语法层次、句子成分和句子类型 (I)
现代汉语语法讲解—句子的成分结构分析

分析下列句子中动宾间的关系
我们在学校吃食堂。
我们爬了千山,玩了水洞。
处所宾语
晚饭后没事, 我俩压了会儿马路。
述语和宾语1 你吃小碗,我吃大碗。
工具宾语
屋里太冷了, 赶紧到外面晒晒太阳吧!
三、定语
(一)定语的构成材料和意义类别
定语是名词性偏正短语里中心语前面的附加成分 。实词和短语大都可以做定语。
限制性定语里有一种是表同一性的。
为谁服务的问题是一个原则性的问题。
如果把其中“的”换成“这个”,偏正短语就转化为同位短语。
(二)定语和助词“的”
请先看下面的例子
(三)多层定语 (多重定语/复杂定语)
宾语是动词分类的主要依据。
根据带宾语的情况可把动词分成及物动词 和不及物动词。这是就表示动作行为的动词
主语和谓语4 的分类。能带受事宾语的动词叫及物动词,
不能带受事宾语的动词叫不及物动词。 及物动词按照所带宾语的性质来分类:
1.只能带名词性宾语的动词叫名宾动词,这 类动词数量比较多,其特点是动作性比较强, 如:“读,写,洗,打,搓,揉,踢,编, 敲 砍 摇 打扫 修理 收割 采购 修建”等等。 由这类动词构成的动宾结构容易识别。
小赵 是 (大连)人。 受动作的关系。
“土豆烧牛肉。”的主语和宾语类型是什么?
当事宾语的意义类型比较复杂,细分起来,其关系是 多种多样的。
(1)表处所:回南方、坐火车(回到……、在……上车) (2)表时间:熬夜、过中秋节(在……里熬夜、在……时 过) (3)表工具:编柳条、喝小杯(用……编) (4)表方式:存活期、寄航空(用……的方式) (5)表原因:避雨、缩水(因……而躲避) (6)表目的:交涉过财产问题(为……而交涉) (7)表类别:他当班长,我是学生(他是班长) (8)表存在:那里有鱼(鱼在那里) (9)其他:上年纪、出风头
句子成分和五种句子类型(全)

定语(attribute)
用来修饰名词或代词,起类似于形容词的修饰作用. 1.You are a clever boy. 形容词 2.I want to tell you something important. 形容词 3.His father works in a shoe factory. 物主代词 名词 4.There are 66 students in our class. 数词 5.Do you know betty’s sister? 名词所有格 6.There is a sleeping baby in bed.现在分词 7.The girl standing under the tree is his daughter. 现在分词短语 8.We have nothing to do. 不定式 9.His spoken English is good. 过去分词 10.The girl in red is his sister. 介词短语 11.Do you know the man who stands there?从句
6.主语补足语(subject complement)
对主语进行补充说明。
把下列句子改为被动语态:
1.We
saw Tom dancing in his room. Tom was seen dancing in his room. 2.They elected Jim monitor of their class. Jim was elected monitor of their class. 3.We will make our country strong. Our country will be made strong.
英语语法句子成分和句子类型

句子的基本类型
• 根据不同的谓语动 • 谓语为不及物动词
词,我们可以把句 • 谓语为连系动词
子分成五大种七大 类。
• 谓语为及物动词
• 我们用S表示主语,
V表示谓语,O表示 宾语,C表示补语, A表示状语。
• 谓语为能带双宾的
及物动词
• 谓语为能带复合宾
语的及物动词
基本句型一SV、二SVA
• 这两个基本句型的共同点是谓语动词
基本句型三SVC
• 这个句型的特点是谓语动词为连系
动词。
• He is an excellent teacher.
千表万语记还住是:宾表语语?!
基本句型四、五
• 这两个基本S句VO型句的型与共S同VO点A句是型谓语动
词均为及物动的词区别。在于A是否必
• SVO句型 须存在!
– I love you very much!
– As he was leaving the office, it started to rain.(时间状语从句)
补语(Complement)
• 补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的
身份或特征。
• 补– P“语IS表a:主一m语位语”于般a补。连te由语系ac名动he词词r.后(或的S 主C形语) 容补语词又充称当。
– He told me that he felt lonely.
– He likes swimming.
定语 (Attributive):
• 定语的作用
– 用于修饰、限定名词或代词。
• 定语一般由?形容?词?充当。
–a bea定u语tiful girl
• 定语还可以由名词充当,表用途。
– a pencil box
语法层次、句子成分和句子类型(I)

语法层次、句子成分和句子类型(I)一、语法层次英语有五个语法层次,上一级语法单位由一个或多个下一级的语法单位构成。
自由词素:可以构成简单词并能独立使用, 但不能被进一步切分,常作词根构成派词素生词,如work, luck, friend.粘着词素:不可独立成词,也不可独立使用,只能作为词缀,附着在词根上,如worker lucky friendly中的-er, -y, -ly简单词:由一个自由词素构成的词,如上文的work, luck, friend.词派生词:由自由词素(作词根)加粘着词素(作词缀)构成,如worker lucky friendly。
复合词:由两个或更多的自由词素合并而构成的词:police + man= policeman名词词组:a close friend动词词组:drive a car, to learn English, playing basketball词组形容词词组:very far副词词组:so actively介词词组: in the meeting简单句:只有一个“主语+ 谓语”结构的句子:He likes dancing.并列句:两个或多个简单句通过并列连词and, but, or连接起来的句子: He likes句子dancing, but I like swimming.复杂句: 一个句子的成分直接由另一个句子充当,该句便是复杂句:I know he is a top student. I know it.主语谓语宾语(从句)(简单句)段落:段落由一个或多个句子组成,表达相对完整的意思,一般在段首或段尾有主题句(topic sentence)二、句子成分句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分包括表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语。
(一)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。
英语语法之句子成分

一、句子成分(一)句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
句子成分详解表(二)主语:主语(Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
例如:1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. ()2. We often speak English in class. ()3. One-third of the students in this class are girls. ()4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. ()5. Smoking does harm to the health. ()6. The rich should help the poor. ()7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. ()8. It is necessary to master a foreign language. ()趁热打铁一.改错:1. Do exercise is good for your health.2. Eat much meat is bad for your health.二.指出下列句中主语的中心词:The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.三.找出下面句子的主语:1. It is a pleasure to talk to you.2. Cleaning the house needs a lot of time.(三)谓语谓语(Predicate) 说明主语是什么,做什么或怎么样,由动词充当。
高中英语语法_句子成分

Our teacher encouraged us to work hard. The boy made his sister cry.
以上五种基本句型中的主语、宾语、表语都可 扩展成相应的从句,从而成为复合句。同时, 复合句中的主、从句也是由以上五种基本句型 组成的。如: What he says doesn’t agree with what he does. Why he came late is that his bike broke down on the way. It occurred to me that I had much work to do. He promised me that he would attend the lecture. What has made the city what it is now?
2.谓语: 说明主语的动作或所处的状态。 谓语 (predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般 在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或 情态动词+主要动词)构成。
1)
The new term begins on the 1st of September. 2) I would like to invite all my friends here. 3) I have tried this way three times. 4) We should pay attention to the English idioms. 5) He is working in the garden.
7.状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、
1)
因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。
英语句子成分和句子结构分析

英语句子成分和句子结构分析Company Document number:WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT英语句子成分和句子结构分析语法讲解1认识语法一、英语语法分为两大部分词法(微观遣词);句法(宏观造句)01词法(微观遣词)1.实词:有实际意义的词。
名词n.:表事物名称动词vi./vt.:行为,动态。
vi.不及物动词,本身可以表达完整意义,后面不需要带宾语vt.及物动词,本身无法表达完整意义,后面必须带宾语形容词adj.:修饰n.副词adv.:修饰v./adj.或者句子中其他adv或者整个句子代词Pron.:代替n.数词num.:表数量(基数词),表顺序(序数词)2.虚词:没有实际意义的词。
介词prep.:说明词与词之间的关系连词conj.:说明句子与句子之间的关系冠词art.:在n.前,限定n.感叹词int.:表达感叹02句法(宏观造句)1.句子的成分2.句子结构3.句子的变化4.句子的功能5.句子的类型:简单句,并列句,复合句6.复合句:名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句二、语法四大原则1.词性决定词用2.同类同用同种类型的词,用法相同,越细分,越一致3.动词即句魂句子里最重要的是谓语,谓语部分最重要的就是动词4.举一反三由表及里,发掘句子结构,归属;认识句子本质,由点及面,放大到句群。
语法精讲2句子的成分主体:主语,谓语,宾语,表语次体:定语,状语,补语,同位语主语:一个句子的主体,是全句述说的对象。
常由名词,代词或相当于名词或代词的词担任,一般放在句首。
The sun(名词n.) rises in the east.W e(代词pron.) are friendsT wenty years(数词num.) is a short time in history.S eeing(动名词) is believingT o be a teacher(不定式)is my dreamW hat he needs(句子)is a book 主语从句I t(形式主语)is time to go home(真正的主语)形式主语是为保持句子平衡谓语:表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或动词词组担任,放在主语的后面W e study(实意动词)English!I can(情态动词)do it!I don’t(助动词)know!H e is(系动词)asleep.宾语:表示谓语行为的对象,常由名词,代词或相当于名词的词担任,一般放在及物动词或者介词之后。
英语句子成分和基本句型(PDF版)

表:
动词分类
动词分类 1
动词分类 2
1、 不及物动词
1、不带宾语的动词
2、带一个宾语的及物动词
2、及物动词
3、带两个宾语的及物动词
4、带宾语和宾语补足语的及物动词
3、连系动词
5、带主语补足语(表语)的动词
从本表中我们看到,动词可以分为五类,因而就决定了英语的五种基本句型。英语的五种基本句型与上述动 词分
基本句型一:S+ V(主+谓)
S│V(不及物动词)
1.
Thesun│isshining.
2.Theboy│getsup.3.Weall│eat,anddrink.
主语可有修饰语-定语,谓语可有修饰语-状语。
如:1.Theredsunrisesintheeast.
2.Wegotupearlysoastocatchthefirstbus.
19.Ifoundthebookeasy. 20.Tom foundJim anapartment 21.WefoundJohnaloyal(忠心的)friend.
【课后强化巩固练习】
判断下列句子属于何种句型并翻译成汉语:
1.Iusuallycometoschoolbysubway. 2.Yournewbikelooksverynice! 3.Theearlybirdcatchestheworm. 4.Heusuallyplayssoccer,buthedoesn’tplaybasketball. 5.I’m makingcards,butit’sboring. 6.Theyaredoingsomecleaninginthelab. 7.IthinkyoumustlikeEnglishverymuch. 8.Myfavoritesubjectishistory. 9.Myteachersandclassmatesareverykindtome. 10.Thereisastudynexttomybedroom. 11.Don’tputthemthere. 12.Youmustlookafteryourthings. 13.Manyfamilywithyoungchildrenlivehere,too. 14.Theairisfreshandlifeisquietinthecountryside. 15.Myfriendswanttohaveabirthdaypartyforme. 16.ItwasMay13th. 17.Icancook,butIcan’tdrawpictures. 18.I’dliketotaketheseflowerstotheparty. 19.Ican’tcountsomanyflowers. 20.Shecandoitverywell. 21.Oneyearago,shecouldn’tdoitatall. 22.Webroughtmanypresentsforhim. 23.EachofusgaveKangkangabirthdaycard. 24.It’sagoodseasonforflyingkite. 25.You’dbetterknowabouttheweatherindifferentplacesinAugust. 26.InmostareasofChina,itisveryhot. 27.Isawyouplaybasketballalmosteverydayduringthesummerholidays. 28.Shedoeswellin(playing)baseball. 29.I’m sureourteam willwinnexttime. 30..Heinventedanindoorgameforhisstudentssothattheycouldplayiteveninbadweather.
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一、语法层次英语有五个语法层次,上一级语法单位由一个或多个下一级的语法单位构成。
自由词素:可以构成简单词并能独立使用, 但不能被进一步切分,常作词根构成派词素生词,如work, luck, friend.粘着词素:不可独立成词,也不可独立使用,只能作为词缀,附着在词根上,如worker lucky friendly中的-er, -y, -ly简单词:由一个自由词素构成的词,如上文的work, luck, friend.词派生词:由自由词素(作词根)加粘着词素(作词缀)构成,如worker lucky friendly。
复合词:由两个或更多的自由词素合并而构成的词:police + man= policeman名词词组:a close friend动词词组:drive a car, to learn English, playing basketball词组形容词词组:very far副词词组:so actively介词词组: in the meeting简单句:只有一个“主语+ 谓语”结构的句子:He likes dancing.并列句:两个或多个简单句通过并列连词and, but, or连接起来的句子: He likes句子dancing, but I like swimming.复杂句: 一个句子的成分直接由另一个句子充当,该句便是复杂句:I know he is a top student. I know it.主语谓语宾语(从句)(简单句)段落:段落由一个或多个句子组成,表达相对完整的意思,一般在段首或段尾有主题句(topic sentence)二、句子成分句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分包括表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语。
(一)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。
但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
请对下列句子的主语部分划线并指出其语法特征:During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.We often speak English in class.One-third (of the students in this class)are girls.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.Smoking does harm to the health.The rich should help the poor.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.It is necessary to master a foreign language.(二)谓语:谓语动词说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。
谓语动词有时态、语态、单复数的变化。
He practices running every morning.You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.The house has been built for three tears.(三)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem,feel等)之后。
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。
请对下列句子的表语部分划线并指出其语法特征:Our teacher is an American.Is it yours?The weather has turned cold.The speech is exciting.Three times seven is twenty one.His job is to teach English.His hobby is playing football.The machine must be out of order.Time is up.The truth is that he has never been abroad.(四)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
请对下列句子的宾语部分划线并指出其语法特征:They went to see an exhibition(展览)yesterday.The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.He pretended not to see me.I enjoy listening to popular music.I think(that)he is fit for his office.宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lend me your dictionary, please.Please show me the book.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:They elected (made) him their monitor.(五)宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有宾语外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make/keep等+宾语+宾补)。
宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
请对下列句子的宾语补足语划线并指出其语法特征:His father named him Dongming.They painted their boat white.Let the fresh air in.You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.We saw her entering the room.We found everything in the lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.思考题1:双宾语与宾语补足语的区别是什么?如何区分?(六)定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语,定语一般置于被修饰语之前,偶尔也置于被修饰语之后(something new / what else ),请分析以下句子,在定语处下划线,观察该定语的词性,并注意定语与其被修饰项的位置关系:Guilin is a beautiful city.China is a developing country; America is a developed country.There are thirty women teachers in our school.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.He is the person I want to make friends with.He is reading an article about how to learn English.(七)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态的特征的句子成分,叫做状语。
请对下列句子的状语部分划线并指出其语法特征:Light travels most quickly.He has lived in the city for ten years.I came here to help you.He is in the room making a model plane.Wait a minute.Once you begin, you must continue.状语种类如下(对状语划线):How about meeting again at six?(时间状语)Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.(原因状语)I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.(条件状语)Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语)She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语)She was so angry as to be unable to speak. (结果状语)She works very hard though she is old.(让步状语)He came here to help me. (目的状语)(八)同位语:一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰、限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。
同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.三、句子类型(一)句子种类两种分类法1.按句子的用途可分四种:1)陈述句(肯定、否定):He is six years old; She didn’t hear of you before.2)疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意):Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, can’t she?3)祈使句:B e careful, boys; Don’t talk in class.4)感叹句:How clever the boy is!2.按句子的结构可分三种:1)简单句:只有一个“主语+ 谓语”结构的句子。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句:由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。