英语教学法之Audiolingual Method(听说法)
世界常用外语教学法简介
世界常用外语教学法简介(3)--听说法(The Audio-Lingual Method)Langzi选编Audio-Lingual MethodThe Audio-Lingual Method, or the Army Method or also the New Key, is a style of teaching used in teaching foreign languages. It is based on behaviorist theory, which professes that certain traits of living things, and in this case humans, could be trained through a system of reinforcement—correct use of a trait would receive positive feedback while incorrect use of that trait would receive negative feedback. This approach to language learning was similar to another, earlier method called the Direct method. Like the Direct Method, theAudio-Lingual Method advised that students be taught a language directly, without using the students' native language to explain new words or grammar in the target language. However, unlike the Direct Method, the Audiolingual Method didn’t focus on teaching vocabulary. Rather, the teacher drilled students in the use of grammar.Applied to language instruction, and often within the context of the language lab, this means that the instructor would present the correct model of a sentence and the students would have to repeat it. Theteacher would then continue by presenting new words for the students to sample in the same structure. In audio-lingualism, there is no explicit grammar instruction—everything is simply memorized in form. The idea is for the students to practice the particular construct until they can use it spontaneously. In this manner, the lessons are built on static drills in which the students have little or no control on their own output; the teacher is expecting a particular response and not providing that will result in a student receiving negative feedback. This type of activity, for the foundation of language learning, is in direct opposition with communicative language teaching.Charles Fries, the director of the English Language Institute at the University of Michigan, the first of its kind in the United States, believed that learning structure, or grammar was the starting point for the s tudent. In other words, it was the students’ job to orally recite the basic sentence patterns and grammatical structures. The students were only given “enough vocabulary to make such drills possible.” (Richards, J.C. et-al. 1986). Fries later included principles for behavioural psychology, as developed by B.F. Skinner, into this method.Drills and pattern practice are typical of the Audiolingual method. (Richards, J.C. et-al. 1986) These includeRepetition : where the student repeats an utterance as soon as he hears itInflection : Where one word in a sentence appears in another form when repeatedReplacement : Where one word is replaced by anotherRestatement : The student re-phrases an utteranceExamplesInflection : Teacher : I ate the sandwich. Student : I ate the sandwiches.Replacement : Teacher : He bought the car for half-price. Student : He bought it for half-price.Restatement : Teacher : Tell me not to shave so often. Student : Don't shave so often!The following example illustrates how more than one sort of drill can be incorporated into one practice session :“Teacher: There's a cup on the table ... repeatStudents: There's a cup on the tableTeacher: SpoonStudents: There's a spoon on the tableTeacher: BookStudents: There's a book on the tableTeacher: On the chairStudents: There's a book on the chairetc.”Historical RootsThe Audio-lingual method is the product of three historical circumstances. For its views on language, audiolingualism drew on the work of American linguists such as Leonard Bloomfield. The prime concern of American Linguistics at the early decades of the 20th century had been to document all the indigenous languages spoken in the USA. However, because of the dearth of trained native teachers who would provide a theoretical description of the native languages, linguists had to rely on observation. For the same reason, a strong focus on oral language was developed. At the same time, behaviourist psychologists such as B.F. Skinner were forming the belief that all behaviour (including language) was learnt through repetition and positive or negative reinforcement. The third factor that enabled the birth of the Audio-lingual method was the outbreak of World War II, which created the need to post large number of American servicemen all over the world. It was therefore necessary to provide these soldiers with at least basic verbal communication skills. Unsurprisingly, thenew method relied on the prevailing scientific methods of the time, observation and repetition, which were also admirably suited to teaching en masse. Because of the influence of the military, early versions of the audio-lingualism came to be known as the “army method.”.In PracticeAs mentioned, lessons in the classroom focus on the correct imitation of the teacher by the students. Not only are the students expected to produce the correct output, but attention is also paid to correct pronunciation. Although correct grammar is expected in usage, no explicit grammatical instruction is given. Furthermore, the target language is the only language to be used in the classroom. Modern day implementations are more lax on this last requirement.Fall from popularityIn the late 1950s, the theoretical underpinnings of the method were questioned by linguists such as Noam Chomsky, who pointed out the limitations of structural linguistics. The relevance of behaviorist psychology to language learning was also questioned, most famously by Chomsky's review of B.F. Skinne's Verbal Behavior in 1959. The audio-lingual method was thus deprived of its scientific credibilityand it was only a matter of time before the effectiveness of the method itself was questioned.In 1964, Wilga Rivers released a critique of the method in her book, “The Psychologist and the Foreign Language Teacher.“ Subseq uent research by others, inspired by her book, produced results which showed explicit grammatical instruction in the mother language to be more productive. These developments, coupled with the emergence of humanist pedagogy led to a rapid decline in the popularity of audiolingualism. Philip Smith's study from 1965-1969, termed the Pennsylvania Project, provided significant proof that audio-lingual methods were less effective than a more traditional cognitive approach involving the learner's first language.TodayDespite being discredited as an effective teaching methodology in 1970, audio-lingualism continues to be used today, although it is typically not used as the foundation of a course, but rather, has been relegated to use in individual lessons. As it continues to be used, it also continues to gain criticism, as Jeremy Harmer notes, “Audio-lingual methodology seems to banish all forms of language processing that help students sort out new language information in their own minds.” Asthis type of lesson is very teacher centered, it is a popular methodology for both teachers and students, perhaps for several reasons but in particular, because the input and output is restricted and both parties know what to expect.Manifestations in Popular CultureThe fact that audio-lingualism continues to manifest itself in the classroom is reflected in popular culture. Films often depict one of the most well-known aspects of audio-lingualism : the repetition drill. In South Park Episode #172, Cartman applies the repetition drill while teaching a class of high school students. In Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome, an LP record of a French lesson instructs a pair of obliging children to 'repeat' short phrases in French and then in English.听说法(The Audio-Lingual Method)本世纪40年代开始，结构语言学、数学语言学、心理语言学、控制论、行为主义心理学等相互渗透的学科得到发展；外语教学日益依赖现代技术；各国教学法家竞相实验新的教学法体系。
英语教学法之AudiolingualMethod（听说法）
英语教学法之AudiolingualMethod（听说法）Definition of Audio-lingual Method （American）a method of foreign or second Language teaching which emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing; mother tongue is discouraged in the classroom.Historical and social backgroundI Prompted by WWIIThe Audio-lingual Method is in origin mainly American. The Audio-lingual Method was developed in the U.S. during the Second World War. At that time, the U.S. government found it a great necessity to set up a special language training program to supply the war with language personnel who could speak fluently in German, French, Italian, Chinese and other languages. The objectives of the army program were for students to attain conversational proficiency in a variety of foreign languages.The "methodology" of the Army Method was derived form the intensity of contact with L2 rather than from any well-developed methodological basis.The A udiolingua l Method is also known as the “informant method”, since it used a native speaker of the language, the informant, and a linguist.The informant served as a source of language for imitation, and the linguist supervised the learning experience.II Academic PromotionIn 1941 the first English Language Institute in the U.S. was established in the University of Michigan. The director of the institute was Charles Fries, who applied the principles of structural linguistics to LT. The result is an approach whichadvocated aural training first, then pronunciation training, followed by speaking, reading and writing.The emergence of the Audio-lingual Method resulted from the increased attention to FLT in the U.S. towards the end of the 1950s.III Political PromotionThe need for a radical change and rethinking of FLTM was promoted by the launching of the 1st Russian satellite i n 1957.The US government acknowledged the need for a more intensive effort to teach a foreign language in order to prevent American from becoming isolated from scientific advances made in other countries.IV the OutcomeThis need made LT specialists set about developing a method that was applicable to conditions in U.S. college and university classrooms. They draw on the earlier experiences of the army programmes and the Aural-Oral or Structural Approach developed by Fries and his colleagues, adding insights taken from behaviourist psychology.Structural linguistics views language as a system of structurally related elements (such as phonemes, morphemes, words, structure, and sentence types) for the expression of meaning.The grammatical system consists of a list of grammatical elements and rules for their linear combination into words, phrases and sentences.According to a structural view, language has the following characteristics in the Audiolingual Method:(1)Elements in a language are produced in a rule-governed (structured ) way.(2)Language samples could be exhaustively described at any structural level ofdescription.(3)Language is structured like a pyramid, that is, linguistic levels are system withinsystems.The structural linguists believed that the primary medium of language is oral. Thisview of language offered the foundations for the Audio-lingual Method in language teaching in which speech was given in a priority.The Audio-lingual Method is the first theories to recommend the development ofa language teaching theory on declared linguistic and psychological principles. TheoryTheory of learningLike structural linguistics, behaviorism is also anti-mentalistic, that is, it does not believe that a human being possesses a mind which has consciousness, ideas, etc, and that the mind can influence the behavior of the body.Behaviorism tires to explain how an external event (a stimulus) caused a change in the behavior of an individual (a response) without using concepts like “mind” or “ideas” or any kind of mental behavior.Behaviorist psychology states that human and animal behavior can and should be studied in terms of physical processes only.To the behaviorists, the human being is an organism capable of a wide repertoire of behaviors.occurrence of these behaviors is dependent upon threecrucial elements in learning:①stimulus②response③reinforcementAccording to the Audio-lingual Method, learning consists of stimulus-response connections.According to the Audio-lingual Method, learning is described as the formation of association between responses.To apply this theory to language learning is to identify the organism as the FL learner, the behavior as verbal behavior, the stimulus as what is taught (language input), the response as the learner’s reaction to the stimulus, and the reinforcement as the approval or praise (or discouragement) of the teacher or students.According to this behaviorist psychology, learning a language is a process of acquiring a set of appropriate language stimulus-response chains, a mechanical process of habit formation.This theory of learning is particularly associated with the American psychologist B.F. Skinner-----a famous Harvard behaviorist who believes that verbal behavior is the same as any other fundamental respect of non-verbal behavior.According to the behaviorist, a habit is formed when a correct response to a stimulus is consistently rewarded.The habit therefore is the result of stimulus, correct response and reward occurring again and again.According to Skinner, reward was much more effective than punishment in a teaching situation.In an audiolingual classroom, teachers are encouraged to show approval for each and every correct performance by their students, and every drill is designed so that the possibility ofmaking mistakes is minimized, engineering success for the students.Basic theoretical principles ( theory of language)The five slogans (Moulton, 1961) which express the basic theoretical principles of the Audiolingual Method. They reflect the influence of structural linguistics and behaviorist psychology in language teaching:①language is speech, not writing;②a language is what its native speakers say, not what someone thinks they ought to say;③languages are different;④a language is a set of habits;⑤teach the language, not about the language is a principle of the Audio-lingualMethod.This five principles became the tenets of language teaching doctrine during the post-war decades.RolesLearner rolesLessons in the classroom focus on the correct imitation of the teacher by the learners. Not only are the learners expected to produce the correct output, but attention is also paid to correct pronunciation. Although correct grammar is expected in usage, no explicit grammatical instruction is given. Furthermore, the target language is the only language to be used in the classroom.Teacher rolesThe Audio-lingual Method is a teacher- dominated model where the teacher role ismost crucial in the instruction of the language.According to the linguist Brooks “a teacher ” must betrained to introduce, sustain and harmonize the learning of the four skills in this order : learning, speaking, reading , writing “ and in the Audio-lingual Method , the teacher “controls the direction and pace and monitors and corrects the learners performance ”Instructional materialActive verbal interactions between teachers and learners and use of materials such as tape recorders and audiovisuals equipments to assist the teacher in the classroom play a central role in teaching a second language.In Audio-lingual Method the target language should be the medium of instruction and/or use and translations o f the native language should be discouraged.CommentsMeritsCombining language and images togethe r and putting them into language teaching, which cultivates the learner’s ability of thinking in target languageSetting ou t to meet the learner’s direct communicative competenc eFostering the learner’s ability of using language flexibly according to speci fic context situationHelping the learner to grasp target language naturally and firmlyDefects:Over emphasizing the principle of entire structureCutting the connection between the spoken and written form of the language apart artificiallyPaying too much attention to the role of audio-lingual aspect, without appropriate use of the mother tongueOverstressing language form s instead of actual communicative content (pseudofunctional)。
英语教学法之听说法
• Emphasis on certain practice techniques: mimicry, memorization and pattern drills. • Discouraging the use of the mother tongue in the classroom, • Use of language laboratory.
• Theory of Learning:
1. Language is speech, not writing. 2. A language is what its native speakers say, not what someone thinks they ought to say. 3. Languages are different. 4. A language is a set of habits. 5. Teach the language, not about the language.
Objectives
• To enable students to use the target language communicatively. • To train in listening comprehension, accurate pronunciatiion, reading comprehension and production of correct sentences in writing.
6. Expansion drill 7. Clause combination drill 8. Backward build-up drill 9. Chain drill 10. Mini-dialogue drill
Summary and Comments
外语教学法主要流派
主要特点：强调模仿，主张用教儿童学习本族语言的方法，“通过说话学说 话”的方法来学习外语，不允许使用母语，用动作和图画等直观手段解释词 义和句子，要求外语与思想直接联系。
教学过程： 一句话一句话听，模仿，反复练习，直到养成语言习惯。 【直接学习，直接理解，直接应用】 教学原则： 1.强调口语的重要性，即语言首先是口头语言； 2.强调连贯篇章在教学过程中的中心地位； 3.强调口语教学在课堂教学中的绝对优先权；
1. 翻译法（Translation Method） 2. 直接法（Direct Method） 3. 听说法（Audio-lingual Method） 4. 情景法（Situational Method）
一、语法翻译法（翻译法）(Translation Method)
概念：语法翻译法是一种通过学习语法规则和词汇，并且按照规则用本国语 和目的语进行互译来教授语言的方法。【用母语来教授语法】
教学模式：老师带读单词---老师讲解课文---切合原意的课文翻译---课文句子 结构分析---语法项目练习---翻译练习---学生背诵课文
教学原则： 1. 以语法教学为中心，强调系统语法的学习 2. 语言材料的内容以突出某种语法形式为准 3. 本族语（学生的母语）充当中介 4. 以阅读和书面翻译为主
优点：
1. 视听结合的方式比单纯依靠听觉或视觉来理解、记忆和储存的语言材料多得 多。情境的创设能够加速外语与事物的联系，有助于理解所学的语言；
2. 重视整体结构的对话教学，使课堂变的生动活泼，学生学的语言自然，表达 准确；
3. 听觉形象有助于养成正确的语音，语调。节奏及遣词、造句的能力和习惯。
优点： 1. 学生的语法概念清晰 2. 阅读能力强，尤其是遇到长而难的句子时，通过分析句子结构便能理解意思； 3. 有助于培养翻译能力和写作能力；
听说法
Theory of language
The Structural view of language is the view behind the audio-lingual method. Particular emphasis was laid on mastering the building blocks of language and learning the rules for combining them.
Background
The United States entered into World WarⅡ
To supply the U. S. government with personnel who were fluent in languages. It was necessary to set up special language training program.
Structural linguistics—traditional grammar Language was viewed as a system of structurally related elements for the encoding of meaning, the elements being phonemes, morphemes, words, structures and sentence types.
Charles Fries
He applied the principles of structural linguistics to language teaching. Grammar was the starting point. The structure of the language was identified with its basic sentence patterns and grammatical structures. The language was taught by systematic attention to pronunciation and by intensive oral drills. Pattern practice was a basic classroom technique.
听说法在英语教学中的应用
"听说法"（Audiolingual Method）是一种语言教学方法，旨在通过反复听和模仿，培养学生的语言听力和口语表达能力。
这一方法在英语教学中有一段时间内得到了广泛的应用。
以下是听说法在英语教学中的一些应用和特点：
1. 强调口语和听力：听说法主要强调口语和听力的训练。
学生通过模仿教师的语音、语调，反复练习口语表达，以培养流利的口语和敏锐的听力。
2. 结合日常情景：教学内容通常围绕日常生活情景展开，使学生在语言学习中更容易理解和应用。
通过模拟真实交际场景，鼓励学生运用所学语言进行实际交流。
3. 基于对话和模仿：课堂上通常会出现对话模型，学生需要听懂并模仿其中的语言表达。
这有助于培养学生的语感和语言表达能力。
4. 重视语音规律：听说法注重语音规律的教学，包括语音连读、音节强调等。
通过反复训练，学生能更好地掌握英语的语音特点。
5. 强调记忆和机械化学习：听说法在一定程度上强调学生的记忆和机械化学习。
学生通过不断的重复、模仿和记忆，达到能够熟练运用语言的目的。
6. 小组活动和合作学习：听说法通常包括小组活动和合作学习，通过与同学互动，学生可以更好地运用所学语言，提高交际能力。
7. 使用语言实例：教学过程中经常使用大量的语言实例，以便学生更好地理解和应用新的语言结构和表达方式。
需要注意的是，尽管听说法在过去曾经是主流的语言教学方法之一，但现代语言教学理论和实践更强调综合语言能力的培养，包括阅读、写作、听力和口语等。
因此，目前的语言教学往往采用多元化的方法，更注重培养学生的全面语言能力。
Audio-lingual method听说法教学基本方法
Contents
• Definition：It is a style of teaching used in teaching foreign
languages. It is based on behaviorist theory, which professes that certain traits of living things, and in this case humans, could be trained through a system of reinforcement—correct use of a trait would receive positive feedback while incorrect use of that trait would receive negative feedback. • Oral Drills：Drills and pattern practice are typical of the Audiolingual method.
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• The llowing example illustrates how more than one sort of drill can be incorporated into one practice session :
-Teacher: There's a cup on the table ... repeat Students: There's a cup on the table -Teacher: Spoon Students: There's a spoon on the table. -Teacher: Book Students: There's a book on the table. -Teacher: On the chair Students: There's a book on the chair.
英语教学法之Audiolingual Method听说法.doc
Definition of Audio-lingual Method （American）❖a method of foreign or second Language teaching which emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing; mother tongue is discouraged in the classroom.Historical and social backgroundI Prompted by WWII❖The Audio-lingual Method is in origin mainly American. The Audio-lingual Method was developed in the U.S. during the Second World War. At that time, the U.S. government found it a great necessity to set up a special language training program to supply the war with language personnel who could speak fluently in German, French, Italian, Chinese and other languages. The objectives of the army program were for students to attain conversational proficiency in a variety of foreign languages.❖The "methodology" of the Army Method was derived form the intensity of contact with L2 rather than from any well-developed methodological basis.❖The Audiolingua l Method is also known as the “informant method”, since it used a native speaker of the language, the informant, and a linguist.❖The informant served as a source of language for imitation, and the linguist supervised the learning experience.II Academic Promotion❖In 1941 the first English Language Institute in the U.S. was established in the University of Michigan. The director of the institute was Charles Fries, who applied the principles of structural linguistics to LT. The result is an approach which advocated aural training first, then pronunciation training, followed by speaking, reading and writing.❖The emergence of the Audio-lingual Method resulted from the increased attention to FLT in the U.S. towards the end of the 1950s.III Political Promotion❖The need for a radical change and rethinking of FLTM was promoted by the launching of the 1st Russian satellite i n 1957.The US government acknowledged the need for a more intensive effort to teach a foreign language in order to prevent American from becoming isolated from scientific advances made in other countries.IV the Outcome❖This need made LT specialists set about developing a method that was applicable to conditions in U.S. college and university classrooms. They draw on the earlier experiences of the army programmes and the Aural-Oral or Structural Approach developed by Fries and his colleagues, adding insights taken from behaviourist psychology.•Structural linguistics views language as a system of structurally related elements (such as phonemes, morphemes, words, structure, and sentence types) for the expression of meaning.•The grammatical system consists of a list of grammatical elements and rules for their linear combination into words, phrases and sentences.•According to a structural view, language has the following characteristics in the Audiolingual Method:(1)Elements in a language are produced in a rule-governed (structured ) way.(2)Language samples could be exhaustively described at any structural level ofdescription.(3)Language is structured like a pyramid, that is, linguistic levels are system withinsystems.•The structural linguists believed that the primary medium of language is oral. Thisview of language offered the foundations for the Audio-lingual Method in language teaching in which speech was given in a priority.•The Audio-lingual Method is the first theories to recommend the development ofa language teaching theory on declared linguistic and psychological principles. TheoryTheory of learning•Like structural linguistics, behaviorism is also anti-mentalistic, that is, it does not believe that a human being possesses a mind which has consciousness, ideas, etc, and that the mind can influence the behavior of the body.•Behaviorism tires to explain how an external event (a stimulus) caused a change in the behavior of an individual (a response) without using concepts like “mind” or “ideas” or any kind of mental behavior.•Behaviorist psychology states that human and animal behavior can and should be studied in terms of physical processes only.•To the behaviorists, the human being is an organism capable of a wide repertoire of behaviors.•occurrence of these behaviors is dependent upon three crucial elements in learning:①stimulus②response③reinforcement•According to the Audio-lingual Method, learning consists of stimulus-response connections.•According to the Audio-lingual Method, learning is described as the formation of association between responses.• To apply this theory to language learning is to identify the organism as the FL learner, the behavior as verbal behavior, the stimulus as what is taught (language input), the response as the learner’s reaction to the stimulus, and the reinforcement as the approval or praise (or discouragement) of the teacher or students.•According to this behaviorist psychology, learning a language is a process of acquiring a set of appropriate language stimulus-response chains, a mechanical process of habit formation.•This theory of learning is particularly associated with the American psychologist B.F. Skinner-----a famous Harvard behaviorist who believes that verbal behavior is the same as any other fundamental respect of non-verbal behavior.•According to the behaviorist, a habit is formed when a correct response to a stimulus is consistently rewarded.•The habit therefore is the result of stimulus, correct response and reward occurring again and again.•According to Skinner, reward was much more effective than punishment in a teaching situation.•In an audiolingual classroom, teachers are encouraged to show approval for each and every correct performance by their students, and every drill is designed so that the possibility of making mistakes is minimized, engineering success for the students.Basic theoretical principles ( theory of language)•The five slogans (Moulton, 1961) which express the basic theoretical principles of the Audiolingual Method. They reflect the influence of structural linguistics and behaviorist psychology in language teaching:①language is speech, not writing;②a language is what its native speakers say, not what someone thinks they ought to say;③languages are different;④a language is a set of habits;⑤teach the language, not about the language is a principle of the Audio-lingualMethod.•This five principles became the tenets of language teaching doctrine during the post-war decades.RolesLearner roles❖Lessons in the classroom focus on the correct imitation of the teacher by the learners. Not only are the learners expected to produce the correct output, but attention is also paid to correct pronunciation. Although correct grammar is expected in usage, no explicit grammatical instruction is given. Furthermore, the target language is the only language to be used in the classroom.Teacher roles❖The Audio-lingual Method is a teacher- dominated model where the teacher role ismost crucial in the instruction of the language.❖According to the linguist Brooks “a teacher ” must be trained to introduce, sustain and harmonize the learning of the four skills in this order : learning, speaking, reading , writing “ and in the Audio-lingual Method , the teacher “controls the direction and pace and monitors and corrects the learners performance ”Instructional material❖Active verbal interactions between teachers and learners and use of materials such as tape recorders and audiovisuals equipments to assist the teacher in the classroom play a central role in teaching a second language.❖In Audio-lingual Method the target language should be the medium of instruction and/or use and translations o f the native language should be discouraged.CommentsMerits❖Combining language and images togethe r and putting them into language teaching, which cultivates the learner’s ability of thinking in target language❖Setting out to meet the learner’s direct communicative competenc e❖Fostering the learner’s ability of using language flexibly according to speci fic context situation❖Helping the learner to grasp target language naturally and firmlyDefects:❖Over emphasizing the principle of entire structure❖Cutting the connection between the spoken and written form of the language apart artificially❖Paying too much attention to the role of audio-lingual aspect, without appropriate use of the mother tongue❖Overstressing language form s instead of actual communicative content (pseudofunctional)。
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Definition of Audio-lingual Method （American）❖a method of foreign or second Language teaching which emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing; mother tongue is discouraged in the classroom.Historical and social backgroundI Prompted by WWII❖The Audio-lingual Method is in origin mainly American. The Audio-lingual Method was developed in the U.S. during the Second World War. At that time, the U.S. government found it a great necessity to set up a special language training program to supply the war with language personnel who could speak fluently in German, French, Italian, Chinese and other languages. The objectives of the army program were for students to attain conversational proficiency in a variety of foreign languages.❖The "methodology" of the Army Method was derived form the intensity of contact with L2 rather than from any well-developed methodological basis.❖The Audiolingua l Method is also known as the “informant method”, since it used a native speaker of the language, the informant, and a linguist.❖The informant served as a source of language for imitation, and the linguist supervised the learning experience.II Academic Promotion❖In 1941 the first English Language Institute in the U.S. was established in the University of Michigan. The director of the institute was Charles Fries, who applied the principles of structural linguistics to LT. The result is an approach which advocated aural training first, then pronunciation training, followed by speaking, reading and writing.❖The emergence of the Audio-lingual Method resulted from the increased attention to FLT in the U.S. towards the end of the 1950s.III Political Promotion❖The need for a radical change and rethinking of FLTM was promoted by the launching of the 1st Russian satellite i n 1957.The US government acknowledged the need for a more intensive effort to teach a foreign language in order to prevent American from becoming isolated from scientific advances made in other countries.IV the Outcome❖This need made LT specialists set about developing a method that was applicable to conditions in U.S. college and university classrooms. They draw on the earlier experiences of the army programmes and the Aural-Oral or Structural Approach developed by Fries and his colleagues, adding insights taken from behaviourist psychology.•Structural linguistics views language as a system of structurally related elements (such as phonemes, morphemes, words, structure, and sentence types) for the expression of meaning.•The grammatical system consists of a list of grammatical elements and rules for their linear combination into words, phrases and sentences.•According to a structural view, language has the following characteristics in the Audiolingual Method:(1)Elements in a language are produced in a rule-governed (structured ) way.(2)Language samples could be exhaustively described at any structural level ofdescription.(3)Language is structured like a pyramid, that is, linguistic levels are system withinsystems.•The structural linguists believed that the primary medium of language is oral. Thisview of language offered the foundations for the Audio-lingual Method in language teaching in which speech was given in a priority.•The Audio-lingual Method is the first theories to recommend the development ofa language teaching theory on declared linguistic and psychological principles. TheoryTheory of learning•Like structural linguistics, behaviorism is also anti-mentalistic, that is, it does not believe that a human being possesses a mind which has consciousness, ideas, etc, and that the mind can influence the behavior of the body.•Behaviorism tires to explain how an external event (a stimulus) caused a change in the behavior of an individual (a response) without using concepts like “mind” or “ideas” or any kind of mental behavior.•Behaviorist psychology states that human and animal behavior can and should be studied in terms of physical processes only.•To the behaviorists, the human being is an organism capable of a wide repertoire of behaviors.•occurrence of these behaviors is dependent upon three crucial elements in learning:①stimulus②response③reinforcement•According to the Audio-lingual Method, learning consists of stimulus-response connections.•According to the Audio-lingual Method, learning is described as the formation of association between responses.• To apply this theory to language learning is to identify the organism as the FL learner, the behavior as verbal behavior, the stimulus as what is taught (language input), the response as the learner’s reaction to the stimulus, and the reinforcement as the approval or praise (or discouragement) of the teacher or students.•According to this behaviorist psychology, learning a language is a process of acquiring a set of appropriate language stimulus-response chains, a mechanical process of habit formation.•This theory of learning is particularly associated with the American psychologist B.F. Skinner-----a famous Harvard behaviorist who believes that verbal behavior is the same as any other fundamental respect of non-verbal behavior.•According to the behaviorist, a habit is formed when a correct response to a stimulus is consistently rewarded.•The habit therefore is the result of stimulus, correct response and reward occurring again and again.•According to Skinner, reward was much more effective than punishment in a teaching situation.•In an audiolingual classroom, teachers are encouraged to show approval for each and every correct performance by their students, and every drill is designed so that the possibility of making mistakes is minimized, engineering success for the students.Basic theoretical principles ( theory of language)•The five slogans (Moulton, 1961) which express the basic theoretical principles of the Audiolingual Method. They reflect the influence of structural linguistics and behaviorist psychology in language teaching:①language is speech, not writing;②a language is what its native speakers say, not what someone thinks they ought to say;③languages are different;④a language is a set of habits;⑤teach the language, not about the language is a principle of the Audio-lingualMethod.•This five principles became the tenets of language teaching doctrine during the post-war decades.RolesLearner roles❖Lessons in the classroom focus on the correct imitation of the teacher by the learners. Not only are the learners expected to produce the correct output, but attention is also paid to correct pronunciation. Although correct grammar is expected in usage, no explicit grammatical instruction is given. Furthermore, the target language is the only language to be used in the classroom.Teacher roles❖The Audio-lingual Method is a teacher- dominated model where the teacher role ismost crucial in the instruction of the language.❖According to the linguist Brooks “a teacher ” must be trained to introduce, sustain and harmonize the learning of the four skills in this order : learning, speaking, reading , writing “ and in the Audio-lingual Method , the teacher “controls the direction and pace and monitors and corrects the learners performance ”Instructional material❖Active verbal interactions between teachers and learners and use of materials such as tape recorders and audiovisuals equipments to assist the teacher in the classroom play a central role in teaching a second language.❖In Audio-lingual Method the target language should be the medium of instruction and/or use and translations o f the native language should be discouraged.CommentsMerits❖Combining language and images togethe r and putting them into language teaching, which cultivates the learner’s ability of thinking in target language❖Setting out to meet the learner’s direct communicative competenc e❖Fostering the learner’s ability of using language flexibly according to speci fic context situation❖Helping the learner to grasp target language naturally and firmlyDefects:❖Over emphasizing the principle of entire structure❖Cutting the connection between the spoken and written form of the language apart artificially❖Paying too much attention to the role of audio-lingual aspect, without appropriate use of the mother tongue❖Overstressing language form s instead of actual communicative content (pseudofunctional)。