非语言行为及文化差异

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------非语言行为及文化差异Nonverbal CommunicationNonverbal communication is an elaborate code that is written nowhere,known by none,and understood by all.Edward Sapir(1935 Sapir(1935)1/ 25objectives? Describe categories and subcategories of nonverbal communication ? Identify the importance of nonverbal communication ? Grasp the functions of nonverbal communication ? Grasp the evolution of nonverbal communication ? Understand the relationship between nonverbal communication and culture ? Develop intercultural skills in nonverbal communication---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ The definitions of nonverbal communication? Nonverbal communication is open to many interpretations ? Definition: nonverbal communication refers to all human communication events that transcend spoken or written words, and these nonverbal events and behaviors can be interpreted through verbal symbols ? Definition: nonverbal communication is defined as all types of communication that take place without words ? Nonverbal communication is an elaborate code that is written nowhere, known by none, and understood by all(Edward Sapir)3/ 25Why is nonverbal communication so important?? Nonverbal communication is present everywhere Impossible to not communicate ,it is a silent language We don’t know what we are saying nonverbally “We must never assu me that we are fully aware of what we communicate to someone else.”(Edward Hall) ? Nonverbal communication usually comes first Initial impression sometimes decides two strangers to interact verbally or not When high degree of uncertainty in the communication situation exists, nonverbal communication is particularly important ? Nonverbal communication is especially likely to be trusted Unconscious and unintentional ,can’t control easily not like words more valid than verbal communication Examples: watch facial expression of poke player; psychiatrists detect their patients by watching their nonverbal behavior---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Why is nonverbal communication so important?? can lead to misunderstanding, especially verbal messages are missing or limited the story of a photographer in Alaska the language of nonverbal symbols differs from culture to culture ,then cause miscommunication ? is especially important in intercultural communication situations Culture is context for nonverbal communication encounters Nonverbal communication reinforcement clarify the intended meaning when talkers can’t contact verbally easily case illustration: the meaning of feet in intercultural negotiation P165 ? accounts for much of the meaning we derive from conversations outcome of Mehrabian research 93percent of meaning is conveyed nonverbally conservative estimate : 70 percent comes from nonverbal communication its importance varies in different situation: technical presentation versus intimate relationship, job interview, first impressions, expressions of attitudes telephone , e-mail, telecommunication channels, not see social presence5/ 25The functions of nonverbal communication? Complement verbal communication Add to or moderate verbal communication messages ? Contradict: nonverbal communication expose true consciousness ? Substitute: unable to express yourself by speaking; improper to speak ? Regulate: use as turn taking , when speak, who first ,when stop ? Accent or moderate verbal communication ? Repeat ? Discussion imagine some situations you use the above functions of nonverbal communication---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ The Characters of Non-Language? The characters of Non-language ? Non formal rules and stable structure ? Non signs with clear meaning continuation of communication ? some non-language behaviors come from human’s nature7/ 25The Relationship between nonverbal communication and Culture? Non-separation,culture is transmitted by communication, culture value system can be shown by nonverbal communication ? Many Non-language behaviors come from learning of culture ? Culture establishes standards for nonverbal behaviors,decide the formation and effects of nonverbal communication ? Different style of interaction is the source of discomfort and jeopardy ? Discussion---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ ?The History of NonLanguage Research?? ??? ?1872 Darwin :The Expression of the Emotion in Man and Animals Animals express six universal emotions like man Facial expression of human is innate than learned Human expressions are determined largely by evolution It is difficult to lie nonverbally 50th, Edward Hall at the FSI: The silent language Proximecs and chronemics Out –of –consciousness from Freud Spoken words hide more than they revealed 1952 Birdwhistell:Introduction to Kinesics Nonverbal communication can’t be separated from verbal communication, taking place at the same time Nonverbal communication has different relations with verbal communication(more on later page) American Sign Language is symbols of connection George Trager: research on paralanguage9/ 25The categories of nonverbal communicationnonverbal communicationkinesics (body language)prxemics (use of space)chronemics (use of time)haptics (use of touch)paralanguage (loudness.speed of speaking accent, tone and grunts)artifactsfacial movements,eye movements gestures,leg movements posture,etc.loudness, speed of speaking accent, tone and gruntsobjects, clothing hair style, art, furniture jewelry etc.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Kinesics? Classification of kinesics: prekinesics, microkinesics and social kinesics ? Prekinesics: research on the physiological aspects of bodily movements, regardless of culture meaning ? Microkinesics: be concerned with the attribution of meaning to bodily motions The movements of eyelid with different meaning ? Social kinesics: concerns the social role and meaning that different bodily movements convey Spitting is showing affection ,disgust or anything else?11/ 25Kinesics one: facial expression ,oculesics and head movements? We detect real meaning and emotions by facial expression ? Six basic emotions are usually shown through facial expression, but anger,surprise and fear have more diversity in their interpretation than sadness, happiness and disgust ? Hidden camera captures respondents’s facial expression ? Culture makes display rules for facial expression,although many emotions are neurophysiological, being shared universally and biologically ? Eye contact varies with personality and sex ? Credibility increases with the use of eye contact in U.S.A. ? Lectures and audience ? What is meaning of looking downward ,eye rolling ,winking and widening the eyes in different cultures ? Head movements Shake head or nod ?---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ The Meaning of Facial expressions13/ 25Kinesics: gestures and postures? Nod somebody to come ? The meaning of “V” sign ? Do you mean I am foolish or clever? ? The way of figure ? The meaning of handing up or handing down ? What is meaning of OK? ? How to shank hands? ? Show thanks to audience ? How to swear ? Thumb a ride ? Flap with two flat arms to the body’s side ? How to show no money ? Four basic postures in Englishspeaking countries:sanding, walking,sitting and bent-knee positions---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Four types of kinesics? Emblems:body movements that can be translated into words and that are used intentionally to transmit a message Examples: “V” has different meaning in different period of time; the forearm jerk; the chin flick; the forefinger pointing to the nose ? Illustrators: serve to complement spoken words Examples: show direction to someone; hand slashes through the air to accent some word or phrase; illustrate the verbal message; “draw” a literal picture in the air using fingers, hands and arms etc. ? Regulators: serve to control turn-taking and other procedural aspects of interpersonal communication Examples: eye contact; silence; when to begin and when to end research of Knapp , Hart, Friedrich and Shulmen: leaning forward 40 degrees ;breaking eye contact;foot contact with the floor smiling; major nodding movements change of posture (trunk and leg) ? Affect displays:serve to express emotions ? What will you see from the face of a person when he shows surprise, fear, disgust15/ 25proxemics? Fixed features of space:space of architecture or building the closeness of residences; value, economic factors, religion and culture affects building style the size of room symbolizes status, power in U.S.A. screening behavior refers to permanent or semipermanent use of territory such as fence, hedges ,survey posts (closed or open door) ? Simifixed features of space: spatial arrangements of movable objects within a room, such as furniture ,accessories, screens and file cabinets etc socialpetal arrangement encourage interpersonal communication; socialfugal arrangement induce impersonal relations(zone of participation, religion) example from p 166 show a deep seated concern over territoriality ? Dynamic space: use of personal space (body bubble) Intimate distance;Personal distance ;Public distance;Social distance culture and varying relationships determine personal space unconsciously High context culture and low context culture( example: p166) experiment of McCroskey: The distance among genders and ethic what will you feel when someone violate your personal space---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Some pictures of space17/ 25Chronemics: use of time? Time speaks ? North Americans thinks of time as a road in a progressive linear path, having compartments discrete from one another,called as monochronic time; do one thing in one time; time is commodity, something to be used, bought, controlled ? Latin Americans and Asia people enjoy polychronic time, dealing with things at the same; time is cyclical, using it more flexibly( example of Vietnam war ) ? Language affects the conception of time for some nations ? Informal time , formal time and scientific time in different culture ? Time can be viewed in terms of cultural synchrony –the rhythms , movements and timing of a culture ? Different conceptions of time may cause breakdowns of contact---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Haptics and paralanguage? Haptics is used to convey warmth,caring, playful, irritation intimacy ? Study shows that haptics has more relation with genders , status, ? Highly touch oriented versus nontouching culture ? Shuter’s findings partially deny national stereotypes in different cultures ? Ribeau ideas of contact cultures and distance cultures ? Which part is permitted to by touched when showing greeting or caring ? ? Paralanguage is vocal communication other than the verbal content, including loudness, speed of speaking, accent, tone, and grunts ? Get information from the speaker’s voice with changing vocal quality, intensity, tone and pitch height ( I will see you tomorrow) ? How to assess loudness and softness in different cultures ? Silence causes coufusion19/ 25Artifacts, sensorics and physical appearance? ? ? ? ? ? ? Artifacts make statements of conformity or betray One proper artifacts may be considered as outlandish in another culture One favorite odor is obnoxious in another culture Taste , auditory, sightseeing are appreciated in different way in different cultures Thermal sensory communication leads to cold or warm personalities Sensory perceptions work together to shape our intercultural contacts Degree of sensory difference=importance ×number of disliked sensory experiences / importance ×number of liked sensory experiences Contrasting differences leads to culture shock Physical appearance for first impression between strangers Rule-governed culture preferences dictate the elements of appearance that are considered physically attractive? ? ?---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ The truth about lying? It is hard to hide lying nonverbally than verbally ? Lying is functional or life-to-death ? Characteristics of lying More speech errors / less smiling and more fake smiling More speech hesitations / shorter answers, often yes/no Vague answers, with less specific or concrete information More slips of the tongue / longer pauses more allness words like always and never More blinking and pupil dilation /speak softly Drink more water/ swallow more often ? The more the indicators, the more possibility the lying exists ? The more important lie is ,the easier it is to detect21/ 25Negative effects of misunderstanding of nonverbal communication? ? 1 2 3 4 5 ? Three types of misunderstanding Misunderstanding/Unnotice/Enlarge understanding The serious effects of mistaken non-language conversation(some examples from textbook) Do you bow or shake hands with a person from Japan? , in what degree do you bow? How do you interpret a smile and laugh? Happiness, anger or grief? How do Japanese people show “ do you mean me?” Where do Japanese people focus on when talking with others? How do people think of persons with tattoo ,walks with a slouch and have missing finger joints some cases (see page 3)---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ ???? ? ?Developing intercultural skills in nonverbal communication Observe and discover specific kinesic behaviors for any one culture. When people do things that puzzle you, ask them why they are acting in that manner Avoid letting your emotions get the best of you. In many cultures, people will touch you and bump you and you may feel emotionally insecure or angry. Remember, some cultures simply do not think of private, personal body space. Sometimes, fifty Africans can crowd into the same amount of space that holds only twenty North Americans . The reason is that the Africans personal space suffers no intrusion from crowding and touching Notice spatial positions: to figure out the appropriate interpersonal distance in an intercultural contact, plant yourself and avoid backing away, the other person will then stop at the culturally relevant distance In practicing eye contact, observe what is appropriate within different contexts. Thus, you can learn how to respond If you think you acted incorrectly,ask people, if it seems appropriate , what you die wrong, a host national normally will not volunteer information Certain sensoric differences can be frustrating because our old social cues are removed. To counteract this tendency , remind yourself that differences do23/ 25not have a wrongness about them. By trying new fo9ods and enjoying new sounds positively, you can create a pleasant feeling for yourself---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Exercises? Spend some time in public places and make a list of the nonverbal communication behaviors you observe. What do these behaviors mean? When are they used? ? Choose another situation where you can observe oculesic patterns ,what kind of relationships produce what types of proxemic behavior? What is the role of sex on nonverbal behaviors that you observe? ? Interview some international students about haptics in their culture. What cultural practices differ from your own cultural practices? Ask the international students to describe their feelings when they first came to the China and attempted to interact meaningfully in nonverbal ways. What did they do to adapt to the new culture? What principles does this suggest for you in adapting to intercultural acculturation?25/ 25。