Typical case of deviation
设备管理英文术语
概率（几率）probability·方差variance·分散维修decentralized maintenance·动态试验dynamic test·动力设备设施管理power facilities management·除尘、防护设备管理duct—proof and protective equipment managemen t ·抽样调查sampling investigation·备件国产化管理domestic production management of imported spare parts ·标准偏差standard deviation·安装预算budget of installation·包机制machine contracting system·班前检查与润滑制度regulation of check and lubrication before on shift ·［设备］交接班制度shift relief system·《设备管理条例》（《条例》）《Equipment Management Regulation》·[设备]修理repair·[设备]维修maintenance （and repair)·重点调查key-point investigation·重点设备管理management of key—point equipment·重点设备key—point equipment·责任事故liability accident·指数分布exponential distribution·直方图histogram·预付与托收承付prepayment and collection·预防性试验prophylactic test·预防为主prevention first·正交设计法（正交试验法）orthogonal design·正态分布normal distribution·运输车辆管理制度transportation vehicle management system·质量“三包” three guarantees of quality·质量事故accident due to quality·压力容器管理制度management regulation of pressure vessel·无故障运行时间mean time to failure·威布尔分布Weibull distribution·闲置设备管理制度idle equipment management·闲置设备idle plant·统计分析statistical analysis·维修性maintainability·维修信息管理maintenance information management·维护与计划检修相结合combination of service and planned maintenance ·随机事件random event·数控设备管理numerical control (NC）equipment management·三级保养制three-level service system·数学期望mathematical expectation·数学模型mathematical model·数理统计mathematical statistics·生产技术装备technical facilities in production·生产设备production equipment·寿命周期费用life cycle cost （LCC)·润滑油库管理制度mangement regulation of lubricant warehouse·商检（商品检验）commodity inspection·设计、制造与使用相结合combination of design, manufacturing and operation ·设备调研investigation on plant·设备的可靠性与可靠度reliability reliability theory·设备的节能性energy saving property of plant·设备的检查评比facility inspection and appraise through comparison for plant ·设备点检制度plant check system·设备的成套性complete set of plant·设备的安全性safety of plant·设备的生产率productivity of plant设备的耐用性durability of plant·设备的灵活性flexibility of plant·设备状态监测与诊断技术管理equipment condition monitoring and diagnostic technology manage·设备状态管理制度equipment condition management systen·设备综合管理total plant management·设备资产动态管理制度dynamic management system of plant assets·设备租赁plant leasing·设备修前准备制度preparation system before equipment repair·设备修理工时定额man—hours quota for equipment repair·设备修理费用定额expense quota for equipment repair·设备修理材料定额material quota for equipment repair·设备修理质量验收制度acceptance regulation of equipment repair quality·设备型号equipment model·设备型式type of equipment·设备经济寿命economical life of equipment·设备经营管理制度operation and business management system·设备技术档案technical document of plant·设备技术状况technical conditions of equipment·设备技术状态管理technical condition management of plant·设备技术资料管理制度management system for technical document and file of plant·设备技术性能technical properties of plant·设备技术寿命technical life of equipment·设备检修专业化协作specialized cooperation of plant maintenance·设备检修计划管理制度planning and management regulation of plant maintenance·设备检修计划plant maintenance plan·设备检修规程plant maintenance specification·设备检修质量plant maintenance quality·设备基础设计与施工design and construction of equipment foundation·设备合同管理management of equipment order contract·设备规划可行性分析feasibility studies of plant project设备规划investment plan of plant·设备功能（效能）performance of plant·设备工作能力operational capability of plant·设备管理考核制度examination and check systems of plant management·设备管理经济责任制度economic responsibility regulation of plant management ·设备管理岗位标准post standard of plant management·设备管理制度plant management systems·设备管理停歇时间定额(停歇天数）downtime quota for equipment repair·设备管理现代化plant engineering modernization·设备管理plant management，plant enginerring·设备固定资产管理制度fixed plant assets management systems·设备故障equipment failure·设备更新管理制度plant renewal management·设备更新plant renewal·设备更换plant replacement·设备岗位责任post responsibility of plant management·设备改造管理制度equipment modification management system·设备改造plant reconstruction，plant modernization·设备分级管理classified management of plant·设备定人定机、凭证操作规定operation regulation with fixed qualified operator and fixed eq·设备操作的“五项纪律” “five disciplines”of plant operation·设备操作规程operation specification of equipment·设备备品配件管理制度management regulation of equipment spare parts·设备备件库房管理制度management regulation of equipment spare parts inventory·设备报价to quote plant price·设备报废discard of plant·设备安装管理equipment installation management·设备安装equipment installation·设备巡回检查制度tours system to inspect plant·设备询价to enquire plant price设备选型plant model selection·设备验收交接制度acceptance check and reception systems of plant·设备统计报表制度statistic-reporting system of plant·设备维修技术资料technical document and date for plant maintenance·设备维修技术管理制度management regulation of plant maintenance technology ·设备维修定额equipment maintenance quota·设备维护规程equipment service specification·设备台帐unit account of plant·设备完好标准equipment perfectness norm·设备完好plant in good condition·设备索赔claims for equipment·设备使用规程specifications of usage·设备使用初期信息反馈管理information feedback management in initial operation period of pl·设备使用与维护管理制度management regulation for operation and service of equipment·设备全过程管理life—cycle management of plant·设备寿命life of equipment·设备润滑管理制度lubrication management regulation of plant·设备润滑“五定” “five fixation” of lubrication·设备事故管理制度accident management regulation of plant·设备事故“三不放过” three do not let pass of plant accident·设备事故plant accident·设备区域维修负责制region responsibility system of plant maintenance·设备前期管理和后期管理fore period and later period management of plant·设备前期管理规定regulation of fore period management of plant·设备磨损补偿wear compensation for plant·设备老化plant ageing·算术平均值(均值）arithmetic mean·强制保养制coercionary service system·投资效果系数effect coefficient of investment·设备经济管理制度economic management system of plant设备管理评优活动excellence selection activity in plant management·排列图（帕累托图）Pareto chart·负荷试验load test·故障停机时间breakdown time·工艺适应性technological adaptability·工程设备监理supervision of engineering facilities·工序控制点设备管理management of proccess—control—point equipment·合同变更与解除contract change and cancellation·混合维修combined maintenance·回归分析regression analysis·检查间隔期interval between inspections·检修社会化socialization of maintenance·集中维修centralized maintenance·技术先进性technical advancement·技术管理与经济管理相结合combination of technical management and economic management·计算机辅助设备管理computer—aided plant management·计划预修制度（ЛЛP）planned preventive maintenance system·进口设备离岸价FOB of imported equipment·进口设备管理imported equipment management·进口设备到岸价CIF of imported equipment·精、大、稀设备precise，large scale,rare plant·精、大、稀设备管理management of precise,large scale，rare equipment·精、大、稀、关键设备的“五定” “five fixed” of precise,large scale,rare，critical equipme·经济性economy·静态试验static test·开箱检查open—case inspection·平均偏差average deviation·平均等待时间mean waiting time,MWT·修理周期repair cycle·修理周期结构structure of repair cycle修理、改造与更新相结合combination of repair, modernization and renewal·修理复杂系数complexity coefficient of repair·修理间隔期time between repairs·租赁设备管理制度leased equipment management system·资金的时间价值time value of fund·自然事故natural accident·自制设备self-made equipment·自制设备管理制度management system for selfmade equipment·自制备件管理制度self—made spare parts management system·专业管理与群众管理相结合combination of professional management and mass management·转让设备（设备调剂）transfer of facility·典型调查typical investigation·地区（部门）修理中心areal (departmental）repair center·废油回收率recovery ratio of used oil·动力设备完好率perfectness ratio of power plant·定期保养完成率fulfillment ratio of periodic service·大修理平均停歇天数mean downtime（days）due to overhaul·重点设备完好率perfectness ratio of key—point equipments·一次交验合格率qualification ratio under first acceptance check·在用设备可利用率availability of plant in use·已安装设备利用率utilization ratio of installed equipments·万元固定资产年创利润率annual profit ratio per 10000 yuan fixed assets·万元产值占用维修费用maintenance expense for 1000 yuan production value ·实有设备安装率installation ratio of owned equipments·设备综合利用率comprehensive utilization ratio of plant·设备资产增值率added value rate of plant assets·设备资产投资回收期capital investment recovery period of plant·设备新度newness degree of plant·设备净资产创利润率profit ratio vs net book value of plant·设备计划台时利用率utilization ratio of planned time of plant设备构成比constitution ratio of plant·设备负荷率load rate of plant·设备返修率back repair rate·设备制度台时利用率utilization ratio of institutional time of plant·设备闲置率idelness ratio of plant·设备投资回收报率plant capital investment recovery ratio·设备投资产出比capital investment recovery period of plant·设备完好率perfectness ratio of plant·设备日常保养完成率plant daily service fulfillment ratio·设备事故频率incident frequency·设备利用率utilization ratio·事故[故障］停机率down time ratio to accident （failure)·清洗换油计划完成率fulfillment ratio of cleaning and oil change plan·每个修理复杂系数平均大修理成本mean repair cost per complexity coefficient of repair·每个复杂系数占用维修费用maintenance expense per repair complexity coefficient·每万元固定资产创工业增加值率industrial increase value ratio per 10000 yuan fixed assets·故障强度failure intensity·故障频率failure frequency·关键设备完好率perfectness ratio of critical equipments·精大稀设备完好率perfectness raito of precise,large scale and rare equipments ·可利用率（有效利用率）availability·平均停机时间mean down time，MDT·平均故障间隔期,平均无故障工作时间mean time between failture·修理计划完成率fulfillment ratio of repair plan废润滑油再生（废油再生）regeneration of waste lubricating oil·防泄漏管理leak prevention management·二级保养second level service·定期精度调整periodic accuracy adjustment·定人定机制度system of fixed machine and operator·额定载荷rated load·超负荷试运行commissioning under overload·初步试运行preliminary commissioning·操作工人的“四会” four basic skills for operator·参数故障parametric failure·保养计划完成率fulfilment ratio of service plan·保养规程service specification·保养“十字”作业法“ten words” method for service·保养service·安全性故障safety failure·安全规程safety procedure·[设备性能]劣化degradation (of equipment performance）·PM小组PM group·隐蔽故障hidden failure·有效性availability·有效度avaliability·有效寿命effective life·制度时间institutional time·一级保养first level service·原发故障primary failure·原始记录original record·正常负荷normal load·正常超载normal overload·治漏“八字"法“eight words” method for leakage control·运行时间operating time仪表“三率” “three rate"of meter·早（初)期故障期early failure period·永久性故障(持续性故障) permanent failure·验收试运行final commissioning·无泄露［区］标准leakless（area）standard·突发性（偶发）故障random failure·维护费service cost·危险性故障dangerous failure·误操作故障failure by misoperation·完好设备perfect facility·生产维修productive maintenance(PM)·润滑工作岗位责任制post responsibility of lubrication work·润滑管理制度lubrication management system·润滑“五定” “five fixation” of lubrication·润滑“三过滤” three—step filtration of lubricating oil·润滑站lubricating station·润滑图表lubricating diagram·试车commissioning·日常保养费daily service expenses·日常保养（日保）daily service·日历时间利用率utilzation ratio of calender time·设备的可靠性和可靠度reliability·设备的区域维护regional service of equipment·设备技术状态technical conditions of equipment·设备故障率曲线(浴盆曲线）failure rate curve of equipment,tub curve ·设备操作合格证operation licence·设备“5S"活动“5S” activity of equipment·设备隐患hidden trouble of equipment·设备运行记录operation record of equipment·设备维护的“四项要求” four requirements for plant service设备维护标准service standard of equipment·设备维护equipment service·设备使用的“三好” three well doing for use of facility·设备使用过程process of machine operation·设备三级保养three-level service system for equipment·设备日常点检routine inspection·设备清洗（清扫) cleaning of plant·设备漏油标准oil leakage standard·设备利用系数utilization factor of equipment·人身保护装置personal safety device·强制保养mandatory service·潜在故障latent filure·偶发故障期accidental failure period·磨损性故障wearout failure·例行保养（例保）routine service·密封点sealed point·劣化趋向管理degradation trend control·随机故障random failure·设备的定期维护periodic service of equipment·负荷试运行commissoning under load·故障类型failure type·故障率（失效率）failure rate·故障率基本类型basic forms of failure rate·故障模式failure mode·故障模型failure model·故障弱化failure weakening·故障树分析FTA,fault tree analysis·故障物理学physics of failure·故障停机率breakdown rate·故障征兆failure symptom·故障安全safety protection against failure·故障分析方法failure analysis method·故障机理failure mechanism·功能故障functional failure·关键设备使用维护“四定" four stipulations for operation and maintenance of critical equip·耗损（劣化）故障期exhaustion failure period·红旗设备red-flag equipment·基本故障basic failure·间断性故障intermittent failure·继发故障secondary failure·计划时间利用率utilization ratio of planned time·渐衰失效性故障local and gradual failure·渐发性（磨损）故障gradual（wear-out）failure·精、大、稀、关键设备的使用维护operation and service of precise，large scale，rare and criti·净开动时间net operating time·可使用时间up time·可用性(可利用率）availability·可靠性为中心的维修reliability centered maintenance,RCM·平均故障间隔期（平均无故障工作时间）mean time between failures,MTBF·破坏性故障catastrophic failure·起重机安全保护safety protection of crane·最大允许寿命（宣称寿命）maximum permitted life （declared life）·自显故障self-displayed failure·综合试运行total commissioning·专群结合combination of specialists and masses·调整adjustment·跟踪检查trail checkout·法定检查lawful inspection·动特性试验dynamic performance test·动态精度dynamic accuracy动态检验dynamic test·定期点检periodic fixed point inspection·定期检查periodic inspection·定期参数检查periodic parameter examination·定期润滑检查periodic lubrication check·“三位一体"点检制“three in one” fixed point inspetion system·主观（五官）判断故障subjective(sensible) failure deciding·一般目视检查general visual inspection·影响设备效率的六大损失six major losses affecting running efficiency ·正常检查normal inspection·巡回检查patrol inspection·巡回检测patrol test·无损检查non—destructive test·停机时间down time·微观组织检查examination of microscopic structure·损坏break down·缺陷defect·失效（故障) failure·容许故障率allowable failure rate·日常检查daily inspection·日常润滑检查daily lubrication check·设备点检fixed point inspection of equipment·设备检查facilities inspection·设备监测equipment monitoring·设备故障频率equipment failure frequency·设备故障管理效果评价result evaluation of plant failure management ·设备诊断技术equipment diagnostic technique·设备诊断equipment diagnosis·酸洗检查inspection with pickling·敲打检查hammering test磨损检查wearing inspection·内表面检查inner surface inspection·故障强度率failure intensity rate·故障趋于零的“四个阶段" “four steps” to zero failure·故障危害程度harm extent of failure·故障为零的五项措施five measures to zero failure·故障(停机）损失breakdown loss·故障管理程序program of railure management·故障管理信息information of failure management·故障修理troubleshooting·功能检查（功能测试）function inspection,function test·宏观组织检查examination of macroscopic structure·检定周期cycle of verification·技术维护technical service·季节性技术维护seasonal technical service·计划保全管理planned maintenance management·解体检查inspection under disassembled condition·精度检查accuracy inspection·静态精度static accurary·可靠性试验reliability test·可靠性分析reliability analysis·平均寿命时间(MTTF）mean time to failure·状态监测condition monitoring·状态检查condition inspection·点检的主要环节main items of fixed point inspection改善修理corrective maintenance·返修率back repair rate·分级修理stepped(sizing) repair·分散修理制decentralized maintenance system·废次品及返修损失waste and ungraded product and back repair loss ·非预定维修时间unscheduled maintenance time·定期修理作业periodic repair task·定期维修法periodic repair·定位精度location accuracy·传动精度transmission accuracy·大修计划修改revision of overhaul plan·大修计划考核assesment of overhaul plan·大修计划编制overhaul planning·大修计划依据basis of overhaul plan·大修计划完成率fulfilment rate of overhaul plan·大修计划实施implementation of overhaul plan·大修费用overhaul cost·大修成本构成overhaul cost·大修成本分析overhaul cost analysis·大修成本完成率fulfilment rate of overhaul cost·大修保修overhaul guarantee·大修周期interval between overhauls, overhaul cycle·大修质量保证体系guarantee system of overhaul quality·大修理质量评定overhaul quality evaluation·大修理质量控制overhaul quality control·大修overhaul,capital repair·部件修理法assembly repair·部分修理法partial repair·补偿法compensation method·备件生产计划production program of spqre parts备份或冗余系统stand—by or redundancy system·标准尺寸修理法standard-size repair method·八步法“eight steps”method·重复定位精度repeat location accuracy·中修middle repair·有可维修备份的系统system with maintainable standby parts·远距离维修remote maintenance·预防维修preventive maintenance·预定维修时间scheduled maintenance time·预知维修(状态监测维修）predictive maintenance·质量体系quality system·质量quality·逾期维修deferred maintenance·网络计划network planning·维修技术培训maintenance skill training·维修间隔(正常运行时间）maintenance interval，uptime·维修活动的经济分析economic analysis of maintenance activities ·维修工人maintenance worker·维修防护maintenance protection·维修车间maintenance shop·维修预防maintenance prevention·维修周期maintenance cycle·维修时间maintenance time·同步修理法synchronous repair·停修时间repair downtime·项修（项目修理）item repair·外委修理repair on commission·全员参加的生产维修制（TPM) total production maintenance system ·受控维修controlled maintenance·寿命周期维修life cycle maintenance热修hot repair·设备修理计划repair schedule of equipment·设备修理验收acceptance check for equipment repair·设备季度修理计划quarterly repair schedule of equipment·设备技术考核technical check of equipment·设备大修计划equipment overhaul plan·设备月度修理计划monthly repair schedule of equipment·设备维修计划equipment maintenance plan·设备维修三要素three essential factors of equipment maintenance ·设备项修计划item repair plan of equipment·设备年度修理计划annual repair schedule of equipment·事后修理breakdown maintenance·抢修first—aid repair·大修机床精度accuracy of machine tool after overhaul·滚动计划rolling （circulation) plan·管理信息系统维修MIS maintenance·工程能力指数process capacity index·工作精度working accuracy·恢复性修理recovery repair·机床旋转精度rotational accuracy of machine tool·机修车间（分厂）machine repair shop·机修技工maintenance mechanic·机械修复法mechanical repair method·机械的瞬时效率instantaneous efficiency of machinery·互换法interchange method·检验inspection·集中修理制centralized maintenance system·几何精度geometric accuracy·季节性修理seasonal repair·计划外修理repair out of plan计划维修scheduled maintenance·计划预修制(ППP）planned preventive maintenance system ·计划修理planned repair·接触精度contact accuracy·紧急修理作业emergency repair task·就地加工修配法machining and fitting method on the spot·精度指数precision index·精度标准accuracy standard·精度保持性precision retaining ability·精度储备precision reserve·精修fine repair·精修技工fine repair mechanic·经济精度economic accuracy·平衡精度等级balancing precision grade·平均修理时间mean time to repair(MTTR），mean repair time ·小修minor repair·修配法fitting method·修配环repair link·修理任务书repair specification·修理施工调度repair rasks dispatch·修理时间repair time, shutdown time·修理停歇时间定额downtime quota for equipment repair·修理用设备repair facilities·修理质量repair quality·修理质量指标repair quality index·修理质量计划repair quality plan·修理质量考核repair quality assessment·修理标识repair symbols·修理成本考核repair cost assessment·修理尺寸repair size修理定额repair quota·修理费用定额repair cost quota·修理方案repair scheme·修理工时定额repair manhour quota·修理工时考核repair manhours assessment·修理工艺repair technology·修理工程车maintenance engineering truck·修理工具maintenance tool·修理工期考核repair time limit assessment·修理考核repair assessment·修前预检inspection before repair·修前测绘measuring and drawing before repair·修前访问inquiry before repair·修后服务service after repair·最优修理周期optimum repair cycle·装配精度assembly accuracy·电修车间（分厂) electric repair shop·电修技工maintenance electrician·单台设备修理费用核算repair cost accounting for single equipment ·调整法adjustment method·调整环adjusting link覆盖件covering parts·返修品back repaired products·分散(混合)储备decentralized storage·分散生产方式decentralized production mode·分散生产分散储备decentralized production and decentralized storage ·废品损失rejection loss·废品率rejection rate·废品waste products·存放合理化storage rationalization·储备形式storage form·储备恢复周期(订货间隔期) interval between orders·储备限额storage limit·大型铸锻件large—sized casting and forging·次品substandard products·超差品over—tolerance products·常备备件runing spare parts·成品finished products·成品储备storage of finished products·成对储备conjugated storage·成对（套)件conjugated parts·部件储备storage of assembles·部件assembly·仓库面积利用率utilization ratio of storehouse area·备件的“五清” “five clear”for spare parts·备件自给率self - sufficiency rate of spare parts·备件自然失效natural failure of spare parts·备件资金的核算法accounting method of spare parts fund·备件资金占用率occupation rate of spare parts fund·备件资金周转期turnover period of spare parts fund·备件资金周转率turnover rate of spare parts fund备件考核指标assessment criteria of spare parts managment·备件卡基础资料elementary data of spare parts cards·备件卡(帐）cards of spare parts·备件库的“五五码放” “five — five tiering"for storehouse of spare parts·备件库的“三一致" “three coincidence”for storehouse of spare parts·备件库的“三清” “three clear”for stor ehouse of spare parts·备件库的“两齐” “two neatness”for storehouse of spare parts·备件库管理工作management of spare parts storehouse·备件库存供应率supply rate of spare parts inventory·备件库保管员职责responsibility of spare parts storehouse manager·备件库职责responsibilities for storehouses of spare parts·备件库storehouse for spare parts·备件经济管理economic management of spare parts·备件经常储备定额regular storage quota of spare parts·备件计划员planner responsible for spare parts·备件计算机管理computer - aided management of spare parts·备件技术员technician responsible for spare parts·备件技术失效technical failure of spare parts·备件汇总collection of spare parts·备件合用率suitability of spare parts·备件供应率supply rate of spare parts·备件管理计划工作planning work of sapre parts management·备件管理技术工作technical work of spare parts management·备件管理职责responsibility of spare parts management·备件管理spare parts management·备件范围range of spare parts·备件分类工作classifying work of spare parts·备件订货点法ordering point method of spare parts·备件订货点ordering point of spare parts·备件订货量ordering quantity of spare parts·备件定期订货法periodic ordering method of spare parts·备件定量订货法fixed - quantity ordering method of spare parts·备件定量保持法（维持定量法）fixed - quantity keeping method of spare parts ·备件储备的“三点制” “three point syste m"of spare parts storage·备件储备资金限额limit of funds for reserve spare parts·备件储备资金funds for reserve spare parts·备件储备定额storage quota of spare parts·备件储备失效寿命storage life of spare parts to failure·备件成本价格cost price of spare parts·备件采购(供应）周期delivery cycle of spare parts·备件包装法packing method of spare parts·备件拥有量possessed amount of spare parts·备件周转加速率turnover acceleration rate of spare parts·备件周转率turnover rate of spare parts·备件质量检验quality inspection of spare parts·备件图册基本内容main contents of spare parts album·备件图册质量quality of spare parts album·备件图册spare parts album·备件统计分析法statistical analysis method of spare parts·备件统计statistic of spare parts·备件消耗量consumption of spare parts·备件退库率return rate of spare parts·备件使用寿命service life of spare parts·备件双箱法（双储备法）double case method of spare parts·备件生产方式production mode of spare parts·备件寿命life of spare parts·备件名目卡（帐）item cards of spare parts·备件年平均库存金额annual average stock sum of spare parts·备件ABC管理法A，B,C management method of spare parts·备件ABC分类法A，B，C classifying method of spare parts备件spare parts·标准件standard parts·半成品储备storage of semifinished porducts·半成品semi—finished products·易损件vulnerable parts·中心备件库central storehouse of spare parts·一般备件running spare parts·液压件hydraulic parts·在制品articles being processed·循环性备件repairable spare parts·限寿机件life-limited item·特殊储备special storage·橡胶件rubber parts·替代品substitute products·维修用外购物资outsourcing materials used for maintenance·通用配件商品化commercialization of general—purpose spare parts ·微电子器件micro—electronic parts of appliances·消耗性备件consumptive spare parts·消耗定额consume quota·外协件outsourcing manufactured parts·外购备件储备定额公式storage quota formula of outsourcing spare parts·外购备件outsourcing spare parts·确定备件的结构分析法structural analysis method for determining spare parts ·润滑件lubricating parts·设备备件综合卡(帐) integrated cards of equipment spare parts·设备备件卡(帐）cards of equipment spare parts·强制更换件mandatory replacement item·每个复杂系数备件资金fund of spare parts per complexity coefficient·毛坯库storehouse for stocks·毛坯件stock毛坯储备storage of stock·密封件sealing parts·配件fittings·通用（共用）件general-purpose parts·光学系统备件parts of optical system·贵重备件valuable spare parts·管路备件spare parts for pipes·工程塑料件engineering plastic parts·关键备件critical spare parts·机械零件machine parts·机械备件mechanical spare parts·间断储备discontinued storage·集中生产（订货）分散储备decentralized storage·集中生产方式centralized production mode·集中储备centralized storage·紧固件fastenings·进口设备配件spare parts for imported equipment·精密（高精）备件precision （high precision) spare parts·经常储备regular storage·可互换件（双向互换件）interchangeable (two-way interchangeable）item ·气动元件pneumatic elements·七类关键件seven kinds of critical parts·修复件restored parts·组合件combined parts·最经济加工循环期the most economical period for processing spare parts ·自制备件homemade spare parts·自制备件生产计划production program of spre parts·自制备件制造周期manufacturing period of homemade spare parts·电器元件electrical elements·电器（气）备件eletrical spare parts电子产品备件spare parts of electronic products·低压电器low-voltage electric appliances·单向互换件one—way interchangeable item。
最牛cci指标公式
最牛cci指标公式
CCI指标是一种用于测量股价是否超买或超卖的技术分析工具。
它在股票、期货和外汇市场上广泛应用。
CCI的计算方法比较复杂，但是有一些公式可以帮助我们更好地理解这个指标。
最常见的CCI公式是：
CCI = (Typical Price - 20-day SMA of TP) / (0.015 x Mean Deviation)
其中，Typical Price是一个股票的三个价格（收盘价、最高价和最低价）的平均值。
SMA是简单移动平均线，Mean Deviation指的是Typical Price与其20日SMA之间的差值的平均数。
这个公式的结果是一个相对数值，通常在±100之间波动。
当CCI 值超过+100时，说明股票已经超买；当CCI值低于-100时，说明股票已经超卖。
除了这个最常用的CCI公式之外，还有一些变体和改进版本，例如基于平滑移动平均线的CCI、高低极差法的CCI等等。
这些公式的计算方法略有不同，但基本原理相同。
总之，CCI指标是一种非常有用的技术分析工具，通过使用合适的公式和参数，可以帮助我们更好地理解股票市场的走势，做出更明智的投资决策。
- 1 -。
typical用法归纳总结
typical用法归纳总结Typical Use of "Typical": A Comprehensive SummaryIntroduction:The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the various ways in which the word "typical" can be used in the English language. By exploring its diverse meanings and applications, readers will gain a deeper understanding of how this word is employed in different contexts. From its basic definition to its usage in specific phrases and idioms, this article will explore the versatility of the term "typical."Basic Definition:In its simplest sense, "typical" is an adjective that describes something that exhibits the characteristics of a particular group or category. It implies conformity to a norm or standard, indicating that the object or situation being referred to is representative or common within its context.Usage in Descriptive Language:1. Describing Objects: When used to describe physical objects, "typical" provides an assessment of their typical or common qualities. For example, one might say, "The typical car has four wheels, an engine, and a steering wheel."2. Characterizing Personal Traits: "Typical" can also be applied to people and their qualities, indicating that someone possesses common attributes or behaviors. For instance, one might say, "She has the typical traits of a leader – confident, charismatic, and decisive."3. Portraying Patterns: In the realm of data analysis or scientific research, "typical" is often used to describe patterns or trends. "Typical" in these contexts suggests the most prevalent or recurring observations or results.Usage in Comparative and Superlative Forms:1. Comparative Form: "More typical" or "less typical" are used to compare the extent to which something conforms to the norm. For example, "John's behavior was more typical of his brother than his own."2. Superlative Form: "Most typical" or "least typical" are used to express the utmost conformity or deviation from the norm. For instance, "The fashion show displayed the most typical styles of the season."Usage in Idioms and Expressions:1. "Typical of (someone/something)": This phrase is used to express a characteristic behavior or action that accurately represents a person or situation. For example, "It's typical of him to arrive late to every meeting."2. "Anything but typical": This expression is used to convey the extreme deviation from the norm, often suggesting uniqueness or peculiarity. For instance, "Her approach to problem-solving is anything but typical."Conclusion:Throughout this article, we have explored the multifaceted nature of the term "typical." From its basic definition to its usage in various descriptive and comparative contexts, as well as its presence in idioms and expressions, "typical" is a versatile word that adds precision and clarity to ourcommunication. By comprehending its different applications, readers can enhance their language skills and effectively convey their intended meaning.。
ICL7149CM44资料
Pinouts
ICL7139, ICL7149 (PDIP)
TOP VIEW
POL/AC 1 BP2 2 BP1 3 V+ 4 V- 5 VREF 6 LOΩ 7 HIΩ 8
DEINT 9 COMMON 10
INT 1 11 INT V/Ω 12 TRIPLE POINT 13
CAZ 14 CINT 15 BEEPER OUT 16 mA/µA 17 V/Ω/A 18 HIΩ-DC/LOΩ-AC 19 HOLD 20
• Autoranging - First Reading is Always on Correct Range
• On-Chip Duplex LCD Display Drive Including Three Decimal Points and 11 Annunciators
• No Additional Active Components Required
INT 1 INT V/Ω TRIPLE POINT
CAZ CINT
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedures.
or 407-727-9207 | Copyright © Intersil Corporation 1999
40 ADG3/E3 39 B3/C3 38 F2/DP3 37 G2/E2 36 A2/D2 35 B2/C2 34 F1/DP2 33 G1/E1 32 A1/D1 31 B1/C1 30 F0/DP1 29 G0/E0 28 A0/D0 27 B0/C0 26 LO BAT/V 25 MΩ/µA 24 Ω/A 23 k/m 22 OSC IN 21 OSC OUT
LM199中文资料
LM199/LM299/LM399/LM3999Precision ReferenceGeneral DescriptionThe LM199series are precision,temperature-stabilized monolithic zeners offering temperature coefficients a factor of ten better than high quality reference zeners.Constructed on a single monolithic chip is a temperature stabilizer circuit and an active reference zener.The active circuitry reduces the dynamic impedance of the zener to about 0.5Ωand al-lows the zener to operate over 0.5mA to 10mA current range with essentially no change in voltage or temperature coefficient.Further,a new subsurface zener structure gives low noise and excellent long term stability compared to ordi-nary monolithic zeners.The package is supplied with a ther-mal shield to minimize heater power and improve tempera-ture regulation.The LM199series references are exceptionally easy to use and free of the problems that are often experienced with or-dinary zeners.There is virtually no hysteresis in reference voltage with temperature cycling.Also,the LM199is free of voltage shifts due to stress on the leads.Finally,since the unit is temperature stabilized,warm up time is fast.The LM199can be used in almost any application in place of ordinary zeners with improved performance.Some ideal ap-plications are analog to digital converters,calibration stan-dards,precision voltage or current sources or precision power supplies.Further in many cases the LM199can re-place references in existing equipment with a minimum of wiring changes.The LM199series devices are packaged in a standard her-metic TO-46package inside a thermal shield.The LM199is rated for operation from −55˚C to +125˚C while the LM299is rated for operation from −25˚C to +85˚C and the LM399is rated from 0˚C to +70˚C.The LM3999is packaged in a standard TO-92package and is rated from 0˚C to +70˚CFeaturesn Guaranteed 0.0001%/˚C temperature coefficient n Low dynamic impedance —0.5Ωn Initial tolerance on breakdown voltage —2%n Sharp breakdown at 400µAn Wide operating current —500µA to 10mA n Wide supply range for temperature stabilizer n Guaranteed low noisen Low power for stabilization —300mW at 25˚C n Long term stability —20ppmnProven reliability,low-stress packaging in TO-46integrated-circuit hermetic package,for low hysteresis after thermal cycling.33million hours MTBF at T A =+25˚C (T J =+86˚C)n Certified long term stability available n MIL-STD-883compliantConnection DiagramsMetal Can Package (TO-46)DS005717-14Top ViewLM199/LM299/LM399(See Table on fourth page)NS Package Number H04DPlastic Package TO-92DS005717-10Bottom ViewLM3999(See Table on fourth page)NS Package Number Z03AMay 1999LM199/LM299/LM399/LM3999Precision Reference©1999National Semiconductor Corporation Functional Block DiagramsLM199/LM299/LM399DS005717-15LM3999 2Absolute Maximum Ratings(Note1) Specifications for Military/Aerospace products are not contained in this datasheet.Refer to the following Reli-ability Electrical Test Specifications documents: RETS199X for LM199,RETS199AX for LM199A. Temperature Stabilizer VoltageLM199/LM299/LM39940V LM399936V Reverse Breakdown Current20mA Forward CurrentLM199/LM299/LM3991mA LM3999−0.1mA Reference to Substrate Voltage V(RS)(Note2)40V−0.1V Operating Temperature RangeLM199−55˚C to+125˚C LM299−25˚C to+85˚C LM399/LM3999−0˚C to+70˚C Storage Temperature Range−55˚C to+150˚C Soldering InformationTO-92package(10sec.)+260˚C TO-46package(10sec.)+300˚CElectrical Characteristics(Notes3,6)Parameter Conditions LM199H/LM299H LM399H UnitsMin Typ Max Min Typ Max Reverse Breakdown Voltage0.5mA≤I R≤10mA 6.8 6.957.1 6.6 6.957.3V Reverse Breakdown Voltage0.5mA≤I R≤10mA69612mV Change with CurrentReverse Dynamic Impedance I R=1mA0.510.5 1.5ΩReverse Breakdown−55˚C≤T A≤+85˚CLM1990.000030.0001%/˚CTemperature Coefficient+85˚C≤T A≤+125˚C0.00050.0015%/˚C−25˚C≤T A≤85˚C LM2990.000030.0001%/˚C0˚C≤T A≤+70˚C LM3990.000030.0002%/˚C RMS Noise10Hz≤f≤10kHz720750µV Long Term Stability Stabilized,22˚C≤T A≤28˚C,2020ppm1000Hours,I R=1mA±0.1%Temperature Stabilizer T A=25˚C,Still Air,V S=30V8.5148.515mA Supply Current T A=−55˚C2228Temperature Stabilizer940940V Supply VoltageWarm-Up Time to0.05%V S=30V,T A=25˚C33sec. Initial Turn-on Current9≤V S≤40,T A=+25˚C,(Note4)140200140200mA Note1:“Absolute Maximum Ratings”indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur.Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is functional,but do not guarantee specific performance limits.Electrical Characteristics(Note3)Parameter Conditions LM3999Z UnitsMin Typ MaxReverse Breakdown Voltage0.6mA≤I R≤10mA 6.6 6.957.3V Reverse Breakdown Voltage0.6mA≤I R≤10mA620mV Change with CurrentReverse Dynamic Impedance I R=1mA0.6 2.2ΩReverse Breakdown0˚C≤T A≤70˚C0.00020.0005%/˚C Temperature CoefficientRMS Noise10Hz≤f≤10kHz7µV Long Term Stability Stabilized,22˚C≤T A≤28˚C,20ppm1000Hours,I R=1mA±0.1%Temperature Stabilizer T A=25˚C,Still Air,V S=30V1218mA Temperature Stabilizer36V Supply VoltageWarm-Up Time to0.05%V S=30V,T A=25˚C5sec.3Electrical Characteristics(Note3)(Continued)Parameter Conditions LM3999Z UnitsMin Typ MaxInitial Turn-On Current9≤V S≤40,T A=25˚C140200mAElectrical Characteristics(Notes3,6)Parameter Conditions LM199AH,LM299AH LM399AH UnitsMin Typ Max Min Typ Max Reverse Breakdown Voltage0.5mA≤I R≤10mA 6.8 6.957.1 6.6 6.957.3V Reverse Breakdown Voltage0.5mA≤I R≤10mA69612mV Change with CurrentReverse Dynamic Impedance I R=1mA0.510.5 1.5ΩReverse Breakdown−55˚C≤T A≤+85˚CLM199A 0.000020.00005%/˚CTemperature Coefficient+85˚C≤T A≤+125˚C0.00050.0010%/˚C−25˚C≤T A≤85˚C LM299A0.000020.00005%/˚C0˚C≤T A≤+70˚C LM399A0.000030.0001%/˚C RMS Noise10Hz≤f≤10kHz720750µV Long Term Stability Stabilized,22˚C≤T A≤28˚C,2020ppm1000Hours,I R=1mA±0.1%Temperature Stabilizer T A=25˚C,Still Air,V S=30V8.5148.515mA Supply Current T A=−55˚C2228Temperature Stabilizer940940V Supply VoltageWarm-Up Time to0.05%V S=30V,T A=25˚C33sec. Initial Turn-on Current9≤V S≤40,T A=+25˚C,(Note4)140200140200mA Note2:The substrate is electrically connected to the negative terminal of the temperature stabilizer.The voltage that can be applied to either terminal of the refer-ence is40V more positive or0.1V more negative than the substrate.Note3:These specifications apply for30V applied to the temperature stabilizer and−55˚C≤T A≤+125˚C for the LM199;−25˚C≤T A≤+85˚C for the LM299and 0˚C≤T A≤+70˚C for the LM399and LM3999.Note4:This initial current can be reduced by adding an appropriate resistor and capacitor to the heater circuit.See the performance characteristic graphs to de-termine values.Note5:Do not wash the LM199with its polysulfone thermal shield in TCE.Note6:A military RETS electrical test specification is available for the LM199H/883,LM199AH/883,and LM199AH-20/883on request.Ordering InformationInitial0˚C to+70˚C−25˚C to+85˚C−55˚C to+125˚C NS Tolerance Package 2%LM299AH LM199AH,LM199AH/883H04D5%LM399H LM299H H04D LM399AH5%LM3999Z Z03ACertified Long Term DriftThe National Semiconductor LM199AH-20,LM299AH-20, and LM399AH-50are ultra-stable Zener references specially selected from the production runs of LM199AH,LM299AH, LM399AH and tested to confirm a long-term stability of20, 20,or50ppm per1000hours,respectively.The devices are measured every168hours and the voltage of each device is logged and compared in such a way as to show the deviation from its initial value.Each measurement is taken with a probable-worst-case deviation of±2ppm,compared to the Reference Voltage,which is derived from several groups of NBS-traceable references such as LM199AH-20’s,1N827’s,and saturated standard cells,so that the deviation of any one group will not cause false indications.Indeed,this compari-son process has recently been automated using a specially prepared computer program which is custom-designed to re-ject noisy data(and require a repeat reading)and to record the average of the best5of7readings,just as a sagacious standards engineer will reject unbelievable readings.The typical characteristic for the LM199AH-20is shown be-low.This computerized print-out form of each reference’s stability is shipped with the unit.4Typical CharacteristicsNational SemiconductorCertified Long Term DriftHrs Drift168−20336−24504−36672−34840−401008−36Testing ConditionsHeater Voltage:30VZener Current:1mAAmbient Temp.:25˚CTypical Performance CharacteristicsDS005717-12Reverse CharacteristicsDS005717-19Reverse Voltage ChangeDS005717-20Dynamic ImpedanceDS005717-21Zener Noise VoltageDS005717-22Stabilization TimeDS005717-23Heater CurrentDS005717-24 5Typical Performance Characteristics(Continued)Typical ApplicationsInitial Heater CurrentDS005717-25Heater Current(To Limit ThisSurge,See Next Graph)DS005717-26Heater Surge Limit Resistor vsMinimum Supply Voltage at VariousMinimum TemperaturesDS005717-27*Heater must be bypassed with a2µF or largertantalum capacitor if resistors are used.Low Frequency Noise VoltageDS005717-3Response TimeDS005717-7Single Supply OperationDS005717-28Split Supply OperationDS005717-296Typical Applications(Continued)Negative Heater Supply with Positive ReferenceDS005717-30Buffered ReferenceWith Single SypplyDS005717-31Positive Current SourceDS005717-32Standard Cell ReplacementDS005717-33 7Typical Applications(Continued)Negative Current SourceDS005717-34Square Wave Voltage Reference DS005717-35Portable Calibrator*DS005717-36*Warm-up time 10seconds;intermittent operation does not degrade long term stability.14V Reference DS005717-37Precision Clamp*DS005717-38*Clamp will sink 5mA when input goes more positive than reference 8Typical Applications(Continued)0V to20V Power ReferenceDS005717-39Bipolar Output ReferenceDS005717-40Voltage ReferenceDS005717-99Schematic DiagramsTemperature StabilizerDS005717-1ReferenceDS005717-13 10Physical Dimensions inches(millimeters)unless otherwise notedOrder Number LM299H,LM399H,LM199AH,LM199AH/883LM299AH or LM399AHNS Package H04DPlastic PackageOrder Number LM3999ZNS Package Z03A11NotesLIFE SUPPORT POLICYNATIONAL’S PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION.As used herein:1.Life support devices or systems are devices or systems which,(a)are intended for surgical implant into the body,or (b)support or sustain life,and whose failure to perform when properly used in accordance with instructions for use provided in the labeling,can be reasonably expected to result in a significant injury to the user.2.A critical component is any component of a life support device or system whose failure to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or system,or to affect its safety or effectiveness.National Semiconductor Corporation AmericasTel:1-800-272-9959Fax:1-800-737-7018Email:support@National Semiconductor EuropeFax:+49(0)180-5308586Email:europe.support@Deutsch Tel:+49(0)180-5308585English Tel:+49(0)180-5327832Français Tel:+49(0)180-5329358Italiano Tel:+49(0)180-5341680National Semiconductor Asia Pacific Customer Response Group Tel:65-2544466Fax:65-2504466Email:sea.support@National Semiconductor Japan Ltd.Tel:81-3-5639-7560Fax:81-3-5639-7507L M 199/L M 299/L M 399/L M 3999P r e c i s i o n R e f e r e n c eNational does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described,no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.。
换言之 翻译教=教程 第六章 笔记
Chapter 6 T extual equivalence: cohesionIn this chapter, we resume discussion of translation difficulties and strategies at the level of text by looking at cohesion, the second feature of text organization which was mentioned at the end of Chapter 4.Cohesion is the network of lexical, grammatical, and other relations which provide links between various parts of a text.Cohesion is a surface relation; it connects together the actual words and expressions that we can see or hear.Halliday and Hason identify 5 main cohesive devices in English: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion.6.1. ReferenceThe term reference is traditionally used in semantics for the relationship which holds between a word and what in points to in the real world.Instead of denoting a direct relationship between words and extra-linguistic objects, reference is limited here to the relationship of identity which holds between two linguistic expressions.Reference, in the textual rather than the semantic sense, occurs when the reader has to retrieve the identity of what is being talked about by referring to another expression in the immediate context. The resulting cohesion lies in the continuity of reference, whereby the same thing enters into the discourse a second time.Reference is a device which allows the reader/hearer to trace participants, entities, events,etc, in a text.One of the most common patterns of establishing chains of reference in English and a number of other languages is to mention a participant explic itly in the first instance, and then use a pronoun refer back to the same participant in the immediate context.The relationship of reference may be established situationally:(分析如下)For example, a given pronoun may refer to an entity which is present in the context of situation rather than in the surrounding text. The first- and second-person pronouns are typical examples in that they do not refer back to a nominal expression in the text but to the speaker and hearer(writer and reader) respectively. Third-person pronouns typically refer back or forward to a nominal expression in the text but may also be used to refer to an entity which is present in the immediate physical or mental context of situation.Patterns of reference is also known as anaphora.Fox(1986) examined patterns of reference in 3 genres of American English: spontaneous conversation, written expository prose and written fast-paced popular narratives.6.2. Substitution and ellipsisUnlike reference, substitution and ellipsis are grammatical rather than semantic relationships.In substitution, an item/items is replaced by another item/items.Ellipsis involves the omission of an item. In other words, in ellipsis, an item is replaced by nothing.Substitution and ellipsis are purely grammatical relations which hold between linguisticforms rather than between linguistic forms and their meanings.There are different devices in different languages for creating texture and that a text hangs together by virtue of the semantic and structural relationships that hold between its elements.6.3. ConjunctionConjunction involves the use of formal markers to relate sentences, clauses and paragraphs to each other.Unlike reference, substitution, and ellipsis, the use of conjunction does not instruct the reader to supply missing information either by looking for it elsewhere in the text or by filling structural slot. Instead, conjunction signals the way the writer wants the reader to relate that is about to be said to what has been said before.A number of points need to be borne in mind here:①The same conjunction may be used to signal different relations, depending on the context②These relations can be expressed by a variety of means; the use of a conjunction is not the only device for expressing a temporal or causal relation③Conjunctive relations do not just reflect relations between external phenomena, but may also be set up to reflect relations which are internal to the text or communicative situation.For the purposes of translation, it takes more sense to take a broader view of cohesion and to consider any element cohesive as long as it signals a conjunctive-type relation between parts of a text, whether these parts are sentences, clauses(dependent or independent), or paragraphs.The use of conjunction provides an insight into the whole logic of discourse.English generally prefers to present information in relatively small chunks and to signal the relationship between these chunks in unambiguous ways, using a wide variety of conjunctions to mark semantic relations between clauses, sentences, and paragraphs. English also relies on a highly developed punctuation system to signal breaks and relations between chunks of information.Some genres are generally more conjunctive than others and that each genre has its own preferences for certain types of conjunction. Religion and fiction use more conjunctions than science and journalism. Religion displays a particular preference for negative additive conjunctions. Smith and Fiawley explain this feature by suggesting that the high percentage of negative additive conjunctions...indicates a tendency toward falsification, the most consistent method of proof.Whether a translation conforms to the source-text patterns of cohesion or tries to approximate to target-language patterns will depend in the final analysis on the purpose of the translation and the amount of freedom the translator feels entitled to in rechunking information and/or altering signals of relations between chunks. Following source-language norms may involve minimal change in overall meaning. On the other hand, noticeable deviation from typical target-language patterns of chunking information and signalling relations is likely to result in the sort of text that can easily be identified as a translation because it sounds foreign.6.4. Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion refers to the role played by the selection of vocabulary in organizing relations within a text.A given lexical item cannot be said to have a cohesive function, but any lexical item can entera cohesive relation with other items in a text.Halliday and Hasan divide lexical cohesion into 2 main categories: reiteration and collocation.Reiteration, as the name suggests, involves repetition of lexical items. A reiterated item may be a repetition of an earlier item, a synonym or near-synonym, a superordinate, or a general word.Reiteration is not the same as reference, however, because it does not necessarily involve the same identity.Collocation, as a sub-class of lexical cohesion in Halliday and Hasan's model, covers any instance which involves a pair lexical items that are associated with each other in the language in some way.Lexical cohesion typically operates through lexical chains that tun through a text and are linked to each other in various ways.The notion of lexical cohesion as being dependent on the presence of networks of lexical items rather than the presence of any specific class or type of item is important. It provides the basis for what Halliday and Hasan call instantial meaning or text meaning: each occurrence of lexical item carries with it its own textual history, a particular collocational environment that has been built up in the course of the creation of the text and that will provide the context within which the item will be incarnated on this particular occasion. This environment determines the instantial meaning, or text meaning, of the item, a meaning which is unique to each specific instance.Lexical networks do not only provide cohesion, they also determine collectively the sense in which each individual item is used in a given context. The text provides the context for the creation and interpretation of lexical relations, just as the lexical relations help create the texture of the text.The idea that the meanings of individual lexical items depend on the networks of relations in which they enter with other items in a text is now taken as axiomatic in language studies in general and in translation studies in particular. Snell-Hornby stresses the importance of this approach in translation, saying that in analysing a text a translator is not concerned with isolating phenomena or items to study them in depth, but with tracing a web of relationships, the importance of individual items being determined by their relevance and function in the text.It is certainly true that individual lexical items have little more that a potential for meaning outside text and that their meanings are realized and can be considerably modified through association with other lexical items in a particular textual environment.The lack of ready equivalents will sometimes require the translator to resort to strategies such as the use of a superordinate, paraphrase, or loan word. These naturally result in producing different lexical chains in the target text. Likewise, the grammatical structure of the target language may require the translator to add or delete information and to reword parts of the source text in a variety of ways.Whatever lexical and grammatical problems are encountered in translating a text and what ever strategies are used to resolve them, a good translator will make sure that the target text displays a sufficient level of lexical cohesion in its own right. What the translator must always avoid is the extreme case of producing what appears to be a random collection of items which do not add up to recognizable lexical chains that make sense in given context.Part of the lexical cohesion of any text is inevitably obscured by back-translation because it derives from the morphological structure of the language.Reference, substitution,ellipsis, conjunction,and lexical cohesion are the devices identified by Halliday and Hasan for establishing cohesive links in English,Cohesion is also achieved by a variety of devices other than those mentioned by Halliday and Hasan. These include continuity of tense, consistency of style, and punctuation devices such as colons and semi-colons, which indicate how different parts of the text relate to each other.It might be the case that explicitation is a universal strategy inherent in the process of language mediation, as practiced by language learners, non-professional translators and professional translators alike.。
通达信比较好用的cci指标公式
通达信比较好用的cci指标公式CCI指标，全称为商品通道指数（Commodity Channel Index），是一种技术分析工具，用于测量价格波动的相对程度，以便判断股票、期货、外汇等交易品种的超买超卖状态。
在通达信软件中，CCI指标是一项非常实用的工具，它能够帮助分析师和投资者更好地理解市场行情。
通达信软件中的CCI指标公式如下：CCI（N）= [Typical Price - MA（N）] / (0.015 * Mean Deviation)其中，Typical Price代表典型价格，计算公式为（最高价+最低价+收盘价）/3。
N表示计算CCI的周期长度，一般常用的周期为20个交易日。
MA（N）为N周期内典型价格的简单移动平均值。
Mean Deviation为N周期内典型价格与其简单移动平均值之差的绝对值的平均值。
使用通达信软件的CCI指标公式可以帮助我们识别股票或其他交易品种的超买超卖状态。
当CCI指标数值高于100时，说明市场处于超买状态，可能会出现下跌的趋势。
当CCI指标数值低于-100时，说明市场处于超卖状态，可能会出现上涨的趋势。
此外，CCI指标还可以通过观察其与价格走势的背离情况，提供进一步的交易信号。
例如，当价格创造新低而CCI指标却没有创造新低时，可能预示着市场即将反弹，这被称为正式背离。
反之，当价格创造新高而CCI指标却没有创造新高时，可能预示着市场即将下跌，这被称为负式背离。
总之，通达信软件中的CCI指标公式能够帮助我们更好地分析市场行情，找到交易机会。
通过观察CCI指标的数值以及与价格走势的背离情况，能够提供有效的交易决策依据。
然而，在使用CCI指标进行交易决策时，还需要注意其他技术指标和基本面分析，以全面评估市场情况。
上海海事法院涉“一带一路”审判情况及十大典型案例通报
上海海事法院涉“一带一路”审判情况及十大典型案例通报文章属性•【公布机关】上海海事法院,上海海事法院,上海海事法院•【公布日期】2018.08.09•【分类】司法白皮书正文上海海事法院涉“一带一路”审判情况及十大典型案例通报(中英文对照本)Shanghai Maritime Court Report on Trials Involving the Belt and Road Initiative &10 Typical Cases2017前言在习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想引领下，上海勇当改革开放排头兵、创新发展先行者，着力构筑新时代发展的战略优势，全力增强国际经济、金融、贸易、航运、科创中心核心功能，加快建设卓越的全球城市和具有世界影响力的社会主义现代化国际大都市。
海事审判在深入实施国家战略和服务保障上海经济社会发展、尤其是国际航运中心建设方面肩负更加重大责任。
上海海事法院紧紧围绕党和国家工作大局，进一步提高海事司法的战略定位和服务层级，以建设国际海事司法中心上海基地和智慧海事法院上海基地为重要工作载体，通过区域性先行先试的实践探索，不断提高海事审判工作水平，完善创新海事诉讼机制和审判方法，促进海事审判发展和航运纠纷解决，打造服务国家战略和航运业发展的高端智库和对外交流平台，着力建设具有更大国际公信力和影响力、更加公正高效便利、能够充分适应和积极促进航运贸易发展的国际海事司法中心。
这本海事审判情况通报展示了过去一年以来上海海事法院依法履行司法职能、妥善审理和解决航运业及相关产业链上案件纠纷的主要情况；同时系统梳理了近年来审理涉“一带一路”案件的总体概况、工作经验和典型案例，以使国际国内业界和社会充分了解海事审判工作情况，在今后给予我们大力支持，提出更多的宝贵意见和建议。
PrefaceGuided by Xi Jinping’s thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era，Shanghai bravely play its role of a spearhead in the reform and opening-up and a pioneer in innovative development，strives to build up new strategic advantages in thechanging time，does whatever it can to strengthen the core functions of Shanghai as an international economic，financial，trading，shipping，and science and innovation center，and accelerates the building of an outstanding global city and a socialist modern international metropolis with worldwide influence.Maritime trial shall play a greater role in penetratingly implementing national strategies and serving and providing protectionfor the economic and social development in Shanghai，in particular in terms of the construction of an international shipping center.With emphasis on the work of the Party and the Country，Shanghai Maritime Court further enhances the strategic positioning and service level of maritime justice，takes the construction of the Shanghai base of the international maritime justice center and the Shanghai base of the intelligent maritime courts，continuously improves the quality level of maritime trial by taking the lead in implementing regional pilot projects，perfects and innovates maritime litigation mechanisms and adjudication methods，promotes the development of maritime trial and resolution of shipping disputes，creates a high-end think tank and an exchange platform serving national strategies and the development of the shipping industry，and strives to build an international maritimejustice center that has greater international credibility and influence，that operates more fairly，efficiently and conveniently，andthat fully adapts to and actively promotes the development of shipping-related trade.This Report presents the key information about Shanghai Maritime Court’s performance of its judicial functions by operation of law，and its proper adjudication and resolution of the cases and disputes related to shipping industry and the relevant industrial chains during the last year.At the same time，it systematically reviews the overallsituations，the working experience and typical cases in trying the cases involving the Belt and Road initiative over the recent years，aiming at allowing people from the international and domestic shipping industry and the society to fully understand maritime trial so that they will give us firm support and put forward more valuable comments and suggestions.目录第一部分上海海事法院2017年审判情况综述一、海事海商纠纷概况（一）案件数量（二）案件概况（三）主要质效指标（四）重大精品案件二、海事审判特色工作（一）发布五年发展规划纲要，推动工作持续创新发展（二）内外合力，护航自贸区（港）、“一带一路”建设（三）设立智慧法院实践基地，提升司法服务保障水平（四）开设“海事大讲堂”，提升队伍内涵式发展水平（五）助力航运保险和航运金融业发展，诉讼保全责任险得到广泛应用三、海事案件中的新情况新问题及风险提示（一）冷藏集装箱运输货物受损引起案件频发（二）全程物流服务商海外运输区段管理风险应得到重视（三）海域使用权取得转让的规范管理有待司法和行政机构加强治理（四）国际私人物品运输市场乱象丛生，托运人应注意风险防范（五）企业“一照多址”试点施行后的诉讼送达问题值得关注第二部分涉“一带一路”案件审判情况及十大典型案例一、2015-2017年上海海事法院审理涉“一带一路”案件基本情况及特点二、上海海事法院审理涉“一带一路”案件的工作机制和主要做法（一）完善涉外案件委托和送达机制，突破制约审判效率瓶颈（二）充分依托运用信息化建设成果，切实提升审判工作质效（三）积极推进审判公开，建设“最透明”海事法院（四）建设青年法官翻译员队伍，主动对接国际海事司法前沿（五）遴选专家咨询员和专家陪审员队伍，加强海事审判专业力量（六）加大精品案件对外推介，提升海事审判的国际公信力（七）统筹整合研究和实务力量，拓宽服务保障“一带一路”工作途径三、上海海事法院涉“一带一路”十大典型案例案例一：承运人有合理依据怀疑货物不适运、威胁船货安全的，采取的停航晒货等合理措施不构成不合理绕航案例二：海事强制令制度在纠纷解决中的适当应用，可以在诉讼开始前避免损失的扩大或将其尽可能限制在合理范围内，有效保障了货物运输物流网络的畅通高效案例三：对于申请承认和执行外国海事仲裁裁决案件的审查，应根据我国法律的规定，依照我国缔结或参加的国际条约或者按照互惠原则进行案例四：在生鲜货品海上运输中，承运人有义务确保其提供的冷藏箱处于符合运输合同目的的使用状态。
XPE-L精密平衡器 最高精度 适用于重量大载说明书
than ever before.Easy LevelingThe new LevelGuide ™ provides you with a warning when the balance is not level. Full instructions and X P E -L P r e c i s i o n B a l a n c e sXPE-L Precision Balances(Large Weighing Platform)Balance ModelXPE32000LXPE64000LLimit ValuesMaximum Capacity 32.1 kg64.1 kgReadability 1 g 1 g Repeatability0.6 g 0.6 g Linearity deviation 0.6 g0.6 gTypical Values Repeatability0.4 g 0.4 g Linearity deviation0.4 g0.4 gSensitivity offset (test weight)0.65 g (32 kg)0.65 g (64 kg)USP MinWeight (k=2, U=0.10%, 5% load)820 g 820 g MinWeight (k=2, U=1%, 5% load)82 g 82 g Settling time1.2 s1.5 sDimensions HxWxD (mm)Weighing Pan Size (mm)280 x 360280 x 360 SmartPan includedNo NoErgoStandPlace your display on a stand and adjust the tilt to suit your height; it’s easier to read and good posture is maintained.PrintersThe robust P-50 series lab printers produce archival-quality printouts on paper as well as continuous and peel-off labels.Connectivity In addition to the built in RS232, a second interface provides options for Ethernet, PS2,Bluetooth or RS232 connections.ErgoSensSimplify processes by performing selected balance operations at the wave of a hand e.g. weigh, tare, print.Selected Accessories/xpe-precisionGWP ®Good Weighing PracticeTMThe internationally recognized GWP ® guideline reduces weighing risks and helps to:• identify the correct balance for the weighing task • reduce costs by optimizing testing procedures • ensure compliance with regulationsBalance ModelXPE15002LXPE20002LDRXPE10001LXPE16001LXPE32001LXPE64001LLimit ValuesMaximum Capacity15100 g20100 g 10.1 kg16.1 kg32.1 kg64.1 kgMaximum Capacity, fine range -4200 g ----Readability10 mg100 mg 100 mg100 mg100 mg100 mgReadability, fine range -10 mg ----Repeatability15 mg80 mg 80 mg80 mg80 mg100 mgRepeatability, fine range -30 mg ----Linearity deviation 20 mg 60 mg 200 mg200 mg300 mg500 mgTypical Values Repeatability10 mg60 mg 40 mg40 mg40 mg40 mgRepeatability, fine range -20 mg ---- Linearity deviation6 mg20 mg60 mg130 mg200 mg320 mgSensitivity offset (test weight)12 mg (15 kg)25 mg (20 kg)120 mg (10 kg)260 mg (16 kg)320 mg (32 kg)380 mg (64 kg)USP MinWeight (k=2, U=0.10%, 5% load)20 g 40 g 120 g 82 g 82 g 82 g MinWeight (k=2, U=1%, 5% load) 2 g 4 g 12 g 8.2 g 8.2 g 8.2 g Settling time 1.5 s1.5 s1 s1.5 s1.5 s1.8 sDimensionsWeighing Pan Size (mm)172 x 205172 x 205280 x 360280 x 360280 x 360280 x 360SmartPan included Yes Yes NoNoNoNoLabX Laboratory Software – Power the BenchLabX brings power to your laboratory bench by providing full user guidance on the instrument touchscreen, handling all data automatically, and ensuring process security on multiple instruments – all with one software and no manual transcriptions./GWPFor more informationMettler-Toledo AGLaboratory WeighingCH-8606 Greifensee, Switzerland Phone +41 44 944 22 11Fax +41 44 944 30 60Subject to technical changes © 07/2015 Mettler-Toledo AG 30208925 AGlobal MarCom Switzerland / RKEmbedded ApplicationsStandard weighing, statistics, formulation, piece counting, percent weighing, density, dynamic weighing, RFID exchange with titrators, RFID SampleTrack。
ADC的指标详细定义
Chapter 1A/D Terminology1. INTRODUCTIONTo set a baseline for comparing A/D converter performance we need to define the major static and dynamic parameters. Along the way we will also outline some of the methods used in characterizing these specifications. Before defining the terms it is important to note that some converters have a defined minimum sampling speed which means that the conversion command is supplied at that minimal rate regardless of the analog input signal rate of change. The main reason for the minimum sampling rate is the droop rate of the track and hold amplifier preceding the A/D. This limitation will be farther explained in chapter 4.As the name implies, the static specifications are parameters that are measured under DC input conditions (DC input voltage).In contrast with the static characteristics, the dynamic parameters are measured with analog input signals that vary in time. To make things unambiguous, throughout the book we specify the sampling rate in SPS (samples/second) while the analog input frequency is expressed in Hz.parameters1.1 ThestaticThe error of an A/D converter is the difference between the theoretical and the actual input voltage required to produce a particular output code. In most applications the user can calibrate the offset and gain errors by subtracting the offset and dividing by the gain thus normalizing this2Chapter1deviation. The normalized error is called the relative error (as opposed to the absolute error, which is the actual measured difference).Following is a list of terms that define converter static errors.1.1.1Offset ErrorThis is the difference between the theoretical and actual input voltage required to obtain the transition from code 0000..00 to code 0000..01.It should be noted that some manufactures define the offset at the mid-scale of the converter’ range (when the input is symmetric around 0V). The assumption is that the converter’ transfer curve is described by a straight:where G is the slope of the line and is the offset.1.1.2Gain ErrorThis parameter indicates the slope difference between the lines connecting the theoretical and actual transitions of the full scale extremes - transition 0000..00 to 0000..01 and transition 1111..10 to 1111..11. Theoretically the line should span from 0.5 LSB above zero where the first transition occurs and 1.5 LSB below the full scale (remember that the last code 1111..11 occurs 1 LSB below full scale and the last code transition is 0.5 LSB below that point). The ratio of the span between the first and the last actual codes and the ideal difference is the gain error (usually expressed as a percentage of full scale).1.1.3Integral Linearity Error ( ILE )This is the worst case deviation of codes from a straight line connecting the ends of the full scale (from -FS to +FS).Figure 1 – 1 is an example of the transfer curve for a 3-bit A/D converter. The dotted line represents the theoretical transfer curve of the converter. The heavier line represents the actual input voltage required to obtain the output code transitions shown on the Y-axis. Since we are considering a 3-bit converter, we expect eight output levels from 000 to 111. Counting from one end of the full scale to the other we observe seven transition points or for the general case If we assume in our example that the full-scale range is 2V, the corresponding LSB weight is 0.25V(=2V/8) Next, we illustrate the end-point normalization process for the ILE calculation as it applies to our example. The data is presented in table 1 – 1. This end-point normalization process defines the equation that connects the full-scale extremes as follows:A/D Terminology3isthe normalized voltage,input voltage,themeasuredwhere isvoltage required for that transition.theoreticaland istheFigure 1-1. Transfer curve for a typical A/D - Digital out vs. analog inThis equation defines a gain – G – and an offset – OS – for the transfer curve. Substituting and extracting the equation for the normalized voltage we obtain:and4Chapter 1The normalization process just defined is called end-point normalization since it uses the end points of the full scale for the calculation. Note that by definition the error at the ends is always zero.The normalized linearity of the device is also shown in table 1-1:Based on the previous definition and equation 1.2 we calculate the gain error to be:resulting in a gain error of approximately 3.3%. The offset – OS – is calculated to be 0.10833 V or an offset error of 0.433 LSBs. The maximum difference from the end point line occurs at the transition 100 to 101 with a deviation of 0.224138 V (=0.896LSBs).Some manufacturers specify the ILE as a line of the form that best approximates the input-output transfer curve in terms of best square fit .The idea is to select a line,which minimizes the square of the error for each of the M data points:where and are the slope and intersection of the linear regressionsuch that the deviation from the line – S -is minimized. In this case the end points of the full scale do not have zero error. Applying this definition to our example and using the theoretical points as reference we calculate the best square fit: and The maximum ILE for theA/D Terminology5 best square fit occurs at the last code (110 to 111) and is –0.135714V or -0.543 LSB s. The last results can be calculated using any mathematical program that has routines for linear regression.Obviously the two normalization techniques just defined are significantly different from each other. Using the end point linearity definition the ILE is almost LSB while the ILE for the best-fit definition is of 0.54 LSB. This illustrates that the lack of standards in converter specifications may mislead the user in perceiving wide variations in performance due to “specmanship”.Lastly, since the ILE is an indication of the converter transfer characteristics under dynamic conditions it is evident that the best square fit is a better indicator of the converter’s harmonic distortion (see section - How does the linearity affect the converter dynamic behavior? - below)1.1.4Differential Linearity Error(DLE)This is the actual difference between two adjacent codes minus 1LSB.In an ideal A/D adjacent code transitions are 1LSB apart resulting in a DLE of 0 LSBs (DLE = 1LSB – 1LSB = 0LSB). A converter is called monotonic when it exhibits an increasing output code for an increasing input voltage. When the DLE is non-negative the monotonicity of the converter is guaranteed.The simplest method used to check the static performance of an A/D is shown in figure 1 – 2.The test is performed as follows: a linear input voltage with an amplitude equivalent to a fraction of the full-scale range (10-20 LSBs) is supplied to the device under test (DUT). This linear ramp must have the means of being shifted from one end of the full-scale to the other. B y changing the ramp’s offset, all code transitions can be observed. Using this test method, we notice that the output signal is not a straight line from –FS to +FS but rather a collection of segments shifted in amplitude - see figure 1 – 3. This is equivalent to a modulo operation - the pattern of eight steps repeats and it represents the residue of the overall full scale to the length of the segment presented. As shown in figure 1 – 3 the last three LSBs are utilized to restore the digital output into an analog voltage – constituting a D/A converter.The D/A performs its conversion by transforming the digital voltage of the bit into a binary weighted current. The three currents are summed into obtaining the D/A output voltage.The reconstructing D/A amplitude accuracy is not important in this case since the error of interest is shown along the X-axis of the display. Thus, if the resistors are not related in an exactly binary fashion the output shows unequal step heights in the reconstruction on the Y-axis.6Chapter1Figure 1-2. Static test for an A/D converterFigure 1-3. A 3-bit reconstruction of the digital output of an A/DA/D Terminology 7In a typical converter, not all the codes are equal in width. This width variation reflects the linearity errors. The linearity errors of an A/D converter are therefore shown along the X-axis.Figure 1 – 3 also shows that the code transitions as displayed on an oscilloscope are not very crisp and well defined. These uncertainties (gray areas) on the X – axis represent a dynamic error called jitter (see also dynamic parameters below).1.2 Thedynamic parametersThe dynamic errors of an A/D converter are the result of its behavior under input transient conditions. These errors reflect insufficient bandwidth, slew-rate limitation or settling time of the analog signal path. They are an inevitable consequence of the design tradeoffs between speed, resolution and power conservation. Bandwidth limitation is a dynamic deficiency, whichnonlinear components in the circuit (such as capacitance voltage coefficients, dielectric absorption, etc.).1.2.1Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)This is the ratio of the square root of the sum of the squares of the first most significant harmonics (usually from second to the fifth) to the fundamentalThisparameter is generally expressed in dB.output signal1.2.2Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)This is the ratio of the remaining harmonics (not accounted for in the THD) to the fundamental. This parameter is usually expressed in dB.8Chapter11.2.3Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio (SINAD or TDE for TotalDynamic Error)TDE is the ratio of all harmonics to the fundamental. This parameter is usually expressed in dB.Since the numerator is usually smaller than the denominator, this is a negative number.SINAD reflects the ratio of signal to noise and distortion. Since the signal is in the numerator and the noise and distortion are in the denominator this represents the reverse ratio relative to TDE. Therefore the SINAD and TDE are equal in magnitude, and have opposite sign.The relation between TDE and THD and SNR is given by:1.2.4 Spurious-FreeDynamic RangeThis is the difference (in dB) between the RMS input signal andthe highest frequency spur at the output of the A/D. Figure 1 - 4 shows an example of how SFDR is measured in an FFT test. In our example the SFDR is approximately 50 dB.Note: In all equations above the assumption is that the fundamental frequency resides in the first bin of the spectrum. The FFT program in figure 1-11 is set to assure that this is indeed the case.A/D Terminology9rFigure 1-4. Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) definition1.2.5Aperture uncertaintyDue to noise, the A/D converter response to the conversion command does not occur at a known time instance. Aperture uncertainty or jitter is definedas the short-term, non-cumulative variation of the significant instants of the sampling signal from their ideal position in time. The error manifests itself as an edge variation of the sampling signal relative to the analog input. Agraphical illustration of this phenomenon is shown in figure 1 – 5. Sincemost high-speed converters employ a track and hold amplifier in front of theA/D, figure 1 – 5 refers to the two regions of operation as the track and holdregions. The sampling instance in figure 1-5 occurs on the falling edge of the track/hold command when the analog voltage is being held prior to being processed by the A/D converter. The highest probability of the sampling edge is shown as the darker region.There are two reasons for this uncertainty – amplitude noise causingthreshold of the sampling device to fluctuate and phase instability of the sampling clock.10Chapter1Figure 1-5. Jitter caused timing errorWhen dealing with high input frequencies the jitter causes noise-like distortions to the sampled signal.Since aperture uncertainty is a random, noise-like phenomenon, it contributes to a reduction in SNR. References 33 and 37 analyze the contribution of aperture uncertainty to the reduction of SNR.The following equation predicts the relation between aperture uncertainty and SNR:In the equation represents the RMS aperture jitter and f is the input frequency. A graph showing SNR degradation due to aperture uncertainty is shown in Figure 1- 6.A/D Terminology11Figure 1-6. SNR reduction due to aperture jitterThe graph shows for example that an A/D with an aperture uncertainty of 50 psec RMS error, tested at an input frequency of 10 MHz will be limited to an SNR of approximately 50 dB. Thus if we test a 10 bit A/D that is expected tohave SNR of 62 dB due to quantization error, it is important to limit the jitterto less than 10 psec RMS error:1.2.6Frequency aliasingThis is a phenomenon that is a direct artifact of the sampling process. The Nyquist sampling theorem requires that a continuous bandwidth-limitedthis input signal with frequency limited to is sampled at a rate If12Chapter1 condition is n o t observed,the Fourier transform of the sampled signal gets distorted. This occurs because frequency components exceeding the Nyquist frequency are folded back into the input band. This phenomenon makes the reconstruction of the input signal impossible. To mitigate aliasing, it is important to choose the relationship of input to sampling frequency carefully (29,39).A graphical illustration of the aliasing phenomenon is shown in figure 1 – 7.Figure 1-7. Frequencies above Fs/2 are aliased due to the sampling process Given the sampling frequency of the converter (Fs) and the analog input frequency the aliased frequency can be found as follows:i. calculate Name the residue of the divisionbelocated atii. if then the aliased frequency willotherwiseiii. will be located at RFor example if the converter sampling frequency is 1GSPS and the input frequency is 450 MHz, the fundamental frequency of the reconstructed output is found at 450 MHz. The second harmonic is expected to be at 900 MHz. Since this frequency is higher than the Nyquist frequency (=500 MHz) and the calculated R=900 MHz it means that the second harmonic will beA/D Terminology13 aliased. The corresponding frequency for the second harmonic will be found at:The third harmonic will be found at 350 MHzand therefore the tone will be found at 350 MHz.1.2.7 How does the linearity affect the converter dynamic behavior?The sheer operation of the A/D transforming a smooth input ramp into discrete levels through the quantization process creates harmonics. This is known as quantization noise. For a perfectly linear A/D, the quantization noise limits the SNR performance level to:That is, if the input signal extends to the full-scale range of the converter the noise caused by the quantization process results in dB below the fundamental. In the equation, N represents the number of bits. For example in a 10-bit device, the noise floor is 61.96 or approximately 62 dB bellow the RMS value of the input signal. (9,11,12,14,17,19).Excluding dynamic limitations of the converter such as slew-rate limitations, the Integral Linearity Error (IL or INL) is the major cause of harmonic distortion (THD). The reason is that when a sinusoid is passed through a nonlinear transfer function it gets distorted creating harmonic tones at the output. Usually the INL of an A/D converter is fairly smooth resulting therefore in low order harmonics. The differential nonlinearity of the A/D on the other hand causes high frequency harmonics that are accounted for in the SNR factor. The reason is that unlike the smooth integral nonlinearity, the DLE represents abrupt adjacent transition in the transfer function in the time domain. This is equivalent to a high frequency harmonic content in the frequency domain and thus, results in high order harmonics. Since high harmonics are accounted for in the SNR ratio, DNL cause a reduction in signal-to-noise ratio.The parameter that measures all nonlinearities of the A/D in aggregate is the TDE or SINAD (signal to noise and distortion) since it encompasses both THD and SNR. Some manufacturers specify an additional parameter called ENOB (effective number of bits). This figure measures the equivalent number of bits in an A/D as a function of input frequency. In effect this is the same equation as the one predicting the noise floor where the number of bits of the converter – N is replaced by ENOB:14Chapter1The difference between the equations is in the fact that ENOB is always specified as a function of frequency. For example a device withhas approximately 10 effective bits at the specified frequency.1.2.8 Converter resolution effects on Spurious Free Dynamic Range The SFDR is a critical parameter especially in communication systems. An analysis of its dependency on the number of bits of the converter has been investigated in references 33, 37 and 53 and it is shown to be: The highest harmonic is proven to occur at harmonicfor a converter limited by quantization noise.In other words the largest harmonic of an N bit A/D is lower than the fundamental by 9N dB (assuming a sinusoidal full-scale input signal). This equation predicts that each increase in the number of bits results in a 9-dB reduction in harmonics. An intuitive explanation for this effect is as follows: going from N to bits reduces the quantization noise by a factor of 2 (6 dB). In addition, since the quantization frequency is doubled for each additional bit, the frequency of the error is increased. Mathematically, Parseval’s formula tells us that the power is conserved in either the time or frequency domain and therefore the doubling of the frequency results in a 3-dB reduction in the harmonic magnitude. Ordinarily converters are not perfectly linear and thus SFDR is limited by lower order harmonics than predicted by the equations above.Let us summarize the A/D converter errors and their characteristics.The static parameters: offset, gain, INL, DNL are the easiest to test. These parameters are measured under DC input conditions and therefore are constant for a given converter. Figure 1 – 2 illustrates a way of evaluating these DC characteristics and additional methods are described in the references 9,15,18,32.The dynamic test methods for evaluating SNR, THD, SFDR, SINAD (TDE) are discussed at length in references 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 37 and 38. The dynamic tests however are more elaborate and require significantly more care to accomplish than the static measurements.A/D Terminology15The dynamic performance of the A/D analyzed in the following chapters will underline the importance of certain device parameter on the dynamic performance of the entire A/D.The two test methods available for dynamic A/D evaluation can be categorized as follows:• the beat and envelope tests which are coherent tests and• the noncoherent windowed testsA common setup used for A/D coherent dynamic test is shown in figure1-8.Figure 1-8. Dynamic A/D test set-upIn the beat test method the sinewave-input signal is offset in frequency from the sample frequency. The beat frequency is selected such that on successive cycles of the sampling signal, the output “walks” through the input signal. When the reconstructed output signal is analyzed, the beat frequency is observed. A graphical example of beat frequency test is shown in figure 1-9:16Chapter1Figure 1-9. Dynamic "beat frequency" testThe test can be performed to observe differential or integral linearity as a function of the converter’s input frequency. In this case the samples are taken such that adjacent samples are only one LSB apart from each other. The frequency required for this test is (31):beat frequency and N is thethewhere is the sampling frequency, isconverter’s number of bits. For example if the device under test is a 10 bit converter with a sample rate of 10 MSPS, then the beat frequency required for 1 LSB change on successive samples is calculated to be 3.108 kHz from the equation above. Since each adjacent sampled point is expected to be1LSB away from the previous sample the ILE and DLE can be tested as a function of input frequency.This test is limited to multiples of the beat frequency but requires no special care regarding frequency spillage, which will be explained below.A variation of the beat test method is the envelope test. This method is more demanding on the converter in the fact that adjacent samples of the input are taken on opposite ends of the full scale. Thus the input signal is tested for example at the positive full scale, followed immediately by a sample at the negative full scale.B y making the sample frequency slightly offset from the Nyquist rate this method ensures that the samples are taken on alternate half cycles of the input signal. In performing this test, the A/D converter can be tested during slew-rate conditions and pushed to the settling limit of various internal blocks of the converter.The envelope and beat test methods are called coherent test methods.This is a result of the very tight dependence between the sampling frequency and the analog input frequency. Unless these two signals are completely synchronized during the test (as illustrated in figure 1 – 8), they introduce noise similar to the aperture uncertainty of the converter itself. In fact the jitter between the input and sampling signal will RSS (square root of the sum of the squares) with the aperture uncertainty of the converter (assuming no correlation between the two).In contrast to the beat and envelope methods, that guarantee no frequency spillage effects, the noncoherent test methods require very careful choice of filters prior to the FFT calculations.To understand this problem let us consider how the sheer action of sampling of a continuous time signal affects the Fourier transform.When the Fourier transform of the continuous time signal is known, the Fourier transform of the discrete samples can be obtained by the followingoperations (39):1. transformation of the frequency axis according to the relation2. multiplication of the amplitude axis by a factor 1/T3. summation of an infinite number of replicas of the original spectrum,shifted horizontally by integermultiples of the sampling frequency The result of the summation gives a periodicity in with the period of Therefore the sampling in the time domain results in periodicity in the frequency domain. The filter’s function is to reduce the error caused by the sampling process. The main focus in Fourier analysis is the determination of the Fourier transform of a signal f(t) in term ofthe segment:A/D Terminology 1718Chapter 1In effect this represents the time window during which we look at the signal (42). By definition, we observe the A/D output during a finite time interval. A rectangular window in the time-domain is such that it has a value of 1 inside the window and 0 outside the observation time. In the frequency domain, the rectangular window is the familiar sin(x)/x of a rectangular pulse. To express mathematically the limited observation time we multiply a rectangular pulse equal to the observation time with the time varying digital output code. The multiplication between the finite observation time and the output of the A/D in the time domain corresponds to a convolution operation in the frequency domain.If the A/D output does not contain an integer number of cycles during the observed time-window the result will be a leakage error in the frequency domain .The leakage error comes about because the A/D data is not harmonically related to the window length. Adjusting the window to include an integer number of cycles can eliminate this error. The form that the leakage takes depends on the shape of the window. B y changing the window shape in the time domain and reducing the discontinuities at its edges we can significantly reduce the leakage.Several windows are classically used for the non-coherent test (39). Their main characteristics are outlined below:•Rectangular filter (with side lobes of –13.5dB)(39,43)• B artlett window (with side lobes of –27dB)(39)•Hann window (with side lobes of –32dB)(39,43)• Hamming window (with side lobes of –43 dB) (39,43)•Blackman window (with side lobes of –57dB)(39)•Kaiser filters (with side lobes -30to -90dB depending on thefactor)(39)•Dolph filters (with side lobes -40to -80dB depending on thefactor)(39)The rectangular window is the standard acquisition window with a weight of 1 inside the window and zero outside the window.The Hamming window is a combination of cosine added to a pedestal and so on. In all above filters the intent is to minimize the width of the main lobe and reduce the size of the side lobes with respect to the main lobe in the frequency domain. In general,the greater the window’s bandwidth, the less resolution it provides. On the other hand, as the side lobes decrease, the filter selectivity increases - the ability to distinguish adjacent frequency components. A discussion of these filters is beyond the scope of this book.A/D Terminology 19The rectangular window while not the best in the frequency domain due to limited attenuation of its side lobes ( sin(x) / x), is the easiest to visualize. There is no weighing function that is given to the various time-data and therefore all points have the same weight. This is different than the other filters mentioned above where each time-data-point is given a differentaccomplish the weight through the multiplication operation to windowing function (39 and 43).1.2.9 Rectangular window – an exampleLet us illustrate how the width of rectangular filter can affect the results of the FFT test in a perfect A/D. In our example, we consider a perfect A/D with infinite resolution. The output of the converter is analyzed in a FFT using a 4K-point time record. The time record is then subjected to truncation of the tail data points and padded with zero (this is the operation of adding zeroes to the tail of the sequence). In other words the time record is shorten from 4K points one point at a time and the original data is padded with zeroes. This is equivalent to the shortening of the observation time Plotting the dynamic performance – TDE – as a function of the number of truncated tune records results in the graph outlined in figure 1 - 10.Figure 1-10. The truncation error caused by the rectangular window affects the Signal-to-Noise-and-Distortion (SINAD)20Chapter 1The same graph outlines as well the truncation error for a 1K FFT.Several things are evident in the graph:1. The slope of the graph isdB/decade. For a 4K FFT with a devicewith infinite resolution and with 0.1% zero padding thedB. This means that if four of the time data points are set to zero (0.1%of 4096 points) the performance is reduced to less than 9 effective bits!2. For a 1K point FFT with the same infinite resolution A/D, the SINAD is12 dB lower than the 4K FFT. Again with 0.1% truncation and zero padding limits the SINAD to approximately 42.6 dB (or less than 7effective bit performance).This example demonstrates the importance of careful choice in the number of data points for a noncoherent test of A/D and the result of such test when the data is truncated and zero padded. In general when a user is interested in improving the noise floor observability in any A/D converter the time domain record needs to be increased. The noise floor for such a converter isimproved to:where n is the number of time points and N is the converter resolution. In other words if a 12 bit converter is used and the expected quantization noise is d B than with 1024 time points for the FFT we can observe a noise floor of 101 dB Doubling the number of time points to 2048 further improves the noise floor by an additional 3 dB.1.3 The FFT analysisIn the following chapters, all the A/D considered are analyzed using an envelope test to achieve the required coherent test of the device. The resulting time data is subjected to an FFT test using a MATHCAD program.The FFT file is provided below in figure 1 - 11).The analysis proceeds as follows: the SPICE produced output file is transferred into a file called “FILENAME.DAT”. The data file is scanned by the MATHCAD program and examined for the FFT length (expected to be half as long as the number of time-data points). This also establishes the frequency number of bins (frequency resolution). The vector representing the time domain samples are expected in the first column of the data file (remember that Mathcad indexes from “0” not “1”) sothe first column of your data file is vector or in Mathcad terminology while the time data points are expected in By searching for the highest。
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Typical case of deviation
偏差描述
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• 时间：XX年X月XX日早班 • 事发地点：包装7线 • 产品： Losec inf iv XX • 事件：员工包装生产时，在第10卷标签结束后，物料平衡时 核对出来料少一瓶，同时员工进行了仔细检查，但还是没有 发现该瓶半成品，后继续生产。当天中班时，针剂人员整理 从包装回用的周转盒时发现有一瓶代码为XX的未贴签针剂粘 在周转盒的上盖上面。
5why 分析方法
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Why: 为什么Losec inf iv XX，物料平衡时核对出来料少一瓶
因为有一瓶代码为XX的未贴签针剂留在周转盒中。 Why: 为什么会留在周转盒里？ 因为员工确认周转盒时没有发现。 Why: 为什么员工没有发现？ 因为员工确认周转盒的方法一直以来都是通过摇动盒子来确认而未贴签 针剂是粘在周转盒的盒盖中 Why: 为什么未贴签针剂会粘在周转盒的盒盖中？ 因为盒盖上毛刺扣掉落，而双面胶却遗留在周装盒盖上，导致 产品粘在 盒盖上。
调查及分析原因
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• 1) 因为半成品周转盒上盖上有双面胶，导致产品粘在上面，员工在打 开周转盒时，产品随盖子一起移动了位置，员工只对周转盒进行了检查， 并没有对周转盒盖进行检查。 • 2) 物料平衡出现差异后，员工怀疑有可能产品留在了空盒子里，随后 员工开始确认周装盒，但使用的方法一直以来都是通过摇动盒子来确认 的，因为产品还是粘在盖子上，导致虽然三重检查还是没有检查出来。 说明这种检查方法有局限性。 • 3) 双面胶的由来可能来自于周转盒上的的毛刺扣，因毛刺扣掉落，而 双面胶却遗留在周装盒盖上，导致产品粘在盒盖上。
预防
措施 •行目视检 查，防止有产品遗留在周转盒内
• 如在出现物料平衡来料少料检查时，还是延续现在的检查流 程，但对空盒子的检查方法有现在摇动检查改为每一盒打开 目视检查 • 在生产过程中若发现周转盒有缺陷（如毛刺扣脱落，异物粘 在盒子上）应及时对周转盒作处理。