大宪章翻译
大宪章名词解释
大宪章名词解释
大宪章是一个历史上的重要文件，它于1215年在英国签署，成为世界上第一个具有普遍意义的宪法文件。
其内容涉及到许多重要的政治、法律和社会问题，因此需要对其中涉及的一些术语进行解释。
1. 宪章：宪章是一个国家或组织的基本法律文件，规定了其政治制度、权力机构和公民权利等方面。
大宪章是英国历史上的一个重要宪法文件。
2. 统治者：指拥有权力和掌握政权的人或组织，如国王、政府、政党等。
3. 贵族：指具有特权和社会地位的人，如英国的贵族阶层，包括公爵、伯爵、子爵等。
4. 地方官员：指在地方政府机构中担任官职的人，如镇长、县长、市长等。
5. 税收：指政府强制征收的财产和收入的一部分，用于维持国家机器运转及公共事业建设和发展。
6. 自由：指个人或集体在不受限制的情况下可以自由行使其权利和
自由，如言论自由、人身自由、信仰自由等。
7. 法律：指规范社会行为的规则和制度，是维护社会秩序和正常生活的基础。
总之，大宪章是一个具有重要历史价值的文件，为后世宪法制定和公民权利的发展奠定了基础。
对其中涉及的一些术语的理解，有助于我们更好地理解和研究这一历史文献。
大宪章的内容和意义是什么
大宪章的内容和意义是什么
大宪章的内容
1.保障封建贵族和教会的特权及骑士、市民的某些利益，限制王权。
规定非经贵族会议的决定，不得征收额外税金。
2.保障贵族和骑士的采邑继承权。
3.承认教会自由不受侵犯。
4.归还原侵占的领主土地、抵押物和契据。
5.尊重领主法庭的管辖权，国王官吏不任意受理诉讼，对任何自由人非经合法判决，不得逮捕、监禁、没收财产或放逐出境。
6.承认伦敦和其他自治城市的自由。
7.统一度量衡，保护商业自由。
大宪章的意义
1.《大宪章》第一次以法律文本的方式规定了人权，开始了最早的人权实践。
权利与人权的区别在于人权有着与专制权力相对应的内涵。
换言之，权利只有在获得与专制权力相对应的地位时，才成为真正意义上的人权。
2.《大宪章》宣告了“国王在法律之下”，将此规定凝渚文字。
在贵族和国王的长期抗征中，王权应当受到限制的思想逐渐形成。
法律开始成为约束王权的武器。
法律不仅针对臣民，而且也应束缚君主。
3.《大宪章》实质是一个封建文件。
它的行文完全是封建的表达，体现的封建贵族的利益。
它所保障的权利主体是教会、各大主教、贵族以及自由民。
作为全国绝大多数的农奴并不在它保障之列。
翻译硕士英语百科知识名词解释
主要英国国家概况英国诺曼征服（Norman Conquest）以法国北部诺曼底公爵威廉为首的法国封建主对英国的征服。
1066年初，英王忏悔者爱德华（1042～1066在位）死后无嗣，威塞克斯伯爵哈罗德二世被推选为国王。
威廉以爱德华曾面许继位为理由，要求获得王位。
率兵入侵英国。
英王哈罗德迎战。
英军战败，哈罗德阵亡，伦敦城不战而降。
12月25日，威廉在伦敦威斯敏斯特教堂加冕为英国国王，即威廉一世(征服者)。
诺曼王朝（1066～1154）开始对英国的统治。
残存的英国贵族顽强抵抗，均遭残酷镇压。
1071年，威廉一世巩固了他的统治，获得征服者的称号。
诺曼征服加速英国封建化的进程。
威廉一世建立起强大的王权统治，没收反抗的盎格鲁萨克逊贵族土地，分封给随他而来的法国封建主。
通过这种土地分封建立起封建土地的等级所有制。
威廉一世还极力摆脱教皇对英国教会的干涉，把英国教会控制在自己手中。
在统治机构、法律上仍沿用英王旧制。
诺曼征服后，在英国出现了封建庄园，封建领主是庄园最高统治者，大部分农民丧失人身自由，沦为农奴。
引进法国文化，语言，建筑。
《大宪章》（Great Charter），1215年6月15日（一说1213）英王约翰被迫签署的宪法性的文件。
其宗旨为保障封建贵族的政治独立与经济权益。
又称《自由大宪章》或《1215大宪章》。
这张书写在羊皮纸卷上的文件在历史上第一次限制了封建君主的权力，日后成为了英国君主立宪制的法律基石。
百年战争(Hundred Years' War)是指英国和法国，以及后来加入的勃艮第，于1337年 - 1453年间的战争，是世界最长的战争，断断续续进行了长达116年。
战争胜利使法国完成民族统一，为日后在欧洲大陆扩张打下基础；英格兰几乎丧失所有的法国领地，但也使英格兰的民族主义兴起。
原因：12～13世纪，法国国王逐渐夺回部分被英王占领的土地。
14世纪初，英国仍占据法国南部阿基坦地区，成为法国政治统一的最大障碍，法国人试图把英国人由法国西南部赶走，从而统一法国。
新《大西洋宪章》全文及翻译
新《大西洋宪章》全文及翻译公众号：过桥土豆/guoqiaopotato2021年6月10日，美国总统拜登与英国首相约翰逊签署《新大西洋宪章》。
全文已经在白宫网站公布，网址为：/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/06/10/the-new-atlantic-charter/尝试翻译全文，水平有限，不妥之处请指出。
The New Atlantic Charter新大西洋宪章JUNE 10, 2021·STATEMENTS AND RELEASES2021年6月10日·声明发布Today, the President of the United States and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom reaffirm their commitment to work together to realise our vision for a more peaceful and prosperous future.今天，美国总统和联合王国首相，重申他们的承诺，致力于共同努力实现我们对更加和平和繁荣的未来的愿景。
Our revitalised Atlantic Charter, building on the commitments and aspirations set out eighty years ago, affirms our ongoing commitment to sustaining our enduring values and defending them against new and old challenges. We commit to working closely with all partners who share our democratic values and to countering the efforts of those who seek to undermine our alliances and institutions.我们重振的《大西洋宪章》，是建立在八十年前提出的承诺和愿望的基础上，确认了我们对维护我们经久不衰的价值观，并捍卫它们免受新老挑战的持续承诺。
英国大宪章原文及其中文译文
英国大宪章原文及其中文译文以下为英国《大宪章》的原文及中文译文：原文：Magna Carta - the Great CharterJohn, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and Count of Anjou, to the archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, justiciaries, foresters, sheriffs, stewards, servants, and to all his bailiffs and faithful subjects, greeting.Know that we, out of the reverence for God and the salvation of our soul and the souls of all our ancestors and heirs, for the honour of God and the exaltation of holy Church and the reform of our realm, on the advice of our venerable father, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, primate of all England and cardinal of the holy Roman Church, of the bishops and other servants of God whom we have called together for this purpose, have granted to God and to the holy Church, and by this our present charter have confirmed for evermore, that the Church of England shall be free, and shall have all her whole rights and liberties inviolable.中文译文：大宪章-《伟大特许状》英格兰国王约翰，依据神的恩典，拥有爱尔兰之主、诺曼底和阿基坦公爵和安茹伯爵的头衔，致函各位大主教、主教、宗座修道院院长、伯爵、男爵、法官、森林官、治安官、管家、仆人，以及所有他的代理人和忠实的臣民，请安。
翻译大宪章1
The Magna Carta(The Great Charter)Preamble: John, by the grace of God, king of England, lord of Ireland, duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and count of Anjou安茹伯爵, to the archbishop, bishops, abbots, earls, barons, justiciaries, [dʒʌ'stiʃiəriz]foresters, sheriffs, stewards, servants, and to all his bailiffs and liege [li:dʒ]subjects, greetings. Know that, having regard to God and for the salvation of our soul, and those of all our ancestors and heirs, and unto the honor of God and the advancement of his holy Church and for the rectifying of our realm, we have granted as underwritten by advice of our venerable fathers敬佩的神父, Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, primate大主教of all England and cardinal of the holy Roman Church, Henry, archbishop of Dublin, William of London, Peter of Winchester, Jocelyn of Bath and Glastonbury巴斯和格拉斯顿堡的乔斯林, Hugh of Lincoln, Walter of Worcester, William of Coventry, Benedict of Rochester, bishops of Master Pandulf, subdeacon [,sʌb'di:kən] 副执事and member of the household of our lord the Pope, of brother Aymeric (master of the Knights of the Temple in England), and of the illustrious men William Marshal, earl of Pembroke彭布罗克, William, earl of Salisbury, William, earl of Warenne, William, earl of Arundel阿伦德尔, Alan of Galloway (constable of Scotland), Waren Fitz Gerold, Peter Fitz Herbert, Hubert De Burgh (seneschal of Poitou法国普瓦图的总管、管家), Hugh de Neville内维尔, Matthew Fitz Herbert, Thomas Basset, Alan Basset, Philip d'Aubigny, Robert of Roppesley, John Marshal, John Fitz Hugh, and others, our liegemen.忠实的部下、臣下1. In the first place we have granted to God, and by this our present charter confirmed for us and our heirs forever that the English Church shall be free, and shall have her rights entire, and her liberties inviolate; and we will that it be thus observed遵守; which is apparent from this that the freedom of elections, which is reckoned most important and very essential to the English Church, we, of our pure and unconstrained will, did grant, and did by our charter confirm and did obtain the ratification of the same from our lord, Pope Innocent III, before the quarrel arose between us and our barons: and this we will observe, and our will is that it be observed in good faith真诚的by our heirs forever. We have also granted to all freemen of our kingdom, for us and our heirs forever, all the underwritten liberties, to be had and held by them and their heirs, of us and our heirs forever.2. If any of our earls or barons, or others holding of us in chief by military service shall have died, and at the time of his death his heir shall be full of age and owe "relief", he shall have his inheritance by the old relief, to wit即, the heir or heirs of an earl, for the whole barony 男爵领地、领地of an earl by £100; the heir or heirs of abaron, £100 for a whole barony; the heir or heirs of a knight, 100s, at most, and whoever owes less let him give less, according to the ancient custom of fees.3. If, however, the heir of any one of the aforesaid has been under age and in wardship, let him have his inheritance without relief and without fine when he comes of age.4. The guardian of the land of an heir who is thus under age, shall take from the land of the heir nothing but reasonable produce, reasonable customs, and reasonable services, and that without destruction or waste of men or goods; and if we have committed the wardship of the lands of any such minor to the sheriff, or to any other who is responsible to us for its issues, and he has made destruction or waster of what he holds in wardship, we will take of him amends, and the land shall be committed to two lawful and discreet men of that fee, who shall be responsible for the issues to us or to him to whom we shall assign them; and if we have given or sold the wardship of any such land to anyone and he has therein made destruction or waste, he shall lose that wardship, and it shall be transferred to two lawful and discreet men of that fief, who shall be responsible to us in like manner as aforesaid.5. The guardian, moreover, so long as he has the wardship of the land, shall keep up the houses, parks, fishponds, stanks, mills, and other things pertaining to the land, out of the issues of the same land; and he shall restore to the heir, when he has come to full age, all his land, stocked with ploughs and wainage, according as the season of husbandry shall require, and the issues of the land can reasonable bear.6. Heirs shall be married without disparagement歧视, yet so that before the marriage takes place the nearest in blood to that heir shall have notice.7. A widow, after the death of her husband, shall forthwith and without difficulty have her marriage portion and inheritance; nor shall she give anything for her dower, or for her marriage portion, or for the inheritance which her husband and she held on the day of the death of that husband; and she may remain in the house of her husband for forty days after his death, within which time her dower shall be assigned to her.8. No widow shall be compelled to marry, so long as she prefers to live without a husband; provided always that she gives security not to marry without our consent, if she holds of us, or without the consent of the lord of whom she holds, if she holds of another.9. Neither we nor our bailiffs will seize any land or rent for any debt, as long as the chattels['tʃætəl]动产of the debtor are sufficient to repay the debt; nor shall the sureties of the debtor be distrained so long as the principal debtor is able to satisfy the debt; and if the principal debtor shall fail to pay the debt, having nothing wherewith to pay it, then the sureties shall answer for the debt; and let them have the lands and rents of the debtor, if they desire them, until they are indemnified[in'demnifai]赔偿for the debt which they have paid for him, unless the principal debtor can show proof that he is discharged thereof as against the said sureties.10. If one who has borrowed from the Jews any sum, great or small, die before that loan be repaid, the debt shall not bear interest while the heir is under age, of whomsoever he may hold; and if the debt fall into our hands, we will not take anything except the principal sum contained in the bond.11. And if anyone die indebted to the Jews, his wife shall have her dower and pay nothing of that debt; and if any children of the deceased are left under age, necessaries shall be provided for them in keeping with the holding of the deceased; and out of the residue残余the debt shall be paid, reserving, however, service due to feudal lords; in like manner let it be done touching debts due to others than Jews.12. No scutage not aid shall be imposed on our kingdom, unless by common counsel of our kingdom, except for ransoming our person, for making our eldest son a knight, and for once marrying our eldest daughter; and for these there shall not be levied more than a reasonable aid. In like manner it shall be done concerning aids from the city of London.13. And the city of London shall have all it ancient liberties and free customs, as well by land as by water; furthermore, we decree and grant that all other cities, boroughs, towns, and ports shall have all their liberties and free customs.14. And for obtaining the common counsel of the kingdom anent the assessing of an aid (except in the three cases aforesaid) or of a scutage, we will cause to be summoned the archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls, and greater barons, severally by our letters; and we will moveover cause to be summoned generally, through our sheriffs and bailiffs, and others who hold of us in chief, for a fixed date, namely, after the expiry [ik'spaiəri] of at least forty days, and at a fixed place; and in all letters of such summons we will specify the reason of the summons. And when the summons has thus been made, the business shall proceed on the day appointed, according to the counsel of such as are present, although not all who were summoned have come.15. We will not for the future grant to anyone license to take an aid from his own free tenants, except to ransom his person, to make his eldest son a knight, and once to marry his eldest daughter; and on each of these occasions there shall be levied only a reasonable aid.16. No one shall be distrained for performance of greater service for a knight's fee, or for any other free tenement, than is due therefrom.17. Common pleas shall not follow our court, but shall be held in some fixed place.18. Inquests of novel disseisin侵占, of mort d'ancestor, and of darrein presentment [pri'zentmənt]最终的控诉状shall not be held elsewhere than in their own county courts, and that in manner following; We, or, if we should be out of the realm, our chief justiciar, will send two justiciaries through every county four times a year, who shall alone with four knights of the county chosen by the county, hold the said assizes 巡回法庭in the county court, on the day and in the place of meeting of that court.19. And if any of the said assizes cannot be taken on the day of the county court, let there remain of the knights and freeholders, who were present at the county court on that day, as many as may be required for the efficient making of judgments, according as the business be more or less.20. A freeman shall not be amerced [ə'mə:s]惩罚for a slight offense, except in accordance with the degree of the offense; and for a grave offense he shall be amerced in accordance with the gravity of the offense, yet saving always his "contentment"; and a merchant in the same way, saving his "merchandise"; and a villein shall be amerced in the same way, saving his "wainage" 农耕具if they have fallen into our mercy: and none of the aforesaid amercements shall be imposed except by the oath of honest men of the neighborhood.21. Earls and barons shall not be amerced except through their peers, and only in accordance with the degree of the offense.22. A clerk shall not be amerced in respect of 关于、涉及his lay holding世俗的私有财产except after the manner of the others aforesaid; further, he shall not be amerced in accordance with the extent of his ecclesiastical[i,kli:zi'æstikəl] benefice.教会俸禄23. No village or individual shall be compelled to make bridges at river banks, except those who from of old were legally bound to do so.24. No sheriff, constable, coroners, or others of our bailiffs, shall hold pleas of our Crown.25. All counties, hundred, wapentakes小邑, and trithings ['traiðiŋ] (except our demesne[di'mein] manors) shall remain at the old rents, and without any additional payment.26. If anyone holding of us a lay fief shall die, and our sheriff or bailiff shall exhibit our letters patent of summons for a debt which the deceased owed us, it shall be lawful for our sheriff or bailiff to attach and enroll the chattels动产of the deceased, found upon the lay fief, to the value of that debt, at the sight of law worthy men, provided always that nothing whatever be thence removed until the debt which is evident shall be fully paid to us; and the residue shall be left to the executors to fulfillthe will of the deceased; and if there be nothing due from him to us, all the chattels shall go to the deceased, saving to his wife and children their reasonable shares.27. If any freeman shall die intestate无遗嘱, his chattels shall be distributed by the hands of his nearest kinsfolk and friends, under supervision of the Church, saving to every one the debts which the deceased owed to him.28. No constable or other bailiff of ours shall take corn or other provisions from anyone without immediately tendering money therefor, unless he can have postponement thereof by permission of the seller.29. No constable shall compel any knight to give money in lieu of castle-guard防卫义务, when he is willing to perform it in his own person, or (if he himself cannot do it from any reasonable cause) then by another responsible man. Further, if we have led or sent him upon military service, he shall be relieved from guard in proportion to the time during which he has been on service because of us.30. No sheriff or bailiff of ours, or other person, shall take the horses or carts of any freeman for transport duty, against the will of the said freeman.31. Neither we nor our bailiffs shall take, for our castles or for any other work of ours, wood which is not ours, against the will of the owner of that wood.32. We will not retain beyond one year and one day, the lands those who have been convicted of felony, and the lands shall thereafter be handed over to the lords of the fiefs.33. All kydells for the future shall be removed altogether from Thames and Medway, and throughout all England, except upon the seashore.34. The writ which is called praecipe ['presəpi:] 原令状shall not for the future be issued to anyone, regarding any tenement whereby a freeman may lose his court.35. Let there be one measure of wine throughout our whole realm; and one measure of ale; and one measure of corn, to wit, "the London quarter"; and one width of cloth (whether dyed, or russet, or "halberget"), to wit, two ells旧时量布的长度within the selvedges; of weights also let it be as of measures.36. Nothing in future shall be given or taken for a writ of inquisition of life or limbs, but freely it shall be granted, and never denied.37. If anyone holds of us by fee-farm, either by socage or by burgage租地权, or of any other land by knight's service, we will not (by reason of that fee-farm, socage, or burgage), have the wardship of the heir, or of such land of his as if of the fief of that other; nor shall we have wardship of that fee-farm, socage, or burgage, unless suchfee-farm owes knight's service. We will not by reason of any small serjeancy which anyone may hold of us by the service of rendering to us knives, arrows, or the like, have wardship of his heir or of the land which he holds of another lord by knight's service.38. No bailiff for the future shall, upon his own unsupported complaint, put anyone to his "law", without credible witnesses brought for this purposes.39. No freemen shall be taken or imprisoned or disseised[dis'si:z] 侵占、强占or exiled or in any way destroyed, nor will we go upon 根据…来判断him nor send upon 预送、转送him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land.40. To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice.41. All merchants shall have safe and secure exit from England, and entry to England, with the right to tarry there and to move about as well by land as by water, for buying and selling by the ancient and right customs, quit from all evil tolls, except (in time of war) such merchants as are of the land at war with us. And if such are found in our land at the beginning of the war, they shall be detained, without injury to their bodies or goods, until information be received by us, or by our chief justiciar, how the merchants of our land found in the land at war with us are treated; and if our men are safe there, the others shall be safe in our land.42. It shall be lawful in future for anyone (excepting always those imprisoned or outlawed in accordance with the law of the kingdom, and natives of any country at war with us, and merchants, who shall be treated as if above provided) to leave our kingdom and to return, safe and secure by land and water, except for a short period in time of war, on grounds of public policy- reserving always the allegiance due to us.43. If anyone holding of some escheat[is'tʃi:t]无继承人的土地或财产转归给领主、归还、充公(such as the honor of Wallingford, Nottingham, Boulogne布伦（法北部的港口城市）, Lancaster, or of other escheats which are in our hands and are baronies) shall die, his heir shall give no other relief, and perform no other service to us than he would have done to the baron if that barony had been in the baron's hand; and we shall hold it in the same manner in which the baron held it.44. Men who dwell without the forest need not henceforth come before our justiciaries of the forest森林区法官upon a general summons, unless they are in plea, or sureties of one or more, who are attached for the forest.45. We will appoint as justices, constables, sheriffs, or bailiffs only such as know the law of the realm and mean to observe遵守it well.46. All barons who have founded abbeys, concerning which they hold charters from the kings of England, or of which they have long continued possession, shall have the wardship of them, when vacant, as they ought to have.47. All forests that have been made such in our time shall forthwith be disafforested; and a similar course shall be followed with regard to river banks that have been placed "in defense" by us in our time.48. All evil customs connected with forests and warrens, 小猎物繁殖的围地foresters and warreners, sheriffs and their officers, river banks and their wardens, shall immediately by inquired into in each county by twelve sworn knights of the same county chosen by the honest men of the same county, and shall, within forty days of the said inquest, be utterly abolished, so as never to be restored, provided always that we previously have intimation thereof, or our justiciar, if we should not be in England.49. We will immediately restore all hostages and charters delivered to us by Englishmen, as sureties['ʃuərəti, 'ʃuəti] of the peace of faithful service.50. We will entirely remove from their bailiwicks, the relations of Gerard of Athee (so that in future they shall have no bailiwick in England); namely, Engelard of Cigogne, Peter, Guy, and Andrew of Chanceaux,尚索（法）的安德鲁Guy of Cigogne, Geoffrey of Martigny with his brothers, Philip Mark with his brothers and his nephew Geoffrey, and the whole brood of the same.51. As soon as peace is restored, we will banish from the kingdom all foreign born knights, crossbowmen, serjeants, and mercenary唯利是图的、雇佣兵soldiers who have come with horses and arms to the kingdom's hurt.52. If anyone has been dispossessed or removed by us, without the legal judgment of his peers, from his lands, castles, franchises, or from his right, we will immediately restore them to him; and if a dispute arise over this, then let it be decided by the five and twenty barons of whom mention is made below in the clause for securing the peace. Moreover, for all those possessions, from which anyone has, without the lawful judgment of his peers, been disseised or removed, by our father, King Henry, or by our brother, King Richard, and which we retain in our hand (or which as possessed by others, to whom we are bound to warrant them) we shall have respite暂缓、缓解until the usual term of crusaders; excepting those things about which a plea has been raised, or an inquest made by our order, before our taking of the cross参加十字军; but as soon as we return from the expedition, we will immediately grant full justice therein.53. We shall have, moreover, the same respite and in the same manner in rendering justice concerning the disafforestation or retention of those forests which Henry our father and Richard our brother afforested, and concerning the wardship of lands which are of the fief of another (namely, such wardships as we have hitherto had by reasonof a fief which anyone held of us by knight's service), and concerning abbeys founded on other fiefs than our own, in which the lord of the fee claims to have right; and when we have returned, or if we desist from our expedition, we will immediately grant full justice to all who complain of such things.54. No one shall be arrested or imprisoned upon the appeal of a woman, for the death of any other than her husband.55. All fines made with us unjustly and against the law of the land, and all amercements, imposed unjustly and against the law of the land, shall be entirely remitted, or else it shall be done concerning them according to the decision of the five and twenty barons whom mention is made below in the clause for securing the pease, or according to the judgment of the majority of the same, along with the aforesaid Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, if he can be present, and such others as he may wish to bring with him for this purpose, and if he cannot be present the business shall nevertheless proceed without him, provided always that if any one or more of the aforesaid five and twenty barons are in a similar suit, they shall be removed as far as concerns担心、顾虑this particular judgment, others being substituted in their places after having been selected by the rest of the same five and twenty for this purpose only, and after having been sworn.56. If we have disseised or removed Welshmen from lands or liberties, or other things, without the legal judgment of their peers in England or in Wales, they shall be immediately restored to them; and if a dispute arise over this, then let it be decided in the marches边界地区by the judgment of their peers; for the tenements in England according to the law of England, for tenements in Wales according to the law of Wales, and for tenements in the marches according to the law of the marches. Welshmen shall do the same to us and ours.57. Further, for all those possessions from which any Welshman has, without the lawful judgment of his peers, been disseised or removed by King Henry our father, or King Richard our brother, and which we retain in our hand (or which are possessed by others, and which we ought to warrant), we will have respite until the usual term of crusaders; excepting those things about which a plea has been raised or an inquest made by our order before we took the cross; but as soon as we return (or if perchance we desist from停止our expedition), we will immediately grant full justice in accordance with the laws of the Welsh and in relation to the foresaid regions.58. We will immediately give up the son of Llywelyn and all the hostages of Wales, and the charters delivered to us as security for the peace.59. We will do towards Alexander, king of Scots, concerning the return of his sisters and his hostages, and concerning his franchises, and his right, in the same manner as we shall do towards our other barons of England, unless it ought to be otherwiseaccording to the charters which we hold from William his father, formerly king of Scots; and this shall be according to the judgment of his peers in our court.60. Moreover, all these aforesaid customs and liberties, the observances of which we have granted in our kingdom as far as pertains to us towards our men, shall be observed b all of our kingdom, as well clergy as laymen, as far as pertains to them towards their men.61. Since, moveover, for God and the amendment of our kingdom and for the better allaying 减轻of the quarrel that has arisen between us and our barons, we have granted all these concessions, desirous that they should enjoy them in complete and firm endurance forever, we give and grant to them the underwritten security, namely, that the barons choose five and twenty barons of the kingdom, whomsoever they will, who shall be bound with all their might, to observe and hold, and cause to be observed, the peace and liberties we have granted and confirmed to them by this our present Charter, so that if we, or our justiciar, or our bailiffs or any one of our officers, shallin anything be at fault 有错误towards anyone, or shall have broken any one of the articles条款of this peace or of this security, and the offense be notified to four barons of the foresaid five and twenty, the said four barons shall repair to到…去us (or our justiciar, if we are out of the realm) and, laying the transgression[træns'ɡreʃən, trænz-]违法、犯罪before us, petition to have that transgression redressed改正、补偿without delay. And if we shall not have corrected the transgression (or, in the event of 如果、万一our being out of the realm, if our justiciar shall not have corrected it) within forty days, reckoning from 从…算起the time it has been intimated to 向…暗示us (or to our justiciar, if we should be out of the realm), the four barons aforesaid shall refer that matter to提交、送交the rest of the five and twenty barons, and those five and twenty barons shall, together with the community of the whole realm, distrain 扣押、查封and distress us in all possible ways, namely, by seizing our castles, lands, possessions, and in any other way they can, until redress has been obtained as they deem fit, saving harmless our own person, and the persons of our queen and children; and when redress has been obtained, they shall resume恢复、重新开始their old relations towards us. And let whoever in the country desires it, swear to obey the orders of the said five and twenty barons for the execution [,eksi'kju:ʃən]of all the aforesaid matters, and along with them, to molest骚扰、干扰us to the utmost 极端、极度地of his power; and we publicly and freely grant leave to 留给、委托给everyone who wishes to swear, and we shall never forbid anyone to swear. All those, moveover, in the land who of themselves and of their own accord are unwilling to swear to the twenty five to help them in constraining and molesting us, we shall by our command 控制力compel the same to swear to the effect foresaid. And if any one of the five and twenty barons shall have died or departed from the land, or be incapacitated 丧失能力in any other manner which would prevent the foresaid provisions规定being carried out, those of the said twenty five barons who are left shall choose another in his place according to their own judgment, and he shall be sworn in the same way as the others. Further, in all matters,the execution of which is entrusted,to委托、托付these twenty five barons, if perchance可能these twenty five are present and disagree about anything, or if some of them, after being summoned, are unwilling or unable to be present, that which the majority of those present ordain 命令、判定or command shall be held as fixed and established, exactly as if the whole twenty five had concurred[kən'kə:] in赞同this; and the said twenty five shall swear that they will faithfully observe忠实地遵守all that is aforesaid, and cause it to be observed with all their might. And we shall procure获得nothing from anyone, directly or indirectly, whereby any part of these concessions and liberties might be revoked 废除、取消or diminished; and if any such things has been procured, 取得、获得let it be void（无效的）and null,无价值的、无法律效力的and we shall never use it personally亲自地or by another.62. And all the will, hatreds, and bitterness that have arisen between us and our men, clergy and lay世俗的、外行的, from the date of the quarrel, we have completely remitted 宽恕and pardoned to everyone. Moreover, all trespasses侵犯、冒犯occasioned 引起by the said quarrel, from Easter 复活节in the sixteenth year of our reign till the restoration of peace, we have fully remitted to all, both clergy and laymen世俗人员, and completely forgiven, as far as pertains to us. And on this head, we have caused to be made for them letters testimonial [,testi'məuniəl] patent of the lord Stephen, archbishop of Canterbury, of the lord Henry, archbishop of Dublin, of the bishops aforesaid, and of Master Pandulf as touching涉及、有关this security and the concessions aforesaid.63. Wherefore 因此we will and firmly order that the English Church be free, and that the men in our kingdom have and hold all the aforesaid liberties, rights, and concessions, well and peaceably, freely and quietly, fully and wholly, for themselves and their heirs, of us and our heirs, in all respects 在各个方面and in all places forever, as is aforesaid. An oath, moreover, has been taken, as well on our part as on the art of the barons, that all these conditions aforesaid shall be kept in good faith 真诚的and without evil intent.Given under our hand - the above named and many others being witnesses - in the meadow which is called Runnymede, between Windsor温莎and Staines,斯泰恩斯on the fifteenth day of June, in the seventeenth year of our reign.。
magna carta名词解释
magna carta名词解释《大宪章》（Magna Carta），又称《英王大宪章》、《伦敦大宪章》等，是英国历史上的一份重要文件。
它于1215年由英格兰的贵族和教会领导人与国王约翰（John）签署，成为君主权力制约的范例，体现了个人权利和法律的原则。
以下是对《大宪章》的名词解释。
1. 大宪章（Magna Carta）：指《大宪章》本身，是一份具有法律效力的文件，规定了英国国王的权力受到限制，保护了贵族和教会的权益。
2. 君主制约（Monarchical Restraint）：指《大宪章》对国王权力的限制。
根据《大宪章》，国王必须遵守一定的法律和程序，不能随意剥夺贵族和教会的权益，也不能滥用权力。
3. 个人权利（Individual Rights）：指《大宪章》保护的个人权利。
其中最重要的是禁止任意逮捕和拘留，确保人民的自由不受侵犯。
《大宪章》还规定了其他一些权利，如不得违法征收税收、自由买卖等。
4. 法治原则（Principle of Rule of Law）：指《大宪章》确立的法治原则。
根据《大宪章》，国王不得随意制定法律，而必须遵循一定的程序和原则。
这为后来的法治理念奠定了基础。
5. 限制国王权力（Restriction of Royal Power）：指《大宪章》规定的对国王权力的限制。
根据《大宪章》，国王不能随意征收税收、剥夺贵族和教会的权益，也不能单方面修改法律。
6. 致敬节制（Salvo Jure）：指《大宪章》中一个重要的原则。
根据这个原则，国王可以在某些特定情况下暂时违反《大宪章》的规定，但必须将违反的行为报告给贵族和教会，以免被视为是一种恶意的行为。
7. 罢免国王（Deposition of the King）：指《大宪章》规定的贵族和教会有权罢免国王的权力。
这是对国王滥用权力的制约措施，确保国王不得不遵守《大宪章》的规定。
8. 法律正义（Justice）：指《大宪章》追求的法律公正和正义。
英语历史文献翻译50题
英语历史文献翻译50题1. In the ancient text, "thou art" was often used, which means _____.A. you areB. he isC. she isD. they are答案：A。
本题考查常见的古英语短语“thou art”的翻译。
选项A“you are”是“thou art”的现代英语对应翻译；选项B“he is”意思是“他是”，不符合；选项C“she is”意思是“她是”，也不符合；选项D“they are”意思是“他们是”，不正确。
所以正确答案是A。
2. The phrase "forsooth" in the old document can be translated as _____.A. indeedB. perhapsC. neverD. always答案：A。
“forsooth”这个短语在古代文献中常见，其意思是“确实；的确”，选项A“indeed”与之相符。
选项B“perhaps”表示“也许”；选项C“never”表示“从不”；选项D“always”表示“总是”，都不符合“forsooth”的意思，所以选A。
3. "Yonder lies the castle" should be translated into _____.A. 这里有城堡B. 那里有城堡C. 远处有城堡D. 旁边有城堡答案：B。
“yonder”意思是“那里；那边”，所以“Yonder lies the castle”应翻译为“那里有城堡”，选项B 正确。
选项 A 中“这里”对应的英语是“here”；选项C“远处”常用“far away”等表达；选项D“旁边”常用“beside”等词，均不符合题意。
4. The word "anon" in the historical text could mean _____.A. soonB. lateC. neverD. often答案：A。
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首先，我们向上帝许诺，并藉此宪章永远约束我们和我们的继承人，确保英格兰教会的自由，使之充分享有其权利和自由，不受任何干涉。
由最近的自由选举就可以证明，因为对于英格兰教会而言，这是必要的也是重要的。
因此我们的自由意志，不受限制的的权利就应该被授予由宪章确定，而且，我们也得到了主教英诺森三世的批准。
这一切，在我们未与贵族发生冲突前已经确定了。
我们自身应该尊重这种自由，我们也希望继承人能够把这一点牢记于心。
任何自由人不得被逮捕、监禁，剥夺其权利或财产，剥夺其被保护法律的权利和被放逐，不得以任何方式剥夺其身份地位对其施加暴力或者委派其他人这样做，除非受到同等人的法律裁决以及本地法律的允许。
如果任何伯爵、男爵或者其他服兵役者过世，而且当其继承者已成年应交税，按照以往的税额。
也就是说，男爵的继承者应缴纳100英镑，骑士继承人最多缴纳100先令。
其他均应按照原有习惯，少有者少交。
任何巡查官或其他官吏，如不立即支付货款，不得取走任何人家的谷物或者其他不动产，除非出售者提出可以延期付款。
未获得一致同意的情况下，任何兵役免除税和贡金在全国内不允许征收，除非作为个人赎金，册封长子为骑士，或者长女出嫁，但是征收税款数额应适当。
伦敦市的贡金，应该按照同样的规定。
一切州、郡、百人村和十家区，都应按照旧租收税，皇家领地庄园除外。
凡在上述规定的三种税收或者兵役免除税之外，应用书信送往各大主教、住持、伯爵与男爵召集会议，通过执行吏和其他官员，于规定的日期地点集合（至少是通知发出前四十天）以获得全国同意。
在召集会议的所有书信中应阐明召集是由。
会议召集之后应该如期进行，决议应该按照出席人员的意志，即使受召集者未全部出席。