Literature and English literature(文学和英国文学介绍)
UnitBritishLiterature(英国文学)必备学习
美式论文、报告写作技巧编者按：美式教育地特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用,因此,报告便成了常见地考核学生学习成果地方式,比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文<含毕业论文）等.研究生presentation 及seminar 地机会更是占很大地比重,有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例.如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好地成绩,是本文提供给有志留学地有心人参考地目地. 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯,在启发式地教育环境下,写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生,虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强,但是表达能力由於自小培养,加上英语能力地优势,常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹地利基.反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作地训练,因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦,其实论文、报告地写作要领其实不难,只要把握技巧就可水到渠成.通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries>,本文(Texts>以及参考资料(References>三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：(一> 篇首：封面(Title>序言(Preface>谢词(Acknowledge>提要(Summary>目录(Tables and Appendixes>(二> 本文：引言(Introduction>主体,含篇(Part>、章(Chapter>、节(Section> 、以及注释 (Footnotes>(三>参考资料：参考书目(References or Bibliography>附录资料(Appendix>.进行论文或报告写作之前,先要确定想要表达地主题,主题确定后,将其具体表达,即为题目.题目可以提供研究者：一.研究地方向二.研究地范围三.资料搜集地范围四.预期研究成果通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究,建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用.构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal 地先前步骤, 大纲是论文、报告地骨干, Proposal 是研究地架构、流程及范围地说明书.如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前地必要准备工作.好地论文或研究报告,要基于在完整、详实地资料上,而参考资料除了和教授商借之外,最主要地来源就是图书馆了,一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构地报告、科技或商业方面地杂志,及会议性质地资料.此外现代地电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料,在国外可利用学校地电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要地资料.当一切准备就绪,即可开始着手写报告,一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告,及小报告如 Seminar 式地报告.就算是小报告,也至少应含(一>TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期(二>Summary：即主要地结论(三>Introduction：包括理论背景及内容(四>Technical Sections：是论文地主体,为最重要地部份应再细分为几个片断.(五>Conclusions：即扼要地结论(六>Appendixes：复杂公式地导引及叁考资料和电脑程式地报表可附加在此项美式报告地撰写通常要打字,两行式,行间若有未拼完地字要以音节来连接.写报告通常需要用到电脑,如有计算数字统计图表地需求,也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS,统计分析软体如SAS,也是不可或缺地,电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界地重要工具,文书处理更是最基本地要求,因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎地工具.此外在英文语法、文法上地润饰与修改,如能请老美帮忙会比较好.论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation>,用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战,通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟,若是论文囗试则至少一小时.投影机及麦克风地使用对讲演地效果有很大帮助,正式讲演前多预习几次,时间宜控制适中,上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念,需留意听众地反应,切中主题,避免太多数字地导引.Unit 6British Literature (英国文学>一、本单元重点内容1. Beowulf {贝奥武夫(一首古英文史诗地名字,同时也是此诗中地英雄地名字>}2. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟地《坎特伯雷故事集》>3. Stories about King Arthur (关于亚瑟王和他地骑士们地故事>4. William Shakespeare (威廉·莎士比亚>5. the Romance writers in the 19th century (19世纪浪漫派作家>6. The Brontes (布朗特三姐妹>7. Charles Dickens (查理·狄更斯>8. Sir Walter Scott (瓦尔特·司各特>9. Robert Louis Stevenson (罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森>10. Modernism (现代主义>11. Postmodernism (后现代主义>12. Joseph Conrad (约瑟夫·康拉德>13. Virginia Woolf (维吉尼亚·吴尔夫>14. wrence (D.H.·劳伦斯>15. E.M Foster (EM·福斯特>二、本单元重、难点辅导1. early writing1>. British literature concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons’ illustrated versions of the bible: the most famous--- the Book of Kells2>. Beowulf --- a long poem, one of the oldest of these early “Old English”(AD 6th C. —AD 11thC.地盎格鲁˙撒克逊地英语> literary works (古英语文学作品指8th C. AD—11th C. AD>3>. Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400>The most important work in Middle English (中古英语：11th C. AD—15th C. AD> Literature. It’s made up of a series of stories told by 31 pilgrims to entertain eac h other on their way to the Christian Church at Canterbury in south-east England. It’s quite noticeable for its diversity, not only in the range of social status among the pilgrims, but also in style of the stories they tell.杰弗里·乔叟地《坎特伯雷故事集》是中古英语文学中最重要地作品.故事讲述了31个朝圣者结伴到英格兰东南部地坎特伯雷去朝圣.途中,每个人讲一个故事,来缓解旅途地劳顿. 值得注意地是,这部故事集体现地多样性,这些朝圣者来自不同地阶层,几乎涵盖了当时地所有社会阶层,他们讲故事地风格也各不相同. (中古英语：指11世纪到15世纪地英语>4>. the stories of King Arthur and his knightsKing Arthur was the King of England in the 5th Century and was the central figure of many legends. History of the Kings of Britain published in 1138 well established King Arthur in literary form. The book invented material to fill the broad gaps in the historical record. The stories of King Arthur’s court, his knights and th eir famous round table and the search for the Holy Grail were mainly based on a very few vague “facts”. The ruined castle at Tintagel in Cornwall mentioned in the legends of King Arthur is now a popular tourist destination.2. Elizabethan Drama (伊丽莎白一世:1533.9.7—1603.5.24>---a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during 15th and16th C. which is known as “The Renaissance”--- drama: the most successful and long-lasting expressions of this development--- the 1st professional theatre opened in London in 1576--- thegreattrio (the best of the famous playwrights>1> Christopher Marlowe (克里斯托弗·马洛>—the earliest of the trio Dr Faustus《浮士德博士》2> William Shakespeare (1564--1616>— an English dramatist and poet in the Elizabethan age. He is generally regarded as the greatest playwright in English literature. His plays fall into three categories: tragedies (Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, etc.>, comedies (Merchant of Venice, The Dreams of the Midsummer Nigh t, etc.> and history plays (Henry VI, Charles II etc. >威廉·莎士比亚是伊丽莎白时期地英国剧作家和诗人.他通常被认为是英国文学中最伟大地剧作家.他地作品分为三类：悲剧、喜剧和历史剧,悲剧有《哈姆莱特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等,喜剧有《威尼斯商人》、《仲夏夜之梦》等,历史剧有《亨利6世》《查理二世》等.3> Ben Jonson3. the 19th C. literatureRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.粗略地讲,19世纪地前30几年构成英国文学地浪漫主义时期.浪漫派作家更多地关注人类地想象力和情感,而不是理性地力量.A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治合编地《抒情歌谣集》被认为是浪漫派诗歌地“独立宣言”.济慈,拜伦和雪莱这三位伟大地诗人把浪漫主义运动推向高潮.浪漫主义地精神在小说中也有体现.The Romantics saw themselves as free spirits, emphasizing nature, originality, the emotional and personal, rather than the “rational” in their work. This was a change fr om the emphasis on imitating classical (meaning Ancient Greek and Roman> conventions and forms.---novels1>. Jane Austen—6 novels Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma2>. Bronte sisters—daughters of the vicar of a village church in Yorkshire. Though poor, they were educated and respectable. They all died young, but were remembered long after their death for their contribution to English literature. —Charlotte (Jane Eyre>, Emily (WutheringHeights> and Ann.她们是约克郡一个乡村教会地牧师地女儿,分别叫夏洛特,爱M莉和安.虽然很穷,但她们都受过良好地教育,非常受人尊敬.她们很年轻就去世了,但是因为她们对英国文学地贡献,在她们去世后那么久都没有被人遗忘.夏洛特地名篇是《简爱》,爱M莉地名篇是《呼啸山庄》.为了书出版,她们都得用男性化地笔名.3>. Elizabeth Gaskell (盖斯凯尔,a woman writer> (friend of Charlotte。
英文文学著作
英文文学著作English literature is a vast and rich field that encompasses a wide range of writing styles, themes, and periods. From the epic poems of Beowulf to the romantic poetry of the Victorian era, English literature offers a glimpse into the minds and hearts of those who have come before us. Reading works of English literature can transport us to different times and places, allowing us to experience the thoughts and emotions of people from centuries past.英国文学是一个广阔而丰富的领域，涵盖了各种写作风格、主题和时期。
从《贝奥武夫》的史诗诗歌到维多利亚时代的浪漫诗歌，英国文学为我们提供了一瞥那些过去的人们的思想和心灵。
阅读英国文学作品可以使我们穿越到不同的时代和地点，让我们体验几个世纪前人们的思想和情感。
One of the most significant periods in English literature is the Romantic era, which lasted from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century. Romantic literature is characterized by an emphasis on emotion, nature, and individuality, and prominent Romantic writers include William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Lord Byron. The Romantics sought to capture the power and beauty ofnature in their writing, often using vivid imagery and intense emotions to convey their feelings about the world around them.英国文学中最重要的时期之一是浪漫主义时代，从18世纪末到19世纪中叶持续。
English Literature 英国文学考试试题及答案
Part One Early and Medieval English LiteratureⅠ. Fill in the blanks.1. In 1066, ____, with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeatingEngland.A. William the ConquerorB. Julius CaesarC. Alfred the GreatD. Claudius2. In the 14th century, the most important writer (poet) is ____ .A. LanglandB. WycliffeC. GowerD. Chaucer明朝3. The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is ____.中世纪A. novelB. dramaC. romanceD. essay4. The story of ___ is the culmination of the Arthurian romances.亚瑟王的顶峰A. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightB.BeowulfC. Piers the PlowmanD. The Canterbury Tales5. William Langland’s ____ is written in the form of a dream vision.A. Kubla KhanB. Piers the PlowmanC. The Dream of John BullD. Morte d’Arthur6. After the Norman Conquest, three languages existed in England at that time. TheNormans spoke _____.A. FrenchB. EnglishC. LatinD. Swedish7. ______ was the greatest of English religious reformers and the first translator ofthe Bible.A. LanglandB. GowerC. Wycliffe威克利夫D. Chaucer8. Piers the Plowman describes a series of wonderful dreams the author dreamed,through which, we can see a picture of the life in the ____ England.A. primitiveB. feudal封建的；领地的；世仇的C. bourgeois 资本家D. modern9. The theme of ____ to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.A. loyaltyB. revolt反抗C. obedience顺从D. mockery嘲弄10. The most famous cycle of English ballads民歌centers on the stories about alegendary outlaw called _____.A. Morte d’ArthurB. Robin HoodC. The Canterbury TalesD. Piers the Plowman11. ______, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets ofEngland, was born in London in about 1340.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Sir GawainC. Francis BaconD. John Dryden12. Chaucer died on October 25th, 1400, and was buried in ____.A. FlandersB. FranceC. ItalyD. Westminster Abbey威斯敏斯特教堂（英国名人墓地13. Chaucer’s earliest work of any length is his _____, a translation of the FrenchRoman de la Rose by Gaillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung, which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries not only in France but throughout Europe.A.The Romaunt of the Rose 传奇故事B. “A Red, Red Rose”C. The Legend of Good WomenD. The Book of the Duchess14. In his lifetime Chaucer served in a great variety of occupations that had impact onthe wide range of his writings. Which one is not his career? ____.A. engineerB. courtierC. office holderD. soldierE. ambassadorF. legislator (议员)15. Chaucer composes a long narrative poem na med _____ based on Boccaccio’spoem “Filostrato”.A. The Legend of Good WomenB. Troilus and CriseydeC. Sir Gawain and the Green KnightD. BeowulfKey to the multiple choices：1-5 ADCAB 6-10 ACBAB 11-15 ADAABⅡ. Questions1.What are the features of Beowulf?文体。
英国文学资料English-literature-of-the-renaissance
• Geographical Discoveries (commercial expansion and broadening the mental horizons)
• In the commercial expansion, Spain was the rival with England over the sea. At last a war broke out in 1588. it ended with the rout of the Spanish fleet “Armada”.
Arcadia
• Pastoral, as an adjective, refers to the lifestyle of shepherds and pastoralists, moving livestock around larger areas of land according to seasons and availability of water and food.
• Thomas Wyatt and Surrey were court poets. They are both top-notch aristocrats and their poetry was more representative of the thoughts and feelings of the nobility.
• Then Spenser studied at Cambridge, where she read the classics and italian poets and wrote poems. He received his M.A.degree in 1576.
• In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.
英国文学史_English Literature
Chapter OneThe Beginning of English LiteratureLiterature, Culture, and HistoryThe CeltsCeltic English--London, Leeds, Avon,the Thames: dark riverThe Romans were originally attracted to the natural hot springs near what is now the city of Bath in England, pictured here.•the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. (3)•Viking RaidingThe most impressive chapter in early English literature is Beowulf, the first epic poem written in English,Beowulf•was created around A. D. 700,•has some three thousand lines. (6)•King Hrothgar•Beowulf•Grendel p.5••Cultural values•Language•Symbolic: ring-giverComments (p. 6)•An example of the use of alliteration:•Round the rocks run the riverIn the Middle Ages (476-1453), chivalry became a code of behavior. Romance developed. Life was hard; it was a journey through a vale of tears. People could find comfort and hope only in religion.•The Black Death, an epidemic of plague in Europe that lasted from 1347 to 1351, resulted in the deaths of almost one-quarter of Europe’s population. The Black Death was the first in a cycle of plagues in Europe that continued into the 18th century.Shown here, the French city of Marseille is devastated by a later outbreak of plague.The Transitional PeriodThe six centuries after Beowulf were not productive of literary achievements.There is not much that can catch the attention of the general readers of English literature. However, the following works are important literary achievements of the period.Anglo-Saxon lyrics found in the famous Exeter BookThe Seafarer is a monologue, describing an old sailor who is torn between the attractions of the sea and the perils it might bring. Some critics read it as a dialogue between an old sailor and a young boy, expressing the troubles and joys of life at sea.a modern manuscriptThe Wanderer is a monologue by a man telling the joyful days of comradeship in the hall of his lord and his sorrow over the harshness of the world in which he lives after the death of his dear “good-friend.”The history books written by the Venerable Bede (673-735) are of constant attraction to present-day historians.Alfred the Great, king of the West Saxons from 871 to 899, encouraged and actively participated in the creation of early English scholarly literature. Many of his translations and the well-known Anglo-Saxon Chronicle are important contributions to earlyAnglo-Saxon culture.An Overview (7)•This stained glass window designed by 19th-century British artist William Morris depicts two characters from Arthurian legend: Queen Guinevere, left, and the lady Isolde, right. Guinevere was the wife of King Arthur. Isolde had a love affair with an adventurer named Tristan.•Depicting the Norman conquest of England by William I and the events leading up to it, the 11th-century Bayeux Tapestry is one of the most famous tapestries in the world.The inscriptions worked into the design help describe the action, and the depictions of costume, arms, and other details are faithful to reality.The three Major Poets in fourteenth-century England are•G. Chaucer•W. Langland•The Gawain-poet•The Book of the Duchess, written in 1369, is Chaucer's first major work. It is an elegy in memory of Blanche, John of Gaunt's first wife. John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster, was Chaucer's patron. The purpose of the poem was to console his patron. It is a dream-allegory. The poem blends the conventional literary form of allegory with a lively realism and psychological explorations of the minds of the characters.Troilus and Criseyde (c. 1385) is Chaucer's great achievement. The poem is an adaptation of Boccaccio's Il Filostrato (The Lover-Stricken). It tells the love story between Troilus, the son of the king of Troy, and Criseyde, whose father has fled to the Greeks and left his daughter behind.•The Canterbury Tales(c. 1387-1400) is Chaucer's monumental success. Whenever Chaucer's name is mentioned, The Canterbury Tales is remembered. For most people, it is through the reading of this long poem that they arrive at some understanding of the poet's attitude towards many of the social issues of 14th-century England.•In ancient times, the town of Canterbury was England’s religious center. In the famous collection of stories The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer used the town as the destination for his characters, who were on a pilgrimage to the shrine honoring St.Thomas á Becket. Visitors are attracted to the city’s rich past and beautiful buildings.•Thomas à Becket was made archbishop of Canterbury by King Henry II of England in 1162. Becket resisted Henry’s attempts to control the affairs of the Catholic church.Over time their conflicts grew bitter. Four of Henry’s knights, acting on their own, murdered Becket. reserved.The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way toChaucer's original plan was to write 120 stories, two for each pilgrim on their way to Canterbury and two more on their way back. But Chaucer only completed _______Chaucer: Canterbury Tales•Miller’s Tale•Nicholas (college scholar)•Alison (a loose woman)•Absalon (a religious man)Carefully structured (p. 14)What personal and social factors help to make Chaucer a great poet? (p. 17)William Langland (c.1332-c.1400)Piers Plowman has three versions. The A text has 2,567 lines. The B text has about 7,277 lines, is commonly accepted as the best form of the poem.Seven Deadly Sins•Pride 骄傲•Wrath 愤怒•Envy 嫉妒•Lust 贪欲•Gluttony 贪食•Avarice 贪财•Sloth 邋遢The author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is unknown.Story; comments (p.23)•King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table•The semilegendary King Arthur is probably the most well-known king in all of English literature. Tales of Arthur and his knights span several centuries and many different languages. The so-called Round Table, the meeting place of Arthur and the knights, was round so that no one member seemed favored over the others.The author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight might also be the author of thewell-structured poem, Pearl.Chapter TwoThe Glory of PoetryWhen Henry became King, he started to build up the Navy into a strong fighting force. Henry loved his ships – he would often go and watch them being built and have parties on boardHis most famous ship was the Mary Rose, she was built in Portsmouth around 1510 and was named after his sister.But he was also a terrible and cruel King. He executed (killed) anyone who disagreed with him (including two of his wives!)The RenaissanceQueen ElizabethSir Philip Sidney (1554-1586)Sir Philip Sidney best represented the spirit of the Elizabethan Age. In many ways he stood for th e Renaissance ideal of "the complete man.”Archadia p. 33;A picturesonnetsWith how sad steps, O moon, thou climb'st the skies!How silently, and with how wan a face!What! may it be that even in heavenly placeThat busy archer his sharp arrows tries?Sure, if that long-with-love-acquainted eyesCan judge of love, thou feel'st a lover's case.I read it in thy looks; thy languished grace,To me, that feel the like, thy state describes.Then, even of fellowship, O moon, tell me,Is constant love deemed there but want of wit?Are beauties there as proud as here they be?Do they above love to be loved, and yetThose lovers scorn whom that love doth possess?Do they call virtue there ungratefulness?Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)Like Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser was eager to glorify the English language through poetry. Spenser, a master of poetic art, is most famous for his long allegorical romance, The Faerie Queen (1590).Gluttony p. 39Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593)Come, Live with MeCome live with me and be my Love,And we will all the pleasures proveThat hills and valleys, dale and field,And all the craggy mountains yield.There will we sit upon the rocksAnd see the shepherds feed their flocks,By shallow rivers, to whose fallsMelodious birds sing madrigals.There will I make thee beds of rosesAnd a thousand fragrant posies,A cap of flowers, and a kirtle (dress)Embroider'd all with leaves of myrtle.A gown made of the finest woolWhich from our pretty lambs we pull,Fair linèd slippers for the cold,With buckles of the purest gold.A belt of straw and ivy budsWith coral clasps and amber studs:And if these pleasures may thee move,Come live with me and be my Love.Thy silver dishes for thy meatAs precious as the gods do eat,Shall on an ivory table bePrepared each day for thee and me.The shepherd swains shall dance and singFor thy delight each May-morning:If these delights thy mind may move,Then live with me and be my Love.Come live with mea pastoraltwo shepherdsrural arearustic lifePersuades his beloved lady to become his wife by promising to do the impossible things for her.Sonnet, PetrarchShakespearian SonnetsCompared with other Elizabethan sonnet sequences Shakespeare's sonnets are more profound in their moral depth and more complex in their expressed feelings.They reveal the most sophisticated aspects of human nature: moral depth and psychological uncertainties; the immortality of art as being represented by poetry; thevalue of genuine friendship, the sorrows of feeling neglected in a corrupt world.No marble, nor the gilded monumentsOf princess, shall outlive this powerful rhyme.(sonnet 55)云母石或者王公们镀金的碑碣都不会比这诗句留存得更悠久Nor shall Death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st. (sonnet 18)死亡不会夸你在它的阴影中徘徊在这永恒不朽的诗行中你长存Lilies that fester smell far worse than weeds. (sonnet 94)腐烂的百合花比野草更臭秽Love is not loveWhich alters when it alteration finds,Or bends with remover to remove. (sonnet 116)爱情是虚假的当它可变更时即变更，或有新遇时便思迁sonnet 66 (disappointment and anger)Tired with all these for restful death I cry,As to behold desert a beggar born,And needy nothing trimmed in jollity,And purest faith unhappily forsworn,And gilded honour shamefully misplaced,And maiden virtue rudely strumpeted,And right perfection wrongfully disgraced,And strength by limping sway disabledAnd art made tongue-tied by authority,And folly (doctor-like) controlling skill,And simple truth miscalled simplicity,And captive good attending captain ill.Tired with all these, from these would I be gone,Save that to die, I leave my love alone.English sonnet has fourteen lines with three quatrains and one couplet that makes an effective and unifying climax to the whole. It has a consistent rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg.•可要我将你比作初夏的晴晖？•你却焕耀得更可爱，也更温婉；•狂风震撼五月天眷宠的嫩芯，•孟夏的良时便会变得太短暂：•晴空里赤日有时光照得过亮，•它那赫奕的金容会转成阴晦；•被机运或被造化变迁所跌宕，•任何美妙的形象会显得不美；•但你这丰华的永夏不会衰颓，•你不会丧失你这无比的修好；•死亡不会夸你在它影下中低回，•有这些诗行将你的韶光永葆；•只要人们还活着，眼睛还能看，•这首诗便能栩栩赋予你霞丹•孙大雨John Donne (1572-1631)Of all the Elizabethan poets, John Donne most deeply felt the conflict between the spiritual world and the physical world.He wrote poems that were considered obscene and vulgar but he also wrote poems of serious philosophical thinking. Donne was not popular at his time because he was not conventional in ideas and poetic methods.DevotionsNo man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main…Donne was expressing the idea of universal brotherhood. There exists a sympathetic bond among people. Any death is a loss to the whole mankind.•谁都不是一座岛屿，自成一体；每个人都是广袤大陆的一部分。
英美文学作家及作品
PART ONE: ENGLISH LITERATURE 英国文学An Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期I. Edmund Spenser 埃蒙德.斯宾塞牧人日记《The Shepheardes Calender》仙后《The Faerie Queene》婚曲《Epithalamion》II. Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托夫.马洛帖木儿-----Tamburlaine浮士德博士的悲剧----Dr. Faustus爱德华二世----Edward II激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘---- The Passionate Shepherd to His LoveIII. William Shakespeare 威廉.莎士比亚哈姆莱特---Hamlet奥塞罗---Othello李尔王—King Lear麦克白--Macbeth终成眷属---All’s Well That Ends Well仲夏夜之梦—A Midsummer Night’s Dream威尼斯商人---The Merchant of Venice无事生非---Much Ado about Nothing皆大欢喜---As You Like It罗密欧和朱丽叶---Romeo and JulietIV. Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯.培根培根散文集---Essays学术的进展---The Advancement of Learning新工具----Novum Organum法律原理---Maxims of Law—论学习---Of StudiesV. John Donne 约翰.邓恩挽歌与讽刺----The Elegies and Satires歌与十四行诗---The Songs and Sonnets告别爱情----Farewell to Love圣十四行诗---Holly Sonnets圣父赞美诗----A Hymn to God the Father日出---The Sun Rising死亡，你别骄傲---Death, Be Not ProudVI. John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿失乐园---Paradise Lost复乐园---Paradise Regained力士参孙----Samson AgonistesChapter 2 The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义时期I. John Bunyan 约翰.班扬天路历程---The Pilgrim’s Progress罪人头目的赦免---Grace Abounding to the Chiel of Sinners拜得门先生生死录—The Life and Death of Mr. Badman圣战----The Holy WarII. Alexander Pope 亚历山大.蒲伯论批评---An Essay on Criticism夺发记---The Rape of the Lock群愚史诗---The Dunciad人伦---An Essay on Man译有荷马史诗《伊利亚特》、《奥德塞》III. Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福鲁滨逊漂流记----Robinson Crusoe辛利顿船长----Captain Singleton莫尔.弗朗德斯-----Moll Flanders杰克上校----Colonel Jack— <成为异教徒的捷径>---The Shortest Way with the Dissenters(1702) 让他身陷囹圄《地地道道的英国人》-The True-Born Englishman使他成为英王的好朋友。
英国文学
English Literature 英国文学主要分类一、The Old English Literature中古英国文学二、The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期文学（伊丽莎白时代，14-16世纪）三、The 17 century English Literature17世纪英国文学四、The18 century English Literature18世纪英国文学（启蒙时期）五、Literature of Romantic Age浪漫主义时期文学六、Literature in Victoria Period维多利亚时期文学七、Literature in Modern Period现在时期英国文学The main content to know•Background knowledge (from history,culture atmosphere) •Important Literary Terms•Important Writers and Literary WorksThe Old English Literature（一）General Introduction（总体介绍）The Old English literature（which lasted from 499 to 1066）isexclusively a verse（诗篇）literature in oral form.There were two groups of English poetry in this period-the first was the pagan（异教的）poetry represented by Beowulf，the second was the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf.In the 8th century,Anglo-Saxon prose appeared.The most famous prose writers of that period were Venerable bede and Alfred the Great.After the Norman Conques,three languages existed in England,which were French spoken by the Normans,English spoken by the lower class and Latin spoken by the scholars and clergymen. The prevailing from of literature in the feudal England was the Romance.The Romance prospered for 300 years(1200-1500)from which we see an epitome（缩影）of the Middle Ages.In the 15th century,English ballads became very popular and the only important writer was Thomas Malory.（二）Important Literary TermsOld English（古英语）：language spoken by the Anglo-Saxons is called the Old English,which is the foundation of English language and literature.Romance(中世纪的传奇故事）：The Romance was the prevailing form of literature in the Middle Ages.It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.（三）Important Writers and Literary Works1.Beowulf(《贝奥武甫》）Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language and the most important spe-cimen of Anglo-Saxon literture.The main stories are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes.2.Religious Poets(宗教诗人）Caedmon(卡德蒙，610-680)Caedmon is the first known religious poet of England.He is known as the father of English song, Caedmon’s Hymn (《卡德蒙的赞美诗》）is a praise poem in honor of god.Cynewulf(基涅武甫，公元九世纪）Cynewulf lived in the 9th century. He produced four poems, of which The Christ(《基督》）is the most characteristic. Throughout the poem, a deep love for Christ and reverence for Virgin Mary(圣母利亚）are expressed.3.Prose Writers（散文作家）Venerable Bede(可敬的比德，672-735)Bede,also referred to as Saint Bede(圣比德）or the Venerable Bede,is well known as an author and scholar,and his most famous work, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, or An Ecclesiastica History of the English People(《英吉利人教会史》）,gained him the title “The Father of English History”(英国史学之父）Alfred the Great(阿尔弗雷德大帝，849-899）Alfred is the only English monarch to be accorded the epithet “the Great”(唯一一个被授予“大帝”名号额英格兰国王）.He was the first King of the West Saxons to style himself “King of the Anglo-saxons”(将自己命名为“盎格鲁-撒克逊之王”的西撒克逊国王）.The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle(《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》）is a collection of annals(年鉴）in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. original manusript of the Chronicle was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex,duing the reign of Alfred the Great.4.The Romance(传奇）Sir Gawain and the Green Knight（《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》）It is a romance of 2,530 lines derived from Celtic legend(凯尔特骑士）.Sir Cawain, nephew of King Arthur, accepted the challenge of the Green Knight in the Green Chapel（绿教堂）. At last, he got a girdle （腰带）as a gift from the Knight and his story became widely known.5.Age of Chaucer(乔叟时代）The 14th century is called “Age of Chaucer”.Chaucer and Langland(朗格兰，1332-1400，英国诗人），were the most important writers of age.Ceoffrey Chaucer(杰弗里·乔叟，1343-1400）Chaucer is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry”（英国诗歌之父），but also as “the father of English fiction (英国小说之父）.His masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》），is one of the most famous works in all literatures.Chaucer wrote in vivid and exact language; his poetry is full vigor and swiftness.Book of the Duchess 《公爵夫人之书》The House of Fame《声誉之宫》The Parliament of Fowls 《百鸟会议》The Legend of Good Women 《贤妇传说》Troilus and Criseyde 《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》6. The 15th Century Ballads(民歌，歌谣）Thomas Malory(托马斯·马洛礼，1405-1471）Tomas Malory wrote an important work called Le Morte d’Arthur（《亚瑟王之死》）.The central concern is with the adventures of Arthur and his famous Knights of the Round Table（圆桌骑士）.The book is very important in English literature.Its Arthurian materials have a strong influence on literature of later centuries.The Renaissance Period伊丽莎白时代，14—16世纪一）General Introduction（总体介绍）The Renaissance（文艺复兴）was a European phenomenon, which originated in Italy. The English Renaissance encouraged the reformation of the Church.In Elizabethan（伊丽莎白）period, English literature developed with great speed. The most distinctive achievement of Elizabethan literature is drama. Next to drama is the lyrical poetry（抒情诗）,remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feeling.In that period, writing peotry became a fashion and England became “a nest of singing birds”. In tha same period, Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which make him one of the best essayists（散文家）in English literature.（二）Important Literary Terms1）Renaissance：In the Renaissance Period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of human mind and the achievements of human culture. So humanism（人文主义）became the keynote of English Renaissance. English Renaissance is divied into three periods:①the 1st period from 1516 to 1578 is called the beginning of the Renaissance.②The 2nd period from1578 to 1625 is known as the flowering period.③The 3rd period from 1625 to 1660 is the epilogue（尾声）of the Renaissance.2) Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗体）Spenser invented a new verse form. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter line.（每个诗节由九行组成，前八行为五步抑扬格，第九行为六步抑扬格。
英国文学课件1
2. General Prologue
1) general framework a group of vivid sketches of medieval figures from different walks of life (except the highest and lowest)
1. Influenced by Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio The House of Fame (1372—80) Legend of Good Women (1380—86) 2. English period (1387—1400)
III. The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)
英国文学 British Literature
LITERATURE Novels, plays, and poetry are referred to as literature, especially when they are considered to be good or important. The literature on a particular subject of study is all the books and articles that have been published about it Literature is written information produced by people who want to sell you something or give you advice.
Early and medieval British Literature “Beowulf” ---the national epic of the English people. The Anglo-Saxon Period(10661350) Sir Gawain and Green Knight Popular Ballads Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
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V. The 18th Century
Literary Traits Enlightenment and Neoclassism , the early age of Romanticism
Poetry: Alexander Pope: The Rape of the Rock 劫发记
Prose: Jonathan Swift: Guilliver’s Travels 格列佛游记 Samuel Johnson: The Preface of Shakespeare 莎士比亚戏剧集序 The Lives of Great Poets 诗人传 (A Dictionary of English Language 英语词典)
(2) While literary language is highly “connotative”(内涵的）. It is far from merely referential. It is expressive, conveying writer’s feelings, attitudes and tone between the lines; it is ambiguous(多歧义的）, the interpretation varies with context and reader.
B. Drama: Byron: Manfred Shelley: Prometheus Unbound
C. Novel: Jane Austen: Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma. Walter Scott: Ivanhoe
Features of the Victorian Literature: Realism
I. Old English, or Anglo—Saxon, Era (4501066) II. Middle English Period (1066-1485) III. The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期 (1485-early 17th century) IV. The 17th Century V. The 18th Century VI. The Romantic Age(1789-1837) VII. Victorian Age (1837-1901)维多利亚时代 VIII. 20th Century Literature
OLD ENGLISHAchievements
Poetry Much of old English poetry was probably intended to be chanted(圣歌）, with harp (a kind of instrument in Chinese means 竖琴) accompaniment, by AngloSaxon scop (poet in Chinese means 吟游 诗人), often bold and strong, but also mournful and elegiac (sad) in sprit. Major achievement: Beowulf
A: Poetry: William Wordsworth & Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集 Byron: Dan Juan 唐璜 Shelley: Ode to the West Wind 西风颂 John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂
儿大帝
Ben Johnson: Volphone 狐狸 William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare
Works: 154 sonnets, 37 plays, 2 long poems Comedy: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Twelfth Night, As You Like It, Merchant of Venice Tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet History Plays: Henry IV
The Rise of the Realistic Novel Denial Defoe: The Adventure of Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记 Samuel Richardson: Pamela 帕米拉 Henry Fielding: Tom Jones 汤姆· 琼斯
VI. The RomaБайду номын сангаасtic Age (1789-1837)
Four Genres of Literature
– Fiction小说 Myths, parables, romances, novels, short stories – Poetry Open form and closed form Relies on imagery, figurative language, sound – Drama戏剧 Made up of dialogue and set direction Designed to be performed – Prose散文 News reports, feature articles, essays, editorials, textbooks, historical and biographical works
Achievements
Literary Trends:
Arthurian Legends and Tales of Chivalry and Adventure: Chaucer: The Sir Gawain and The Green Knight
Canterbury Tales
III. The Renaissance Period (1485-early 17th century)
IV. The 17th Century
Writers and works: John Milton: Paradise Lost 失乐园 John Buyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress 天
路历程
(Metaphysical poet) John Donne: Songs and Sonnets 歌与十四行诗 William Congreve: Love for love 以爱还
A. Novel: Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Great Expectation, A Tale of Two Cities William Thackeray: Vanity Fair, The History of Henry Esmond George Eliot: The Mill on the Floss, Silas Manner Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights Thomas Hardy: Tess of the d’Urbevilles, Jude the Obscure.
Why We Read Literature?
a. Reading for pleasure Howells observed that the study of literature should begin and end in pleasure. b. Reading for relaxation Modern life is full of pressure. It is people’s common desire to seek temporally relaxation from the stress in life. c. Reading to acquire knowledge Literature gives readers an insight into the tradition, custom, beliefs, attitudes, folklore, values of the age in which it is written.
Literary Trends: Renaissance and Humanism
Writers and Works:
Thomas More: Utopia 乌托邦 Edmund Spenser: Faerie Queene 仙后 Francis Bacon: Essays 论说文集 Christopher Marlowe: Tamburlaine 帖木
Pieces of Literature ������
• • • • • • • Theme Setting背景 Characters Perspective/Point of View Symbols Plot and structure Tone and style
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An Outline of English Literature
II. Middle English Period (1066-1485)
Extending from 1066 to 1485, this period is noted for the extensive influence of French literature on native English forms and themes.
What is Literature?
Literature is – Writings that are valued as works of art, esp. fiction, drama and poetry – Composition that tells a story, dramatizes a situation, expresses emotions, analyzes and advocates ideas – Helps us grow personally and intellectually – Provides an objective base for knowledge and understanding – Shapes our goals and values by clarifying our own identities, both positively and negatively – Literature makes us human.