汉语语气助词“吗”、“呢”、“啊”研究

华中科技大学硕士学位论文汉语语气助词“吗”、“呢”、“啊”研究姓名：金浩真申请学位级别：硕士专业：汉语国际教育指导教师：何洪峰2011-06-02华中科技大学硕士学位论文摘要使用语气助词表达语气是汉语的特点之一。

一个语气助词可能表达多种语气，一种语气也可能由多种语气词表达。

此外，语气助词的音变现象能使一个语气助词有若干不同的读音，而每种读音都由不同的汉字来反映，从对外汉语教学角度看，就增加了教学的复杂性。

要把汉语各语气助词所表达的语气和说话人的态度、感情、情绪梳理得清清楚楚，确实不那么容易。

在中国人之间，由于有共同的语感，表情达意自然畅通无阻，不需要作过于细致的分析。

但在对外汉语教学中，为了满足教学的需要，则非做到这一步不可。

所以把现代汉语的语气助词作为研究对象很有价值。

首先，看下面的例子：（1）有人不知道吗?（２）有人不知道呢？（３）有人不知道啊？我们通过本文的总结可以发现这四句话的用词、语调、语序等都完全相同，唯一的不同是句末使用了不同的语气助词。

即使是同样的一句话，如果使用不同的语气助词，那么整句话的含义也就不同。

本文先对现代汉语疑问句的种类进行了分析，对构成疑问句的成分进行整理。

同时，分析各成分的组合形式，然后归纳整理，说明其语法功能和特点。

由于许多学者对于语气词的分类标准并不完全一致，本文经过细心取舍，精选了常用的三个疑问语气词“吗”“呢”“啊”作为其研究对象，加以分析，详细探讨。

本文主要使用离析法分析，将句末的“吗”“呢”“啊”去掉，然后，将有语气助词的句子与没有语气助词的句子相比对照研究。

即把不同的语气助词放在相同的语境中逐一比较，找出相同的句子在语气上的差别和一个语气助词确切的语气意义。

这样的目的是，克服传统的语气助词研究中根据语感随文释义的弊病。

现代汉语专职的疑问语气词只有一个“吗”。

除了它以外，其他疑问语气助词“呢”“啊”在问句中是有选择性的，可用可不用。

它们的主要作用是使语气更为华中科技大学硕士学位论文缓和，觉得不那么唐突直接。

带有疑问语气词的问句，语气较为缓和，一般具有较高的礼貌级别。

正确地使用疑问语气助词是一种更容易奏效的问话策略。

由上可知，现代汉语语气词助词的数量虽然不多，但是在汉语中使用的频率却非常高，而且，大多数的语气助词都具有舒缓语气的功能，可以使句子的语气变得较为缓和，觉得不那么唐突直接。

本文有很多不足的地方，希望本文能给予有关研究语气助词的学者一些参考。

关键词：疑问句；语气；疑问语气助词华中科技大学硕士学位论文AbstractExpressing mood through mood particles is one of the most characteristic features of Mandarin Chinese. Not only the particles might express different attitudes, but also certain mood might be described by different particles. One particle can also have several different ways of pronunciations and each of these pronunciations is expressed by different character. As far as teaching Chinese as a second language is concerned, this phenomenon might cause a lot of complications to students who study Chinese as a second language.It is very important to clearly explain meaning of each interrogative particle. That means mood, attitude and emotional meaning the particle posses or expresses. For native speakers, it is easy to recognize meaning of these particles, because they have common language sense. That is why there is a little need for deep analysis. But as far as teaching Chinese as a second language is concerned, mood particles are definitely worth researching and analyzing. Look at the example below:（1）有人不知道吗?（２）有人不知道呢？（３）有人不知道啊？In this paper, we will analyze these four sentences. The words used in these sentences, their intonation and word order are identical, the only difference is particle at the end of each sentence. Even though the sentences are identical, the different mood particle makes each sentence different.In this paper, first we will analyze different types of interrogative sentences in modern Chinese and their constituents. At the same time, we will analyze different ways of combinations of these constituents and clearly describe their grammatical functions and characteristics. In addition, a lot of language experts have different theories on classification of mood particles. After careful consideration, the author has chosen four mood particles ”吗、呢、啊” as an object of her analysis and deep discussion.华中科技大学硕士学位论文The method of analyzing in this paper is segregative analysis. That means we will take out the end particles “吗、呢、啊”, and compare the sentence without the particle with the sentence with the particle. Furthermore, we will combine different mood particles with same sentences and discuss the particles in different language environment. This way, we will not only be able to point out the differences in tone of the different variations of the same sentence, but also find out the explicit meaning of each particle.In modern Chinese only“吗”is considered to be a proper interrogative particle. Other particles, such as“呢、啊”, are optional. They can be used or not. Function of these particles is to make the sentence more moderate and relaxed. Interrogative sentences with particles are more moderate and often also more polite. Using interrogative particles seams like a more successful strategy of asking question.As can be seen from above text, the number of interrogative particles in modern Chinese is quite limited, but they are used very frequently. The majority of interrogative particles make the tone of sentences more moderate and attitude more relaxed. This article cannot be considered a thorough study. I hope it will help other scholars in deeper research of mood particles.Keywords: interrogative sentences; tone; interrogative particles独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。

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