词语的英译
(完整版)人教精通版小学英语词语汇总(1-6年级)(英译汉)
Unit 1 Hello! I’m Monkeycat monkey dog duck panda bearpig rabbit bird mouse miceUnit 2 This is my pencil.book bag pen pencil pencil-boxruler eraser sharpener glue marker Unit 3 Look at my nose.nose eye face mouth head ear neck arm hand leg knee foot Unit 4 I have a ball.doll ball kite balloon car bus bike taxi train ship plane boat Unit 5 What colour is it?Red blue yellow green purple brown white black pink orange greyUnit 6 I like hamburgers.Hamburger hot dog Coke cake egg orange pear apple banana milk juice water rice noodles chickenUnit 1 Let’s go to school.School classroom textbook storybook Chinese book English book exercise book notebook desk chair Unit 2 I’m in Class One, Grade Three.one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve Unit 3 This is my father.father(dad) mother(mum) brother sister daughter son grandfather grandmother uncle aunt Unit 4 Do you like candy?mango bread candy doughnut coffee fruit grapes honey ice cream jam Unit 5 It’s a parrot.kangaroo lion nest owl parrotquail rooster elephant tigerUnit 6 Is this your skirt?shirt T-shirt uniform vest watch box yacht zip zebra coat sweaterUnit 1. This is my new friend.China America England Singapore Canada good friend brother sister boy girl teacher farmer postman doctornurse driver policemanUnit 2. What’s your number?glass grade one two three four thirteen fourteen five six fifteen sixteen seven eight seventeen eighteen nine ten nineteen twentyUnit 3. It’s a pineapple.pineapple lemon apple pear watermelon kiwi fruit orange banana potato tomato carrot cucumber eggplant green pepper Unit 4. How’s the weather today?fine nice warm cool hotcold sunny cloudy windyrainy snowyUnit 5. I like those shoes.cap hat T-shirt dressblouse jacket raincoat sweater skirt shirt shorts jeans socks shoesUnit 6. I’m tall.big small long all short fat strong thin new old happyUnit 1. Welcome to my new home!home bedroom bed desk chairliving room TV sofa armchair ball kite kitchen fridge table study clock computer picture bathroom DVD playerUnit 2. There are forty students in our class.twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four twenty-five twenty-six twenty-seven twenty-eight twenty-nine eleven twelve thirty forty boy girl fifty sixty eacher student school seventy eighty bag book书ninety one hundred pen pencilUnit 3. What subject do you like best?maths PE Chinese English music art subject science lesson drama listen do speak listen and dospeak and sing play and act sing play act Unit 4. There are seven days in a week.day week Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday today weekend park theme parkUnit 5. What will you do this weekend?picnic sausage bread cake lunchpork beef rice chicken singdance paint draw read watchplay read a book watch TV play computer games game do go shop go shopping swim go swimming fish go fishing Unit 6. Would you like to take a trip?zoo farm giraffe camel monkeypanda bear seal dolphin hippotiger cat dog horse cowsheep goat duck pigUnit 1Britain Australia New Zealand France Germany Russia China Canada America Singaporehello hi I am where areyou from city road street what isyour nameUnit 2clever quiet pretty smartcute lovely activebeautiful handsomeeye nose hair ear arm footface mouth leg handher his how old he she thatman womanUnit 3writer singer dancer workeractor actress policeman policewoman reporter police driverFather mother uncle aunt sister brother grandfather（grandpa）grandmother（grandma）cousin this family love parent(s) whoUnit 4In on atcinema bank hotel CCTV hospital shopping mall restaurant company library work studyUnit 5animal fish hen goose cow horse elephant schoolbag activity book dictionary ruler crayon sun cap camera umbrella fanput yes no not it time whoseUnit 6coconut grapefruit hami melon watermelon cherry strawberry star fruit peach fruit longan lychee 葡萄milk water juice orangeNoodle(s) hamburger bread chicken hot dog rice foodThese those they thankUnit 1meeting room science lab language labart club music club libraryEnglish lesson science lesson music artPE math Chineseborrow books have a meeting paint a pictureplay the pianoborrow welcome meet ourwe have all like very much manyway please alsoUnit2toy train toy boat toy plane toy ship motorbike jeep coach bikecar bus taxitrousers short pants coat clothescan help want toy train plane ship boat buy tryUnit3make noise keep your room cleando housework read in bed go homelatego home get up go to bed help old people keep off the grass take good care of young children play on the street pick flowers be quiet watch TV ask questions wait forask answer eat make think late class question actively queit litter wait take young child（children）peopleUnit 4have a bad cold have a fever have a headache have a cough have a toothache have a stomachache take some medicine take a good rest drink more water stay in bedchocolate dragon fruit get-well card flower kiwi fruitdear ill bad afraid worrywrong with head face ear arm bring feel here forUnit5make a call write an email wash the clothes clean the room tell a story sing a songplay the guitar play the violin look at the picture talk about stand sit cousinUnit 6play football play volleyball play basketball watch the games play badminton play tennis play ping-pong play baseball do the high jump do the long jump run fast rungame foot（feet）football basketball playground Miss Ms Mr Mrs fovourite sport high jump long jumpUnit 1Unit 2collect toy cars collect stamps collect maps collect picture cards open hobby collect map box colour go fishing plant flowers cook meals dad mum plant flower drink tea play computer games make dolls take photos photo kid baby hungry cry collect take Unit 3Unit 4the first month of the yearthe second month of the yearNew Year’s Day Spring Festival Januray February Back theirthe third month of the yearthe fourth month of the yearTree Planting Day Easter March Apriltree grass stop eggthe fifth month of the yearthe sixth month of the year Labour Day May June Mother ’s Day Children ’s Day Father ’s DayUnit 6farm the land go on spring outing fly kites season spring little few greenbird fly go on a trip go to a summer camp have summer holidays begin close summer weather heavy rain pick apples cut rice make a snowman sweep the snow autumn yellow brown white winter snowman人教精通版小学英语六年级下册重要词语Unit 1go to the beach enjoy sunbathing stay at home enjoy the moon and stars have a partyenjoy Spring Festival sun moon starat night at home listen to English speak English read English write English talk in Eglishplay in English learn a lot ofword blackboard say do tasks why have an English party act in drama uselearn from each other subject but yesterday Unit 2in front of bookshop behind clothes shop supermarket across the road river near beside between healthy(food)vegetable go down this street cross the street turn right at the traffic lights streetturn right turn left on the right on the left minute City Library post officeby bike by bus by subway on foot half an hour cityUnit 3Shanghai Xi’an Wuhan by planeby train by ship travel know hear lake the Ming Tombs the Temple of Heaven the Summer Palace the Forbidden City Beihai Park tomorrow visit the Great Wall them Tower Bridge Big Ben Niagara FallsCN Tower Sydney Opera House Disneyland see favourite place11。
汉译英 成语的翻译
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。 Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳。 Constant dropping wears the stone. 水滴石穿。 Actions speak louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
成语翻译要注意的事项
汉语成语的语言特色，即形象鲜明、常用典故、
音韵和谐，翻译时应尽可能地保留这些特色。 然而由于汉英两种语言和文化的巨大差异，汉 语成语的这些特色很难全部在译文中得以再现， 此时译者必须有所舍弃，采取适当的翻译策略 以确保主要信息的传递。 现代翻译学认为，译文与原文在意义上应动态 对应，不要形式对等。因此，从原文的深层意 义出发，汉语句子当中的四字词组在译成英语 时都有可能与英语句中的单词、短语、习语甚 至整句相对应。
Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched. 不可过早乐观。 Every cloud has a silver lining. 天下没有绝对的坏事。 Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl felt like a fish out of water. 同这么多穿着体面而又有教养的人在一起，这位乡下 姑娘感到很不自在。 She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth; she thinks she can do what she likes. 她生长在富贵之家，认为凡事都可随心所欲。
TRANSLATION APPRECIATION
1.It is too late to grieve when the chance is past. 坐失良机，后悔已迟。 2.It’s never too late to learn. 活到老，学到老。 3.Joy at its height engenders sorrow. 乐极生悲。 4.Justice has long arms.
第四章词语的翻译
* 大多数地名。 例如： Australia 澳大利亚 New York 纽约 Atlanta 亚特兰大 Miami 迈阿密 * 译入语原来没有的事物，包括科技新词、某 些商标与文化词等 。例如： Dink 丁克 Hippie 嬉皮士 Sauna 桑拿 Shock 休克 Logic jeep sofa tank Pie biscuits
The day was bright, with a fresh breeze blowing. • （三）关联词连词的增减。由于英语的词 与词，句与句之间强调形式连接，因此连 词种类繁多，使用广泛。而汉语的句子结 构注重关系和逻辑顺序，因此对语序固定， 关系自明的短语或句子，就减少了很多连 接词的使用。故英译汉，多减少而汉译英 多增加关联词和连词的使用。 例如：
第四章章词词语的翻译译语义来自上下文文?民间性经济文化关系民间组织?nongovernmental?民间传说popular?民间工艺folk?在中国人心中inthemindsof?心甘情愿bemostwillingto?心明眼亮besharpeyedandclearminded?心连心heartlinkedtoheart?心里话onesinnermostthoughtsandfeelings?祖国统一reunification?卫生局publichealthbureau?卫生设备sanitaryequipment?卫生标准hygienicstandard?卫生纸toiletpaper?卫生球camphorball?开门openthedoor开车driveacar?开会holdameeting开灯turnonalight?开业startabusiness开支票writeacheck?开玩笑playajoke开夜车worklateintothenight?词语翻译的基本技巧
词语的英译Cindy
对于一些具有特定含义的专有名词，需要采用特定的翻译方式。例如，“黄河”可以翻译为 “Yellow River”，“长城”可以翻译为“Great Wall”。
抽象名词翻译
抽象名词的翻译需要借助语境和上下文来理解，并选择适当的英文词汇进行表达。例如， “文化”可以翻译为“culture”，“思想”可以翻译为“thought”。
05
词语的英译挑战与
解决方案
文化差异的挑战与解决方案
挑战
了解目标语言文化背景
文化差异可能导致对词语的误解或误译， 尤其是在涉及文化特有事物、观念或表达 方式时。
在翻译前，深入了解目标语言的文化背景 、价值观、习俗等，以确保准确传达原文 含义。
使用文化对等词
添加注释或解释
在目标语言中找到与源语言中文化特有事 物、观念或表达方式相对应的词汇，以减 少文化差异带来的误解。
动词短语翻译
对于一些常见的动词短语，需要 采用固定的英文表达方式。例如， “看电影”可以翻译为“watch a movie”，“听音乐”可以翻译 为“listen to music”。
常见形容词的英译
要点一
形容词比较级翻译
形容词的比较级是英文中常见的表达方 式，需要注意其正确的使用。例如， “更漂亮”可以翻译为“more beautiful”，“更聪明”可以翻译为 “smarter”。
词语的英译Cindy
目录
CONTENTS
• 词语的英译概述 • 词语的英译技巧 • 词语的英译实践 • 词语的英译案例分析 • 词语的英译挑战与解决方案
01
词语的英译概述
英译的定义与重要性
定义
英译是指将中文文本转换成英文文本 的过程，涉及到语言之间的转换和文 化信息的传递。
100个常用四字词语英译
1）年纪相仿--- at one’s own age2) 一事无成--- achieve nothing3）不速之客--- an unexpected visitor4）记忆所及--- as far as I can remember5）不知所措--- at a loss6）心不在焉--- be absent-minded7）与生俱来--- be born with8）大失所望--- be greatly disappointed9）仅仅有条--- be in good order10）身临其境--- be personally on the sence11) 乐于助人--- be ready to help others12）欣喜若狂--- be wild with joy13）举世闻名--- be world famous14）值得一做--- be worth doing15）牢记在心--- bear/keep in mind that---16）受益匪浅--- benefit a lot from17）物以类聚--- birds of a feather block together 18）血浓于水--- blood is thicker than water19）公事公办--- business is business20）不能自已--- can’t control oneself21）情不自禁--- can’t help doing22）迫不及待--- can’t wait to23）因果关系--- cause and effect24）寓教于乐--- combine education with recreation 25）名副其实--- deserve a reputation26）英年早逝--- die young27）享有盛誉--- enjoy high reputation28）一见钟情--- fall in love at first sight29）相差甚远--- far from/ not nearly30）心安理得--- be feel at ease31）吹毛求疵--- find fault with32）从头到尾--- from cover to cover33）为所欲为--- get one’s own way34）半途而废--- give up halfway35）金科玉律--- golden rule36）良药苦口--- good medicine tastes bitter37）九死一生--- have a narrow escape38）大致了解--- have a rough picture of39）胸有成竹--- have confidence in40）别无选择--- have no choice but to do41）全心全意--- heart and soul42）车水马龙--- heavy traffic43）三言两语--- in a few word44）总的来说--- in general45）兴高采烈--- in high spirits46）众口难调--- It is hard to please all47）无济于事--- It is no use doing48）难以置信--- it is unbelievable that---49）日新月异--- keep on changing every day50）东张西望--- look around51）回顾历史--- look back into history52）坐失良机--- miss the golden chance53）不足为奇--- No wonder (that)---54）显而易见--- obviously/it is obvious that---55）转念一想--- on second thoughts56）美梦成真--- one’s dream come true/realize one’s dream 57）坚持不懈--- persevere in doing58）名胜古迹--- places of historic interest59）熟能生巧--- practice makes perfect60）若无其事--- pretend as if nothing had happened61）不懂装懂--- pretend to know what one doesn’t know 62）骄兵必败--- Pride goes before a fall63）孤注一掷--- put one’s eggs in one basket64）人云亦云--- repeat what others say65）平易近人--- sb. is easy to approach66）首屈一指--- second to none67）眼见为实--- seeing is believing68）同甘共苦--- share joys and sorrow with sb.69）安然无恙--- sound and safe70）不遗余力--- spare no effort(s) to do71）不惜工本--- spare no expense72）高度赞扬--- speak highly of73）袖手旁观--- stand by/look on with folded arms74）固执己见--- stick to one’s own point75）坚守岗位--- stick to one’s post76）趁热打铁--- Strike while the iron is hot77）不辞而别--- take French leave78）如释重负--- take a load off one’s mind79）置之不理--- take no notice of---80）焕然一新--- take on a new look81）不辞辛劳--- take trouble to do82）明辨是非--- tell the difference between right and wrong83）毫无疑问--- There is no doubt that---84）木已成舟--- Things done can’t be undone85）事与愿违--- Things go contrary to one’s wish86）时不我待--- Time and tide wait for no man87）雪中送炭--- timely help88）教学相长--- to teach is to learn89）竭尽全力--- try one’s best to do90）熟视无睹--- turn a blind eye to sth.91）充耳不闻--- turn a deaf ear to sth.92）化险为夷--- turn danger into safety93）悔过自新--- turn over a new leaf94）因人而异--- vary from person to person/It all depends on the individual 95）消息灵通--- well-informed96）小心翼翼--- with great care97）奋不顾身--- with no thought for one’s own safety98）一箭之遥--- within a stone’s throw99）逐字逐句--- word for word100）宁死不屈--- would rather die than surrender。
中国网络热词的英译
中国网络热词的英译随着互联网的普及，中国网络上涌现了许多独特的网络热词，这些词语常常反映了当前社会文化和时事动态。
今天我们就来盘点一些最近比较热门的中国网络热词，并给它们做一个英文翻译。
1. 脑洞大开（nǎo dòng dà kāi）这个热词源自于网络小说和百度贴吧，用来形容一个人的想象力非常丰富、创造性非常高，有很多奇思妙想，通常与一些不切实际的、超出常规思维的想法相关。
它的英文翻译可以是 "mind-blowing" 或 "thinking out of the box"。
例句：他的创意真是脑洞大开，我从来没想到过这样的点子。
2. 拍砖（pāi zhuān）这个词来源于网络论坛，用来形容对某人的言论或创作进行批评和指责。
它的英文翻译可以是 "throw shade" 或 "shoot down".例句：他发了一篇文章，结果被网友们拍砖得体无完肤。
3. 尬聊（gà liáo）这个词用来形容一种尴尬的交谈气氛，通常是指同事或朋友之间的交流出现了尴尬的沉默或话题谈不到一起。
它的英文翻译可以是 "awkward chat" 或 "cringy conversation"。
例句：我们在饭局上不知道聊什么，结果就变成了一场尬聊。
4. 加鸡腿（jiā jī tuǐ）这个词源自王者荣耀游戏，在游戏中代表为队友加速、帮助其获得更多的金币和经验。
在网络用语中，它被用来形容对别人的创意或行为表示认可和支持。
它的英文翻译可以是"give a thumbs up"。
例句：你的创意太棒了，我一定要给你加鸡腿！5. 小鲜肉（xiǎo xiān ròu）这个词用来形容那些年轻、俊美的男性明星，通常指年龄在20到30岁之间，具有清新、阳光的外表和形象。
中国特色词汇及其英译
宣纸rice paper衙门yamen叩头kowtow孔子Confucius牌楼pailou；pai-loo武术wushu（Chinese Martial Arts）功夫kungfu ；kung fu中庸the way of medium （cf. Golden Means）中和harmony (zhonghe)孝顺to show filial obedience孝子dutiful son家长family head三纲：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son, husband guides wife五常：仁、义、理、智、信five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity八股文eight-legged essays多子多福：The more sons/children, the more blessing/ great happiness养儿防老：raising sons to support one in one's old ageThe 24 Solar Terms:立春Spring begins.雨水The rains.惊蛰Insects awaken.春分Vernal Equinox清明Clear and bright.谷雨Grain rain.立夏Summer begins.小满Grain buds.芒种Grain in ear.夏至Summer solstice.小暑Slight heat.大暑Great heat.立秋Autumn begins.处暑Stopping the heat.白露White dews.秋分Autumn Equinox.寒露Cold dews.霜降Hoar-frost falls.立冬Winter begins.小雪Light snow.大雪Heavy snow.冬至Winter Solstice.小寒Slight cold.大寒Great cold戏剧表演Theatrical Performances京剧人物脸谱types of facial makeup in Beijing opera 生male characters末middle-aged male characters净“painted face” characters旦female characters丑clown京剧票友amateur performer of Peking Opera木偶戏puppet show独角戏monodrama; one-man play皮影戏shadow play; leather-silhouette show折子戏opera highlights戏剧小品skit哑剧dumb show; mime; mummery; pantomime单口相声monologue comic talk双口相声witty dialogue口技vocal imitations; ventriloquisim说书monologue story-telling杂技acrobatic performance叠罗汉making a human pyramid特技stunt踩高跷stilt walk马戏circus performances神化人物Mythological Figures八仙the Eight Immortals嫦娥Chang’e (the Chinese moon godd ess)伏羲Fu Xi (God of Fishery and Husbandry)福禄寿三星the three gods of fortune, prosperity and longevity共工God of Water后羿Houyi (a legendary hero who shot down nine suns)黄帝Yellow Emperor夸父Kuafu (a fabled sun-chasing giant)女娲Goddess of Sky-patching盘古Pan Gu (creator of the universe)神农Patron of Agriculture禹Yu (the reputed founder of the Xia Dynasty)祝融God of Fire古代建筑Ancient Architecture塔pagoda琉璃塔glazed stupa舍利塔dagoba; sarira stupa (a pagoda for Buddhist relics)舍利子sarira remains from cremation of Buddha’s or saints’ body 喇嘛塔Lamaist pagoda楼storied buildings钟楼bell tower鼓楼drum tower阁pavilion烽火台beacon tower华表ornamental column牌坊memorial archway艺术及工艺Arts and Crafts版画engraving贝雕画shell carving picture彩塑painted sculpture瓷器porcelain; china刺绣embroidery雕刻carving宫灯palace lantern国画Chinese painting剪纸paper-cut景德镇瓷Jingdezhen porcelain景泰蓝cloisonné enamel蜡染batik麦秸画straw patchwork木/石/竹刻wood/stone/bamboo carving木刻画wood engraving泥人儿clay figure皮影shadow puppet漆画lacquer painting漆器lacquerware双面绣two-sided embroidery水墨画Chinese brush drawing; ink and wash painting檀香扇sandalwood fan唐三彩Tang tri-coloured pottery陶器pottery; earthenware图章seal拓碑making rubbings from inscriptions, pictures, etc. on stone tablets 拓片rubbing微雕miniature engraving象牙雕刻ivory carving宜兴陶Yixing pottery篆刻sealcutting中国特色词汇及其英译作者：未知文章来源：转载点击数：1300 时间：2010-12-29 18:33:50一、前言英语从它传入中国的第一天开始就发挥着强大的交流作用，同时也开始了在中国发展的过程。
中译英和英译中的一些句子与词语翻译
a clap of thunder = 响起一阵掌声 a flush of love = 油然而生的一股爱意a flicker of doubt=闪过一丝怀疑 a stab of guilt=因良心谴责而感到痛苦a breath of wind=刮过一阵风 a glimmer of hope=闪过一丝希望a quiver of lightning=一道闪电划破黑暗的天空walking dictionary=活字典restricted publications=内部刊物story problem=应用题day student=走读生over-the-counter medicine=非处方药emergency exit=太平门honey trap=美人计手扶拖拉机=walking tractor 画蛇添足=put a fifth wheel to the cart姐妹篇=companion volume 假眼=glass eye九五折=five percent discount 不二价=one price传销=pyramid selling 三角债=debt chain一次性筷子=disposable /throwaway chopsticks一次性杯子=sanitary/ throwaway cap一次性包装=non-returnable container涂了黄油的面包=bread and butter 有链的小表=a watch and chain浇了奶油的水果=fruit and cream 兑了水的白兰地=brandy and watera twinge of embarrassment=因难堪而感到一阵刺痛An erupt of gunfire=突然爆发的一阵枪声a burst of laughter=暴发出一阵笑声 a gust of anger=心中冒出一股怒火lie on one’s back=仰卧stand on one’s hand=倒立breaststroke=蛙泳parallel bars=双杠outpatient=门诊病人departure lounge=候机室table ware=餐具vacuum flask=保暖杯乳臭未干=still wet behind the ears成绩报告单=school report 座钟=standing clock 狗仔队=paparazzi 恶搞=spoof隐离=stealthy divorce 版主=moderator 穿有线的针=a needle and thread罗盘=a box and needles 天平=a beam and scale 轻便马车=a horse and buggy四匹马拉的马车=a carriage and fourShe was over some paper work. 那时她正忙于一些书面工作。
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例如： （4）身体好，学习好，工作好。 Keep fit, study well and work hard. 此句中的“好”不能统统译成 good 或 well，而应根据 keep、study 和 work 这三个动词 在英语中地道的搭配关系 来选词。
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（8）鲁贵：他妈的！ （兴奋地问着）你们想，你们哪一个对得 起我？（向四凤同大海） 你们哪一个不是我辛辛苦苦养大的？ 可是你们哪一件事做的对得起我？ （对大海） 你说？ （对 四 凤） 你说？ （对侍萍） 你也说说， 这都是你的好孩子 啊？……我跟你们一块饿着肚子等死。 你们想想，你们是哪一 件事对得起我？（对大海）……我要是饿死，你是哪一点对得起 我？ 我问问你，我要是这样死了？ Lu Gui: God almighty! (Heatedly) Just look at you. There's not one of you who can look me in the face! I've worked my fingers to the bone to bring you two up, both of you, but what have either of you ever done to show your gratitude? (To Ta-Hai) Eh? (To Si-Feng) Answer me that! (To Lu-Ma) Or perhaps you can tell me saying that they're your precious children? ... I've just got to say here and starve to death with you! Now just ask yourselves: What have you ever done for me that you can be proud of? ... If I did die, you'd have it on your conscience, now wouldn't you? Eh, if I did die like this? （曹禺《雷雨》 ，王佐 良译）
• Peter Newmark (1981:180)曾一针见血地指 出外语写作或翻译最容易出毛病的地方不是 语法， 也不是词汇， 而是词语的搭配(He [one who writes or speaks in a foreign language] will be "caught" out every time, not by his grammar ... not by his vocabulary ... But by his unacceptable or improbable collocations)。要想译出用词地道、 搭配得当的译文绝非一日之功，需要处处留 心，日积月累，培养良好的英语语感，逐步 提高自己的英语水平。
• 词语与其所处的语言环境中其他语言成分的搭配关 系能帮助我们辨析多义词的义项， 因 为处在特定 搭配关系中的多义词，其义项往往会变得单一化、 明朗化。 • 例如“红包”一词， 在不同的语境中有着不同的 含义： • 1.过年、婚庆、生日等场合所送的红包指的是“礼 金” ，应 译成 gift money； • 2.单位在节假日时发的红包指的是“奖金” ，应 译作 bonus； • 3.而行贿时所送的 现金也称作“红包” ，这时应 用 bribes 一词反映出“红包”的真实所指。
• 由此可以看出，只有根据语境来选 择适当的译文用词，才能保留文章 的精髓，做到美感功能和信息功能 的对等。
3.2.3 根据语言语境消除歧义
• 语言和思维都具有模糊性的特点， 因此歧义 现象在语言中普遍存在。 歧义往往源于词语 本事的多义性以及语境中各语言成分之间不 同搭配关系所带来的变化。 • 例如： • “火车走了两 小时” （到底是火车“离开 了”还是“运行了”两小时？）； • “这个人谁都敢打” ； （是“大家都 敢打 这个人” “这个人敢去打任何人” ； 还 是 ？）
庵和春天时节一样静，白的墙和漆黑的门。 the convent was as peaceful as it had been that spring, with its white wall and shining black gate. 译者在翻译这句时既可理解为庵好像春光 一样静谧，也可理解为此时的静修庵跟春 天时的静修庵一样宁静。如何正确判断？ 当然必须结合上下文来排除歧义。
• （2）据传说，五十年代中期，渠那边庄子有一个黄花闺女，为 了抗拒父母包办的婚姻， 大白天就跑过斗渠到这屋里来上吊。 这是个上吊的好地方，屋顶上没有顶棚，弯弯扭扭的木 头椽 子露在外面，随便哪根椽子都可以搭上绳子。 • As a story goes in the mid 1950s there lived in a hamlet over the other side of the gully a maiden who was in protest against her parents„ dictatorially arranged marriage escaped in broad daylight across the gully, slipped into this hut -- and hanged herself! There was no ceiling, only crooked, bare rafters overhead, conveniently accessible for a rope to hang from. A most suitable place, indeed, for such a purpose. （张贤亮 《男人的一半是女人》 ，许孟雄译） • “好地方”原本是一个褒义词，流露出说话人自豪、赞扬的感 情色彩，如歌曲名《咱 们新疆好地方》 。然而，当“好地方” 与“上吊”搭配在一起时， “好地方”褒义的感情色彩 消失， 因此绝不能译作 a good place 或是 a perfect place， 否则岂不 成了幸灾乐祸？译者将 “好 地方”用中性词组 a most suitable place 来表达，恰如其分地反映出作者隐藏在平静的叙述背 后的 惋惜和愤懑。
3.2 词语翻译与语言语境
3.2.1 根据语言语境确定原文词词义
3.2.2 根据语言语境选择译文
3.2.3 根据语言语境消除歧义 3.2.4 语言语境与词语感情色彩的传达
词义与语境关系密切
• “每个词在一个新的语境中就是一个新 词”(Each word when used in a new context is a new word) (Firth, 1957)， “没有语境， 词就没有意义”(Malinowski, 1923)。 正因为 词义对语境有很强的依赖性，语境在翻译中的 重要地位毋庸置疑。 “在所有的翻译过 程中， 语境都是凌驾于一切的因素， 而且优先于任 何的规则、 理论或是基本意义” (Newmark, 1981:113)。因此，我们在做汉译英时绝不能 死扣词典、 “就词论词” ，而应结合具体的 语境 对词语进行细致的观察和分析，如此方 能恰如其分地理解和表达词义。
• 在口语中人们可以根据句子的重音、断句 以及说话人的 手势、表情来判断语句的意 义，而在书面语中，消除歧义主要依靠语 言语境（即上下文）进 行详尽的分析。将 词或词组作为孤立的个体进行分析时，它 们的意义往往模棱两可，难以判 断。而在 特定的语境中，词与词、句、段之间的逻 辑关系一经理顺，意义就会变得具体而明 确。
• （1）……路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大 道来，车夫也跑得更快。 • By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clean, and the rickshaw quickened his pace. （鲁迅《一件小事》 ，杨宪 益、戴乃迭译） • “洁白”的常见义项包括“纯白色” （例如：洁 白的雪）以及“纯洁、未受玷污” （例如： 洁白 的心灵） 。但无论将此句中“洁白的大道”译为 white roadway 还是 pure roadway 都属搭 配不当， 因为没有人会用“纯洁”来形容一条马路，车辆 行人熙来攘往的大道也不大可能是 纯白色的。分 析此句的语言环境可以看出， “洁白”应该指 “干净、洁净” 。译者选择 clean 一词，符合 “洁白”一词与上文“路上浮尘早已刮净”的逻 辑搭配。
3.2.1 根据语言语境确定原文词义
• 搭配（collocation）指的是语言系统 内各个语言成分的同现和组合，是语 言环境的重要 组成部分。根据词语的 搭配关系确定词义是在翻译的理解阶 段辨析词义时经常采用的手段。 正如 Firth 所言， “You shall know a word by the company it keeps” 。他所说的 company 指的就 是与某一词语同现的 搭配词语。
• 在翻译过程中，一定要根据语境理解 文中要表达的含义，有些文中省略的 词也要在译文中体现出来，使表达的 信息更加完整。
3.2.4语言语境与词语感情色彩的传 达
• 感情色彩是使用者文采，风格和创造 性的集中体现 • 词语在特定语言环境中的感情色彩能 为原文增色，而这一感情色彩的成功 传达也需要译者的匠心独运。译者应 充分发挥翻译中的创造性和思维灵感， 使译文词语的神采和意蕴不输于原文。
• 所以重在联系上下文，根据语境来 确定翻译的内容，否则所翻译的将 与原文的旨意相讹。
3.2.2 根据语言语境选择译文用词
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
• 语言中存在着大量的近义词。 这些 意义和用法相近的词汇丰富了语言 的表达形式， 但其 差别之细微也给 语言的正确使用造成了不小的麻烦。 在翻译的表达阶段， 译者常常需要 根据 译语的语言语境来调整自己的 表达方式，使译文用词负荷译语的 规范。