实用英语词汇学(3)PPT课件
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初中英语词汇学精美课件ppt (3)
Belligerency = 交战，好战状态
2. Biblio = book Bibliofilm = biLeabharlann lio- + film（交卷）
微缩胶卷 Bibliography = biblio- + -graphy（书，画）
参考书目，文献
Bibliology = biblio- + -logy(学科） 目录学，圣经学
生物合成
Bioclean 无菌的 Bioclimatic 生物气候的
4. Brev = Short
Brevity = brev- + -ity(n) = 简洁，简明
Brevirostrate= brev- +i + rostrate(有喙的 短喙的
Abbreviate = ab-(加强）+ brev- +i + -ate(v.使成为）缩短
5. Brig = Fight
Brigand = brig- + -and(n. 对象 ）土匪 Brigandish= brigand+ -ish(adj, …似的）
土匪般的
Brigandage=brigand+ -age(n.行为，动作） 土匪行为，抢劫
Brigade 旅，帮， 伙 Brigadier 准将 Brigantine 双桅帆船
1. Bell
= War
Bellcose = bell- + cose(交谈）
好斗的，好争辩的
Bellicism= bell- +-ic(adj.属于的）+ -ism
好战性，好战倾向
Belligerent = bell- + i + -ger(携带）+ -ent （adj.性质，状态）好斗的，交战的 Belligerent country 交战国
2. Biblio = book Bibliofilm = biLeabharlann lio- + film（交卷）
微缩胶卷 Bibliography = biblio- + -graphy（书，画）
参考书目，文献
Bibliology = biblio- + -logy(学科） 目录学，圣经学
生物合成
Bioclean 无菌的 Bioclimatic 生物气候的
4. Brev = Short
Brevity = brev- + -ity(n) = 简洁，简明
Brevirostrate= brev- +i + rostrate(有喙的 短喙的
Abbreviate = ab-(加强）+ brev- +i + -ate(v.使成为）缩短
5. Brig = Fight
Brigand = brig- + -and(n. 对象 ）土匪 Brigandish= brigand+ -ish(adj, …似的）
土匪般的
Brigandage=brigand+ -age(n.行为，动作） 土匪行为，抢劫
Brigade 旅，帮， 伙 Brigadier 准将 Brigantine 双桅帆船
1. Bell
= War
Bellcose = bell- + cose(交谈）
好斗的，好争辩的
Bellicism= bell- +-ic(adj.属于的）+ -ism
好战性，好战倾向
Belligerent = bell- + i + -ger(携带）+ -ent （adj.性质，状态）好斗的，交战的 Belligerent country 交战国
词汇学之3种构词法PPT课件
counter
act
argument example revolution
5. Prefixes of attitude (3)
anti
social
national clockwise slavery
5. Prefixes of attitude
prefixes
meaning
examples
co-
prefixes meaning
examples
arch-
supreme
archbishop
superout-
more than surpassing
supermarket outlive
sur-
over
surcharge
sub-
below
subnormal
overunder-
excessive too little
meaning
not, the converse
of
examples unwise
nonessential dishonest informal immature illegal irregular
2. Reversative prefixes (1)
un
pack
wrap
do
dress
2. Reversative prefixes (2)
8.Number prefixes
prefixes
quinqu-, pentahexa-, sex-
meaning five
six
sept-, heptaoctaennea-
seven eight nine
examples
quinquagenarian, pentagon
act
argument example revolution
5. Prefixes of attitude (3)
anti
social
national clockwise slavery
5. Prefixes of attitude
prefixes
meaning
examples
co-
prefixes meaning
examples
arch-
supreme
archbishop
superout-
more than surpassing
supermarket outlive
sur-
over
surcharge
sub-
below
subnormal
overunder-
excessive too little
meaning
not, the converse
of
examples unwise
nonessential dishonest informal immature illegal irregular
2. Reversative prefixes (1)
un
pack
wrap
do
dress
2. Reversative prefixes (2)
8.Number prefixes
prefixes
quinqu-, pentahexa-, sex-
meaning five
six
sept-, heptaoctaennea-
seven eight nine
examples
quinquagenarian, pentagon
英语词汇学
构词双音化规律的支配，古代的单音词，许多都转化为现代汉语的语素。 （黄伯荣，现代汉语，甘肃人民出版社，1983）
What is a Chinese phrase(词组)
❖ 词组又叫短语，是大于词的语言单位，是由两个或两个以上的实词构成 而不成为句子的语言单位。
❖ 词和词组的区别： ❖ 1、意义上，词表示简单的概念，词组复合的概念。 ❖ 2、语法功能上，词是句法结构中最小的独立运用的单位，词组也是句
morphemes. ❖ The word occurs typically in the structure of
phrases. ❖ The word should belong to a specific word
class or part of speech.
Simple and plex words
English Lexicology Chapter 1
Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
本文档后面有精心整理的常用PPT编辑图标，以提高工作效率
Abstract
❖ This chapter gives a scientific definition of a word, discusses the relationship between sound and meaning, between sound and form, between words and vocabulary, puts forward the three main principles of lexical classification and elaborates on the features of basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary, content words and functional words, native words and borrowed words.
What is a Chinese phrase(词组)
❖ 词组又叫短语，是大于词的语言单位，是由两个或两个以上的实词构成 而不成为句子的语言单位。
❖ 词和词组的区别： ❖ 1、意义上，词表示简单的概念，词组复合的概念。 ❖ 2、语法功能上，词是句法结构中最小的独立运用的单位，词组也是句
morphemes. ❖ The word occurs typically in the structure of
phrases. ❖ The word should belong to a specific word
class or part of speech.
Simple and plex words
English Lexicology Chapter 1
Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
本文档后面有精心整理的常用PPT编辑图标，以提高工作效率
Abstract
❖ This chapter gives a scientific definition of a word, discusses the relationship between sound and meaning, between sound and form, between words and vocabulary, puts forward the three main principles of lexical classification and elaborates on the features of basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary, content words and functional words, native words and borrowed words.
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
❖ 2. synonyms and idioms
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
英语词汇学教程课件第3章English Lexicology 3
English Lexicology
Lecture Three
The Development of English
The 5000 or so languages of the world can be grouped into about 300 language families, on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammars.
The early English settlers do not seem to have made much of an effort to understand the language of the Britons. They did not learn many words from the Celts. The English added only a handful of Celtic words to their language, like clout, cradle, crock, dun, slough, cumb (valley), torr (hill). Place names formed a large group. Thames, Wye and Avon are Celtic river names, and so are some city names like York, London, Kent. These words came into English as the result of daily contact between Celt and Anglo-Saxon.
Because of these and other influences, the English vocabulary changed enormously and became the largest and most complex in the world, and the grammar changed its emphasis from inflections to word order.
Lecture Three
The Development of English
The 5000 or so languages of the world can be grouped into about 300 language families, on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammars.
The early English settlers do not seem to have made much of an effort to understand the language of the Britons. They did not learn many words from the Celts. The English added only a handful of Celtic words to their language, like clout, cradle, crock, dun, slough, cumb (valley), torr (hill). Place names formed a large group. Thames, Wye and Avon are Celtic river names, and so are some city names like York, London, Kent. These words came into English as the result of daily contact between Celt and Anglo-Saxon.
Because of these and other influences, the English vocabulary changed enormously and became the largest and most complex in the world, and the grammar changed its emphasis from inflections to word order.
词汇学第三单元ppt课件
名人的姓名也经常以缩略词的形式出现，首字母缩略词加不 加圆点，用法各异，英国人经常不加圆点，美国人经常加圆 点,但总是倾向不加圆点。
例：萧伯纳 George Bernard Shaw (G.B.S.)
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Ⅲ.首字母拼音词
• 把首字母组成的缩略词拼读成一个词，就是首字 母拼音词。
• 涉及面：科技用语；组织名称；产品名称；国际 机构等
截短词有鲜明的文体色彩，只适用于口语或非正 式场合。例如，exam（考试）、prof（教授） 拼写稍作改动，以便发音。例如dub double（为 电影配音）
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II. 首字母缩略词
• 首字母缩略法是将社团名称、特殊名词短语或专 业术语的第一个字母组合在一起的构词方法。利 用第一个词的首字母代表一个词组的缩略词，就 叫做首字母缩略词。
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• 个别截短词演变出新的词义
例如，fan（体育运动、电影等爱好者）来自fanatic （狂热者，入迷者）。
• 截短词和原词同时存在，但截短词是通用的词， 而原词却不常用，甚至带有书卷气。
例如：lunch luncheon（午餐）、movie movie picture（电影） 词义有分工，例如，cute（小巧可爱的） acute （敏锐的）、mend（修理） amend（修订、改 良）、spy（间谍） espy（窥见）
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IV.拼缀词
拼缀法：将两个词的某一部分合并，或者在一个词上加上另一 个词的一部分而构成新词的一种方法，拼缀法只能裁剪两个词 中的一个，把一个不完整的词和一个完整的词拼成另一个词，
这样的构词方法叫做“拼缀词”，“合成词”“混成词 （teleseope word）”或者“行囊词（portmanteau word）”
例：萧伯纳 George Bernard Shaw (G.B.S.)
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Ⅲ.首字母拼音词
• 把首字母组成的缩略词拼读成一个词，就是首字 母拼音词。
• 涉及面：科技用语；组织名称；产品名称；国际 机构等
截短词有鲜明的文体色彩，只适用于口语或非正 式场合。例如，exam（考试）、prof（教授） 拼写稍作改动，以便发音。例如dub double（为 电影配音）
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II. 首字母缩略词
• 首字母缩略法是将社团名称、特殊名词短语或专 业术语的第一个字母组合在一起的构词方法。利 用第一个词的首字母代表一个词组的缩略词，就 叫做首字母缩略词。
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• 个别截短词演变出新的词义
例如，fan（体育运动、电影等爱好者）来自fanatic （狂热者，入迷者）。
• 截短词和原词同时存在，但截短词是通用的词， 而原词却不常用，甚至带有书卷气。
例如：lunch luncheon（午餐）、movie movie picture（电影） 词义有分工，例如，cute（小巧可爱的） acute （敏锐的）、mend（修理） amend（修订、改 良）、spy（间谍） espy（窥见）
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IV.拼缀词
拼缀法：将两个词的某一部分合并，或者在一个词上加上另一 个词的一部分而构成新词的一种方法，拼缀法只能裁剪两个词 中的一个，把一个不完整的词和一个完整的词拼成另一个词，
这样的构词方法叫做“拼缀词”，“合成词”“混成词 （teleseope word）”或者“行囊词（portmanteau word）”
词汇学及相关学科.ppt
Grammatical knowledge allows us to generate sentences.
If we want to express meanings, we need to have a store of words that we can select from when we wish to express these meanings under the control of grammatical rules.
What is linguistics then? Linguistics is the scientific study of
languages.
Lecture 1
Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
语言学的主要内容
A /bull-ˋcalf is a young bull.
2. With grammar
Vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another.
In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary.
语义学（semantics），分析语言单位和所指内 容之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics),分析语言符号和使用者之 间的关系，如何通过语言符号表达语言符号所 表达的以及语言符号之外的意义。
The nature and domain of lexicology
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins, meaning and uses of words.
If we want to express meanings, we need to have a store of words that we can select from when we wish to express these meanings under the control of grammatical rules.
What is linguistics then? Linguistics is the scientific study of
languages.
Lecture 1
Connection of Lexicology with Other Branches of Linguistics
语言学的主要内容
A /bull-ˋcalf is a young bull.
2. With grammar
Vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another.
In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary.
语义学（semantics），分析语言单位和所指内 容之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics),分析语言符号和使用者之 间的关系，如何通过语言符号表达语言符号所 表达的以及语言符号之外的意义。
The nature and domain of lexicology
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins, meaning and uses of words.
英语词汇学课件1-6章
1) Old English
族
古英语
vocabulary(450—1150 AD公元)
日耳曼语
After Romans罗马, 3 Germanic tribes called Angles , Saxons and Jutes controlled England. Their language—Anglo-Saxon also dominated 支 配 the land. Common practice : combine 2 native words to create new words. It was a highly inflected language with about 50000-60000 words.
3) Modern English 近代英语(1500---now) 2 sub-periods 子周期can be divided: a. Early Modern English (15001700) Because of the Renaissance , many Latin and Greek words entered English and English began to have a Latinate flavor拉丁味.
• C. Productivity衍生(can form new words) • D. Polysemy 一 词 多 义 (various meanings, “book”; “man”: to man a dove) • E. Collocability搭配( form idioms方 言, proverbs谚语)
It has something to do with与有关 the following subjects:
词汇学Chapter-3-Morphological-structure-of-English-words
Allomorph 词素变体
• An allomorph refers to a number of a set of morphs, which present one morpheme. 词素变体指一套形素中的一个成员，表征一个 词素。
When the plural marker {s} is added to cat, dog, and horse, it is pronounced differently as /-s, -z,
but they cannot be further divided, otherwise they will not make any sense.
Morphemes may have some variants, e.g. - ation. May also be -tion, -sion,-ion, but they
9. Stupig 笨猪
decontextualization
decontextualization
• de-; 否定、非、相反：destruction, dematerialize… 除去、取消、毁：desalt, de-oil, de-water…
• con-; 共同,一起;加强意义：conclude, condense… • text; 编制: context, pretext, textbook, textile • -al; 表示属于…的、具有…性质的：
personal, global, natural… 构成抽象名词，表示行为、状况、事情：
refusal, removal, arrival… • -iz(e); 表示“…化”、按照…样子去做、按…方式去处理：
modernize, realize, organize, popularize… • -ation; 表示行为、情况、状态：starvation, invitation…
英语词汇学 ppt课件
eg. (1) hām(home)的变格： Singular
Subjective hām
Possessive hāmes
Patient
hāme
Objective hām
Plural hāmas hāma hāmum hāmas
ppt课件
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6）Loan Words 外来语
（1） Introduction of Christianity(基督教) Fr. Latin: bargain, cheap, inch, pound, cup, dish, wall, wine, etc.; abbot, alter, candle, disciple, hymn, martyr, num, priest, pope, shrine, temple, etc. （2） Scandinavian invasion — Vikings Fr. Old Norse: are, they, their, them, till, call, die give, take skin, sky, window, ill, weak, etc.
3000 BC, Iberians --- Neolithic
500 BC, Celts
55BC – 410 AD, the Roman occupation
55BC: Julius Caesar
43AD: Emperor Claudius
--- The Roman Conquest罗马人的征服
inflectional and derivational affix?
ppt课件
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6. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?
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5. To be or act as N e.g. She mothered the orphan. 1) nurse, boss, pilot, referee, captain e.g. Tom parroted what the boss had said. 2) ape, monkey, dog, wolf, kitten e.g. The police shadowed the suspected spy. 3) flood, ghost, mushroom, snowball
The word sometimes undergoes phonological change. e.g. conduct, permit; house, close
.
3
The free interchange of a word from one part of speech to another is a significant feature of modern English. Very rich 10.5% Productive e.g. to plan a table---to table a plan to book a place---to place a book
transportation, arrangement belongings, climb-ascent; scatter-dissemination
.
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Semantic relation of v-n conversion
1. Stative verbs: ~of mind, ~ of sensation
It’s also called “derivation by zero suffix. e.g. attack us---- launch an attack on us invade us----launch an invasion on us
The word sometimes undergoes semantic change. e.g. mushroom
Conversion Affixation----prefixation
.
1
Conversion
What is conversion? Types of conversion
.
2
What is conversion?
Conversion is a word formation process whereby a word of certain part of speech is shifted to another part of speech without the addition of an affix.
The workers canned the apples. (bottle, floor, pocket, cage, shelve) 2. To give N or to provide with N They shelter the orphans. (coat, fuel, sugar, label, finance, oil, butter) 3. To remove N from Bill weeded the garden. (juice, dust, skin, peel) 4. To do …with N John braked the car. She fingered the silk. (screw, pump, nail, elbow, knife, x-ray, shoulder)
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Types of conversion: noun →verb; verb→noun
Noun to verb conversion: most productive Reasons:
More nouns than verbs in English
to radio, to zerox, to tape, to x-ray, to videotape
பைடு நூலகம்
.
4
The second round of the boxing was exciting.
Any round plate will do. Some drivers round corners too rapidly. The sound goes round and round. He lives round the corner.
Fewer verb suffixes
be-, en-, -ify, -ize, -en; vacuumclean, housekeep
.
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Noun to verb conversion
Semantically related to the original nouns in a variety of ways. 1. To put in/on N
8. To spend a period of time denoted by N e.g. We summered in Qingdao. (holiday, vocation)
★ transitive ＆ intransitive
.
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Verb to noun
Not as numerous as nouns from verbs Reasons: suffix, -ing form, synonyms
6. To change or make…into N e.g. Please cash this cheque for me. (cripple, feature, orphan, fool, group)
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7. To send or go by N e.g. Will you please mail the parcel? (ship, telephone, telegraph) e.g. We bicycled to the Summer Palace. (ski, boat, motor)