语料库大全
语料库术语汇编
语料库术语汇编语料库术语汇编：Aboutness 所言之事Absolute frequency 绝对频数Alignment (of parallel texts) （平行或对应）语料的对齐Alphanumeric 字母数字类的Annotate 标注（动词）Annotation 标注（名词）Annotation scheme 标注方案ANSI/American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准学会ASCII/American Standard Code for Information Exchange 美国信息交换标准码Associate (of keywords) （主题词的）联想词A WL/Academic word list 学术词表Balanced corpus 平衡语料库Base list 底表、基础词表Bigram 二元组、二元序列、二元结构Bi-hapax 两次词Bilingual corpus 双语语料库CA/Contrastive Analysis 对比分析Case-sensitive 大小写敏感、区分大小写Chi-square (χ2) test 卡方检验Chunk 词块CIA/Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis 中介语对比分析CLA WS/Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System CLA WS词性赋码系统Clean text policy 干净文本原则Cluster 词簇、词丛Colligation 类联接、类连接、类联结Collocate n./v. 搭配词；搭配Collocability 搭配强度、搭配力Collocation 搭配、词语搭配Collocational strength 搭配强度Collocational framework/frame 搭配框架Comparable corpora 类比语料库、可比语料库ConcGram 同现词列、框合结构Concordance (line) 索引（行）Concordance plot （索引）词图Concordancer 索引工具Concordancing 索引生成、索引分析Context 语境、上下文Context word 语境词Contingency table 连列表、联列表、列连表、列联表Co-occurrence/Co-occurring 共现Corpora 语料库（复数）Corpus Linguistics 语料库语言学Corpus 语料库Corpus-based 基于语料库的Corpus-driven 语料库驱动的Corpus-informed 语料库指导的、参考了语料库的Co-select/Co-selection/Co-selectiveness 共选（机制）Co-text 共文DDL/Data Driven Learning 数据驱动学习Diachronic corpus 历时语料库Discourse 话语、语篇Discourse prosody 话语韵律Documentation 备检文件、文检报告EAGLES/Expert Advisory Groups on Language Engineering Standards EAGLES文本规格embedded annotation 嵌入式标注Empirical Linguistics 实证语言学Empiricism 经验主义Encoding 字符编码Error-tagging 错误标注、错误赋码Extended unit of meaning 扩展意义单位File-based search/concordancing 批量检索Formulaic sequence 程式化序列Frequency 频数、频率General (purpose) corpus 通用语料库Granularity 颗粒度Hapax legomenon/hapax 一次词Header/Text head 文本头、头标、头文件HMM/Hidden Markov Model 隐马尔科夫模型Idiom Principle 习语原则Index/Indexing （建）索引In-line annotation 文内标注、行内标注Key keyword 关键主题词Keyness 主题性、关键性Keyword 主题词KWIC/Key Word in Context 语境中的关键词、语境共现（方式）Learner corpus 学习者语料库Lemma 词目、原形词、词元Lemma list 词形还原对应表Lemmata 词目、原形词、词元（复数）Lemmatization 词形还原、词元化Lemmatizer 词形还原（词元化）工具Lexical bundle 词束Lexical density 词汇密度Lexical item 词项、词语项目Lexical priming 词汇触发理论Lexical richness 词汇丰富度Lexico-grammar/Lexical grammar 词汇语法Lexis 词语、词项LL/Log likelihood (ratio) 对数似然比、对数似然率Longitudinal/Developmental corpus 跟踪语料库、发展语料库、历时语料库Machine-readable 机读的Markup 标记、置标MDA/Multi-dimensional approach 多维度分析法Metadata 元信息Meta-metadata 元元信息MF/MD (Multi-feature/Multi-dimensional) approach 多特征/多维度分析法Mini-text 微型文本Misuse 误用Monitor corpus （动态）监察语料库Monolingual corpus 单语语料库Multilingual corpus 多语语料库Multimodal corpus 多模态语料库MWU/Multiword unit 多词单位MWE/Multiword expression 多词单位MI/Mutual information 互信息、互现信息N-gram N元组、N元序列、N元结构、N元词、多词序列NLP/Natural Language Processing 自然语言处理Node 节点（词）Normalization 标准化Normalized frequency 标准化频率、标称频率、归一频率Observed corpus 观察语料库Ontology 知识本体、本体Open Choice Principle 开放选择原则Overuse 超用、过多使用、使用过度、过度使用Paradigmatic 纵聚合（关系）的Parallel corpus 平行语料库、对应语料库Parole linguistics 言语语言学Parsed corpus 句法标注的语料库Parser 句法分析器Parsing 句法分析Pattern/patterning 型式Pattern grammar 型式语法Pedagogic corpus 教学语料库Phraseology 短语、短语学POSgram 赋码序列、码串POS tagging/Part-of-Speech tagging 词性赋码、词性标注、词性附码POS tagger 词性赋码器、词性赋码工具Prefab 预制语块Probabilistic （基于）概率的、概率性的、盖然的Probability 概率Rationalism 理性主义Raw text/Raw corpus 生文本（语料）Reference corpus 参照语料库Regex/RE/RegExp/Regular Expressions 正则表达式Register variation 语域变异Relative frequency 相对频率Representative/Representativeness 代表性（的）Rule-based 基于规则的Sample n./v. 样本；取样、采样、抽样Sampling 取样、采样、抽样Search term 检索项Search word 检索词Segmentation 切分、分词Semantic preference 语义倾向Semantic prosody 语义韵SGML/Standard Generalized Markup Language 标准通用标记语言Skipgram 跨词序列、跨词结构Span 跨距Special purpose corpus 专用语料库、专门用途语料库、专题语料库Specialized corpus 专用语料库Standardized TTR/Standardized type-token ratio 标准化类符/形符比、标准化类/形比、标准化型次比Stand-off annotation 分离式标注Stop list 停用词表、过滤词表Stop word 停用词、过滤词Synchronic corpus 共时语料库Syntagmatic 横组合（关系）的Tag 标记、码、标注码Tagger 赋码器、赋码工具、标注工具Tagging 赋码、标注、附码Tag sequence 赋码序列、码串Tagset 赋码集、码集Text 文本TEI/Text Encoding Initiative 文本编码计划The Lexical Approach 词汇中心教学法The Lexical Syllabus 词汇大纲Token 形符、词次Token definition 形符界定、单词界定Tokenization 分词Tokenizer 分词工具Transcription 转写Translational corpus 翻译语料库Treebank 树库Trigram 三元组、三元序列、三元结构T-score T值Type 类符、词型TTR/Type-token ratio 类符/形符比、类/形比、型次比Underuse 少用、使用不足Unicode 通用码Unit of meaning 意义单位WaC/Web as Corpus 网络语料库Wildcard 通配符Word definition 单词界定Word form 词形Word family 词族Word list 词表XML/EXtensible Markup Language 可扩展标记语言Zipf's Law 齐夫定律Z-score Z值。
基本语料库--科技(中文)
基本语料库—科技（中文）1.这是一个不可抗拒的历史趋势和时尚；我们应该毫不犹豫地拥抱它。
2.现代技术比如因特网无所不能；它超越了我们最大的想象。
3.因特网比传统的手写方式更加方便和高效。
4.无论当一件小事或大事解决掉的时候，比如为交通发明汽车或者建立神经网络模拟人类思考，它注定和‘科学’有密切联系。
5.如果陌生人盗取了你的注册密码，那么他们能够看到你的私人信息和个人细节。
6.世界站在了科学技术所创造的十字路口上-一边通往和平和富有；另一边通往毁灭和饥荒。
7.因特网技术经历了一个引人注目的发展并且变得越来越先进。
8.它几乎不占空间并且有无尽的存储量。
9.从灯泡的发明到第一台蒸汽机的出现，早起的科技深深地改变了我们生活的方方面面。
10.太长时间坐在屏幕面前会损害小孩的视力和身体姿势，不管他们用电脑做什么。
11.有网瘾的人身心健康会受到损害。
12.信息安全没有保障。
13.只有当联合两种驱动力，我们才能够找到正确的通向属于人类的成功之路。
14.有被认为是一个巨大的飞跃直到阿姆斯特朗，美国NASA宇航员第一次登上月球时候的发言为止。
15.登月的影响是富有成果的。
16.电脑的未来是美好的。
17.全球的能源消耗走到了一个十字路口-道路的一边通向能源枯竭的死路；道路的另一边通往外太空能源资源的天堂。
18.它迎合了我们现代快节奏的生活需求。
19.它很环保。
20.如果不幸感染了病毒，因特网会受到损害；所有的信息会丢失，导致不可估量的损失。
21.旅行完全被蒸汽船和铁路的到来所改变。
22.如果你把现在人们的生活和工业革命之前做比较，会很容易发现科学极大地改善了人们的生活质量。
23.人们不需要去剧院去看戏剧或者到偏远的地方看陌生的原始部落的习俗。
24.随着推特和脸书的出现，人们现在能待在家里并时刻关注科学和政策的信息。
25.因特网对人们的生活产生深远地影响。
26.它有广泛的应用。
27.它把影响力延展到世界各个角落。
28.通过使用因特网，我们能节约自然能源。
语言学常用语料库
语言学常用语料库
语言学常用语料库有很多，以下是一些常用的语料库：
1. Brown语料库：美国布朗大学语言学部于1960年代编制的语料库，是英语语料库中最早的、最著名的语料库之一。
2. Penn Treebank语料库：由宾夕法尼亚大学开发的语料库，主要用于句法分析和语言学研究。
3. CoNLL语料库：共享任务（Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning）所使用的语料库，包括各种语言的语料。
4. Europarl语料库：包括欧洲议会会议的多种语言翻译版本，用于机器翻译和跨语言研究。
5. Google语料库：由Google搜索引擎收集的大规模网络文本语料库，可用于研究自然语言处理和文本挖掘等领域。
6. Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA)：包括当代美国英语的语料库，涵盖了各种不同类型的文本。
7. British National Corpus (BNC)：出版物、广播和会话等来源的英国英语语料库，是英国英语的重要资源。
这些语料库提供了大量的文本数据，可用于研究不同语言的语
言学现象，如词汇使用、语法结构和语义等。
它们对于语言学研究和自然语言处理的发展起着重要作用。
英语句子语料库
英语句子语料库
英语句子语料库是用于自然语言处理和机器学习的文本数据集，其中包含大量英语句子。
以下是一些常用的英语句子语料库：
1. Brown Corpus：布朗语料库，包含一百万个单词，涵盖了多种文体和主题。
2. Penn Treebank：宾州树库，包含大量的英语句子和词性标注信息。
3. CoNLL 2003：用于命名实体识别和词性标注的语料库。
4. OntoNotes：多语言语料库，包含英语、中文、阿拉伯语等多种语言的文本和标注信息。
5. BERT Corpus：BERT模型使用的语料库，包含大量的英语句子和预训练模型。
6. OpenWebText Corpus：开源的Web文本语料库，包含大量的英语句子和网络用语。
7. Common Crawl Corpus：公共爬虫语料库，包含大量的英语句子和网页内容。
8. News Crawl Corpus：新闻爬虫语料库，包含大量的英语新闻文章和句子。
9. WikiText-103：维基百科文本语料库，包含大量的英语维基百科文章和句子。
10. BookCorpus：书籍语料库，包含大量的英语书籍和句子。
以上是一些常用的英语句子语料库，可以根据需要进行选择和使用。
这些语料库可以用于自然语言处理、机器学习、文本挖掘等领域的研究和应用。
语言学常用语料库
1.语言学常用语料库是一种用于研究语言现象的重要工具。
2.它是一个大规模的语言样本集合，包含了各种不同语言的文本数据。
3.语料库可以包括书籍、报纸、杂志、广播节目、网络文章等多种类型的文本。
4.通过分析语料库中的文本，语言学家可以研究语言的结构、语法规则和语义特征。
5.语料库的建立和维护需要大量的工作，包括文本收集、数据处理和标注等环节。
6.语料库的规模越大，涵盖的语言现象就越全面，研究结果也更有说服力。
7.语料库的使用需要借助计算机和专门的软件工具，如文本编辑器、搜索引擎和统计分析软件等。
8.语料库可以用于研究语言变化、语言习得、语言教学和语言技术等多个领域。
9.语料库的应用范围广泛，包括自然语言处理、机器翻译、信息检索和语音识别等领域。
10.语料库的优点是可以提供真实的语言数据，反映语言使用的实际情况。
11.语料库还可以帮助语言学家验证语言理论和模型的有效性。
12.语料库的研究方法主要包括定性分析和定量分析两种。
13.定性分析是通过详细的文本注释和分析来理解语言现象的特点和规律。
14.定量分析是通过统计和计算来分析语言现象的频率、分布和关联性。
15.语料库的研究成果可以通过学术论文、专著和会议报告等形式进行发布和交流。
16.语料库研究的结果对于语言教育和语言政策制定具有重要的参考价值。
17.语料库的发展受到语言学家、计算机科学家和语言工程师的共同关注。
18.随着技术的进步，语料库的规模和质量不断提高，为语言学研究提供了更多的可能性。
19.语料库的建设和管理需要遵守相关的法律和道德规范，保护语言使用者的隐私和权益。
20.语料库的未来发展将更加注重多语言、多媒体和跨学科的研究方向。
常用的英语语料库
常用的英语语料库有以下几个：
英国国家语料库（BNC）：是目前世界上非常有代表性的当代英语语料库之一，收录了1亿字的电子资源，涉及口语和书面英语。
美国当代英语语料库（COCA）：是目前最大的免费英语语料库，包含5.2亿词的文本，由口语、小说、流行杂志、报纸以及学术文章五种不同的文体构成。
密歇根大学学术口语语料库（MICASE）：专注于学术口语，收集了大量学术讨论和讲座的语音转录。
密西根高阶学生论文语料库（MICUSP）：主要收录高年级学生的论文，对于研究学术写作风格和习惯很有帮助。
台湾清大自然语言处理语料库（Linggle）：结合大数据分析，提供了丰富的语料和语言统计信息。
这些语料库各具特色，可以根据具体的研究需求选择合适的语料库。
ig英语口语语料库大全
ig英语口语语料库大全1、You should take the medicine after you read the _______. [单选题] *A. linesB. wordsC. instructions(正确答案)D. suggestions2、1．________my father ________ my mother is able to drive a car. So they are going to buy one. [单选题] *A．Neither; norB．Both; andC．Either; orD．Not only; but also(正确答案)3、5．Shanghais is known ________ “the Oriental Pearl”, so many foreigners come to visit Shanghai very year. [单选题] *A．forB．as (正确答案)C．withD．about4、I'm sorry I cannot see you immediately. But if you wait, I'll see you_____. [单选题] *A. for a momentB. in a moment(正确答案)C. for the momentD. at the moment5、The sun disappeared behind the clouds. [单选题] *A. 出现B. 悬挂C. 盛开D. 消失(正确答案)6、How _______ it rained yesterday! We had to cancel(取消) our football match. [单选题] *A. heavily(正确答案)B. lightC. lightlyD. heavy7、Growing vegetables（）constantly watering. [单选题] *A. neededB. are neededC. were neededD. needs(正确答案)8、33．Will Mary's mother ______ this afternoon? [单选题] * A．goes to see a filmB．go to the filmC．see a film(正确答案)D．goes to the film9、He has bought an unusual car. [单选题] *A. 平常的B. 异常的(正确答案)C. 漂亮的D. 废弃的10、We need a _______ when we travel around a new place. [单选题] *A. guide(正确答案)B. touristC. painterD. teacher11、She passed me in the street, but took no（）of me. [单选题] * Attention (正确答案)B. watchC. careD. notice12、I think _______ is nothing wrong with my car. [单选题] *A. thatB. hereC. there(正确答案)D. where13、If you don’t feel well, you’d better ask a ______ for help. [单选题] *A. policemanB. driverC. pilotD. doctor(正确答案)14、I have worked all day. I'm so tired that I need _____ . [单选题] *A. a night restB. rest of nightC. a night's rest(正确答案)D. a rest of night15、22．______ is convenient to travel between Pudong and Puxi now. [单选题] *A．It(正确答案)B．ThisC．ThatD．What16、I _______ play the game well. [单选题] *A. mustB. can(正确答案)C. wouldD. will17、—What can I do to help at the old people’s home?—You ______ read stories to the old people. （）[单选题] *A. could(正确答案)B. mustC. shouldD. would18、I _______ seeing you soon. [单选题] *A. look afterB. look forC. look atD. look forward to(正确答案)19、45．—Let's make a cake ________ our mother ________ Mother's Day.—Good idea. [单选题] *A．with; forB．for; on(正确答案)C．to; onD．for; in20、We _______ swim every day in summer when we were young. [单选题] *A. use toB. are used toC. were used toD. used to(正确答案)21、______ the morning of September 8th, many visitors arrived at the train station for a tour.（）[单选题] *A. FromB. ToC. InD. On(正确答案)22、23．Hurry up! The train ________ in two minutes. [单选题] *A．will go(正确答案)B．goC．goesD．went23、You have failed two tests. You’d better start working harder, ____ you won’t pass the course. [单选题] *A. andB. soC. butD. or(正确答案)24、Will you see to（）that the flowers are well protected during the rainy season? [单选题] *A. it(正确答案)B. meC. oneD. yourself25、—______ is the concert ticket?—It’s only 160 yuan.（）[单选题] *A. How manyB How much(正确答案)C. How oftenD. How long26、When Max rushed to the classroom, his classmates _____ exercises attentively. [单选题] *A. didB. have doneC. were doing(正确答案)D. do27、Mrs. Green has given us some _______ on how to study English well. [单选题] *A. practiceB. newsC. messagesD. suggestions(正确答案)28、Many people prefer the bowls made of steel to the _____ made of plastic. [单选题] *A. itB. ones(正确答案)C. oneD. them29、—I can’t always get good grades. What should I do?—The more ______ you are under, the worse grades you may get. So take it easy!（）[单选题] *A. wasteB. interestC. stress(正确答案)D. fairness30、Sorry, I can't accept your invitation. [单选题] *A. 礼物B. 观点C. 邀请(正确答案)D. 好意。
语料库
一．环保话题语料库环保话题基本表达法：1. environmental protection / preservation/ conservation = greenism 环境保护2. environment friendly = eco-friendly 环保的3. environmental protection awareness 环保意识4. environmentally friendly policy 环保政策5. ruin / damage / hurt the environment 破坏环境6. raise / enhance / boost environmental awareness amongst the general public提高全民环保意识环境恶化的危害和体现：1. traffic congestion = traffic jam 交通拥堵2. over-industrialization 过度工业化3. deforestation 森林砍伐4. air and noise contamination / pollution 空气和噪音污染5. the deterioration of air quality 日益恶化的空气质量6. threaten public health and safety 威胁公共健康与安全环境污染解决途径：1. to utilize the natural resources properly 合理利用自然资源（政府）2. adopt environmentally friendly policy 采取环保政策（政府）3. exploit and popularize the use of eco-friendly power source 研发和推广环保能源（企业）4.Carrying out environmental publicity and education to enhance the whole nation's awareness of the environment.开展环境宣传教育，提高全民族的环境意识 (媒体)5.Everybody is responsible for the establishment of a conservation-minded society建设资源节约型社会人人有责（个人）二．犯罪话题语料库1. juvenile /adolescent crime rate == the rate of youth crime 青少年犯罪率2. young offender /criminal/lawbreaker 少年犯3. embark on the criminal road=commit crime 走上犯罪道路4. relapse into crime 重新犯罪5. domestic violence and single al-parent family 家庭暴力和离异家庭6. distrusting and fearful 猜疑和恐惧7. aggressive and rebellious 行为具有攻击性而且叛逆8. pornographic or X-rated forms of media 色情和其它不良的节目9. blindly imitate what they have seen from 盲目模仿10. arouse one’s violent and sadistic impulse 诱发暴力和施虐的冲动11. to be led astray 被引入迷途12. enact relevant legislations 立法13. Education has an indispensable role to play in 教育在某方面发挥了不和或缺的作用14. strengthen the family tie = the family should be reinforce 加强家庭联系15. crack down youth crime 降低犯罪☆精彩路标词汇：1. This essay will attempt to 这篇文章将要2. Crimes can be drastically reduced by ---可以降低犯罪率3. Education has an indispensable role to play in 教育在某方面发挥了不和或缺的作用4. One the of most contributing factors of _______ could be attributed to 一个重要的原因可以被归结为5. Considering the seriousness of the issue, we have no alternative but to implement some practical solutions to resolve it.考虑到问题的严重性，我们没有办法只能想出一些可行的措施去解决它6. Join hands in resolving 在解决---方面共同努力三．广告话题语料库1. TV commercials 电视广告2. newspaper ads 报纸广告3. street flyer 街头广告4. public service ads 公益广告5. illegal ads 非法广告6. fake ads 虚假广告7. advertisers 广告商8. exert a subtle influence on the consumers 消费者有微妙的影响9. entertaining and informative 娱乐性和信息性10. wise buyers 理性消费者11. irrational buyers 非理性消费者12. is the key factor in promoting the sales of the goods 促进产品的销量13. generate commercial value. 带来商业价值14. encourage the consumers to buy goods impulsively / without consideration 冲动消费15. highly artistic value 高度的艺术价值16. witty slogan 机智的宣传语17. fantastic pictures精美的画面18. gullible 受骗者的19. misleading and delusive 误导的欺骗的20. flowery phrases and empty promises 花哨的宣传语和空洞的承诺四．间隔年话题语料库间隔年的写法1. gap year experience2. Students should gain some work experience or have a travel to enlarge their vision before they go to university after high school graduation3. have a break from studying after graduating from high school.旅行的好处：1. have a deeper insight into culture and customs in different areas and countries 加深对于不同的地域和国家的文化与风俗的了解2. broaden one's outlook=expand one's mental horizons=enlarge their vision 开阔眼界3. train one’s crisis management 锻炼人危机处理能力4. foster one’s decision-making ability 培养人的自我决策力5. promote one’s physical and mental health 增进身心健康6. sweeten one’s life= add spice to one’s life增加人生乐趣7. relieve the pressure of studying 缓解学习压力8. meet and make new friends = enlarge one’s circle of friends = establish new social contacts 结实新朋友9. enrich one's knowledge丰富知识10.enjoy local delicacies/specialties 品味当地美食工作的好处：1. enrich one's social and life experience丰富了社会和生活阅历2. mature one’s thought / mentality 成熟心态3. to be economically independent 经济独立4. cultivate one's independence and toughness培养自己的独立性和坚韧性5. seize valuable opportunity to learn 珍惜学习机会6．train one’s interpersonal skills 锻炼人际交往能力7. strengthen one’s achievability / sense of fulfillment 增强成就感8. get to know the hardship of making a living 懂得谋生的艰难9. have an initial understanding of work 对于工作有最初的认识10. increase one’s competitiveness in the future job-seeking 增加求职竞争力11. have a better personal resources to draw on 有更好的人脉可以利用间隔年的弊端：1. lose interest and patience in learning 失去学习的兴趣的耐心2. The study will be delayed and disadvantaged 耽误学习3. It is difficult to find work in the present economic situation.在目前的经济情况下很难找到工作.4. It is hard to get down to one's study again 很难再静下心来学习5. is likely to / is prone to be exploited and cheated 容易被剥削和欺骗五．大学教育的意义和功能语料库基本表达：1. higher / university / college education 大学教育2. the chief aim / objective / function of college education 大学教育的主要目标3. go to college = attend university = to get enrolled in university 上大学4. receive / get /acquire education 接受教育5. to be well-prepared for = to make full preparations for = well prepare oneself for 为---做好准备6. cultivate = foster = nurture 培养支持大学教育的目的是为择业做准备：1. provide the undergraduates with career orientation courses 为在校大学生提供就业方面的课程2. secure a high-paying job = secure a well-paid job =secure a handsomely paid job找到高薪的工作3. lead a decent life过上体面的生活4. to be more competitive =boost competitiveness= enhance competitiveness 提高竞争力5. to apply for a job = to look for a job = seek employment 求职6.in the future job-seeking = in the future job-hunting = in the future job market 在未来的求职中7. adopt to the job market 适应职场8. raise a family = support a family = sustain a family 养家9. improve the quality of life 提高生活品质10. enable sb live in comfort 使某人过舒服的生活支持大学教育还有其他的功能：1. a strong sense of patriotism, social responsibility 强烈爱国意识和社会责任感2. character building = character training 性格培养3. moral education = moral instructions 道德教育4. mould one’s characters = shape one’s characters 塑造性格5. good communication and people skill. 良好的沟通能力和人际交往能力6. efficient time management 高效的时间管理7. competitive awareness and teamwork spirit 竞争意识和合作精神8. the confidence in oneself 对自己的信心9. lifelong learning competencies 终生学习的能力10. public spirit 热心公益的精神雅思剑桥阅读词汇（1）★剑桥三P691. raise the spirits 使得人的情绪高涨2. under full-spectrum lamps 在灯下3. fluorescent and tungsten lights 荧光灯和钨光灯4. it is generally believe that 人们相信5. there is no doubt that 无疑6. street riots 街头暴力7. slow down 降低8. distract from 使得分散精力9. conduct study 进行试验10. become less skeptical 不那样怀疑11. hormone level 荷尔蒙水平12. * melatonin 褪黑色素13. pineal gland 脑部的松果腺14. put on more weight 增加了体重15. skeptics might say that 怀疑者也许会说16. put sb in a better mood 使某人的情绪很好17. is borne out by 被证实（bear out 证实）18. be on edge 紧张19. serotonin 复合胺20. irritable 易怒的21. aggressive 富于侵略性22. hamsters 小白鼠23. time cues 时间★剑桥三P881. suffragette movement 妇女争取选举权2. bring cohesion and focus 带来了凝聚力和工作的重心3. membership 成员4. desert 退出5. limited communications 有限的通讯设配6. stretch to 延伸到7. play a vital role in 发挥重要的作用8. fund-raising events 筹款活动9. return a profit 带来了利润10. like-minded commercial enterprises 观点相似的商业机构11. identify a direct way to 找到一条直接的道路12. provide another money-making opportunity提供了另外的赚钱机会13. provide sufficient funds 提供足够的资金14. ice-skating rink 冰场15. campaign banner 运动条幅16. a forthcoming meeting 即将来到的会议17. bully her poor, abused husband 欺负可怜的，受到虐待的丈夫18. militant 激进的（military force / military target）19. cohesion 团结，凝聚力20. trinket 小装饰物21. suffrage 选举权；投票权22. enfranchise women 给公民选举权23. draw on= call on 利用24. the museum of London 伦敦博物馆25. harridan 形容枯槁的老人26. newsreel 新闻短片27. accessory 附加物；妇女的装饰品28. archive collection 档案文件29. project a corporate identity 表明团体特征30. put women’s suffrage on the political agenda 使得妇女投票权被提上了政治的议程31. exploit 利用雅思剑桥阅读词汇（2）★剑桥三P591. antiquity 古代遗物----original department of antiquity 古文物馆2. ethnography 人种学---the department of ethnography 人种馆3. a separate department 独立部门4. the primary focus of ---- 的焦点5. document 1）记录2）展示3）to document for culture change 记录了文化的改变6. the product of sth ---的产品7. the museum has a vital role to play in providing information on —— to visitors （写作句式）8. the emphasis has been less on sth than on sth 重点在于前而不是在于后9. society’ cultural expressions 社会的文化风貌10. textiles 纺织品11. examples of coracles 小圆舟12. the necessities 生活的必须品，生活用品（写作词汇）13. while on the other hand 在另一方面（写作词汇）14. principally for aesthetic value 主要为了美学价值（写作词汇）15.sth could act as---- not merely for ---- but for ----（写作词汇）16. in collaboration with 与---合作17. a series of acquisition 一系列的收集品/展品18. camel trappings 饰品19. particularly interesting are 尤其有意思的20. collections 展品21. mundane 世俗的22. banal 平庸的23. artefact 艺术品24. approximately大概25. anthropology 1）人类学；2）anthropological人类的；3）anthropologist 人类学者26. assemblage 集会，集合27. ingenuity 独创性----technological ingenuity技术创新28. ecological 生态的29. disposable 用过就处理的30. assimilation 同化31. irrevocable 不能取消的32. notoriously 臭名昭著的-----notoriously fickle world economy 变化无常的世界经济（写作词汇）33. utilitarian 实用主义的34. aesthetic 美学的35. multicultural 多元文化36. exceptional 非凡的37. marginal communities 边缘社会★剑桥三431.the role of the government 政府的作用------ the government has the inescapable role to play in environmental management 政府在环保方面有责无旁贷的责任（写作句式）2.sth may have damaging environmental impacts对于环境保护有负面的影响（写作句式）3. subsidize 资助----subsidies 补贴4. scrap＝desert 丢弃5. soil erosion 土壤侵蚀6. diminish the soil’s productivities 减少土地肥力7. convert ---- to 转变成8. meadow 牧场9. World Bank loading 银行贷款10. higher yields 很高的产量11. under the plough (田地)在耕种中12. cause of deforestation 森林砍伐的原因13. contaminate water supplies 污染水源14. fertilizers 化肥15. in less enlightened countries 在一些不开明的国家16. in environmentally friendlier ways 以更加环保的方式17. are sustainable in the long run从长远看是可持续发展的18. vanish 消失19. exploitation 开采20. compound 增加了21. invested interest 既得利益22. fallow period 耕作期23. treadmill 单调工作24. lethal 致命的25. poison 农药26. crop re sid ues 农作物残渣27. over-stocking 过度放牧28. rotate 使旋转----rotate crops 轮种作物29. have the incentive to do sth 有做---的动力★雅思较难的词汇：1. elastic 灵活的＝flexible；弹性的2. epidemic 流行病3. dispenser 自动售货机4. aesthetic 美学的5. disfigure 毁容 / transgfigure6. dissert 论述 (dissertation)7. dubious =suspicious 怀疑的★剑桥三P191. ingredient 成份----active ingredient 活性成分2. cancer-causing sustatcnaces 致癌物质3. chemical compounds 化合物4. develop fatal medical conditions 患绝症5. cervical caners 子宫癌6. preventable cause of -----可以预防的原因7. smoking,causes a serious health risk 吸烟导致健康危险8. side-stream smoke 吸入侧流烟9. be deposited deep in 被沉淀于10. cardiovascular system 心血管系统11. the effect is far greater on A than on B 影响在于前者不在于后者（写作词汇）12. deliver life-giving oxygen 输送供血的氧气13. blood clot 血块14. platelets 血小板15. leukemia 白血病16. exhale 呼气17. spouse 配偶18. it has been calculated that 据计算（写作词汇）19. to produce substantial adverse effects on有负面的影响（写作词汇）20. compensate for 赔偿21. the smoke inhalation 吸烟22. nicotine and other toxins 尼古丁和其它毒素23. have the same impact on 有相同的影响（写作词汇）24. smoke-free work places 禁烟地点★剑桥三P 4330. the role of the government 政府的作用----the government has the inescapable role to play in environmental management 政府在环保方面有责无旁贷的责任（写作句式）31. sth may have damaging environmental impacts 对于环境保护有负面的影响（写作句式）32. subsidize 资助----subsidies 补贴33. scrap＝desert 丢弃34. soil erosion 土壤侵蚀35. diminish t he soil’s productivities 减少土地肥力36. convert ---- to 转变成37. meadow 牧场38. world bank leading 银行贷款39. higher yields 很高的产量40. under the plough (田地)在耕种中41. cause of deforestation 森林砍伐的原因42. contaminate water supplies 污染水源43. fertilizers 化肥44. in less enlightened countries 在一些不开明的国家45. in environmentally friendlier ways 以更加环保的方式46. are sustainable in the long run从长远看是可持续发展的47. vanish 消失48. exploitation 开采49. compound 增加了50. invested interest 既得利益51. fallow period 耕作期52. treadmill 单调工作53. lethal 致命的54. poison 农药55. crop residues 农作物残渣56. over-stocking 过度放牧57. rotate 使旋转----rotate crops 轮种作物58. have the incentive to do sth 有做---的动力雅思剑桥阅读词汇（3）★剑桥四P881. the international athletic federation 国际田联2. hurl massive objects 投抛重物3. brief explosive release of energy 短期的爆发力的能量释放4. 100-metre sprint 百米短跑5. sprinter 短跑运动员6. endurance events 耐力项目7. set a new world record 创造了世界记录8. genetics 基因9. invoke a adage 引用格言10. appreciably 略微11. tempt athletes 诱惑运动员12. unique complements 独特的成份13. emeritus professors 退休教授14. can go much further 可以做得更好15. impressive improvements 骄人的成绩16. duplicate 复制17. pioneer 倡导18. rate 速度；价格；比率19. a tenth of a second 十分之一秒20. land 着地；着陆/ push off 蹬地21. brief intervals 短暂的间歇22. address 强调23. supplements 补品24. minerals 矿物25. biomechanics 生物力学26. to date 到目前27. complex and unorthodox 复杂的和非正统的28. mathematical simulation 数学模拟29. sawdust 木屑30. foam cushions 泡沫垫子31. be humbled by 被折服32. vexingly 令人懊恼的33. mundane 平凡的34. resourceful 足智多谋的★剑桥四P921. archaeology考古学2. Inuit因纽特人3. the painstaking task 辛苦的任务4. loot 掠夺；抢劫5. mixture 混合6. distinguish a from b 区别7. smaller disciplines 更小的学科8. artifact 人造物品9. pot 罐10. overlap 重叠11. span of time 时间的跨度12. significant source of information 信息的重要源泉13. dividing line 分界线14. lessen the importance 降低---的重要性15. make statements 作出声明16. conduct experiments 进行试验17. hypothesis 假设18. dwellings 住处19. analyst 分析家；/ analyse 分析20. portrayal 描述21. ethnography 人种学22. coherent 一致的；连贯的23. humanistic 人文主义的★剑桥四P971. allocate 分配2. to be apportioned 被分配3. it now seems quite incredible that 不可思议的是4. exercise personal right 行使个人权力5. formal right 正式权利6. out of public purse 出自于政府的预算7. put another way 换言之8. the exercise of personal autonomy 个人自治9. in respect of 关于10. as a whole 总体上11. clientele 客户12. sustain economic development 维持经济发展13. revelation 显示；启示14. poverty-stricken 贫困的15. indispensable 不可缺少的16. doomsday 世界末日雅思剑桥阅读词汇（4）★剑桥四P651. micro-enterprise credit 小型企业贷款；credit programs 贷款计划2. street youth 流浪儿童；street children 流浪儿童3. people who live in difficult circumstances 生活贫困的人4. partner organizations 伙伴组织5. family breakdown and violence 家庭离异和家庭暴力6. bun 小面包7. decent 体面的8. learn the way of keeping money 学习节俭的方式9. allow sb a degree of independence 使得某人有某种程度的自由10. exemplify the effects to 解释说明效果11. entrepreneur 企业家；entrepreneurship 企业家身份；choose entrepreneurship 选择做生意; support the entrepreneurial dreams 支持创业的梦想12. be essential to 对于-----很重要（写作词汇）13. be more likely to do 更有可能做-----（写作词汇）14. abide by 遵守（写作词汇）15. guardians 监护人16. purchase fixed asset 购买固定资产17. a market stall 市场上的货摊18. range from 从-----到-----变化19. rate have been modest 比率是适度的20. impoverished young people 贫困的年轻人21. the provision of _______can be an effective means to help 提高----是一种有效的方式去-----22. dearth 缺乏23. adventurous play 冒险游戏24. exploitative employment 剥削性的工作25. shine shoe 擦鞋26. are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours 做一些无需技巧的，长时间的劳动密集性的任务27. participate in domestic tasks 做家务（写作词汇）28. innovative opportunity 新的机会（写作词汇）29. the red cross society 红十字会30. have a major role in 在-----有主要的作用（写作词汇）31. shoe shine kits 擦鞋工具箱剑桥四P651. earth-moving machine 移山倒海的机器2. scatter tine ash 分散细灰3. hurl sth into 将----扔进，抛进4. mushroom cloud 蘑菇云5. burges of molten lava 岩浆喷涌6. volcanism 火山作用7. shape the world 塑造了世界8. rift continents 撕裂大陆9. shape the topography 造就了地形10. basalt 玄武岩11. ice-caps 冰帽；冰冠12. crust 地壳13. volcanic craters 火山口14. water vapour 水蒸汽15. a molten core 溶化的核心16. soft-boiled egg 半熟的鸡蛋17. yolk 蛋黄18. while 蛋清19. bubble 起泡20. over the crack 在裂口处21. the mantle 地幔22. like thick treacle 浓稠的蜜糖23. the form of convection currents 对流的形式24. plates 板块25. bump and grind 碰撞磨擦26. overlap 互相重叠27. these fracture zones 破碎的地区28. hot spots 热带地区29. put at its simplest 简言之30. swiftly 迅速地31. magma 岩浆32. granite 花岗岩33. squeeze out 挤出来34. dyke 沟35. slurping eruption 爆发36. surge 巨浪；喷涌37. forth 冒泡38. explode 喷发39. blast 爆发40. pumice 浮石41. rough outline 大致轮廓42. tectonic plates 地壳板块43. ring of fire 火山环44. the Rockies 落基山45. not to mention 更别提46. shell 地壳47. quiet periods 休眠期48. molten rock slopping 溶岩的溢出★剑桥四p741. many procedures are available for doing 方式很多2. casual introspection 不经意的反思3. language date 语料4. native speaker of a language 以该语言为母语的人5. provide utterances 提供话语6. properties 特征7. the norm 规范8. enquiry 询问9. child speech 儿童语言10. informants 语料提供者11. large-scale sample 大规模的样本12. the social setting 社交场合13. consistency 连贯性14. the best investigative techniques 调查技术15. claims 论断16. sound quality 音质17. paradox 自相矛盾18. minimize 使最小话19. ethical objection 道德反对20. attempts can be made to 可以努力去21. stimulate natural language style 激发自然语言风格22. in one’s locality 在一个人的家乡23. non-verbal behaviours 非语言行为24. context 语境25. transcription 记录26. structure sessions 结构回忆27. interview worksheets 面试问题28. questionnaire 调查问卷29. elicit 引出----- be elicited by30. elicitation 诱导方式31. corpus 尸体；语料库32. hypothesis 假设33. derive from 来自于34. take extracts 节选材料35. be supplemented by 被补充雅思剑桥阅读词汇（5）★剑桥五p161. scholarly 学者的2. fine learning 良好的教育3. lexical 词汇的4. middle class 中产阶级5. heyday 全盛时期6. academy 学院7. single-handed 无帮助的8. garret 阁楼9. counting house 会计室10. rickety chair 摇椅11. synthesis 综合12. predecessor 原有事物13. vicissitude 曲折14. lexicographer 词典编写者15. patronage 资助16. shelter 遮掩处17. eccentricity 古怪18. obscurity 默默无闻19. esteem 尊敬20. prevail upon 说服21. folklore 民间传说★剑桥五p861. the marked for tourism 旅游市场2. require initial investment 无需最初的投资3. natural landscape beauty 美丽的自然景色4. indigenous（本土的） people 当地人5. the prime source of tax revenue 主要的税收源泉6. a reliable source of income 收入的稳定来源7. foreign trekkers 外国背包客（trek 艰苦跋涉）8. increase dependence on bought food 增加依赖性9. the physical impact of 实质影响10. maintain terraces and irrigation system 保持梯田和灌溉11. culprit 犯人；罪魁祸首；12. government handouts 政府救济13. employ transient workers 雇用临时工14. repatriate （遣返）most of the profits to their home base 为本国谋求经济利益15. integrate tourism with the local economy旅游与地方经济结合16. pueblos and reservations 印第安人村落17. ensure that the benefits accrue （自然产生） locally 保证地方经济利益的增加18. reinvigorate（使复兴） local cultures 振兴地方经济19. pottery and jewelry 陶器和珠宝20. erosion 破坏★剑桥五P201. nature or nurture 先天还是后天2. fascinating and disturbing 吸引人的和令人不安的3. from all walks of life 来自生活的各个方面4. feel a personal distaste 感到厌恶5. have a positive effect on 有积极的影响6. experimental set-up 实验方案7. a spectrum of 各种的8. writhing 挣扎9. denounce 谴责10. questions posed by 由---提出的问题11. bring on 招致12. balk at sth 回避13. for the sake of 为了14. psychiatrists 精神病学家15. the overwhelming consensus 一致的意见16. a lunatic fringe 疯子17. account for this vast discrepancy 解释了巨大的差异18. pressured, flustered but cooperative 有压力，很慌乱但是合作的19. built-in animal aggression instinct 内在的动物性攻击性本能20. pent-up primal urge 压抑的原始冲动21. as a remnant of sth 是----的痕迹22. teacher-subject 扮演教师的研究对象23. legitimacy 合理性；正确性24. evoke trust 博得了信任25. merge sth with sth 合并26. personal and moral code 个人和道德准则27. forgo one’s sense of personal responsibility 放弃个人责任感28. is more plausible 更有说服力29. elucidate 阐明30. at least strongly biases 产生行为倾向雅思剑桥阅读词汇（6）剑桥五P481. world science 科学界2. be dominated by 被统治3. German 德语4. English is probably the most popular global language of science 英语大概是最流行的科学语言5. in scientific research 在科学研究领域6. reach a wide international audience 获得广泛的国际读者7. lingua franca 混合语；通用语言8. revival of learning 学习的复兴9. renewed interest 复兴的兴趣10. world exploration 世界探索11. the discovery of magnetism 磁铁的发现12. improvements in cartography 绘图法的进步13. Copernicus 哥白尼14. with enthusiasm 热情地15. promote empirical scientific research 促进经验主义的科学研究16. encyclopedias 百科全书17. education textbook 教材18. on the property of light 关于光的性质19. treatise 专题论文20. a concern for secrecy 出于保密的考虑21. be fully exploited by the author 被彻底研究清楚22. commercial exploitation 商业开发23. common practice 普遍的做法24. in cipher 有密码25. deposited in sealed box 放在密封的盒子里26. in an objective and impersonal way 以客观的非个人的方式27. hypothetical entities 假设的实体28. insider language 内部语言29. narrative in style 风格上是叙事的30. was inaugurated 被创立31. linguistic inadequacy of English 英语语言上的缺陷32. enjoy substantial lexical growth33. was instituted to do 被任命去做34. prominence 重要性，显著35. the European renaissance 文艺复兴36. encourage the development of suitable writing style 鼓励规范的写作风格37. compass 指南针38. publicize 推广，宣传39. popular science 大众科学40. perversely 过分地41. secrecy 秘密42. precisely 精确地43. cling to 依靠，坚持44. monograph 专著，专论45. curator of experiment 实验管理者46. curator 馆长，管理者47. transcript of oral demonstration 口头演示48. transaction 公报；学报49. focused accounts 有重点的描述50. momentum 动力；势力；势头51. privileged 享有特权的雅思剑桥阅读词汇（7）剑桥五P671. be eroded 被侵蚀2. sediment 沉淀物3. scour 冲刷4. blame sth on sb 归咎于5. nutrient-rich soil 营养丰富的土地6. dispense with 免除7. pick up silt and sand 堆积起瘀泥和沙子8. to replenish the coastline 补充——填充海岸线9. desalination 海水淡化10. pay closer attention to 重视11. upset the ecology 破坏生态12. concurs 同意13. artificial flood 人造洪水14. be trapped 被囤积15. industrial and agricultural waste 工农业废物16. affect the productivities 影响了产量17. waterways 水道18. devise a way to 设计一种方式剑桥五P621. send children to pre-schools 幼儿团2. miss out on 错过3. is born with natural curiosity 天生好奇（写作词汇）4. it is generally acknowledged that 人们认为（写作词汇）5. people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds6. in an attempt to 为了（写作词汇）7. under-achievement 学习成绩不良8. was launched 发起9. substantial funding 大量的资金10. disadvantaged home environment 不利的成长环境11. a pilot programme 试点项目12. is the most effective way to 是有效的方式（写作词汇）13. a cross-section of socio-economic status各个社会阶层14. family configuration 家庭结构（写作词汇）15. foster the child’s motor-skill 运动技能16. share experience and discuss topics of interest 分享经验和讨论有意思的话题（写作词汇）17. facilitator 推进者18. alongside 在---旁边19. is phenomenal 明显的20. had made greater strides 进步显著21. perpetuate（使永存） that disadvantage 延续那种不利22. sth is undoubtedly vital 无疑是重要的23. overcome educational inequity 克服教育的不公平剑桥五p621. be poised to make a comeback 准备好回到人们的视野中2. vanish 消失3. this has ignited public debate about 引起了公众的争议（写作词汇）4. marketing people 销售人员5. inverted commas 引号6. rehabilitation of term 术语的复原7. encompass 包括——compass 指南针8. cybernetics 控制论9. attack different problems 研究不同问题10. peak 达到顶峰11. growing power of computers 计算机日益强大的功能12. a breakthrough was just around the corner突破只有咫尺之遥13. a false dawn 错误的开始14. a backlash ensued 激烈的反应随之发生15. undue optimism 不适当的乐观16. retrenchment 削减——trench 挖掘战壕17. opt to do 选择去做18. align oneself with 与---结盟19. mundane problem 世俗的问题20. blue-sky 无价值的，不保险的21. reckon 认为22. spot camouflaged vehicles 发现伪装的车辆23. exacerbate 恶化24. encapsulate 压缩25. hype 天花乱坠的宣传26. under-achieving 成绩不理想的27. disparate 不同的28. materialize 实现29. mundane 平凡的30. unattended 无人在场的31. filter and categorize 过滤和分类32. implement 使生效，贯彻33. elusive 难以捉摸的雅思剑桥阅读词汇（8）剑桥五P891. flawed beauty 缺陷美2. toughened glass 钢化玻璃3. shattered 破碎4. frame 结构5. fragments 碎片6. pane 玻璃7. minute crystal 微型晶体8. nickel sulphide 硫化镍9. be aware of this issue 意识到这个问题10. believe the reason is simple 相信原因很简单11. what you hear is only the tip of the iceberg你看到的是冰山的一角12. bus shelters 公共汽车亭13. tiny cubes 小的立方体14. large, razor-sharp shards 大的锋利的碎片15. can be bolted together16. contract and solidify 收缩和凝固17. shrinks 收缩18. materials under tension 压力下的物质19. propagate 传播20. nickel sulphide impurities 硫化镍杂质21. alloy 合金22. convert a to b 使得转变为23. coiled spring 被压缩的弹簧24. revert to 转化为25. elapse 时间的流逝26. the process is speed up 过程加速27. occur in batches 大批地出现28. suffer a rash of failures 遭受损失29. contamination 污染30. were scanned under --- 被扫描31. in the furnace 熔炉剑桥六P181. demolish rivals 击败对手2. underpinned by 由---支持3. squash 垒球4. ethereal scientific question 虚无的科学问题5. tweak 小小的改良6. slice 切7. stroke 一划8. spine 脊椎骨9. unconstructive 不显眼的10. swivel 旋转11. velocity 速度剑桥六P 221. at a startling pace 以惊人的速度2. play a more important role in 发挥重要真的作用3. was dominated by 被统治4. thanks to 由于5. pose no obstacles to 不造成障碍6. purchase sth on the domestic market 在国内市场购买7. reduce the employment 减低了就业8. customs duties and import quotas 关税和进口配额9. iron ore 铁矿10. components 零件11. heavy and bulky 容量大的12. disk drive 光驱13. valuable = expensive 昂贵的14. freight rates 运费15. deregulation 规章制度的撤销16. containerization 集装箱化17. crane 起重机18. vessels 装箱船19. transform sth into sth20. deter international trade 妨碍了国际贸易剑桥六p271. Inuit family因纽特家庭2. thaws 解冻3. igloo 圆顶建筑4. permafrost melt 结冰地带融化5. is already have dramatic effects 产出了巨大的影响6. the knock-on effects are likely to include 间接的影响包括7. increased precipitation.仓促8. be increasingly keen to find out 越来越希望去9. canary in the mine 矿井的里的金丝雀10. precarious balance 不稳定的平衡11. ancestral knowledge 祖先的知识12. get some idea of the hardship of 了解---的艰难13. be uniquely well adapted to 很好的适应14. life for sb is still harsh 生活依然艰难15. indigenous 本土的16. nomadic ways 游牧的生活方式17. opportunities are scarce 机会是很稀少的18. a high incidence of depression 高发的抑郁症19. play a key role in 发挥关键的作用20. draw on this wisdom 利用这种智慧21. impinge too much on.撞击22. scientific onslaught 科学的冲击23. natural capriciousness 自然的反复无常雅思剑桥阅读词汇（9）剑桥六p411. public transport 公共交通2. creating a better place to live 改善居住环境3. Melbourne墨尔本4. tram network 有轨电车网络5. correlation 联系；相互关系6. when it comes to 当谈及到7. make a success of sth8. referendum 公民投票9. causing massive congestion problems 导致大规模的交通拥堵10. refute 反驳11. be converted to 转变为12. the best approach 最好的办法13. lead to more dispersal 使得更加分散14. sprawl 蔓延15. attract business 招商剑桥六p441. arthritis 关节炎2. major medical complaint 主要的疾病3. dementia 老年痴呆4. stroke 中风5. atherosclerosis 动脉硬化6. emphysema 肺气肿7. medical advances 医疗的进步8. on the downside 从负面来看9. bronchitis 支气管炎10. better-educated people 受过良好的教育的人11. seek more medical attention 寻求更多的医疗照顾12. manage one’s finances 理财13. home medical aids 家庭医疗辅助设备14. retain a sense of independence 保留独立感15. maintain a level of daily physical activities保持一定水平的身体锻炼16. deteriorate 衰老17. a social epidemiologist 流行病学家18. self-esteem 自尊19. aging 老龄化20. treadmill 单调的工作；踏车剑桥六p481. numeration 计数2. intellectual feats 智力技艺3. be bound up with 有密切的关系4. facility 熟练；便利5. reflect on 思考；反思6. keep one’s thought in order 使思想有序7. herb animals 放牧8. the need become paramount 需要变得极为重要。