批判性思维

Critical thinking, in general, refers to higher-order thinking that questions assumptions. It is a way of deciding whether a claim is true, false, or sometimes true and sometimes false, or partly trueand partly false. It is a part of the education pro⁃cess, although there is debate among educators about its precise meaning and scope."reasonable reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do.""thinking about thinking.""the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action""the process of purposeful, self-regulatory judgment, which uses reasoned consideration to evidence, context, conceptualizations, methods, and criteria."What you don't know can often be more important than whatyou do know, so it is important to only make critical thinking evalua⁃tions within the parameters of the information you receive, but never than that or you may possibly make a misjudgment.Critical thinking is the study of clear and unclear thinking. It is primarily used in the field of education, and not in psychology. critical thinking as the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.The list of core critical thinking skills includes observation, interpretation, analysis, inference, evaluation, explanation and so on. In addition to possessing strong critical-thinking skills, one must besignificance, and fairness.Critical thinking calls for the ability to:∙Recognize problems, to find workable means for meeting those problems∙Understand the importance of prioritization and order of precedence in problem solving∙Gather and marshal pertinent (relevant) information∙Recognize unstated assumptions and values∙Comprehend and use language with accuracy, clarity, and discernment∙Interpret data, to appraise evidence and evaluate arguments∙Recognize the existence (or non-existence) of logical relationships between propositions∙Draw warranted conclusions and generalizations∙Put to test the conclusions and generalizations at which one arrives∙Reconstruct one's patterns of beliefs on the basis of wider experience∙Render accurate judgments about specific things and qualities in everyday life In sum:"A persistent effort to examine any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the evidence that supports or refutes it and the further conclusions to which it tends."The ability to think critically involves three elements:1.An attitude of being disposed to consider in a thoughtful way the problems and subjects thatcome within the range of one's experiences2.Knowledge of the methods of logical inquiry and reasoning3.Some skill in applying those methods.Critical thinking is significant in academics due to being significant in learning. Critical thinking is significant in the learning process of internalization, in the construction of basic ideas, principles, and theories inherent in content. And critical thinking is significant in the learning process of application, whereby those ideas, principles, and theories are implemented effectively as they become relevant in learners' lives. Good teachers cultivate critical thinking (intellectually engaged thinking) at every stage of learning, including initial learning. This process of intellectual engagement is at the heart ofthe Oxford, Durham, Cambridge and London School of Economics tutorials. The tutor questions the students, often in a Socratic manner (see Socratic questioning). The key is that the teacher who fosters critical thinking fosters reflectiveness in students by asking questions that stimulate thinking essential to the construction of knowledge.Each discipline adapts its use of critical thinking concepts and principles (principles like in school). The core concepts are always there, but they are embedded in subject-specific content. For students to learn content, intellectual engagement is crucial. All students must do their own thinking, their own construction of knowledge. Good teachers recognize this and therefore focus on the questions, readings, activities that stimulate the mind to take ownership of key concepts and principles underlying the subject.Critical thinking is considered important in the academic fields because it enables one to analyze, evaluate, explain, and restructure their thinking, thereby decreasing the risk of adopting, acting on, or thinking with, a false belief. However, even with knowledge of the methods of logical inquiry and reasoning, mistakes can happen due to a thinker's inability to apply the methods or because of character traits such as egocentrism. Critical thinking includes identification of prejudice, bias, propaganda,self-deception, distortion,misinformation, etc. Given research in cognitive psychology,some educators believe that schools should focus on teaching their students critical thinking skills and cultivation of intellectual traits.Critical thinking skills can be used to help nurses during the assessment process. Through the use of critical thinking, nurses can question, evaluate, and reconstruct the nursing care process by challenging the established theory and practice. Critical thinking skills can help nurses problem solve, reflect, and make a conclusive decision about the current situation they face. Critical thinking creates "new possibilities for the development of the nursing knowledge."[25] Due to the sociocultural, environmental, and political issues that are affecting healthcare delivery, it would be helpful to embody new techniques in nursing. Nurses can also engage their critical thinking skills through the Socratic method of dialogue and reflection. This practice standard is even part of some regulatory organizations such as the College of Nurses of Ontario Professional Standards for Continuing Competence (2006). It requires nurses to engage in Reflective Practice and keep records of this continued professional development for possible review by the College.Critical thinking also is considered important for human rights education for toleration. The Declaration of Principles on Tolerance adopted by UNESCO in 1995 affirms that "education for tolerance could aim at countering factors that lead to fear and exclusion of others, and could help young people to develop capacities for independent judgement,critical thinking and ethical reasoning."[26][citation needed]Critical thinking is used as a way of deciding whether a claim is true, partially true, or false. It is a tool by which one can come about reasoned conclusions based on a reasoned process.。