TotheLighthouse《到灯塔去》介绍剖析
_到灯塔去_的叙述时空分析
一、简介弗吉尼亚・伍尔夫（１８８２－１９４１），英国著名女作家，在小说创作和文学评论两方面都有卓越的贡献。
世界三大意识流作家之一，女权主义运动的先驱人物。
深受弗洛伊德心理学、女性主义及同性恋运动影响。
她在文学上的成就和创造性至今仍然产生很大的影响。
其代表作《到灯塔去》的出版成就了她在现代主义文学中的领导地位。
《到灯塔去》内容分三个部分：第一部分描写维多利亚时代家庭生活，第二部分跨越了十年的时间，最后一部分叙述一个上午所发生的事情。
主要人物拉姆齐夫人是以作者本人的母亲为生活原型的，而拉姆齐先生则有作者父亲的影子，其他人物形象也源于伍尔夫对自己家庭的回忆。
这是一部准自传体意识流小说，文中巧妙的应用了叙述手法表现小说的主题、小说的象征意义和现实意义。
意识流文学的创作高峰期基本上集中于２０世纪二三十年代，美国的心理学家威廉・詹姆斯首次提出这个概念，强调的是完全面向自我，重在表现人的下意识、潜意识乃至无意识的内心世界。
小说中的意识流，是指小说叙事过程对于人物持续流动的意识过程的模仿。
具体说来，也就是以人物的意识活动为结构中心，围绕人物表面看来似乎是随机产生，且逻辑松散的意识中心，将人物的观察、回忆、联想的全部场景与人物的感觉、思想、情绪、愿望等，交织叠合在一起加以展示。
《到灯塔去》中，伍尔夫不仅完美的运用叙述手法表现时间的流逝和人的意识本质，而且还从叙述时间、叙述空间及时空结合的角度阐述了文中的主题、象征意义和现实意义。
二、《到灯塔去》中的叙述时间和叙述空间《到灯塔去》的叙述时空分析邹丹丹 广东海洋大学寸金学院外语系１． 叙述时间（１）客观时间小说中物理时间的线索十分清晰，可分成三个部分：窗；时光流逝；灯塔。
第一部分描写的是拉姆齐一家和他们几个客人的生活。
第一次世界大战前夕，拉姆齐夫妇一家和几位朋友在斯开岛上他们的海边别墅里度夏。
拉姆齐太太倚窗而立，窗外是花草树木，远处是海浪和灯塔。
地凝视着海上忽明忽暗的灯塔，陷入冥想中。
TotheLighthouse《到灯塔去》介绍剖析
作家的语言也体现了所谓的女性化特征:句子松散、零 碎、常常拉得很长。小说在女作家的手里,已经变成了她抒 发诗歌情感的出口,变成了她书写女性独特情感和体验的工 具,是一曲变相的抒情挽歌。 stream-of-consciousness literary technique 意识流 在《到灯塔去》中，伍尔芙没有采取直接内心独白的 方案，而是借助间接内心独白来反映人物的思想，行为和 性格。在叙述中，利用第三人称他者来讲述，人物角色的 心理活动也通过作者的加工和重组后再间接呈现，使褥人 物角色的言行都具有了连贯性和逻辑性。作者在这里的作 用是领读者，导航人，来带领普通读者充分理解人物的言 行与思维。
小说中莉丽这个人物的设置很有意思，她在第一节 和第三节中一直在做两件事：画画与思考。所有的意识 流描写中莉丽占了很大一部分，并且她的见解总是最为 天马行空的：“她想到了生活是如何由彼此相邻而各自 独立的小事组合而成，凝聚为一个完整、起伏的波涛， 而人就随着这波涛翻腾起伏，在那儿，一下子冲到海滩 上。”
伍尔芙的母亲在她十三岁时去世，她对于母亲形象 的描述一直停留在她脑海中，母亲的一言一行，一举一 动，她的爱好，她的生活习惯，都在伍尔芙脑中挥之不 去，给她留下了深刻的记忆。在伍尔芙二十二岁时，父 亲去世，父亲的形象也永远地停留在她的脑海中。正是 这种深刻的形象令她十分纠结，并一直困扰着她，于是， 为了能够将父亲与母亲的形象以及与她的情感真正的抒 理清晰，她决定写一部小说。
每个平凡的一天都差不多有拉姆齐夫人美貌詹姆斯对父亲的怨气拉姆齐先生哲学之路上的奋斗大战爆发了拉姆齐夫人和其中两个孩子去世了卡迈克尔先生的诗歌获得了巨大的名气
Structure
1. Backr analysis 4. Theme
Background
To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》介绍 ppt课件
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Section two
小说的中间部分即传统小说的重心是充满诗意的抒情 散文,几乎没有人物。
进入第二章，时光流逝的速度忽然变得非常快。这 十几年的时间被与那个下午相似的内容自动填充：每个 平凡的一天都差不多有拉姆齐夫人美貌、詹姆斯对父亲 的怨气、拉姆齐先生哲学之路上的奋斗……大战爆发了， 拉姆齐夫人和其中两个孩子去世了，卡迈克尔先生的诗 歌获得了巨大的名气。更重要的是，空屋衰败了。
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从人物性格上来说，莉丽反对传统，（与拉姆齐夫人 相反）她反对“必须结婚”、“竭力主张她本人应该排除 在这普遍的规律之外”、“喜欢保持自己的本色”。她对 拉姆齐夫人的感情是矛盾的，一方面认为拉姆齐夫人就像 一个家庭的核心，聚拢了所有成员（和客人），又多施慈 善，完美无瑕；另一方面又对拉姆齐夫人的处事方式感到 怀疑，“她不禁自问，如果每个人都是如此密不透风，你 怎么会对别人有所了解呢？”
Mr. Ramsay
拉姆齐先生正是伍尔芙父亲的原型，二人有着极多的相 似之处。都是受过良好教育的知识分子，在家庭中有着绝对 的权力和地位。拉姆齐先生是一位现实、严谨的哲学家。他 崇尚理性思考，痛恨幻想夸张。伍尔芙用二十六个英文字母 和钢琴的键盘来象征拉姆齐先生那种直线型的思维方式。这 种思维模式使他难以看到事物的整体，结果导致他身陷智慧 的泥沼，无法将事业开拓推进。
在小说的最后，当莉莉看到一家人向灯塔驶去时，她对
人生也有了更多的感悟，感受到了生命的真谛。
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小说中莉丽这个人物的设置很有意思，她在第一节 和第三节中一直在做两件事：画画与思考。所有的意识 流描写中莉丽占了很大一部分，并且她的见解总是最为 天马行空的：“她想到了生活是如何由彼此相邻而各自 独立的小事组合而成，凝聚为一个完整、起伏的波涛， 而人就随着这波涛翻腾起伏，在那儿，一下子冲到海滩 上。”
《到灯塔去》的多重选择性的全知视角
《到灯塔去》的多重选择性的全知视角摘要：《到灯塔去》(To the Lighthouse)是一部在创作技巧上别具一格的意识流小说。
伍尔夫在传统小说全知叙述视角的基础上，扬长避短，创造性地运用了多重选择性全知叙述视角，不仅形成了自己独特的创作风格，而且使得《到灯塔去》被视为伍尔夫不断探索创新写作手法的一部成熟作品。
关键词：《到灯塔去》意识流多重选择性全知视角意识流小说的创始人是法国作家马塞尔普鲁斯特。
弗吉尼亚伍尔夫和詹姆斯乔伊斯共同将意识流小说推到了发展的顶峰。
意识流这种创作技巧“所追求的是将潜在于人们头脑里的思绪和意识(尤其是不合理性的意识)，将纷乱复杂、恍惚迷离的内心世界直接地，原原本本地呈现在读者面前。
意识流叙述有很大的跳跃性，它将过去、现在和将来相互交叉穿插，颠来倒去……”。
正是由于意识流小说的这一特点，使得意识流小说普遍给读者的印象是朦胧晦涩。
弗吉尼亚伍尔夫作为现代英国文学中的一位意识流大师，致力于描摹英国上层中产阶级的精神世界，一生创作了多部作品，其中，《到灯塔去》以其内容和形式的完美结合而著称。
《到灯塔去》由三部分组成，情节十分简单。
第一部“窗”叙述九月的一个黄昏拉姆齐夫妇携儿女及朋友在海滨别墅度假的情景。
拉姆齐夫人的意识流是这个部分的主线索，作者使拉姆齐夫人的意识围绕着子女、丈夫和朋友展开，与此同时，其他人物的意识围绕拉姆齐夫人流动。
尽管是多个人物的意识交织在一起，该部分却主次分明，并不散漫。
第二部分“岁月流逝”将十年的人世沧桑高度概括到一夜之间。
这部分写了海边旧屋的仆人对拉姆齐夫人的回忆和怀念。
第三部分“灯塔”发生于十年后，拉姆齐夫人已经去世，拉姆齐先生率全家乘船驶往灯塔。
他仰望灯塔，思潮起伏，深切怀念拉姆齐夫人。
女画家莉丽伫立岸边，思绪万千，努力完成多年未完成的拉姆齐夫人的肖像。
这三个部分没有情节的连续性，完全是通过作者独特的意识流技巧，形成和谐的统一体。
本文着重探讨作者通过多重选择性全知视角的创造性运用，使得该部作品既打破了传统单一的叙事格局，又摆脱了大多数意识流小说普遍存在的朦胧晦涩。
对《到灯塔去》中完美婚姻的分析
对《到灯塔去》中完美婚姻的分析在小说到灯塔去中，伍尔夫从女性角度描述了生活，婚姻，工作，思想以及之间的关系。
本文关注了伍尔夫对幸福婚姻的理解，以及丈夫和妻子怎样才能创造美满的婚姻。
根据伍尔夫的观点，幸福的婚姻要建立在爱与理解最重要的是夫妻双方要保有各自独立的空间和自由。
标签：婚姻；独立；私密空间Abstract：In the Novel To the Lighthouse，Virginia Woolf exposes a rather complicated world about life，marriage，work，thought and relationship among these from a special woman’s point view. This article focuses on Woolf’s attitudes towards the happy marriage，and for the husband and wife how to create a happy one. According to Woolf’s opinion，a happy marriage should be based on love，reverence，support and certain private space.Key Words：marriage；private space；independenceVirginian Woolf was praised as the greatest novelists of the 20th century，one of the pioneers of modern literature trends；She served on the English language innovations in novel methods of trying to stream of consciousness writing，trying to depict the heart in people’s subconscious. In her writing，she expresses her own understanding towards marriage and life，especially women’s role and self-consciousness in that society.In part one，The window，Woolf describes Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay’s happy and satisfying marriage on the basis of deep their deep love. There is a detail shows that Mr. Ramsay seized her hand and raised it to his lips and kissed it with an intensity that brought tears to her eyes，and he quickly dropped it，which reveals the deep love between the couple. The series of gentle actions expresses his profound affection. In Mrs. Ramsay’s eyes，her husband beauty was so great；he was so awfully handsome，that she couldn’t dismiss him. Marriage life is real and trivial. After getting married，a couple must face the reality and the once enthusiastic love seems gradually faded due to the distraction of the daily life. It seems so，but it is still there and can be felt. It is true for Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay. In their daily life，they know how to deal with common and trivial things，and they play different roles. For example，Mrs. Ramsay worries about the fifty pounds for the green house and children’s problems. On such occasions，Mr. Ramsay plays a very husband’s role and he can keep his wife from worries and make her feel safe and warm. When she strolled along with her husband，she felt that particular source of worry had been placed，so her husband turn up as a quiet and safe harbor for her to rest after her surge of emotions. He can，naturally，replace her worries and soothe her instantly. He convinces her of his value as a paring the husband with the wife，generally speaking，the husband is the braver and the more confident one，but sometimes so brave a man also needs the support from his wife. It was sympathy he wanted，to be assured of his genius. He hopes that his wife can bring him respect，confidence and enthusiasm towards life. That is what he wants from marriage life. And Mrs. Ramsay does play her role well. She makes the house full of warmth and vigor and fills his blank properly. There is such a detailed description to prove this. She was flashing her needles，confident，upright，she created drawing-room and kitchen set them all aglow；all her efforts make sure that her husband can go in and out，enjoy himself. So mutual love and proper roles in marriage are basic factors for a happy marriage.As for a harmonious marriage，such factors as love，reverence，support are essential，but only these can not be enough. One man and one woman get married and a family life start. Some people think one should present everything about him or her to the other one without any reserve. But the truth is that，the husband and the wife，to some extent，are still two independent individuals. They should keep their relative independence，and private space. Love can’t make a couple become one person. Each one must have his or her private room. And they，therefore，should respect each other’s privacy and keep a distance from if，especially when it refers to the spiritual world. Otherwise，the subtle mysteries and beauty of one’s privacy will be disturbed and destroyed，which certainly will do harm to his or her relationship with the other one，since on one can keep calm when one’s own treasure of privacy is trodden by others. The result is obvious：both will be hurt，so a desirable marriage，to some degree，lies in the respect for each other’s independence and privacy. Observing the rule well，The Ramsays lead a peaceful and happy life. Though Mrs. Ramsay is only a common housewife，she ha her own understanding of life. “She took a look at life，for she had a clear sense of it there，something real，something private，which she shared neither with her children nor wither her husband.” She can show disappointment at her husband’s silence when she expects he should say something. When Mrs. Ramsay loses in her own world，Mr. Ramsay could not speak to her. He could not interrupt her… she was aloof from him now in her beauty，in her sadness. He would let her be. An sometimes Mrs. Ramsay also meets such occasions：he did not want to be interrupted-that was clear. Each one should have their one private world，then the distance between them will attract and lead them appreciate each other. Since they cannot become one，then their mutual attraction will grow and the love lasts. Sometimes，the mysterious unknown of the other is hateful but it is attractive and beneficial. Based on their mutual love，trust，tolerance and acceptance，the respect for the other’s certain distance and independence will certainly add colors to one’s marriage life.On the whole，the article deals with the roles that are performed by husband and wife in marriage and the respect that should be paid to each other’s independence and privacy. And then an ideal marriage can be possibly achieved. Some feminist critics criticized Mr. Ramsay’s egotism and Mrs. Ramsay’s weakness. No one can deny this，and even Woolf herself also expressed such kind of opinion，but at the sametime no one can deny that their marriage is a satisfying one，either.Bibliography：[1]Woolf，Virginia To the Lighthouse，Wordsworth Editions Ltd，1994.[2]Freedman，Ralf. Virginia Woolf：Revaluation and Contunuity. Berkeley，Los Angeles：University Of California Fress，1975.[3] Mepham，John. Virginia Woolf：Criticism in Focus. New York：Saint，Martin’s Press，Inc.，1992。
论《到灯塔去》的叙述视角(一)
论《到灯塔去》的叙述视角(一)摘要：《到灯塔去》(TotheLighthouse)是传统的现实主义小说向现代主义小说转型的代表作品之一。
在小说中，作者伍尔夫极大地降低全知全能型叙述者的叙述比例，大量采用有限视角，从人物的主观角度进行叙述，并将叙述视角频繁转换，多视角叙述，从而凸现她所倡导的文学创作理念——主观真实。
关键词：小说《到灯塔去》叙述视角有限视角视角转换弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫(VirginiaWoolf，1882-1941)是现代主义小说的先锋代表，她在理论和实践两方面为现代主义小说的发展做出了杰出的贡献。
伍尔夫倡导主观真实论，在小说创作中，她摒弃了19世纪现实主义小说的常规，不再着重摹写外部世界的现实，而转向对人的主观精神世界的探索。
《到灯塔去》(TotheLighthouse)发表于1927年，是伍尔夫继《雅各的房间》和《达洛卫夫人》之后推出的又一部现代主义小说。
伍尔夫以新颖的创作理念与独特的艺术手法，将作品的内容与形式较为完美地统一起来，小说整体上是由一系列感觉、印象、思绪、回忆等心理活动构成，情节已经被淡化到无足轻重的地步。
小说较为完美地体现了伍尔夫的小说理论及写作技巧，是研究伍尔夫小说艺术的一个较好的切入点。
本文试从叙述视角方面来分析探讨小说的艺术特色。
一、有限视角(LimitedPointofView)叙述视角，简单地说，是指由谁来叙述故事以及如何叙述故事。
传统小说中，往往采用全知视角，叙述者是全知全能的“上帝”，可谓无所不知，无所不见。
这种叙述者的采用，降低了作品的真实度，让小说常带有主观说教和人为创作的痕迹。
作为现代主义小说的先锋代表，伍尔夫采用了新的叙述视角，使其作品能够更自由、更微妙地展现人物丰富而细腻的精神生活。
弗里德曼(Friedman)在《小说中的视角》将《到灯塔去》的叙述视角划分为“多重选择性的全知”(Multi-pleSelectiveOmniscience)类型。
到灯塔去 英语论文
Final paperAn Analysis of Virginia Woolf’s Thoughts of Gender and Gender Differences in To the LighthouseRequirements:Content: You may write a term paper on the following novels:1.The Catcher in the Rye2.To the LighthouseEvaluation:Abstract:Virginia Woolf(1882-1941) is a renowned English writer best known for her novels and essays. To the Lighthouse is one of her great works. This paper is mainly study three issues: feminism, the understanding of gender and the thoughts of gender differences.摘要：弗吉尼亚. 伍尔夫（1882-1941）是一位以小说和散文而著名的英国作家。
《到灯塔去》是她的佳作之一。
本篇论文主要研究的三个问题是：女性主义，对于性别的理解以及有关性别差异的思考。
OutlineTitle: An Analysis of Virginia Woolf’s Thoughts of Gender and Gender Differences in To the LighthouseⅠ.IntroductionⅡ. Body:A.Woolf and feminismB.Woolf’s androgynous visionC.Gender differences1.Definition of gender difference2.Woolf’s thoughts of gender differencesⅢ. ConclusionⅠ. Introduction:Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen on 25 January, 1882 inLondon. She was an English novelist and essayist, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs. Dalloway(1925), To the Lighthouse(1927) and Orlando(1928) and the book-length essay A Room of One’s Own(1929) with its famous dictum, “ A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction”Wang wenyan, a postgraduate of Hunan University in the paper Female Consciousness in To the Lighthouse analyzes two major female characters, Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoe from the feminist criticism point of view. At first, she studies the growth of Virginia Woolf’s feminism and analyzes “Angel in the House”and “the undercurrent in Mrs. Ramsay”. This paper is very good at focusing on one topic that is Virginia Woolf’s feminism. It offers me some knowledge about feminism and makes me more familiar with this book.Cheng ying, a posts graduate from Zhengzhou University in her paper Virginia Woolf’s Art of Fiction in To the Lighthouse studies her typical stream-of-consciousness technique, musical methods, cinematic methods and poetic methods. And she mainly analyzes how these techniques used in the novel. Through reading this paper it is helpful for us to have a hint of Wool’f’s writing skills.Li songyue, a scholar of Zhengzhou University in his paper 《<到灯塔去>两性形象的象征意义阐述》he mainly studies the narrative strategy----symbolism and gender perspective. Through the comparison of different genders’ personality, action, thinking symbolic colors and finally comes out the conclusion that in the book To the Lighthouse some objects are the symbols of genders.But in this paper, what I want to study is gender and gender differences in the novel To the Lighthouse. I will talk about feminism, androgynous thoughts and genderdifferences in the novel.Ⅱ. Virginia Woolf’s Thoughts of Gender and Gender Differences in To the LighthouseA. Woolf and feminismFeminism is an intellectual, philosophical and political discourse aimed at equalrights and legal protection for women. It involves various movements, theories and philosophies, all concerned with issues of gender difference that advocate equality for women and that campaign for women’s rights and interests.Virginia Woolf’s feminist thoughts widely cover the fields of society, politics, ethics, aesthetics, etc. and the need for freedom for the female is the primary theme in her ethical scheme. Gender and politics, morality and psychological desire are mixed together inextricably in her presentation of human motivation. In spite of all of these, Virginia Woolf has never, even once in her life, admitted that she herself is an advocator for feminism and insists that what she did was just studying it. Here we can see the complexity of Woolf’s feminist position and the flexibility with which she may be read as a feminist.In To the Lighthouse, Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoe are the two female figures that Woolf mainly describes. However, they impress the readers strikingly for their views about the way to realize their own dreams and to escape from nothingness. Through the reading of Woolf’s different descriptions of Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoe, we may find Woolf’s thoughts of female in the novel.Mrs. Ramsay is a competent and intelligent housewife. She supports her husband by running the house smoothly and endures domestic anxiety alone so that the daily chores won’t interrupt Mr. Ramsay’s serious thoughts on reason and logic. She miraculously manages to run the house without disturbing her husband. The financial condition of the family is exposed by one of the guests, Mr. Bankes’ perception of the family. “The Ramsays were not rich, and it was a wonder how they managed to contrive it all. Eight children! To feed eight children on philosophy!” In fact, the wonder maker is Mrs. Ramsay. With herwisdom in housework she successfully shoulders the responsibility of house management without any help from her husband. Though she is worried about the household, she tries her best not to disturb him. The refrain of the bill for the greenhouse roof looms but she decides not to tell him. “She had it on the tip of her tongue to say, as they strolled, ‘It’ll cost fifty pounds,’ but instead, for her heart failed her about money, she talk ed about Jasper shooting birds …” Mrs. Ramsay feels it her obligation to keep the husband away from the worries of small daily family life.Being a good mother is another criterion of the ideal Victorian womanhood. Woolf depicts such a good mother in this novel. Mrs. Ramsay protects her children from disillusion. When her son, James hopes for a trip to the lighthouse the next day and the father declares bad weather, it is Mrs. Ramsay who insists upon the possibility of a clear day. In this way she protects the sensitive mind of the child, retaining hope and faith in him, which shows her reverence for the spirit in others. What’s more, Mrs. Ramsay also protects her children from the chaotic adult world. By intuition, she knows the world is full of misery and sufferings.Apart from Mrs. Ramsay, Lily is the other important female figure in To the Lighthouse. She admires and loves Mrs. Ramsay and shares a lot with her. However, their differences exceed their similarity. Compared with Mrs. Ramsay who is presented as an ideal woman of Victorian period, Lily represents the woman image of the new generation. She holds her unique views on marriage, which collides with the established and long standing Victorian customs of marriage. She develops her individual relationships with the opposite sex, which challenges the unitary relationship of marriage between the two sexes. She ventures into the career of painting, which has been the preserved domain of men. She courageously fights against any difficulties and obstacles that come in her way to self independence and self realization.B. Woolf’s androgynous visionAndrogyny is a term derived from two Greek words which can refer to either of two related concepts about gender: the mixing of masculine and feminine characteristics, as in fashion statements; or the balance of “anima and animus” in psychoanalytic theory. For Woolf, the psyche is composed of two parts, one male and the other female, and only when the two are fused into one will the mind be able to produce art.In Woo lf’s opinion, there exist two genders in human cerebrum –male and female and each pair forms a complementary whale. There is no apparent hierarchical order between them: the only dominance is the feminine part in the woman’s brain, and vice versa for man. Woolf’s choice of the word “fatal” is particularly important for an understanding of the high premium she places on androgyny. An importantaspect of Woolf’s argument for androgyny insists that writers should shun consciousness of their own sex when they write because pressures to conform to social gender roles create barriers that are “fatal” to creativity. She thinks that androgynous writing is not only an ideal, but also a reality. As for Woolf, “Perhaps a mind that is purely masculine cannot create, any more than a mind that is purely feminine”. She thinks that Shakespeare’s mind is a type of the androgynous of the man-womanly mind.C. Gender differences1. Definition of gender differenceThe term “gender difference” refers to a distinction of biologic al and/or physiological characteristics typically associated with either males or females of a species in general. In the study of humans, socio-political issues arise in classifying whether a sex difference results from the biology of gender. Some feminists see gender differences as caused by patriachy or discrimination, although Difference Feminism argues for an acceptance of gender differences. Conservative masculists tend to see gender differences as inherent in human nature, while liberal masculists see gender differences as caused by matriarchy or discrimination.2. Woolf’s thoughts of gender differencesWoolf’s thoughts of gender differences are formed through her understanding of the social prejudice towards all fields that related to women.There is no doubt that Woolf not only realizes the existence of gender differences and she also advocates protecting the existence. The gender differences are caused by two major aspects: the subjective social ideology that treats men and women differently and considers different genders should have different roles; and the objective existence of psychological and physical differences between different genders. These two aspects are respectively subjective cause and objective cause. In conclusion, the essence of Woolf’s thoughts of gender differences is: 1) admission of the existence of gender differences, in both subjective and objective aspects; 2) opposition to the subjective and prejudiced thoughts of genderdifferences; and 3) promotion of the objective gender differences and encouragement of the existence of such differences.In To the Lighthouse, Woolf presents clear portraits of male and femalecharacters. The characters she describes most carefully are Mr. Ramsay and Mrs. Ramsay. In the novel, the both Mr. Ramsay and Mrs. Ramsay want to create a harmonious atmosphere among people and try to be understandable to others. However, they have different outlooks on life and their attitudes and behaviors are also significantly different.In To the Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf discusses the influence of the traditional conception about different genders, which is the cause of gender differences. Mrs. Ramsay in the novel is the typical woman who is the slave fostered by men. Although she is not satisfied with the life of losing herself and lacking for self-confidence, she still worships her husband blindly, depends on her husband and subordinates to her husband. Besides playing the role of a virtuous wife and a lovely mother initiatively in the family and an elegant hostess in social situations, she still makes use of her influential power. Mrs. Ramsay does not only comply with social customs herself, she also impels others: she arranges for the marriage between Paul and Minta and tries to persuade Lily to marry Mr. Bankes. Under the influence of such traditional conception about different genders, Lily still feels that she can’t get rid of social prejudice to concentrate her attention on the art of painting although she is a woman having her own inclination. She always feels that she is just a second-class painter, and her works will not be hung on the wall to be seen by people. Furthermore, there is Mr. Tansley whispering in her ear, “Women can’t paint, women can’t write” obvious that her feeling of failure is caused by the influence of the traditional conception about different genders that women are inferior to men.Another great difference between different genders is that Mr. Ramsay is more realistic while Mrs. Ramsay more idealistic. This can be seen, in the very beginning of the novel, from the attitudes towards whether the Ramsays can go to the lighthouse the next day. Mrs. Ramsay says: “Yes, of course if it’s fine tomorrow, but you’ll have to be up with the lark,” then they will go to the lighthouse. These words convey an extraordinary joy to her son. But her husband comes over and refutes: “But, it won’t be fine”. What he says is the truth and the truth forever; he does not resort to deception and distort the fact, and he will not say some harsh words mildly and indirectly to satisfy others. Mrs. Ramsay comforts James: “But it may be fine –Iexpect it will be fine” (ibid.: 260). Although she has no idea about the weather of thenext day, Mrs. Ramsay is not only idealistic herself, but also wants to give her son comfort and hope. Mr. Ramsay, on the other hand, is not only rational as mentioned before, but also realistic, directly telling his son that the weather will not be fine and they can’t go to the lighthouse the next day. To Mr. Ramsay, the reality towers abo ve the rest, i.e., it’s much more important to respect the facts than to care for children. Therefore, his little son James is even anxious to kill him. As a philosopher, he may be skilled at explaining and dealing with everything in the world with his sense and logic. However, when he applies this kind of attitude to real life, such attitude seems so stubborn that he even denies human nature and suppresses others’ feeling, not only in his learning, but also in dealing with human relationship.The third difference between different genders lies in the aesthetic appreciations. Mr.Ramsay can’t feel the beauty of nature at all. In this novel, male characters come into society,engaging in scientific study. Thinking themselves as the creators of the culture, men talk about science and politics. Yet being deprived of the rights to receive education, women have to stay at home and stand beyond culture. Mr. Ramsay and Mrs. Ramsay have different reactions to the scenes of nature. For example, when Mr. Ramsay has a wal k with his wife by the seaside“he thought, looking at the land dwindling away… Poor little place,” but Mrs. Ramsay considers, “He said the mostmelancholy things,” and believes that “it was a perfectly lovely evening”.Ⅲ. ConclusionOn the whole, this dis sertation expounds on Virginia Woolf’s thoughts of gender and gender differences through the analysis of her thoughts of feminism manifested in her novel To the Lighthouse. From our analysis of the characters in the novel To the Lighthouse, we can see that Woolf’s perspective of women is unique. According to Woolf, women are not inferior to men in any field.In my opinion, the basis of Virginia Woolf’s androgynous theory has something in common with her thoughts of gender differences to a certain extent. Androgynous theory advocates that men and women command the chaotic world in their own way: men rely on their reason and logic; women rely on their intuition and self-awareness. In fact, what Woolf insists as part of her thoughts of gender differences is that mentend to be more reasonable than women and women more sensitive than men. In addition, Woolf’s thoughts of gender differences can be regarded as a bridge, connecting Woolf’s thoughts of feminism and androgynous vision.Virginia Woolf’s thoughts of wom en still have practical significance in our modern society. Nowadays, women’s social position has been greatly improved, but there are many unfair treatments of women in the society, especially in finding jobs. There are many women isolated in their families after marriage, which is partly caused by their insufficient confidence in themselves. So it is time to get rid of the biased thoughts of gender differences about women and women themselves should believe that they can do many things like men. However, as a matter of fact, women should realize that they have both advantages and disadvantages. In this sense, women should not reject all male qualities and they need to absorb some male qualities to become perfect ones. In this way, women and men can draw the strong points of others to offset their own weakness, so that our society can get a harmonious development. In short, Virginia Woolf has made a great contribution to English literature and she will always be remembered as one of the most prominent women writers in England forever.Reference[1] 程英. Art of Fiction in To the Lighthouse [D].郑州：郑州大学，2002[2]李嵩岳. 《到灯塔去》两性形象的象征意义阐述[D]. 郑州，郑州大学，2009 [2] 吴庆宏. 弗吉尼亚伍尔夫与女权主义[M]. 北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 2005.[4]. 王文艳. 《到灯塔去》中的女性意识[D].长沙：湖南师范大学，2001。
《到灯塔去》中的女性文化透视
摘要：《到灯塔去》(To the Lighthouse)是一部经典的意识流小说，它以完美与和谐的艺术形式充分展示了弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫(Virginia Woolf)非凡的艺术功力。
从女性文化的角度去解读它，我们不难发现女性文化的精粹就是爱与美。
小说中的女主人公——拉姆齐夫人(Mrs．Ramsay)是一位集爱与美于一体的圣母玛丽亚式的母亲。
尽管长期以来，女性文化一直受到男权中心的文化的压抑和忽视，但是由于女性文化具有非同寻常的同化力，对男性世界和整个人类命运，都产生了悠久而深刻的影响，在《到灯塔去》这部小说中，弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫通过对女性之爱的圣颂来消解男权中心的文化布置下的冷酷、孤独、焦虑、彷徨和虚无。
关键词：女性文化；男权文化；女性之爱；女性精神；博爱《到灯塔去》(To the Lighthouse)是英国著名女作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫(Virginia Woolf)倾注心血的一部意识流小说，它主要反映了二战前后社会的变迁和动荡带给现代西方人的迷茫、孤独、焦虑、彷徨、悲哀和虚无。
但笔者以为，作为一位富有敏锐洞察力而又才华横溢、不乏哲理思辩力的女作家，弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫在小说中同时还执着于对女性生命存在的价值及其方式的探索。
《到灯塔去》是以弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫童年的生活经历为基础，是一部自传体小说。
小说中的主人公——拉姆齐(Ramasy)夫妇是作者父母的化身。
拉姆齐夫人是一位有八个孩子的母亲，她集博爱与美于一身，具有圣母玛丽亚式的宽广胸怀。
博爱——是拉姆齐夫人所具有的爱的本能：她爱丈夫、爱孩子、爱朋友、爱她在路上碰到的素昧平生的穷人，也爱诡异的自然。
她的爱是发自内心的，不带任何政治色彩。
这种爱是人类最本质的爱，她的爱使人们的内心充满了温暖、和谐和柔情，使人们的心融到了一起，使人们内心的仇恨、孤独和浮躁都冰消瓦解了。
灯塔世界中的拉姆齐夫人充满着生命的活力，体内的能量仿佛在不断地溢出，化为一股强大的精神力量；她又象一股喷泉，不时进发出一阵阵爱的甘霖。
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拉姆齐先生强烈的自我意识与他自私的个性： 拉姆齐先生试图凭借理性与逻辑来解释和处理世上的 一切。他在现实生活中，对任何事实都顶礼膜拜，从不肯 为让他人感到愉快而改变一句不中听的话。拉姆齐先生教 育子女们，同样坚持现实与真理。詹姆斯想在第二天驾船 到小岛上去看灯塔， 拉姆齐先生却全然不顾儿子的热情和 愿望，断言明天的天气不会好，不能去灯塔，甚至因拉姆 齐太太对儿子“也许明天天气好”的安慰而颇为气愤。
Structure
1. Background 2. Content 3. Character analysis 4. Theme
Background
伍尔芙的母亲在她十三岁时去世，她对于母亲形象 的描述一直停留在她脑海中，母亲的一言一行，一举一 动，她的爱好，她的生活习惯，都在伍尔芙脑中挥之不 去，给她留下了深刻的记忆。在伍尔芙二十二岁时，父 亲去世，父亲的形象也永远地停留在她的脑海中。正是 这种深刻的形象令她十分纠结，并一直困扰着她，于是， 为了能够将父亲与母亲的形象以及与她的情感真正的抒 理清晰，她决定写一部小说。
作家的语言也体现了所谓的女性化特征:句子松散、零 碎、常常拉得很长。小说在女作家的手里,已经变成了她抒 发诗歌情感的出口,变成了她书写女性独特情感和体验的工 具,是一曲变相的抒情挽歌。 stream-of-consciousness literary technique 意识流 在《到灯塔去》中，伍尔芙没有采取直接内心独白的 方案，而是借助间接内心独白来反映人物的思想，行为和 性格。在叙述中，利用第三人称他者来讲述，人物角色的 心理活动也通过作者的加工和重组后再间接呈现，使褥人 物角色的言行都具有了连贯性和逻辑性。作者在这里的作 用是领读者，导航人，来带领普通读者充分理解人物的言 行与思维。
小说中莉丽这个人物的设置很有意思，她在第一节 和第三节中一直在做两件事：画画与思考。所有的意识 流描写中莉丽占了很大一部分，并且她的见解总是最为 天马行空的：“她想到了生活是如何由彼此相邻而各自 独立的小事组合而成，凝聚为一个完整、起伏的波涛， 而人就随着这波涛翻腾起伏，在那儿，一下子冲到海滩 上。”
Mrs. Ramsay
拉姆齐夫人美丽贤惠，善于持家，喜欢幻想，注重 感性，是感性世界中的完美女性，拉姆齐夫人竭力使孩 子幼小的心灵不受到客观真理的伤害。 拉姆齐夫人的法 宝是博爱众生，用她女性的感性和关爱，使周围的人快 乐满足，从而抵御那个不尽如人意的现实世界。与刻板、 理性的丈夫相比，拉姆齐夫人则显得充满了幻想。她热 爱自然的、美的事物。
Section three
最后一节，大战结束后，一家人重新回到小屋，终于 达成了“到灯塔去”的愿望，莉丽在远处也完成了她的绘 画，“包括所有那些碧绿湛蓝的色彩，纵横交错的线条， 以及企图表现某种意念的内涵”。莉丽与伍尔夫同时放下 笔，聆听在时空中回响的意识的絮语。
Character analysis
Mr. Ramsay
拉姆齐先生正是伍尔芙父亲的原型，二人有着极多的相 似之处。都是受过良好教育的知识分子，在家庭中有着绝对 的权力和地位。拉姆齐先生是一位现实、严谨的哲学家。他 崇尚理性思考，痛恨幻想夸张。伍尔芙用二十六个英文字母 和钢琴的键盘来象征拉姆齐先生那种直线型的思维方式。这 种思维模式使他难以看到事物的整体，结果导致他身陷智慧 的泥沼，无法将事业开拓推进。
Brief content
1.
2. 3.
A long , boring afternoon
Mrs. Ramsay 、World War Ⅰ、children’s death A journey to the li说的第一部分不紧不慢地讲了一个漫长的下午，数位人 物的状况。 拉姆齐夫妇一家和几位朋友在斯开岛上他们的海边别墅里 度夏。9月中旬的一天，下午6点钟左右，拉姆齐太太倚窗而 立，窗外是花草树木，远处是海浪和灯塔。地凝视着海上忽 明忽暗的灯塔，陷入冥想中。她的意识不时对灯塔闪烁不停 的灯光作出反应；同时，周围发生的一切也没有逃开她的意 识屏幕。她的小儿子詹姆斯想在第二天驾船到小岛上去看灯 塔，拉姆齐先生却全然不顾儿子的热情和愿望，断言明天的 天气不会好，不能去灯塔。拉姆齐太太慈爱地安慰儿子“也 许明天天气好”，并说如果天气好，就到灯塔去。
Section two
小说的中间部分即传统小说的重心是充满诗意的抒情 散文,几乎没有人物。 进入第二章，时光流逝的速度忽然变得非常快。这 十几年的时间被与那个下午相似的内容自动填充：每个 平凡的一天都差不多有拉姆齐夫人美貌、詹姆斯对父亲 的怨气、拉姆齐先生哲学之路上的奋斗……大战爆发了， 拉姆齐夫人和其中两个孩子去世了，卡迈克尔先生的诗 歌获得了巨大的名气。更重要的是，空屋衰败了。
在小说的第一部分，莉丽身上的两性气质并不平衡， 表现在男性气质占优势，如她反对篡改色调，坚持以理 性的态度对待绘画创作。 第三部分的时候，莉丽身上的女性特征才突显出来， 她敏感而细腻，最终完成画作。
Theme
女性主义运动被认为是历史上最漫长的革命。其中，对于 女性气质的争议一直很激烈。在弗吉尼亚 • 伍尔芙的代表作 《到灯塔去》中，作者通过莉丽•布里斯科对女性气质从抛却 到认可再到超越的心路历程，揭示了女艺术家在男性占主导 的社会中为实现自己的理想所经历的艰难和困惑，以及女性 主义的真谛。指出只有培养双性头脑才是妇女解放的真正出 路。 综上分析 , 可以看出小说《到灯塔去》是一部带有鲜明女 性主义特征的文学作品与后世的激进女性主义相比,其对女性 主义理解的深度和广度早已超越了时代的限制,也毫不逊色。
从人物性格上来说，莉丽反对传统，（与拉姆齐夫人 相反）她反对“必须结婚”、“竭力主张她本人应该排除 在这普遍的规律之外”、“喜欢保持自己的本色”。她对 拉姆齐夫人的感情是矛盾的，一方面认为拉姆齐夫人就像 一个家庭的核心，聚拢了所有成员（和客人），又多施慈 善，完美无瑕；另一方面又对拉姆齐夫人的处事方式感到 怀疑，“她不禁自问，如果每个人都是如此密不透风，你 怎么会对别人有所了解呢？” 因此，一个“紫色的三角”将拉姆齐夫人给詹姆斯讲 故事概括起来，体现了紫色的在冷暖之间游离不定的特点。 同样的场景，莉丽用绘画，伍尔夫用写作，表达了同样的 思考，显然莉丽就是伍尔夫的自画像，是整本小说的真正 主人公。
Miss Lily Briscoe
莉丽是一个具有颠覆力量的女性角色。在伍尔芙的女性 主义主张中，莉丽正是她自己的化身。 她从一个新的角度来审视家庭中的每一个成员，她欣赏 拉姆齐夫人的温柔优雅，在她去世后很久仍然非常怀念她， 她热爱艺术，能够为艺术倾注所有的心血。 她具有成熟的女性思想及独立的精神，勇于拒绝婚姻， 她依靠画画来展现自己的思想。她与拉姆齐夫人有着本质的 不同，她把生活的希望都寄手在自己身上，寄托在艺术身上， 所以，她不会担心这一切支柱的消失。于是，她在艺术创作 中尽情地展现自己的意念。 在小说的最后，当莉莉看到一家人向灯塔驶去时，她对 人生也有了更多的感悟，感受到了生命的真谛。