Company's High Dependence in Computer Systems A Definition of
2020-2021学年高一英语外研版(2019)必修第三册 Unit 3单元测试(含答案)
Unit 3 The world of science 单元测试一、阅读理解(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)AKids and science seem to be made for each other!The basic science is a combination of thought and experiment called the scientific method. It’s where you start with an idea, create a way to prove or disprove your idea, and show what you learned based on facts. Learning to follow this process helps you think logically (逻辑地) and carefully. These important thinking skills can be used in many areas of study. To give a child practice with these thinking skills is like giving vitamins (维生素) to a developing mind.One of the greatest things we can teach our children is to love learning. Learning science is a great way to do so. Children are easy to be interested in science. Because much of science is handson, it attracts most children. Nothing makes a child sit up and take notice like the “WOW!” of a great science showing.Science opens doors to many subjects at school. Building love for science can be helpful in other areas of study. For example, one cannot love science for very long without becoming good at its language—math! So science encourages children to study math. An interest in science is an interest in how things were once understood compared to how they are understood now. Thus studying science lends itself easily to studying history. And after you do an experiment, you need to write a lab report. Therefore, writing becomes an important part of science.Science is the basic thing for much of our life. The science of farming shows how our food is produced; biomedical science keeps us healthy; even our beds these days are designed according to scientific facts. We almost eat, sleep and breathe with the help of science! When we prepare the next generation (一代) of voters, creators, and policy makers, it is important to make sure they are not only comfortable but also good at science.( )1. According to Paragraph 2, what does learning the scientific method mean to kids?A. Refusing any ideas that are not logical.B. Helping them develop thinking skills.C. Learning many areas of study.D. Learning to do experiments.( )2. Which of the following statements would the author agree with?A. Science is too difficult for children.B. Children usually consider science boring.C. Science could make children love learning.D. Children who can't think carefully shouldn't learn science.( )3. If a child works hard at science at school, he / she ________.A. usually loses interest in other activitiesB. usually has no time for other subjectsC. is usually bad at such subjects like historyD. is likely to learn many other subjects well( )4. What is the text mainly about?A. Why science is important.B. Why kids should learn science.C. What kids should learn at school.D. How kids can make use of science.BParties and social gatherings no longer excite us the same way they once did. This is not due to a lack of desire to socialize, but the smartphone.At parties, people focus more on their smartphones than on their drinks. According to a recent study from International Data Corporation, over half of all Americans have a smartphone and reach it the moment they wake up, keeping it in hand all day. In addition, too many people are using smartphones while driving, and as a result, they get into car crashes. 34 percent of teens admit to text while driving, and they confirm that texting messages is the major interruption while driving. People’s attachment (依恋) to their smartphones is unbelievably becoming more important than the lives of themselves and others.Just as drivers dismiss the importance of focusing while on the road, many people also fail to recognize the significance of human interaction. When with their friends, some people pointlessly (无谓地) check or send messages in the presence of their friends, which means that their friends are less important. In addition, relying on our smartphones to make friends does not give us the same advantages as making new friends in the real world. Facetoface conversations will give us the chance to improve our communication skills in the long run.As many people risk their lives and the lives of people around them just to send a text or mindlessly check their messages, smartphones are in many ways more dangerous to people. The technology shows the achievement weaken the value of communication. Not only is the smartphone affecting our desire to interact face to face, but it is also lowering people’s ability to communicate.( )5. The purpose of this text is to ________.A. call for an end to the use of the smartphone while drivingB. appeal to us to pay attention to communication skillsC. express a concern about the overuse of the smartphoneD. advise us to be cautious about the addiction to the smartphone( )6. The second paragraph is developed by ________.A. giving examplesB. listing figuresC. comparing factsD. analyzing the effects( )7. The author advocates making new friends ________.A. by using smartphonesB. in a facetoface wayC. in different waysD. under a free circumstance( )8. Too much dependence on the smartphone leads to the fact that ________.A. parties and gatherings limit people’s social circleB. people are more and more narrowmindedC. People’s communication skills are weakenedD. facetoface communication becomes less importantCThe word or phrase that you use to open your email account may provide a key to your personality as well as to your correspondence (信件), according to a British psychologist. Helen Petrie, professor of humancomputer interaction (交互作用) at City, University in London, analysed the responses of 1,200 Britons who participated in a survey funded (提资金) by CentralNic, an Internet domain name company. The results were recently published on CentralNic’s website.Petrie identifies three main password “types”. “Family oriented” respondents numbered nearly half of those surveyed. These people use their own name or nickname, the name of a child, partner, or pet or a birth date as their password. They tend to be occasional computer users and have strong family ties. “They choose passwords that symbolize people or events with emotional value,” says Petrie. One third of respondents were “fans”, using the names of athletes, singers, movie stars, fictional characters, or sports teams. Petrie says fans are young and want to attach themselves to the lifestyle represented by a celebrity. Two of the most popular names were Madonna and Homer Simpson. The third main group of participants are “cryptics” because they pick confusing passwords or a random (随机的) string of letters, numbers, and symbols such as “Jxa＋157”. Petrie says cryptics are the most security conscious group. They tend to make the safest but least interesting choices.Passwords are revealing for two reasons. First, because they are invented on the spot. “Since you are focused on getting into a system, for example your email account, you’re likely to write down something that comes quickly to mind,” says Petrie. “In this sense passwords take advantage of things that are just below the surface of consciousness. Also, to remember your password, you pick something that will stick in your mind. You may unconsciously choose something of particular emotional importance.”( )9. How did Petrie draw her conclusions?A. By observing participants’ reactions.B. By interviewing 1,200 people.C. By studying survey results.D. By doing an experiment.( )10. What do we know about people whose passwords are “family oriented”？A. They probably have large families.B. They are likely to be animal lovers.C. They tend to be social and emotional.D. They are probably infrequent computer users.( )11. What does Petrie say about the “cryptic” group?A. They have strong safety awareness.B. They lack imagination and creativity.C. They change their passwords regularly.D. They can't think of an interesting password.( )12. Why can passwords reveal our personalities?A. We choose words we will easily remember.B. We are willing to invent something personal.C. We are likely to value important experiences.D. We pick up a password after careful consideration.DIsabel has turned down two job offers in the past year. The first job she considered was the director of HR for a company in Utah. After the initial interviews, she felt the job fit her except for the location. Still, she flew west to meet the hiring manager. The hiring manager explained that Isabel was the top candidate for the job but that, before she continued with the process, she should better understand the firm’s culture. She directed Isabel to several videos of the company’s CEO, who regularly appeared in front of the company in costume as part of morale building exercises and expected his senior leaders to do the same. “Even though I was desperate for a job, I knew I couldn’t do that,” Isabel says. She called the company to turn down the job and explained that she didn’t feel there was a cultural fit.A few months later, she had an interview for another job: a director of employee relations at a local university. After several interviews, the hiring manager told her the job was hers if she wanted it. The job had many positives: it provided a lowstress environment, it offered great benefits, and the university was an employee friendly place. But the job was relatively junior despite the title and Isabel worried it wouldn’t be challenging enough. Finally, she turned it down. “It would be great to have a paycheck and great benefits but I would definitely have trouble sleeping at night,” she says.In both cases, she was frank with the hiring managers about why she wasn’t taking the jobs. “In the past, it felt like dating, and I was worried about hurting people’s feelings,” she says. However, they appreciated her frankness and thanked her for her honesty. She says it was hard to turn down the jobs and it was a risk for her financially but she felt she had to.( )13. Which factor made Isabel turn down the first job finally?A. The company’s location.B. The initial interviews.C. The firm’s culture.D. The hiring manager.( )14. What does the underlined word “junior” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A. Challenging.B. Easy.C. Beneficial.D. Stressful.( )15. What is the most important thing for Isabel in job hunting?A. Being truthful to others.B. A job with a stable income.C. A relaxing working atmosphere.D. Avoiding hurting people's feelings.二、阅读七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)What to Do When Someone Doesn’t Like YouWhen someone tells me “I don’t care if people like me”, they are showing me the emotional wall they use to block the hurt of rejection.As humans are social animals, all of us care if people like us. Based on the need for social connection, your reactions to rejection and negative judgment can range from minor hurt to outbreaks of depression. 16The first step to handle a negative situation is to recognize your reaction. Ask yourself, “What am I feeling?” 17 Any betrayal (背叛) or embarrassment in your heart? Identify what feeling has shown up in your body, so you can choose what to do next.18 When you sense yourself shutting down or feeling defensive, ask yourself what the person actually meant to do to you. Did they truly mean to offend you, or make fun of you? Your brain works very hard to keep you safe, so it will judge a situation as threatening if there is any possibility of social harm.When our brains sense a possible threat, we react as if we were personally attacked. Take a breath to relieve the stress. 19Finally, if you believe the person doesn’t like you, ask yourself if this matters. 20 If not, what can you do to release your need to be liked by this person? And, what can you do to stay neutral and not return the dislike? The more you can come to accept others as who they are, the more you can move forward with your goals regardless of if someone likes you or not.A. If you can, look the person in his eyes.B. Do you feel any fear or anger in your head?C. Ask yourself what is true about the situation.D. Often people do not realize the impact of their words.E. Will the person’s judgment of you impact your work or life?F. The ability to let a show of dislike roll off your back is a learned skill.G. This will ground you in the present and take you out of your trembling mind.三、完形填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)Michel Simon, who founded the Centre for Informed Food Choices in the USA, 21 there are sugary sports drinks that are as unhealthy as cola. “Sports drinks were 22 with athletes in mind. These drinks contain salt and sugar, which can be 23 for athletes in many cases. 24 , most regular people don’t need any additional salt, 25 they certainly have no need for liquid (液态的) sugar. These 26 may end up doing more 27 than good for kids doing ordinary exercise.”Breakfast cereals (谷类食物), which are greatly 28 by kids, have also been criticized. 29 they are often high in fiber, some of them contain a lot more sugar and salt than you would 30 . In addition, some of the foods we have come to know as “healthy snacks” have 31 been added to the black list. Although they look and sound nutritious, in most 32 they are much tastier than they are healthy for you. 33 , some types of dried fruit were 34 to have more fat and sugar than the fruit they were produced from.So next time you 35 to cut down on junk food, think twice about what you end up eating instead.( )21. A. means B. says C. supposes D. imagines( )22. A. served B. enjoyed C. designed D. ordered( )23. A. useful B. terrible C. strong D. enough( )24. A. Therefore B. Besides C. However D. Anyway( )25. A. but B. and C. so D. because( )26. A. sports B. needs C. snacks D. drinks( )27. A. harm B. wonders C. work D. pains( )28. A. suggested B. liked C. discussed D. made( )29. A. Since B. Before C. When D. While( )30. A. allow B. ask C. expect D. save( )31. A. also B. soon C. again D. once( )32. A. ways B. cases C. parts D. plans( )33. A. As usual B. In short C. At first D. For example( )34. A. prepared B. realized C. found D. searched( )35. A. decide B. fail C. agree D. forget四、语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)Tuan was a farmer. For decades, he 36. ________ (struggle) to rid his family 37. ________ hunger. However, 38. ________ always confused him 39. ________ to expand the output of his crops. This 40. ________ (disturb) problem led to his regretting being a farmer. He would rather have chosen another job.One day, when 41. ________ (skim) through a newspaper, Tuan read a comment on Yuan Longping. He underlined Yuan’s nationality and occupation, and then focused on his discovery and the statistics of his research. He found the knowledge Yuan circulated very 42. ________ (practice). Therefore, he made a summary and began to build up a new farming method. He planted super grain of rich nutrition and equipped 43. ________ (him) to keep his crops roots free from bacteria and pests. He also enriched minerals in the soil while reducing chemical fertilizers. Though it cost him more time and freedom, he was full of hope.The next year, Tuan was sunburnt but 44. ________ (satisfy) with his production very much. 45. ________ (thank) to Yuan Longping, he not only won the battle against hunger, but he could also export his crops abroad.五、写作(满分40分)第一节(满分15分)根据下面的提示，写一篇80个词左右“观察水的沸腾”的实验报告。
利弊型英语作文范文.
利弊(Advantages and Disadvantages of…题型)事物总是一分为二的。
写作题目中有许多涉及某一事物的正反两方面。
例如：凡涉及到利弊的题目时都可用下面的这个套路。
套路：Nowadays,…play(s)an important part/role in…(is/are popular around us).Like everything else,…has/ have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.First,…Besides,…Most important of all,…But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with,…To make matters worse/Worst of all,.Through above analysis, I believe that the advantages/positive aspects outweigh the disadvantages/negative ones. Therefore,…例文：On Computers电脑的利弊Nowadays, computers are very popular around us. Like everything else, computers have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.First, computers can calculate. They can make work more efficient for they have a high speed of calculation. Besides, people can communicate with each other by E-mail, which costs people less money and less time. Most important of all, computers create wide communication around the world. People can communicate with each other by joining Internet. They can make friends all over the world.But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with, since computers can do a lot of work for us, such as calculation, we may rely too much on them and become lazier and lazier. To make matters worse, although it is convenient for people to communicate with each other by E-mail, the original warm relationship may become cold, for people will have fewer opportunities to talk to each other face to face. Worst of all, computers will have virus caused by electronic hackers so that a lot of important information will be lost.Through above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects outweigh the negative aspects. Therefore, I believe, computers will have a bright future.Now, the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life. Recently , we have had a discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of the Internet . Different students have different opinions.Some students think the Internet is good. We can learn the latest news at home and abroad. Almost all of us have a QQ or MSN, and we can get in touch with our friends easily. What’s more, we can send an e-mail to our friends and chat with them on the Internet. However , each coin has two sides. There are also some disadvantages. It is easy for us to make bad friends on the Internet . Many students are addicted to the Internet, which is bad for their eyes and health.In my opinion，the Internet has both advantages and disadvantages. We are supposed to make good use of the Internet rather than get addicted to it.网络的利弊With the development of the science and technology, the computer has been becoming the necessity for people in the 21st Century. Following, network is of close link with our life, bringing us incomparable convenience on our life and work.Through the network, we can search for useful data and get to know the current events. When you play computer games after a long-time work, it can relieve your pressure and make you feel relaxed. Besides, playing online games is not all bad, for it can fulfill students' entertaining requests as well as practice their response ability.However, there still exist some disadvantages in the network. The radiation from the computer will do harm to people's health if you keep on watching the computer for a long time. And short sight may cause by it for your eyes stay tense. At present, there are too many games on the Internet, but some of them are not of good quality even containing some unhealthy content like violence and so on. Duo to the lack of recognizing society and self-protection awareness, some students get addicted in the games and online dating.In fact, network is not that horrible, as long as we know more about it, it will become our right hand on our studies. Let's build a clean network world together.手机的利弊Cell phones have become increasingly popular in China these days. Wherever you go you can see people using cell phones. Many college students, even high school students, have cell phones.Cell phones have brought people a lot of benefits, but the most important is that they are convenient. With cell phones in their hands, they can keep in touch with anybody they want. If they want to get some information from the Internet, they can easily have their dream realized via cell phones too. Furthermore, if someone has a heart attack or a traffic accident, a call to emergency hospital or to the police can quickly bring him the help he wants.However, cell phones can also bring people problems. The most serious is the electric wave radiation which is thought to be harmful to users' brains. Another problem is that when people are having a meeting or having a class or at a concert etc., the ring of the cell phone may interrupt others. So I think people should use cellphones as little as possible and turn them off when they are attending important meetings or attending classes.科技发展的利弊The rapid development of science and technology has brought about great changes to human life. The great benefit brought about by this progress is hailed in every corner of the world. New electronic appliances have made our life simpler than ever before. New inventions have helped us to organize our daily activities. Our job can be done faster. Mobiles and QQ have made it easier to communicate with other people. Internet has enabled us to know and understandother culture and society better.However, the disadvantages about this development should not be neglected .Some of scientific inventions have even caused great harms or disasters to mankind. For example, advanced technology can be easily manipulated by irresponsible persons. Besides, we will be too dependent on it. When technology fails, we are helplessSometimes, it affects our health and life styles (we'll be complacent and lazy.) The chemicals may be hazardous).What's worse, Science and technology may even destroy our simple and healthy life (Sometimes How we miss the traditional style of living!). In addition, the appearance of new technology may invade our privacy.To sum up, humans must be alert against the possible harm while enjoying the benefits from them.机器人的利弊Intelligent machines such as robots are increasingly being used. They can do many things that used to be done by human. Discuss the benefits and dangers.For centuries, people have fantasized that someday machines could have intelligence like mankind and work as faithful servants. Today this dream has come true in many fields thanks to rapid development in artificial intelligence research. Wonderful as this seems, machines have problems.To begin with, people lose jobs when machines take their places, especially in the mass production industry such as automobile business. In factories of the famous car company Ford, almost every step of car making is done by giant robots that work faster with higher reliability and precision than human labor. Because of the adoption of robots, thousands of workers are put out of their old jobs and forced to make changes in their work. Even such changes create job opportunities because robots need people to take care of and operate; the number of new jobs is much smaller than that of lost, thus causing huge pressure on the labor market and government.People become less smart because of the wide use of machines in their life. Nowadays people need to use their brain less than they did in the past. Everything is programmed and the only thing we need to do is to push a button or throw on a switch. This has given us great convenience but made us lazier and less smart. Everyone has the awkward moment troubling with the spelling of a simple word when writing with a pen. But with a computer, it will automatically proofread the spelling and grammar of your writing. So people become less concerned with learning things right. This is not a progress but a regress of our intelligence and culture.But machines have many benefits that nobody can deny such as great work efficiency and low cost of mass production. The workload that could take months to finish by manual labor could be done flawlessly by robots in minutes. We have more purchasing power to enjoy a wider variety of goods and services because of the reduction of production costs with factories using machines. Other benefits include that machines could do dangerous jobs for people in high riskbusinesses like mining and construction.To conclude, machines have many merits that make our life easier and more convenient, but they have caused many problems such as undercutting our job opportunities and overdependence on machines.电脑的利弊Computers are good or notIn the last hundred years, people have set a new mind-blowing rate for the developing of new technologies. New produces are being conceived every minute of every day, all of which will impact people in some respects. However, in all these technologies and produces computers have been the most important influences on people. Some people assert that computers have made life more complex and stressful, while some people believe that computers have made life easier and more convenient. From my point of view, the advantages of computers are the leading sides and computers become a necessary part in people＇s lives. Perhaps computers may quicken our pace of life and make our life more complex and stressful. With the development of computers almost every jobs need people who are well up in computer technology. People, who want to find a good job, must learn how to use computers. On one hand, the computer technology is a very complex subject. If you want to use computers very well, you must take a lot of time to study and practice it. On the other hand, computers develop so fast that people must study new technology constantly. Those all make people feel stressful. Even though there may be one or two disadvantages to develop computers, the advantages fast outweigh them. The major point for my penchant for computers is that computers can help people do many things, including complex computation, storing and searching information and some work that is dangerous for people to do. For instance launching a rocket up to outer space needs so complex computation that people cannot do it without computers; searching the newest information is of vital importance for business, so people will not be success in business without computers. Computers have facilitated many of our working processes and we have already grown dependent on them. Another advantage of computers is that people can use them for entertainment in spare time. From pc games to online chatting, computers have the ability to entertain us in a wide verity of ways. After a busy day, playing pc games is the favorite thing of most of my classmates. And in today＇s life, a lot of young people could have not televisions, but they must have a set of computer. Now many films display fascinating images by using computers to deal with them. In a word in spite of the fact the computer appears to have made life more complex and stressful, I fell that the advantages are more obvious. Computers have become an integral part of everyday life. They can help us do much work and make us funny.核能的利弊Nuclear power plants provide about 17 percent of the world's electricity. Some countries depend more on nuclear power for electricity than others. In France, for instance, about 75percent of the electricity is generated from nuclear power. There are more than 400 nuclear power plants around the world.To build a nuclear reactor (核反应堆),what you need is some mildly2 enriched uranium(铀). Uranium is a fairly common element on Earth,incorporated3 into the planet during the planet's formation(形成). U-235 is one of the few materials that can undergo4 induced fission(诱发性核裂变). Raising and lowering the control rods(杆，棒条) allow operators to control the rate of the nuclear reaction. When an operator (操作员) wants the uranium core to produce more heat, the rods are raised out of the uranium bundle(捆，束). To create less heat, the rods are lowered into the uranium bundle. The rods can also be lowered completely into the uranium bundle to shut the reactor down in the case of an accident or to change the fuel. The uranium bundle acts as an extremely high-energy source of heat. It heats the water and turns it to steam. The steam drives a steam turbine(汽轮机), which spins5 a generator(发电机) to produce power.Well-constructed nuclear power plants have an important advantage when it comes to electrical power generation——they are extremely clean. Compared with a coal fired power plant, nuclear power plants are a dream come true from an environmental standpoint (立场，观点). Unfortunately, there are significant problems with nuclear power plants. Mining and purifying(提纯) uranium has not, historically, been a very clean process. Improperly functioning nuclear power plants can create big problems. The Chernobyl6 disaster is a good example. Spent fuel from nuclear power plants is toxic (有毒的) for centuries, and, as yet, there is no safe, permanent(永久的) storage facility for it.The nuclear crisis in Japan has developed rapidly, which makes us to think over about exploration of nuclear power. Fears about nuclear safety which took a generation to overcome have appeared again.Supporters of nuclear power say nuclear power produces nearly no conventional air pollution, which is called as "clean energy”. Besides, our technology develops quickly. Therefore, risks such as natural disaster can be avoided. we can benefit from the exploration of nuclear power.However, opponents worry that the complexity of design and engineering of nuclear plants(核电站)Any failure or operation error could lead to serious result. It will pollute soil and plants and do harm to humans and animals.In my eyes, we should continue the exploration of nuclear power. Not only does it bring lots of profits but also it is the best choice we have. Compared with other energies like sunshine, wind, and garbage, it is best to solve the shortage of coal and natural gas. As you know, it is the most efficient and realistic means of meeting the rapidly-growing demand for power.关于远程网络教育利弊的英语作文With the popular visitation of the internet, network classrooms are gaining more and more popularity. As a new teaching pattern, network classrooms have become an effective compliment to traditional classrooms. So some people propose on question “Will network classrooms replace traditional classroom s?”As to this question, the opinions vary from one to another. Some people think it quite possible for network classrooms to take the place of traditional classrooms. First, network classrooms needn’t have face-to-face communication, and are not limited by time and place, which facilities both teachers and students. Secondly, network classrooms release teachers from repeating the same contents. Since the video or audio material can be played time and again.However, many people have opposite stand points. They say that with online courses students like direct communication with teachers and their confusion cannot be solved instantly. In addition, the computer system cannot be guaranty to work staidly all the time. Personally, both network classrooms and traditional classrooms are necessary for students. If traditional teaching patterns and motor ones like network classrooms can be combined together, more fruitful education is sure to be realized.。
湖北省2013高考英语二轮(完成句子+书面表达)专题训练(10)
湖北省2013高考英语二轮（完成句子+书面表达）专题训练（10）及答案湖北省2013高考英语二轮复习书面表达专题训练：完成句子+短文写作（21）第一节：完成句子阅读下列各小题，根据括号内的汉语提示，用句末括号内的英语单词完成句子。
1．（更糟糕的是）,when we stepped deep into the forest, we lost our way.（make）2．It is clear that caged animals （已经习惯了生活）with humans.（accustomed）3．（如果消防队员没到）in time, the factory would not have been saved.（suppose）4．In area, Australia is approximately the same size as the USA, which, however, has （14倍的人）as Australia.（many）5．It was the computer which broke down halfway （该责怪）for the loss of all my files.（blame）6．（被解雇）by one company doesn’t necessarily mean that you have on way out to support yourself.（lay）7．I was on the highway when a car passed me followed by a police car. It （肯定一直在）driving at least 150 miles per hour.（must）8．A good advertisement often uses words to （人们赋予了）positive meanings.（attach）9．The young man was sitting under the tree with （他们的眼睛看着）the apple.（fix）10．Not until the teacher explained it again （我们才理解）the sentence.（sense）(3)(25 min.)(2011·湖南省衡阳市高三第一次联考——改编)下图中描绘的是现在有许多学生不想通过努力，只想依赖网络完成作业的现象。
智慧树知到《拓展英语词汇(山东联盟)》章节测试【完整答案】
智慧树知到《拓展英语词汇（山东联盟）》章节测试【完整答案】2020智慧树知到《拓展英语词汇(山东联盟)》章节测试答案第1章单元测试1、My computer has an audio output. And I need an audio cable to send the _ files to you.答案：audio2、I”m deeply impressed by the great musical effect of this theatre. Even if you sit in the farthest seat, the music is still . 答案：audible3、The _ in the downtown area is really poor today. I hope you are careful when you drive after class.答案：climax4、It is evident that we have to do something to improve the hazy weather. Otherwise the sea might become . 答案：It is modern.5、I can not _ a life without beautiful scenery around me.I want to see the sea, the sand and the sun every day.答案：第一空： and I can understand German as well.6、The company Goldman Sachs made a _ (预言) about national economies. The experts there predicted that the Chinese economy would be the largest one in the world by the year 2050.答案：prediction7、The experts must have used big data to make the national economies predictable. Without the help of big data, the ranking would be___ ( 不能预言的 ).答案：unpredictable8、I like Hamlet”s _ (独白)：“To be or not to be. That is the question.”答案：is, am9、Environmental pollution has been a big concern for many countries. I think governments should put environmental issues high on the _ (议事日程).答案：该问题答案暂未收录，请手动搜索。
使用电脑长时间学习的利弊英语作文
使用电脑长时间学习的利弊英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a Computer for Long-term LearningIn the digital age, computers have become an essential tool for learning and education. With the convenience of online resources and the ability to access information at our fingertips, many students choose to use a computer for long hours of studying. However, there are both advantages and disadvantages to this practice.Advantages:1. Access to a wealth of information: One of the biggest advantages of using a computer for long-term learning is the ability to access a vast amount of information. With the internet, students can find resources on any topic, from academic articles to study guides, with just a few clicks.2. Convenience: Studying with a computer is convenient as it allows students to work from anywhere at any time. Thisflexibility is especially important for busy students who may have work or other commitments that limit their study time.3. Interactive learning: Many educational websites and software programs offer interactive learning experiences, which can make studying more engaging and effective. These tools may include quizzes, videos, and simulations that help students grasp complex concepts.4. Organization: Computers can help students stay organized by providing tools for note-taking, scheduling, and keeping track of assignments. This can improve productivity and ensure that students stay on top of their coursework.Disadvantages:1. Health risks: Prolonged use of a computer can lead to a number of health issues, such as eyestrain, headaches, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Staring at a screen for hours on end can also contribute to poor posture and back pain.2. Distractions: The internet is a vast and sometimes overwhelming place, full of distractions like social media, games, and videos. It can be easy for students to lose focus and procrastinate while studying on a computer.3. Limited human interaction: Learning on a computer can be isolating, as it lacks the social aspect of traditional classroom settings. Without face-to-face interaction with peers and instructors, students may miss out on important opportunities for collaboration and discussion.4. Dependence on technology: Relying too heavily on a computer for learning can lead to a dependence on technology that hinders critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Students may struggle to adapt to non-digital learning environments or develop effective study habits.In conclusion, while using a computer for long-term learning offers many benefits, it also comes with its own set of challenges. It is important for students to balance the advantages of technology with the need to maintain a healthy lifestyle and develop essential skills for success in the future. By being mindful of these factors, students can make the most of their computer-based studies while minimizing the drawbacks.篇2Title: The Pros and Cons of Using a Computer for Long Hours of StudyWith the rapid advancement of technology, many students now rely on computers for long hours of study. While there are certainly benefits to using a computer for studying, there are also drawbacks that need to be considered. In this article, we will explore the pros and cons of using a computer for long hours of study.Pros:1. Convenience: One of the biggest advantages of using a computer for study is the convenience it offers. With a computer, students can access a wealth of information at their fingertips, allowing them to research, study, and complete assignments much more easily than before.2. Interactive learning: Computers provide a platform for interactive learning, with access to educational videos, simulations, and other multimedia resources that can enhance the learning experience. This can make studying more engaging and effective for students.3. Collaboration: Computers make it easy for students to collaborate with classmates on group projects, share notes, and communicate with teachers and peers. This can help foster a sense of community and support among students, leading to better academic outcomes.4. Flexibility: With a computer, students have the flexibility to study at their own pace and in their own time. This can be especially beneficial for students with busy schedules or those who prefer to study in the comfort of their own home.Cons:1. Health risks: Prolonged use of a computer can lead to a range of health issues, including eyestrain, neck and back pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Students who spend long hours studying on a computer may be at risk of developing these health problems if they do not take breaks and practice good ergonomics.2. Distractions: Computers can be a source of distraction for students, with social media, games, and other entertainment options just a click away. This can make it difficult for students to stay focused on their studies and can negatively impact their academic performance.3. Dependence on technology: Relying too heavily on technology for studying can lead to a dependence on devices and software, making it difficult for students to engage in more traditional forms of learning. This can limit their ability to think critically, problem-solve, and develop essential skills for the future.4. Security risks: Using a computer for long hours of study can expose students to security risks, such as malware, viruses, and hacking attempts. Students need to be vigilant about protecting their personal information and devices from these threats to ensure a safe and secure learning environment.In conclusion, while there are certainly benefits to using a computer for long hours of study, there are also drawbacks that need to be considered. It is important for students to strike a balance between leveraging the advantages of technology for learning and mitigating the risks associated with prolonged computer use. By being mindful of their health, managing distractions, maintaining a critical mindset, and ensuring security, students can make the most of their computer-assisted study habits while avoiding the pitfalls that come with excessive screen time.篇3The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a Computer for Long-Term StudyIn today's digital age, computers have become an essential tool for students to study and learn effectively. With the wealth of information available online, the convenience of onlineresources, and the ability to collaborate with peers remotely, using a computer for long-term study has its benefits. However, there are also drawbacks to consider when relying heavily on technology for academic purposes. In this article, we will explore the advantages and disadvantages of using a computer for long-term study.Advantages:1. Access to a wealth of information: One of the biggest advantages of using a computer for long-term study is the access to a vast amount of information online. With just a few clicks, students can access academic journals, research papers, eBooks, and other resources to supplement their studies.2. Convenience: Using a computer for long-term study offers convenience in terms of accessibility. Students can study anytime, anywhere, without being restricted to a physical location, such as a library or classroom. This flexibility allows students to tailor their study schedule to their individual needs.3. Online collaboration: Computers enable students to collaborate with peers and instructors remotely. Through online platforms, students can engage in discussions, share resources, and work on group projects together, regardless of their physical location.4. Multimedia learning: Computers offer a variety of multimedia tools, such as videos, animations, and interactive simulations, to enhance the learning experience. These visual and interactive aids can help students understand complex concepts and retain information better.5. Organization and productivity: Using a computer for long-term study allows students to stay organized and productive. With the use of productivity tools, such as calendars, task managers, and note-taking apps, students can keep track of assignments, deadlines, and study materials more efficiently.Disadvantages:1. Distractions: One of the biggest disadvantages of using a computer for long-term study is the potential for distractions. With social media, online games, and other entertainment options just a click away, students may find it challenging to stay focused on their studies.2. Health issues: Prolonged use of a computer can lead to various health issues, such as eye strain, neck and back pain, and repetitive strain injuries. Additionally, excessive screen time can disrupt sleep patterns and lead to sedentary behavior, which can have long-term health consequences.3. Dependence on technology: Relying heavily on technology for academic purposes can make students dependent on their computers. In the event of technical issues or internet outages, students may struggle to access study materials and complete assignments, leading to added stress and inconvenience.4. Information overload: While the wealth of information available online is a benefit, it can also be overwhelming for students. The sheer volume of resources can make it difficult for students to discern credible sources from unreliable ones, leading to misinformation and confusion.5. Lack of personal interaction: Using a computer forlong-term study may limit opportunities for face-to-face interaction with peers and instructors. While online collaboration tools facilitate communication, they cannot fully replicate the benefits of in-person discussions and group work.In conclusion, using a computer for long-term study offers many advantages, such as access to information, convenience, online collaboration, multimedia learning, and organization and productivity. However, it also comes with potential drawbacks, including distractions, health issues, dependence on technology, information overload, and lack of personal interaction. To makethe most of technology for academic purposes, students should strive to strike a balance between utilizing the benefits of computers while mitigating the disadvantages. By being mindful of the pitfalls and taking proactive measures to address them, students can harness the power of technology to enhance their learning experience.。
2020年英语四级考试真题及参考答案
2020年上半年四级考试真题及参考答案，供同学们做个参考。
Part ⅠWritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on the use of translation apps. You can start your essay with the sentence "The use of translation apps is becoming increasingly popular." You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.【参考范文】The use of translation apps is becoming increasingly popular. Consequently, people are getting more opportunities to speak or meet another language but their own mother tongue with the development of the economy. Undoubtedly, an app of translation is crucial for people who cannot handle the language perfectly. But the viewpoints are split one whether this kind of apps are wholly a good thing.Where there is a light, there is a shadow. Some people argue that a translation app will bridge them with the native speakers adequately no matter who will be a traveler or a businessman. It will pose a huge threat for people who cannot understand what they say. Fortunately, everyone will interact richly with the apps like this. On the other hand, some people think that the translations app cannot fully create and convey the feelings onthe authentic language. As a result, it will bring more misunderstandings. Besides, the opponents take the point of view that people will be more over-reliant on the mobile-phones and Internet.Form where I stand, I would take the translation on this kind of apps as a reference rather than a kind of dependence. The most effective and beneficial way to express yourself and communicate with a foreigner is to improve one’s ability to exert this unfamiliar language. As an old saying goes is Practice makes perfect.【参考译文】在经济飞速发展的当下，人们有越来越多的机会使用外语。
过度依赖计算机的危害作文
过度依赖计算机的危害作文英文回答：Over-reliance on computers can have many negative consequences. One of the main dangers is the loss ofcritical thinking skills. When people rely too heavily on computers to solve problems or complete tasks, they may become less able to think for themselves and come up with creative solutions. For example, students who use calculators for all their math problems may struggle when faced with a problem that requires mental math skills.Another issue with relying too much on computers is the potential for security breaches and data loss. If someone stores all their important information on a computer without backing it up, they run the risk of losing everything if the computer crashes or is hacked. This can have serious consequences for individuals and businesses alike. For instance, a company that relies solely ondigital records could be devastated if their systems arecompromised and all their data is lost.Furthermore, over-dependence on computers can lead to a decrease in social skills. When people spend too much time interacting with screens instead of with other people, they may struggle to communicate effectively in face-to-face situations. This can lead to misunderstandings andconflicts in personal and professional relationships. For example, someone who spends all their time on social media may find it difficult to maintain meaningful connections with friends and family in real life.In conclusion, while computers can be incredibly useful tools, it is important not to rely on them too heavily. It is essential to maintain a balance between using technology and developing other important skills like critical thinking, problem-solving, and social interaction.中文回答：过度依赖计算机可能会带来许多负面影响。
对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士英语真题2010年
对外经济贸易大学翻译硕士英语真题2010年(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：30.00)1.The lady in this strange-tale very obviously suffers from a serious mental illness. Her plot against a completely innocent old man is a dear sign of ______.（分数：1.00）A.impulseB.insanity √C.inspirationD.disposition解析：insanity精神错乱，精神失常；十分愚蠢的行为；荒唐的行为。
impulse突如其来的念头；推动，冲力。
inspiration灵感；鼓动人心的人(事)。
disposition气质；天性，性格；倾向。
2.There is no doubt that the ______ of these goods to the others is easy to see.（分数：1.00）A.prestigeB.superiority √C.priorityD.publicity解析：superiority优势，优等。
be superior to优越于。
prestige威信，声望。
priority优先权，重点；优先考虑的事。
publicity宣传，宣扬。
3.The price of the coal will vary according to how far it has to be transported and how expensive the freight ______ are.（分数：1.00）A.paymentsB.charges √C.fundsD.prices解析：charge收费，费用，此词可泛指为其提供服务后所要求应付的价钱。
大学体验英语第一册6-8答案
Unit6一，词汇1，The jazz festival is held annually in July in this city.2，All the teachers in the school are required to plan their teaching schedule for the next six months.3，The importance of voluntary organizations in maintaining public security still needs to be given recognition .4. These findings clearly demonstrate that long-lasting unemployment might lead to social unrest.5，It is important for students to develop critical thinking over what they are reading.6，Could you please tell me the Chinese equivalent of the English word “smart”?7，Einstein was awarded Nobel Prize for his contribution to quantum theory.8，The monthly rent is 150 dollars, inclusive of light and water.9，She works hard to offer help to those women who suffer a great deal from domestic violence.10，The experimental results validate the theoretical simulation very well.1. They promised to their neighbors that they would be there to help them, day in and day out, whenever and wherever an emergencymight happen.2. She was one of the few women in the world who served as a college president at that time.3.For his excellent performance in study and extra-curricular activities, the student was honored with the title of Outstanding Student in our school last year.4. The teacher believes that it is the daily morning exercise that makes a difference in improving the students’ health.5. She can't go out with her friends because she has to stay at home to take care of her elderly mother.1，It is sometimes difficult for the buyers to differentiate the real product from the fake one.2，There is no doubt that John has all the good qualifications to become a skillful manager.3，We are aiming our campaign specifically to young people who are interested in volunteer work.4，Their marketing strategy for the new product involves obtaining as much publicity as possible.5，The program deals with subjects as résuméas pop music and Beijing Opera.6，The student has read numerous reference books in the library to write his term paper due next month.7，One of the distinguishing features of modern banking is its dependence on computer technology.8，The voyage from England to India with his daughter gave him awhole new perspective on life.9，The hostess’ remarks are considerate and very appropriate for the party.10，If you want to be an actor you have to really commit to it.1.John looks very tired because he is taking on too much work and we are worried about his health.2. Several hundred more employees will have to be laid off if the company does not get any orders soon.3. After working her way in many cities, she ended up teaching English in a middle school in her hometown last year.4. What job seekers should keep in mind is that volunteer experience will be regarded as valuable as paid work experience.5. As he is busy these days, he hardly has time to watch television aside from news and current affairs.二，中译英1. 这些天老下雨，看起来就像春天似的。
计算机的重要性 Importance of Computer 英语作文
Importance of Computer>Importance of Computer Essay:Computers are an essential part of the modern era, and they are beneficial in various fields for various purposes. From education to the technical sector, libraries to railways, all the organisations have computers to serve the essential needs and goals. However, as every coin has two faces, the computers also have both benefits and disadvantages. But the importance of computers overpowers its disadvantages and makes it an essential part of modern lives.Importance of Computer essay is essential for the students and adults to prepare well for the study purposes, speech and debate preparations, essay generations, and other needs. Importance of Computer essay contains various usages of computers in different fields like defence, medical, entertainment, business, communication, and others.Long and Short Essays on Importance of Computer for Students and Kids in EnglishWe have formulated the essays for different word ranges to help serve various purposes. Here are three articles of the Importance ofComputer essay in 300 words, 500 words, and 800 words.Short Essay on Importance of Computer 150 Words in EnglishShort Essay on Importance of Computer is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.Computers are an essential element in modern lives as everything around us depends highly on them. From the prominent business owners and entrepreneurs to the working professionals, students, and adults, everyone uses computers for various purposes. Due to computers’expanded service, they are also taught to students in school life as a compulsory subject and then in higher education as an optional one. Computers are useful in enhancing the efficiency of any work and are also crucial for offering the best results. Thus, computers are an essential part of modern lives globally, and it is impossible to work in various fields without them.Computers are used in different purposes to serve various needs, and thus it is impossible to deny their importance in the modern era. As the corporate World’s dependence on the computers for accomplishing multiple tasks,students can also use the computers for learning development and different mechanics, complete their assignments, access notes and study materials, and as a recreational source for playing games. The banking sector also makes use of computers for handling accounts of their clients and regular customers. Thus, it is evident how computers have their usage in various fields and how it made its way and became an essential part of modern organisations.Computers emerged in the industry as a fantastic technology that reduced the manual burden of the people for performing varioustasks, including the calculations, data handling, etc., but also improved the overall quality of the work done. The demand for computers is rising at a tremendous rate in the modern world. These are the machines that are utilised to the fullest among various sectors and industries. Computers are also a more secure and reliable option for data collection and storing, thus becoming the World’s preferred option. Furthermore, after being connected with another fantastic technological advancement, the internet, the usage and utility of computer increases even more. Several organisations and office across the Globe work only on computers.Thus we can also say that all our lives are entirely surrounded and assisted by computers in one way or another.Computers are an essential part of the modern era and lives. In today’s World of Science and technology, computers are used in almost all the fields and sectors, and across the people of all age groups for serving various needs and purposes. Computers play a crucial role in people’s day-to-day activities, studying, gathering information, doing research, or completing any work or task. For entertainment purpose too, computers are utilised widelyacross the Globe. From school children to office goers and adults doing work from home, computers serve an extensive range of purpose and help the users in fascinating ways.Computers are used in one way or the other for completing various tasks efficiently and for achieving the best results. The usage of computers has rapidly grown, and it has become an essential part of human life, without which most of the modern-day tasks are impossible to be completed.A computer is a complex and modern machine capable of performing various tasks in just afraction of a few seconds. It also provides more efficient results, in contrast to the human brain. For the education field, computers are essential for teaching and learning purposes. They are used for preparing presentations to be given while teaching and during any seminar. Computer-based learning, also known as the smart classes, is highly preferred in the modern era to ensure that the students capture the gist of all the topics and understand them well and that they do not skip faster from their mind.Across the Globe, several prominent software works on the computer for helping the studentsenhance their skills and be the expert of any concerned matter. Additionally, the teachers can also use the computers to connect with the students quickly and seamlessly and motivate them to use it to browse various topics and understand them.Computers are essential in the medical field too as it helps keep records, take the X rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and others. They are also used while monitoring the patients admitted to any hospital, and keeping a check on them quickly and efficiently. Computers help the experts for space exploration programs anddesign the satellites that support the World to track various outer space activities. To create the spacecraft, control any mission, or gather the records of multiple bodies of outer space, computers are widely preferred.Furthermore, computers are also useful in serving various purposes in the defence sector. They help maintain the weapons like missiles and control them while attacking any target to lower the chances of misses and wrong actions. Computers are thus very crucial and helpful to serve the purposes of saving human lives. Apart from these, computers are useful in financematters in keeping the records of various transactions and making them more secure and reliable. They help serve the purposes that humans alone cannot and thus automate multiple tasks of modern lives.Currently, imagining a world without computers and accomplishing any task without their assistance is impossible since they have marked their territories in almost all the fields and sectors to serve a wide range of purposes and satisfy an extensive array of needs.Long Essay on Importance of Computer 500 Words in EnglishLong Essay on Importance of Computer is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.Computers are an essential part of the modern lives that also serve as a useful information source for managing various organisations and accomplishing multiple tasks. This is a significant reason why a computer is a tool with a higher demand for almost all the businesses, including banking, entertainment, industry, education, and administration. It is also evident that even in governmental organisations and bodies, computers are beneficial for various tasks. The market of computer generation anddelivery is rapidly thriving across the Globe. There are several larger computer systems present in all global organisations. There is no business or organisation that can function entirely independently without any support from the computers.Computers are widely used in various sectors, and its usage can be subdivided according to the fields and sectors.Usage of computer in businesses:Computers are widely used machine for the businesses of both small and larger scale.Computers are often used in smaller businesses due to being a cheaper form of microcomputers. Since the companies every day have a lot of data to handle, computers ease the task for them more securely and reliably. Furthermore, it also gives a pace to the entire task, like the salary calculation, database management, and others. Computers also automate the task of assisting the staff and helping them to accomplish their daily tasks. Not only in the local businesses but the top MNCs across the Globe also make use of computers in an extensive rate, in fact, a few of them do not have any task thatcan be achieved without the use of the computers.Usage of computers in finance and banking:In the banking and finance sector, computers are used for data handling and processing for the customers’ savings accounts, loan-related matters, investments, interest collection, and various other factors. Banking sector effectively uses the computer systems to operate on the budges. Finance related matters are accomplished in lesser time with higher effectiveness using the computers. Furthermore, when using computers, transactions and otherfinancial issues are handled more securely and reliably.Usage of computers in education:In the current era of science and technology becoming more advanced with each passing day, computers are even capable of replacing the books for knowledge gathering and learning. Smart classes are already a preferred mode of education in various institutions, and these are only possible because of the computers. The computers can completely change the way we study and are taught in the institutes and schools. Computers also help educationalinstitutions handle various matters related to students’ fee, staff’s payments, and even in calculating results of the students quickly and efficiently. Furthermore, managing the books’ list in the libraries and other institutes’ records also gets easier using computers.Usage of computers in the medical sector:Various medical organisations and institute use computers to handle the patients’ data and records, schedule the doctors and nurses, handle personal histories of the patients, etc. Computers are also used for monitoring the heart rate and blood pressure of the hospitalisedpatients, and while doing the X-rays, CT scan, MRI scan, and other tests. Use of computers in the medical field is also helpful in diagnosing some complex diseases and disorders. Most of the machines of medical purposes make use of computers in one way or the other.Usage of computers in the legal sector:Computers serve various purposes in the legislative processes. The most prominent use of the computers in preparing various legal documents, sending emails related to court hearings and court notices for any case, and others. Furthermore, the legislative sector’scomputers also contain previous records of the criminals, thus helping the staff to use it whenever required and accessing it in no more than a second.Usage of computers in government:Computer usage is at a broader rate in the government sector for practising and implementing various administrative matters. Data collection and retrieval gets more comfortable using computers in this field. Computers also help the government in taxation matters and ease the entire task. Keeping a record of various things eases up too, utilisingthe machine in the sector. In various governmental organisations too, the role of the computer is rising rapidly for multiple purposes.Usage of computers for entertainment:Computers have become a fantastic source of recreation and entertainment in the modern-day. They are used to watch movies, play games, listen to music, or learn any matter if interest in an efficient manner. Computer parts are designed specially to coordinate with the required movements for all these purposes and serve the users best. Computers can now alsoanalyse the images and help draw, do artwork, and other things of interest.Computer usage in daily lives:Computers are used in the daily lives for serving various needs. It also makes people’s lives more modern and fascinating and eases the day-to-day activities for them.Importance of Computer Essay ConclusionThe rapid development of technology and various advancements in modern lives have made the computers an essential part of thedaily lives. None of the sector present across the Globe can work and function seamlessly and effectively without using computers, and computers are the most vital aspects for various industries.Importance of Computer essay contains a brief description of the facts, including computers in various fields. They help the people prepare a speech, debates, and other matters, or for the students to compose the essay for academic purposes.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
INTELLIGENT ALARMS DETECTION FOR THEANALYSIS OF SYSTEM FAULT IMPACT ONBUSINESSPace, C. (1), Russo, I. , Fernández, V. , Rossi, B. & García Martínez, R.AbstractThe tools for fault impact analysis are important for the deployment of criticalmission systems. These tools can be also used as a development phase aid. In thispages we introduce several concepts related to "business alarms". Business alarmsare an approximation to the company's business conceptual scheme driven by thebusiness rules from systems conceptual schemes. In order to specify them wepropose the utilization of Knowledge Engineering typical techniques.Company's High Dependence in Computer Systems: A Definition of Critical Mission Systems.Our business reality shows us the company's strong dependence of the business processes in their support computer systems and the high level of confidence in the reliability of the technology. Not far way in the past a computer system was the replacement -or complement- for a manual workflow. There was always the option of returning to the old methods if the system fails.Today is completely different: A computer system replaces an older computer system, there is no way back, we don't have the choice to return to a "blood traction" system.Between the computational systems dependent business process we find the one we will call: "Critical Mission".A pragmatic "Critical Mission" definition can be the following: "A Critical Mission System is the one that if it doesn't work or it doesn’t' perform properly the main service provided by the company cannot operate" [MASSA, 1997]From de definition previously expound it spring up that the availability of company’s services it’s going to depend on the availability of critical mission systems. For the implementation of any successful diagram of high availability for critical mission applications is necessary the consciousness of the company’s management and it’s necessary to be qualified for “changing in the generalizations that were been given for a context” [Bateston 1979].ObjectivesThe object of alarm detection for impact analysis of fault business systems is to reduce the breach between business controls and typical control system.For it, furthermore specifying an alarm visualization system for the direction responsible of the systems, we are going to specificity the alarm transmission to a center with following purpose:• Development support• Help desk with an end user problems and resolution expert database• Contingency maneuvers coordinationThe rush in the projects makes that most of the time the errors are not taken into account into the development phase, and a transactional structure for handling them is added later. Sometimes this structure is not completely implemented and the error handling is left to the database engines and operating systems mechanisms.The fact of the existence of a development support center can facilitate and allow the adding of code chunks with the purpose of centralized debugging. The support center support will have a rule based main kernel that will do a nexus between development and help desk to final users. This kernel will allow:• Give a greater quality help to final users.• Relate user faults with systems faults in the development manager format.Moreover, the own nature of the objectives, this eases the acceptation of the knowledge engineer in the organization (one of the primary steps to make possible knowledge acquisition). It’s going to be a company’s direction responsibility to present him as the developer of this center and help desk for development and final users.Description of the Knowledge Engineer Role.Sometimes it’s hard to explain to the analysts cannot explain the knowledge engineer role because they may see his function as a possible risk to their jobs. The principal difference is that the analyst treat with the whole organization and systems necessities but a knowledge engineer treats with the experts [Brule 1989].The interactions between experts and knowledge engineer are represented according to theA knowledge engineer doesn’t relate directly with the whole organization, he does it through the interface provided by an expert in critical mission systemsThe different experts must be familiarized with the definition based on business of critical mission systems, adopted by the direction.The direction systems of a typical company has got at least theFollowing departments:• Development• Networking• PlatformsThe expert in critical mission systems in accordance with the knowledge engineer will resolve the management with multiple experts with different conceptual diagrams working over the same dominion; for it, we are going to use the following reference frame [SHAW, 1989]Consensus: Experts use in a same way terminology and concepts.Conflict: Experts use the same terminology for different conceptsCorrespondence: Experts use different terminology for the same conceptsContrast: Experts do not agree with their terminology and concepts.An expert in critical mission systems must have the following profile:• Knowledge and pledge in according with the activities that take part in the main company’s business.• Experience on multi-platform environments.• Experience on organization and technologies changes.• Management, access and control on every support resource.• Responsibility and capacity management during possible contingence systems.For this expert back boxes are non existent, every system appearance that Could affect business processes of the company, there are his own problem; for him there is not existence of processes and responsibilities separation.In our case the steps of a knowledge engineer are:a) Isolate main and necessary company’s business process and associated computer systems.b) Formalize and document the present and necessary redundancies.c) Identify company’s business alarms and their formation rules and dependencies. Business AlarmsA business alarm is a parameter that shows us if each of the critical mission systems is failing in a direct or indirect way, causing an interruption in our main business.Each business alarm is the result of the encapsulation of computer systems alarm by critical mission task [MASSA, 1996]These alarms can be viewed from a development support center, where they will be coordinated by business alarms managers. They may act in a reactive or proactive way, in accordance with their incumbency and profiles for each case.As demonstration of this concept, a prototype was implemented for the encapsulation and viewing of business alarms, according a possible specification given by an expert in critical mission systems.This program runs under Windows and is the responsible on the conversion of common alarms into the different formats of business alarms.The prototype works with the following kind of alarms:• SNMP• Conversion of host alarms into business alarms• Code embedded alarms.The business alarms are consolidated in a time-indexed database. Each kind of alarm has it’s own formation rules. They are shown graphically or by an automated procedure.The program also features e-mail interface, and alarm and notification retransmission to field experts. This tool can also be used as an arbitrating tool and registry.The program was built using the common steps for alarm software programming. The program modules are:Inform ation CaptureConsolidation Analysis ViewingAuditoryRegistryOne of the most important modules is the one we will call software alarm proxy. This proxy interprets and translates the alarms to the standards used by the network or the hardwareplatforms.Identification and utilization of points of reinforcement and redundancies.During his work in the company the Knowledge Engineer will identify the point where the conditions of availability must be reinforce and where the redundancies must be implemented.We will spring up two types of redundancies:• Redundancy of localized Systems • Redundancy of distributed systemsThe first one consists in the implementation of systems that are at least duplicated in the original site. It’s desirable that the system has an automatic recovery procedure.Distributed systems redundancy consists in the duplication of the original system in a remote site. For this, a data coherence assurance mechanism must be provided.Site “A”Second Order RedundancyRelationshipCoherence NegotiationRedundancy and Load BalancingSite “B”Contingency StartupManeuversThe expert must know each redundancy type and know how to identify real redundancies to fictitious ones.Redundancies in a computer system can be:Basic Service Redundancy: without this the system cannot operate, they are –for example-: the power systems, temperature and humidity controls, etc.Platform Redundancy: Can be given by several different platforms or by hardware with internal redundant architecture.Network Redundancy: For each of the system’s interconnections, we must have logical and physical different ways or circuits. This redundant ways can be sharing and balancing the load in nominal system state, but they must be originally dimensioned in a manner that the peak activity is allowed with half of the circuits.Software Redundancy: The main purpose of all the already mentioned redundancies is to keep the software redundancy. Software redundancy is the hardest redundancy to get. There are several issues about control and data coherence to be taken into account; these are dependent of the inner architecture of each software module.PLATFORM REDUNDANCYSOFTWARE REDUNDANCYNETWORK REDUNDANCY SUPPORT REDUNDANCYConclusion and ResultsThe role of the knowledge engineer covers a wide spectrum in a critical mission environment, from the support of the original design to the startup and tuning of the end user’s help desk.Due to the strong relationship between time and alarms, we verified the importance of having and unique time for all the company’s computer systems, or provide the necessary mechanism in order to adjust the time registry of each separate system.The formalization of rules and knowledge in the area of critical mission systems allows the company to make predictions of the dimensioning and correct forecasting of the systems taking into account their critical nature.As results of the processes of systematization and formalization of knowledge we have: • Rules for the platform specification in order to forecast a scheme of high availability and contingency.• We documented the need of the creation of a software alarms and a development support center based in this alarms• The cost issues related to the startup of an end user help desk were verified.At last, a prototype program with demonstration purpose was build in order to show the exposed concepts.Future Development IssuesOnce build the database structure and identifying the attributes in this way:Exogenous:Network Alarms, Software Alarms, and Platform Alarms.Endogenous:Business Alarms. Claims registered in the help desk system.We can add to the prototype automated alarm rule extraction modules using several algorithms such as: ID3, C4.5, OC1 or Sipina, for later confronting the results with the expert’s opinion.References[BATESON, 1979] G. Bateson. Mind and nature: a necessary unity, New York: Dutto, 1979.[BRULE, 1989] James F. Brulé and Alexander Blount. Knowledge Adquisition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989.[GAINES, 1987] Brian R Gaines. Canadian Engineering Centennial Convention: Proceedings of Electrical Engineering Sessions. IEEE 87TH0186-7,pp.42-49, 1987.[MASSA, 1996] Eduardo Julio Massa. Critical mission applications for open system architectures. International Systems Audit and Control Associationmeeting. Chicago, 1996.[MASSA, 1997] Eduardo Julio Massa - Procesos de Misión Crítica y Procesamiento de Información en Red en Arquitecturas Abiertas. Estrategia de Controlespor aplicación de Misión Crítica. Conferencia Internacional de CISA,1997.[SHAW, 1989] Mildred L G Shaw and Brian R Gaines. Comparing Conceptual Structures: Consensus, Conflict, Correspondence and Contrast.Knowledge Acquisition 1(4), 341-363, 1989.。