,我们将探讨如何准确地翻译关系分句,包括选择合适的翻译技巧和方法。
最后,我们将通过实例分析,展示如何在实际翻译中应用这些技巧和方法。
一、英语关系分句的定义、结构和常见类型英语关系分句是指由两个或多个分句组成的句子,其中第一个分句包含一个或多个连词,而第二个分句则包含一个或多个副词或从句。
关系分句在英语中广泛应用于句子的转折、因果、条件等语义关系的表达。
英语关系分句通常包含连词和副词,其中连词包括转折连词(switch word)、条件连词(if-then)、并列连词(and-or)等,而副词则常用于修饰连词或从句。
关系分句的结构通常是这样的:主语 + 连词 + 谓语 + 宾语 +副词 + 从句。
其中,主语通常是句子的主要主体,谓语则是对主语的动作或状态的描述,宾语则是动作或状态的对象,而副词则用于修饰连词或从句,以表达句子的语义关系。
英语关系分句常见的类型有:1. 转折关系分句:在两个分句中,第一个分句表达一种负面或相反的关系,而第二个分句则表达一种正面或相同的关系。
2. 因果关系分句:在两个分句中,第一个分句表达一种因果关系,而第二个分句则表达与第一个分句相同的结果或条件。
3. 条件关系分句:在两个分句中,第一个分句表达一种条件关系,而第二个分句则表达与第一个分句相同的结果或条件。
4. 并列关系分句:在两个分句中,第一个分句表达一种并列关系,而第二个分句则表达与第一个分句相同的结果或条件。
二、如何准确地翻译关系分句,包括选择合适的翻译技巧和方法要准确地翻译关系分句,需要选择合适的翻译技巧和方法。
关系分句(任)
Nominal Clauses
“That” in Object Clause Appositive Clause Vs. Relative Clause
Exercises:名词性从句的嵌套结构
1.I realized that what I said was not exactly what I meant to say.
介词+关系代词结构
由“介词+关系代词”结构多见于正式语体，介词的选择 受到上下文的制约，或与前面的名词词组搭配有关，或与 后面的动词词组/形容词词组搭配有关。
Key Points
关系分句的关系词如何分类？如何选择？
关系词that的用法总结
Relative clause
关系词可以省略的情形
介词+关系代词结构中如何选介词
1. Relative word in Relative Clauses
What subordinators are relative clauses introduced by? 关系分句的引导词有哪些？它们之间有何区别?举例说明 that引导名词从句和形容词从句的区别？
如何区分关系代词与关系副词？
方法1： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、 定、状），正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 方法2： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语 动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不 及物动词则要求用关系副词。
关系分句
关系分句（Relative Clause）关系分句也叫定语从句（attributive clause）限制性关系分句于非限制性分句：限制性分句与先行词是不可分割的。
缺了它，句子的表述就不完整。
Stone is one of the teachers (who) I like most.非限制性关系分句与先行词的关系比较松散，没了，句子也完整。
Stone’s speech, which bored everyone, went on and on, he ignoring our protest.一般来说，当先行词带有表示类别的不定冠词，定冠词或all, any, some, every, no等限定词的时候，其后的关系分句是限定性的。
She was a woman who must be treated decently.He is the man who told me the news.Anyone who knows the answer please raise your hands.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词或指示代词所修饰时，后面的关系分句是非限定的（P420）。
My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week.Stone, who is my grammar teacher, is a very perverted/obscene man.但是也有定冠词the修饰先行词，后面用限制性关系分句的。
The Chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right.另外一点，非限制性关系分句还可以修饰整个句子，把前面的主句作为先行词。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.除了which外，as也能引导非限制关系分句，区别（P421 讨论）关系词的选择：1. 用that不用which的情况1) 先行词既指人又指物，后面用that不用who。
《英语语法》第十二章 关系分句
第十二章关系分句限制性与非限制性关系分句分两种：限制性关系从句与非限制性关系从句。
这两种关系分句的划分非常重要，因为它们不仅形式不同，作用也不同。
①Jilian Brown.who lives next door is travelling in Scotland.吉连·布朗，住在隔壁，现在正在苏格兰旅行。
②The girl who lives next door is now travelling in Scotland.住在隔壁的那个女孩子现在正在苏格兰旅行。
③Anne returned my book to the library by mistake, whichJ bought at a bookstore at Cambridge.安妮误把我的书错还给图书馆了，那本书是我在剑桥一个书店买的。
④This is the book(which／that) I bought at a bookstore at Cambridge.这是我在剑桥一个书店买的书。
首先，在①和③中的非限制性关系分句在书写时用逗号隔开，在口语中有轻微的停顿和前后语调的变化。
在句②和④中的限制性关系分句没有这些特征。
其他形式上的区别还包括代词的选择。
如果一个分句是象④句中那样由that来引导（或者是萋羞运贫词歹，那么这个分句一定是限制性关系分句。
但如果是象③句中那样由which引导（或其他wh-词），那么它可能是限制性也可能是非限制性关系分句。
鬯乡趸拳思王韭堡型关系分句中。
其次，两种关系分句作用不同。
限制性关系分句是名词词组不可分割的一部分，为确定先行项的所指对象提供必不可少的信息。
在句②中女孩的身份决定于她的住址。
句④也一样，其中关系分句为书的所指对象提供必不可少的信息。
另一方面，非限定性关系分句只提供那些对确定我们所谈论的人或物的所指对象来说不需要的附加信息，所以，如果省略了非限定性关系分句，并不影响先行项的所指意义。
英语关系分句
关系分句（Relative Clause)是由关系词 （Relative Word)引导的分句结构。关系 分句又叫定语从句。 关系分句就其与先行项的语义关系分为限定 性关系分句和非限定性关系分句。
• 4.the+名词+of+关系代词
• 在这种结构中，关系代词只能用which，它表示的是一种 所有关系.我们也可以用“whose+名词”和“of which the+名词”来代替.如：
• ①I have read the novel,the tittle of which (whose tittle /of which the tittle) is Red and Black.我读过名叫《红与黑》的小说. • ②I live in the house ,the window of which(whose window/of which the window)faces south.我住的房子窗户朝南.
4）Who,Whom
• who,whom用于指人，前者作主语，后者作 宾语。 • The man who greeted you was my neighbor. • Tell me something about the man for whom I shall be working.
5)Whose
2)Where
• where 引导关系分句，相当于介词 in,at+which。
• Have you ever been in a situation__you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him？(2002,44) • A.by which B.that C.in where D.where
【绝对精品】英语语法20-关系分句-Relative Clause
Last night, I saw a very good film,
which was about the visitors from 2
another planet.
Harry was clever, diligent and willing
3 to help others, for which hwith the register or style.
Related to the nature of the clause
3 which may be restrictive or non-
restrictive.
Concerned with the syntactic function
often praised by the teacher.
1.2 Classification
Restrictive Relative Clauses
Non-restrictive Relative Clauses
A. Restrictive Relative Clauses:
Gives essential information about the meaning of the antecedent.
Can be separated from the head by a clear break in intonation, or by a comma in writing.
Compare:
He has two sisters who are working in the city. He has two sisters, who are working in the city.
B. Non-restrictive Relative Clause:
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关系分句——定语从句简介:关系分句即定语从句,就是由关系词引导的分句结构。
这种分句的主要功能就是作名词修饰语(即定语)。
依据定语从句与先行项的语义关系:1、限制性定语从句2、非限制性定语从句热身体验:1、限制性定语从句:缺少定语,作为先行项的名词便不能明确表示其所指对象。
例如: He is the boy who damaged the vase、2、非限制性定语从句:省略定语,先行项所指意义不受影响。
例如:My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week、限制性定语从句1、限制性定语从句在口语中前后没有停顿,在书写中通常不用逗号。
例如The man who did the robbery has been caught、The chair (which) i sat was a broken one、Can you show me the house where Shakespeare once lived?The reason why i was alone in the mountains is that i had a difficulty with my guide、2、限制性定语从句通常出现在下列搭配中:2、1、当名词中心词带有表示类别的不定冠词时,其后的定语从句通常为限制性定语从句。
She was a woman who must be treated decently、He spoke to me in a tone which i don’t at all like、2、2、当名词中心词带有前照应定冠词时,其后的定语从句也必定就是限制性的。
例如: He is the man who told me the newsThis is the car i bought last year、2、3、当名词中心词带有all, any, some, every, no 等不定限定词时,其后的定语从句也通常就是限定性的。
例如:The first flame from Rainbarrow sprang into the sky, attracting all eyes that had been fixed on the distant conflagration、Any man who smokes cigarettes is, the doctors say, risking his health、Some friends that i made in colleges were more interested in grades than in learning、He has read almost every book on linguistics that he could get hold of in the library、No visitors who come to Beijing would fail to see the Great Wall、非限定性定语从句1、这种定语从句在口语中有停顿,在书写中常用逗号隔开。
引导词通常就是who,whom, whose与which等wh-词,但也并不绝对排除that。
例如:The chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right、His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on、The chairman’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a patient smile、She is devilish like Miss Cutter, that i used to meet at Dumdum、2、关系副词where与when也能引导非限定性定语从句。
例如:Many of our Welsh people are going to settle in North Carolina, where land is cheap、I’m seeing the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from New York、3、从语义的角度瞧,非限制性定语从句起着状语分句的作用,表示原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等意义。
例如:It is in line with the Charter, which recognizes the value of regional efforts to solve problems and settle disputes、(这里的which、、、相当于for it、、、或as it、、、的意思,表示原因。
) Chinese delegations have been sent to Asian-African countries, who will negotiate trade agreements with the respective governments、(这里的who will、、相当于so that they may、、、的意思,表示目的。
)He would be a rash man, who should venture to forecast the results of this event、(这里的who、、、相当于if he、、、的意思,表示条件。
)Dr Lee, who had carefully read through the instruction before doing his experiments, could not obtain satisfactory results, because he followed them mechanically、(这里的who、、、相当于through he、、、的意思,表示让步。
)Exercise 1: combine each group of sentences into one containing a relative clause1、You sent me a present、Thank you very much for it、2、She was dancing with a student、He had a slight limp、3、There wasn’t any directory in the telephone box、I was phoning from this box、4、I was sitting in a chair、It suddenty collapsed、5、I missed the train、I usually catch this train, and i had to travel on the next、This was a slow train、6、Tom came to the party in patched jeans、This surprised the other guests、Most of the other guests were wearing evening dress、7、They tie up parcels with string、This is so weak that the parcel usually comes to pieces before you get it home、8、The boy was a philosophy student and wanted to sit up half the night discussing philosophy、Peter shared a flat with this boy、9、She said that the men were thieves、This turned out to be true、10、He paid me $ 1 for washing ten windows、Most of them hadn’t been washed for at least a year、Exercise 211、But he would have to be careful not to offend Crass, the foremen, for Crass could give him the sack at any moment、(who 替代for Crass,表示原因)12、He spread a rumour that the president was going to resign、The rumour led to a great confusion in the country、(which替代the rumour,表示结果)13、The Southern States rebelled and set up a state of their own so that they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves、(、The Southern States rebelled and set up a state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves、)14、One day in 1906 when he was crossing a road, Pierre was run over and killed、(One day in 1906 when he was crossing a road, where Pierre was run over and killed、)15、Nothing is hard in the world for anyone, if he dares to scale the heights、(Nothing is hard in the world for anyone, who dares to scale the heights、)16、He asked me to explain to him the art of writing poetry, but it cannot be taught、18、(He asked me to explain to him the art of writing poetry, which cannot be taught、、这里的which相当于让步,though the book cannot be taught、、、)17、Immediately the Israeli armoured units(以色列装甲部队) opened fire, killing four Lebanese military policemen and injured the fifth、The injured man later died of his wounds、(Immediately the Israeli armoured units(以色列装甲部队) opened fire, killing four Lebanese military policemen and injured the fifth, who later died of his wounds、) 18、The building was enormous, yet it had not running water、(The building was enormous, which had not running water、这里Which、、、相当于though、、、,表示让步)在限定性定语从句中关系代词的选择这里主要介绍在限制性关系分句中作主语、宾语与介词补足成分的关系代词的选择问题。