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1.Introduction

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英语论文分析学习 第1节 introduction

英语论文分析学习 第1节 introduction

What Is an Introduction?



What questions will readers ask when reading an essay: 1. What topic am I going to learn about? 2. Why is that topic important? 3. Do I know the topic already? What do I know already? An introduction aims to answer these 3 questions.
Contents of an introduction

Example:
"Numerous studies on the utilization of plant proteins as a partial or complete replacement for fish meal in diets have been conducted using various freshwater and marines fishes (Lovell, 1987; Tacon et al., 1983; Murai et al., 1989a; Cowey et al., 1974).
Contents of an introduction
Q: What are the ways to establish a topic? A: Claiming centrality General to specific Previous research Describing of the background Definition of key words

[英语学习]unit-1-Introduction

[英语学习]unit-1-Introduction
7.publishing in Denmark 丹麦出版业 • 8.Publishing is flourishing. 出版事业繁荣发
展。
• a Panorama of Publishing 出版业概况 • book industry 图书出版业 • book community 书业团体
Questions on part 1
• 1 [+ obj] : to prepare and produce (a book, magazine, etc.) for sale ▪ It's a small company that only publishes about four books a year. ▪ The university press publishes academic titles. ▪ The newspaper is published daily. 2 : to have something you wrote included in a book, magazine, newspaper, etc. [no obj] ▪ There is a lot of pressure for professors to publish regularly. [+ obj] ▪ He has not published anything for a long time. 3 [+ obj] : to include (an article, letter, photograph, etc.) in a magazine or newspaper ▪ The magazine published two of my stories.
3. intriguing

跨文化交际 1 Introduction

跨文化交际 1 Introduction

Discuss what communication is
a) Activity: Discuss what the communication is and its significance and function.
b) Definition of communication
1. Communication, the basis of all human contact, occurs anywhere there are human beings. 2. In its most general sense, communication refers to the share or exchange of information, ideas, feelings and so on. Put simply, it means getting across our ideas, views, feelings, emotions, etc.
We are now in a quite different world from before, which is sometimes referred to as a global village. This globalization is mainly due to the rapid development of science and technology in the areas of transportation and communication systems. It naturally follows that intercultural contact has become more frequent, more abundant and, therefore, more significant than ever before.

1-introduction (s)(1-简介)

1-introduction (s)(1-简介)

Marketing is so much more than that!（营销远 不止这些）
Packaging（包装） Strategy（策略） Competitive Strategies（竞 Sales, Sales-force 争优势） （销售，销售队伍） Market Penetration（市场 Brand Management 渗透） （品牌管理） Quality（质量）
Meaning:

Creating customer value and satisfaction are at the heart of modern marketing thinking A very simple definition of marketing is the delivery of customer satisfaction at a profit. Goals of marketing are to attract new customers by promising superior value and to keep and grow current customers by delivering satisfaction. Marketing is much more than selling and advertising. It is about understanding and satisfying customer needs.
Logistics（物流） Location（定位） Distribution Channels（分销渠道） Pricing Considerations（价格策略）
Globalization（全球化）
New Product Develop（新产品开发） Service Delivery（服务交付）

1.Introduction+structures

1.Introduction+structures

I. Classification of Writings
A. Literature Writings B. Scientific Writings (factual writings)
II. Principles for Good Scientific Writing (1)
Content: original Organization/Structure: complete, coherent Language: correct 文风有独创性；主题 处理好； 中心思想明确； 行文逻辑严密；选辞精确；句子、段落表达 完整；阅读效果好；没有错别字及语法、标 点符号的错误。
Brief & Simple
Though I usually go to the country for a walk during the weekend, I decided to spend the whole day in the city for a change last Sunday. I went to the Tian’anmen Square and the Zhongshan Park. It was so early when I left home that the streets around my neighborhood were deserted. Without the usual crowds and traffic, everything was strangely quiet.
Writing Suggestions:
Plan your writing (audience awareness / target readers). Ignore the language. Write and rewrite. Find readers. Keep writing. Find suitable methods from handbooks and guides. There is many a way to write.

1Introduction

1Introduction

主要内容 (Outline)• 绪论小规模集成电路三（SSI）• 逻辑函数基础 ƒ 门电路个• 组合逻辑电路模 块中规模集成电路 （MSI）• 集成触发器 • 时序逻辑电路大规模集成电路 • 半导体存储器（LSI）• 数模、模数转换电路绪论 (Introduction)一、数字(digital)信号和模拟(analog)信号‡ 数字量和模拟量 ‡ 数字电路和模拟电路二、数字信号相关概念‡ 二进制数 Binary Digits ‡ 数字信号的逻辑电平 Logic Levels ‡ 数字信号波形 Digital Waveforms一、Digital Signal and Analog Signal‡ Digital and Analog Quantities电子 电路 中的 信号模拟信号: 连续analogue signal value数字信号: 离散digital signal valuetime time模拟信号T( C) 30采样信号T( C)sampled3025离散化 2520202 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (h)A.M.P.M.2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 t (h)A.M.P.M.数字化－表示 为由0、1组成 的二进制码Analog Electronic SystemDigital and Analog Electronic System★ 工作在模拟信号下的电子电路是模拟电路。

研究模拟电路时，注重电路输入、输出信号 间的大小、相位关系。

包括交直流放大器、 滤波器、信号发生器等。

★ 模拟电路中，晶体管一般工作在放大状态。

★ 工作在数字信号下的电子电路是数字电路。

研究数字电路时，注重电路输出、输入间的逻 辑关系。

主要的分析工具是逻辑代数，电路的 功能用真值表、逻辑表达式或波形图表示。

★ 在数字电路中，三极管工作在开关状态， 即工作在饱和状态或截止状态。

新视角研究生英语一,第一单元习题

新视角研究生英语一,第一单元习题

Unit 1: Reading comprehension
4. What does the author mean when she says, “The kaffeklatsch of the fifties is the coffee break of the eighties” (Para. (Para. 9)?
Unit 1: Structure of the text
Text Outline
2. Body (Paras. 5–12) 5– 1) Our sense of community has changed from _______ the the neighborhood to the workplace _________________________________. (Paras. 10) _________________________________. (Paras. 5–10) 2) As our sense of community has changed from the neighborhood to the workplace, our sense of identity from ethnicity to our profession has shifted ____________________________________. ____________________________________.
A. In the past, the community to which we belonged was decided by _____________________________________. _____________________________________. our neighborhoods. (Para. (Para. 5) B. At present, a large part of our daily lives are transformed _________ _______________________________________________ from home to office, the workplace becomes our __________________________________. (Paras. 10) __________________________________. (Paras. 6–10) neighborhood

1.introduction 简介

1.introduction 简介
Biochemistry
Introduction
1、生物化学的概念 2、生物化学的发展简史
3、生物化学的主要研究内容 4、生物化学与其它学科的关系
生物化学的概念

生物化学是研究生命 化学的学科，它在分子水 平上探讨生命的本质，即 研究生物体的分子结构与 功能，物质代谢与调节， 及其在生命活动中的作用。

①吴宪
在血液化学分析方面创 立了血滤液的制备和血糖测定法； ②蛋白质方面，提出了蛋白质变 性学说； ③免疫学方面，研究抗原抗体的 反应机制；
④1965年，首先人工合成具
有生物活性的胰岛素； ⑤1981年，成功合成酵母丙 氨酰tRNA; ⑥完成人类基因组计划工作 的1％。
生物化学的研究内容
静态生物化学 动态生物化学 1、 功能生物化学 分子生物学 2、生物化学的研究采用化 学的原理和方法； 3、生物化学与细胞学、遗传学、 生理学关系密切；
生物化学的发展简史
1、初级阶段
2、发展阶段 3、分子生物学阶段
4、现状
初级阶段
1、对糖类、脂类、氨基酸作
了比较系统的研究； 2、发现了核酸； 3、化学合成了简单多肽； 4、酵母发酵过程中可溶性催 化剂的发现奠定了酶学的基础。
1、生物大分子的结构与功能； 2、物质代谢及其调节； 3、基因信息的传递及其调控。
生物大分子：由某些 基本结构单位按照一定的 顺序和方式连接所形成的 多聚体。 分子量一般在104以上

生物化学与其他学科的关系
1、与农业的关系 2、与工业的关系 3、与药学的关系 4、与医学的关系
与农业的关系
人类基因组计划
科学研究证明，人类的生老病死
都与基因有关，如果能够破译人 类基因的序列和功能，就有可能 真正有效地预防、诊断和治疗各 种疾病。因此，1990年正式启动 的人类基因组计划一开始就引起 了全世界的广泛关注。
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MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
Characteristics of Innate and Adaptive Immunity Innate Immunity Adaptive Immunity Antigen dependent
Antigen independent No time lag
secondary immune responses:
* the second exposures to the same antigen . * more rapid, larger, more efficient at eliminating the antigen
Memory cells: B/T
(2) Components:
1) physical and chemical barriers : • mechanical defense: skin & mucous membrane blood-brain prevent the entry of pathogens blood-placental • biophysical defense: temperature, pH, soluble molecules 2) humoral factors: complement interferon (IFN) lysozyme 3) phagocytes: macrophage (M) ingestion of extracellular neutrophils(PMN) microbes by phagocytosis

spleen / lymph nodes / mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

where adaptive immune responses are
initiated

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
2. Immune Cells
Immunocytes: cells that participate in immune response or relate to immune response. Including: Innate immune response: phagocytes、NK、B1

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
2. Adaptive immunity
(1) General characteristics:
• • • • •
Set up after birth Non-heredity Difference among the individuals is acquired by antigen stimulation Can be transferred

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
（2）Important features of adaptive immune responses
Specificity:
aa
Ag
c d b
Immune responses are specific to exposure antigens.
Immune system Anti-a antibody Effector T cell

Primary or central lymphoid organs:


bone marrow / thymus (/bursa of Fabricius in birds) where lymphocytes are generated

Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs:
Theory： 43 hrs （自主学习：10hrs ） Experiment： 11 hrs (main building, floor 4/5) Teachers：
姚智、白虹、郁春艳、李宏钊

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
Week Theory Hours 1 Introduction 3 Antigen 3 2 Antibody 3 Complement 3 3 CK、CAM 2 MHC 2 4 Lymphocytes 5 6 APC 2 7 Immue response 4 7/8 Hypersensitivity 6 8/9 Immunoassay 10 immunotherapy 10 or 11 Final Exam.



Medical Immunology: 谭锦泉，姚堃主编， 科学出版社

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
Functions of immunity:
1) immunologic defence （免疫防御）
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
2) immunologic homeostasis （免疫稳定）
3) immunologic surveillance （免疫监视）

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
Composition of immune system
• Immune organs • Immunocytes • Immune molecules

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
1. Immune Tissues and organs

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
抗 原（引起免疫应答的物质） 免疫系统 免疫器官 免疫细胞 免疫分子 免疫应答 非特异性免疫 特异性免疫 免疫效应 生理效应 抗感染免疫 抗肿瘤免疫 免疫耐受 病理效应 超敏反应 自身免疫病 免疫缺陷病 免疫学应用 : 免疫诊断、免疫治疗、免疫预防

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
Memory: Immune response was enhanced by
MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
the second stimulate of the same antigen. primary immune responses:
the first exposures to the antigen

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
1. Innate immunity
exist before infection provides the first line of defense against infection rapid response to microbes react in the same way to repeat infections

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
Functions
Immunologic Defence Immunologic Homeostasis Immunologic Surveillance
Formal phenotype Abnormal phenotype
anti-infection hypersensitivity immunodeficiency eliminate injured or died cells discern mutant cell - (anti-tumor ) prevent consecutive infection autoimmue disease
tumor or consecutive infection

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
Results of Immunity:
beneficial (normally)/ injurious (sometimes)
The result of immune responses is not always to protect the host, sometimes can cause tissue injury and disease.
* Abnormalities in self-tolerance lead to autoimmune diseases.

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
(3) Components:
• T cell: mediate cellular immunity:
• B cell : mediate humoral immunity
Experiment
Hours
Neutralization Observation of Immu. organs Immunoelectrophoresis Demonstration, ELISA
2 2 2 2, 3

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
References

医学免疫学 第6版: 曹雪涛主编，人民卫生出版社 医学免疫学 第3版: 安云庆主编，北京大学出版社 Cellular and Molecular Immunology: Abul K. Abbas

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
Medical Immunology
Department of Medical Immunology Basic Medical College Tianjin Medical University
白 虹 2015, 9

MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY
Schedule
Types of immunity
• Innate immunity
•
( natural immunity/ native immunity/ non-specific immunity ) Adaptive Immunity ( acquired immunity/ specific immunity)
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