Translation 翻译
Definition of Translation
内容题材
文学翻译 literary translation 实用翻译/非文学翻译
pragmatic translation /Non-Literary translation
处理方式
全译 摘译 节译 缩译 编译
Definition of Translation
WEEK 2
Definition of Translation
把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一张言语表达出 来的活动。 ----《中国大百科全书. 语言文字卷》 翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具， 它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文 化进步，它的任务时要把原作中包含的现实世界 的逻辑映像或艺术映像，完好无损地从一种语言 译注到另一种语言中去。 ---- 张今
Definition of Translation
A translation is taken to be any target language utterance with is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. ---- Gideon Toury
Definition of Translation
Translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. ----Peter Newmark Translation is an art that involves the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. ---- Malcolm Cowley
translation翻译
1.--Can I help you ?--Will a duck swim .没问题2.This is the last place where I expect to see you.真没想到能在这里遇到你3.It is an ill wind that blows nobody good .任何事情都有两面性4.It is a good horse that never stumbles .人有失手，马有失蹄5.The horse stumbles has four legs .人非圣贤，孰能无过6.It is a wise father that knows his son.再聪明的父亲也不完全了解他的儿子。
7.Among the blind ,the one-eyed man is king.山中无老虎，猴子称霸王/蜀中无大将，廖化作先锋Two heads are better than one .==Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind . Teach fish to swim.==Show off one’s proficiency before LuBan the master carpenter .Treasury-secretary 财政部长Federal Reserve Bank 美联储Security Council 安理会IMF:International Monetary Fund国际资金货币组织He once again imparted to us his great knowledge ,experience and wisdom.我们又一次领会了他那广博的知识，丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。
A short girl in a flat black straw hat appeared in the open doorway .一个头戴黑色扁平草帽的小姑娘，出现在门口。
翻译的定义、分类和标准
Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。
2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。
Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。
Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译)；Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译)；Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢，贫穷也罢，丈夫和妻子携手一生，情深意长。
翻译的形式和类型
翻译的形式和类型（同声传译篇）翻译包括口译(interpretation) 和笔译(translation) ，是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，并且决不能脱离原文内涵而进行硬译、死译，必须要做到译文的忠实、通顺。
翻译要做到“ 译成之文，适如其所译” ，并要尽可能地达到“ 信、达、雅” 的境界。
除了人可以从事翻译活动外，人还可操纵机器从事翻译活动。
不过目前看来，机器翻译还不尽人意。
口译的形式和类型：交替传译(consecutive interpreting) 、咬耳朵(whispering) 和同声传译(simultaneous interpreting) 。
同声传译（simultaneous interpreting ），又称同步翻译、同声翻译、会议翻译，简称同传；交替传译（consecutive interpreting ），又称连续翻译，简称交传。
同声传译同传，顾名思义，即基本同步地实现对讲话者发言的口译，多用于国际会议、专业研讨会等场合。
同传的形式：译员通过专用的传译设备提供即时口头翻译，即译员通过话筒讲话，听众通过耳机接收，这种翻译形式可同时有几种语言，如联合国大会就有六种语言的同声传译。
鉴于同传有一定的技巧性要求，专门的培训和大量的练习都不可或缺。
同声传译最早始于1919 年的巴黎和会。
在巴黎和会上开始借助英、法两种语言的翻译进行谈判，其中一部分谈判采用了同声传译，这也意味着同声传译作为一种专业开始形成。
后来，二战后的纽伦堡军事审判法庭（1945-1946 ），同声传译第一次得到相当大规模的采用来审判纳粹战犯，效果不错。
于是在1946 年的联合国会议上开始正式采用同传，结果使会议的时间缩短了一大半，经费也相应的减少了许多。
中国是在1952 年在北京召开的亚洲地区和平会议上首次使用，时至今日也不过是40 年的发展历程。
同声传译时间效率高，有利于听众对发言全文的理解。
translation用法
translation用法
在英语中，“translation”是一个名词，表示“翻译”或“译文”。
它可以用作主语、宾语或其他句子成分。
例如：
The translation of the book was very accurate.（这本书的译文非常准确。
）
The original text was translated into several languages.（原文被翻译成了几种语言。
）
I need someone who can translate English to Chinese.（我需要一个能够把英语翻译成中文的人。
）
除了作为名词，“translation”也可以用作动词，表示“翻译”或“转化”的行为。
例如：
The text was translated into French.（这段文字被翻译成了法语。
）
The scientist translated the formula into English.（科学家把这个公式翻译成了英文。
）
The translator translated the speech from English to Spanish.（翻译员将这篇演讲从英文翻译成西班牙文。
）。
英语翻译家基础：专业术语翻译
翻译研究词典1. Absolute Translation 绝对翻译按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。
在绝对翻译中，整个源文本被转换成目标语，对原文内容和形式都不加以改动。
According to Gouadec, one of seven types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements which can arise during the course of their work. In absolute translation, the whole of ST is transferred into TL, with no alteration to the content or the form of the original document.2. Abstract Translation 摘要翻译古阿德克提出的用以应付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。
摘要翻译是将源文本的全部信息扼要译出，目的是让客户“迅速得到特定类型的信息”。
其方法有多种：第一种是翻译源文本的一般主题思想；第二种是概述源文本的主要内容、文本主旨及次要内容；第三种是节录源文本中一切有用的内容。
According to Gouadec, one of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfill the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment. In abstract translation, a condensed translation of all the information in ST is made in order to give the client "rapid access to specific types of information". This may be done in various ways. Firstly, the generic themes of the text may be translated; secondly, a description may be given of the generic content and the objectives of the text and its sub-units; thirdly, an abridged translation of all the useful content of the text may be supplied.3. Abusive Translation 滥译路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。
英语翻译家基础：专业术语翻译
翻译研究词典1. Absolute Translation 绝对翻译按照古阿德克的解释，指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。
在绝对翻译中，整个源文本被转换成目标语，对原文内容和形式都不加以改动。
According to Gouadec, one of seven types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements which can arise during the course of their work. In absolute translation, the whole of ST is transferred into TL, with no alteration to the content or the form of the original document.2. Abstract Translation 摘要翻译古阿德克提出的用以应付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。
摘要翻译是将源文本的全部信息扼要译出，目的是让客户“迅速得到特定类型的信息”。
其方法有多种：第一种是翻译源文本的一般主题思想；第二种是概述源文本的主要内容、文本主旨及次要内容；第三种是节录源文本中一切有用的内容。
According to Gouadec, one of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfill the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment. In abstract translation, a condensed translation of all the information in ST is made in order to give the client "rapid access to specific types of information". This may be done in various ways. Firstly, the generic themes of the text may be translated; secondly, a description may be given of the generic content and the objectives of the text and its sub-units; thirdly, an abridged translation of all the useful content of the text may be supplied.3. Abusive Translation 滥译路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。
What is translation
What is translation?According to Eugene Nida, “translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, firstly in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style” briefly speaking, translation is the communication of meaning from one language to another language, and strives to reserve the similar style of the original text. if we delve into the nature of translation, it can be seen as a science, an art, a craft or skill.据尤金·奈达(Eugene Nida)说，“翻译包括在受体语言中再现最接近于源语言信息的自然对等物，首先是从意义上，其次在风格上”，简单地说，翻译是一种语言到另一种语言的意义交流，并力求保留原文的相似风格。
如果我们深入研究翻译的本质，就可以看出它是。
一门科学，一门艺术，一门工艺或技能。
First, when referred to a subject of curriculum, translation is a science, just as any subject is, with its own rules. It involves thinking and languages, and reflects the relationship between existence and cognition. Such relationship can be described with the rule-governed language, so that the translator can abide by scientific rules in his translation.首先，翻译是一门学科，就像任何学科一样，它涉及思维和语言，反映了存在与认知的关系，这种关系可以用规则支配的语言来描述，这样译者就可以在翻译中遵守科学的规则。