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人教版高中英语选择性必修第四册UNIT 4课时作业含答案

人教版高中英语选择性必修第四册UNIT 4课时作业含答案

UNIT 4SHARING(满分:120分建议用时:120分钟)第一部分阅读(共两节,满分50分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)AReading on the Go*FReaderA standard reading app for ebooks and audiobooks,FReader supports a variety of formats.The program is very pleasant to the eye and is adjustable to various spectrums(光谱).Apart from being a reading app,FReader has an integrated translator for five languages (English,Russian,German,French,and Ukrainian),making the app attractive to people across the world.You can also select a section of the page you are reading and share it via social networks,Bluetooth,SMS and other methods.Cool features: Four themes,supports five languages,advanced 3D animations,scans the device for all existing formats,Text-to-Speech.Business model: Free app.Only a standard free plan is available.*AIReaderAlthough it can read every type of books,AIReader is specially designed for Sci-Fi lovers.The app doesn’t support iOS,but you can open many book formats on your Android phone.This app has enhanced graphical(图解的) features and a wide range of customisation options that focus on providing the best quality for fictional book reading.Cool features: Text-To-Speech.External dictionaries,advanced adjustment of the visual supports E-Ink devices.Business model: Free app.AIReader doesn’t sell books,but you can simply purchase digital products elsewhere and upload them to the reading app.*NookNook is strongly integrated with the online store Banes & Noble.You can buy you ebooks anywhere and they will automatically appear in the Nook library.The app supports most ebook formats.Cool features: Wishlist,Article View,Parental Mode for children,customisation of all the visual features.Business model: Free app.With the partnership with Banes & Noble,you can find over a million free books on their website or purchase new titles for the price of as low as £0.99.*ScribdScribd has come a long way from the document-reading app it was initially.Today,it is one of the most famous programs with over a million titles in its library.Upon registration,you get a 30-day demo account that lets you read all the books you want for free! Apart from books,Scribd provides comic books,audiobooks articles,scientific studies,court cases and uncommon genres that no other app offers.You can even publish your own book on this platform.Cool features: Book sync across different devices,audiobooks.Business model: 30-day free trial.The monthly subscription for unlimited access to Scribd’s available material is £8.99.()1.Why is FReader attractive to international readers?A.It doesn’t harm your eyes.B.lt has many customisation options.C.It has a powerful integrated translator.D.Users can share what they read via social networks.()2.What can you do with AIReader?A.Buy Sci-Fi books.B.Enjoy great graphics.C.Read on an iOS device.D.Publish your own writing.()3.You can read books from Banes & Noble for free on ________.A.FReader B.AIReaderC.Nook D.Scribd【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文,介绍了四个阅读应用程序的阅读方式、特色和商业模式。

药品资格预认证的重要性 11月9日,印度南新公司(Ranbaxy

药品资格预认证的重要性 11月9日,印度南新公司(Ranbaxy

药品资格预认证的重要性11月9日,印度南新公司(Ranbaxy Laboratories)主动将自己全部的7种抗逆转录病毒药物从WHO的资格预认证(PQ)申请中撤消。

这些药物虽然不是大名鼎鼎(在基本药物范畴之外),但在发展中国家却是相当重要的。

今年年初,南新公司的3种抗逆转录病毒药物和印度Cipla公司的2种抗逆转录病毒药物也已经从资格预认证方案中删除。

那么什么是资格预认证?它为什么那么重要?药品资格预认证是由WHO世界卫生组织基本药物及药政部的分支机构药品质量安全评价部(Quality Assurance and Safety: Medicines team,QSM)负责组织实施的。

药品质量安全评价部(QSM)的主要工作是负责国际标准的开发、协调及促进,从而确保药物的质量、安全、功效及其合理使用。

其中,QSM还负责药品资格预认证,通过认证,向相应的国际组织或机构提供认证过的生产厂商名系。

比如为WHO、UNICEF、UNAIDS、UNFPA提供生产抗逆转录病毒药物的生产商;为WHO及其抑制结核病合作伙伴(Stop TB Partnership)提供生产抗肺结核药物生产商, 为WHO和击退疟疾行动组织(Roll Back Malaria)提供生产抗疟药的生产商。

药品资格预认证审查的内容包括药物和生产厂家。

一旦通过审核而出现在预认证目录上的药物的生产厂家均被认为是此药物的合格供应商。

生产商也同样需要接受GMP检查,审查者均是来自欧盟、加拿大、瑞士等地的药政权威专家,并与来自有药品需求的发展中国家的监查人员合作检查。

预认证评估系统会对由厂家进行的体内生物等效性试验进行评价,同时药品质量安全评价部(QSM)也会在当地提供适当的培训。

南新公司之所以撤销了申请是因为在抗逆转录病毒药物的生物等效性研究资料中发现了差异问题;该公司希望在年底之前重新提交更新的数据。

而今年年初撤销的项目是因为预认证审查者在对其委托研发机构(Contract research organizations, CRO)进行检查时发现其原始生物等效性数据和结果之间存在严重的差异,这个差异是因为没有按照良好药物临床试验规范(GCP)和良好药物实验研究规范(GLP)操作而导致的。

合伙人除名后操作流程

合伙人除名后操作流程

合伙人除名后操作流程Removing a partner from a business can be a difficult and emotional process. It is important to handle the situation delicately and professionally to ensure the continued success of the business. 合伙人从企业中除名可能是一个困难和情绪化的过程。

处理这种情况时要小心和专业,以确保企业的持续成功。

The first step in removing a partner is to review the partnership agreement. This document will outline the process for removing a partner and any associated requirements or consequences. It is important to follow the guidelines set forth in the partnership agreement to avoid any legal or financial implications. 除名合伙人的第一步是审查合伙协议。

这份文件将概述除名合伙人的流程以及任何相关要求或后果。

遵循合伙协议中规定的指导方针是非常重要的,以避免任何法律或财务问题。

Next, it is essential to communicate with the partner being removed in a respectful and professional manner. This conversation should be held in private to prevent any unnecessary tension or conflict. Clearly explain the reasons for the removal and provide the partner with anydocumentation or evidence to support your decision. 接下来,与被除名的合伙人进行尊重和专业的沟通是至关重要的。

防治结核病活动总结6篇

防治结核病活动总结6篇

防治结核病活动总结6篇(实用版)编制人:__________________审核人:__________________审批人:__________________编制单位:__________________编制时间:____年____月____日序言下载提示:该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的,希望大家下载后,能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改,请根据实际需要进行调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种类型的教育资料,如演讲稿、作文大全、工作计划、工作总结、工作报告、条据文书、调研报告、其他范文等等,想了解更多不同资料格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!Moreover, our store provides various types of educational materials for everyone, such as speeches, essay compilations, work plans, work summaries, work reports, policy documents, research reports, and other sample articles. If you want to learn more about different data formats and writing methods, please stay tuned!防治结核病活动总结6篇为了确保接下来活动的成功,我们一定要将活动总结写好,活动总结就是对本场活动的复盘,下面是本店铺为您分享的防治结核病活动总结6篇,感谢您的参阅。

bec商务英语必备词汇

bec商务英语必备词汇

11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(D)D damages n. 损害,损失deadline n. 最后期限deal n. 营业协议,数量v. 交易dealer n. 商人debit n. 借方,欠的钱v. 记入帐户的借方debt n. 欠款,债务to get into debt 负债to be out of debt 不欠债to pay off a debt 还清债务debtor n. 债务人aged debtors 长期债务人declare v. 申报,声明decline n./v. 衰退,缓慢,下降decrease v. 减少deduct v. 扣除,减去default n. 违约,未履行defect n. 缺陷defective adj. 有缺点的defer v. 推迟deferred payments n. 延期支付deficit n. 赤字delivery cycle n. 交货周期*demand management n. 需求规化demodulated adj. 消极的,冷谈的deposit n. 储蓄,预付(定金)depot n. 仓库depreciate v. 贬值,(对资产)折旧depressing adj. 令人沮丧的deputy n. 代理人,副职,代理devalue v. 货币贬值(相对于其它货币)diet n. 饮食,食物,特种饮食differentiation n. 区分,鉴别dimensions n. 尺寸,面积,规模direct v 管理,指导director n. 经理,主管Managing Director n. 总经理direct cost n. 直接成本direct mail n. (商店为招揽生意而向人们投寄的)直接邮件direct selling n. 直销,直接销售directory n. 指南,号码簿discount n. 折扣,贴现dismiss v. 让……离开,打发走dismissal n. 打发走dispatch n./v. 调遣display n./v. 展出,显示dispose v. 安排,处理(事务)dispose of 去掉,清除distribution n. 分配,分发,分送产品*diversify v. 从事多种经营;多样化divest v. 剥夺dividend n. 股息,红利,年息division n. 部门*dog n. 滞销品down-market a./ad. 低档商品的*down-time/downtime n. 设备闲置期DP(=Data Processing) n. 计算机数据处理,计算机数据处理部门dramatic adj. 戏剧性的drive n. 积极性,能动性due adj. 应付的,预期的dynamic adj. 有活力的11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(E)E earnings n. 工资efficiency n. 效率endorse v. 背书,接受engage v. 雇用entitle v. 授权entitlement n. 应得的权利holiday entitlement n. 休假权equity n. 股东权益equity capital n. 股本equities 普通股,股票estimated demand n. 估计需求evaluate v. 估价,评价eventual adj. 最终的exaggerate v. 夸张exceed v. 超过exhibit n. 展览,表现expenditure n. 花费,支出额expense n. 费用,支出expense account n. 费用账户expenses n. 费用,业务津贴expertise n. 专长,专门知识和技能*exposure n. 公众对某一产品或公司的知悉;广告所达到的观众总数11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(F)F facilities n. 用于生产的设备、器材facilities layout n. 设备的布局规划、计划facilities location n. 设备安置*factoring n. 折价购买债券*fail-safe system n. 安全系统feasibility study n. 可行性研究feedback n. 反馈,反馈的信息field n. 办公室外边,具体业务file n. 文件集,卷宗,档案,文件v. 把文件(或资料)归档fill v. 充任finance n. 资金,财政v. 提供资金financial adj. 财政的financing n. 提供资金,筹借资金finished goods n. 制成品firm n. 公司fire v. 解雇fix v. 确定,使固定在fix up v. 解决,商妥fiscal adj. 国库的,财政的*flagship n. 同类中最成功的商品,佼佼者flexible adj. 有弹性的,灵活的flextime n. 弹性工作时间制flier(=flyer) n. 促销传单float v. 发行股票flop n. 失败flow shop n. 车间fluctuate v. 波动,涨落,起伏FOB, f.o.b n. 离岸价*follow-up n. 细节落实,接连要做的事forecast v. 预测four P's 指产品PRODUCT、价格PRICE、地点PLACE、促销PROMOTION framework n. 框架,结构*franchise n. 特许经销权v. 特许经销,给予特许经销权franchisee n. 特许经营人franchiser n. 授予特许经营权者fraud n. 欺骗*freebie n. (非正式的)赠品,免费促销的商品freelance n.& adj. 自由职业者(的)funds n. 资金,基金futures n. 期货交易11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(G)G gap n. 缺口,空隙*gearing n. 配称(即定息债务与股份资本之间的比率)*gimmick n. 好主意,好点子goal n. 目标going adj. 进行的,运转中的going rate n. 产品的市场价格goods n. 货物,商品goodwill n. 声誉*go public v. 首次公开发行股票grapple with v. 与……搏斗,尽力解决grievance n. 申诉,抱怨gross adj. 总的,毛的gross margin n. 毛利率gross profit n. 毛利gross yield n. 毛收益gradually adv. 逐渐地group n. (由若干公司联合而成的)集团grow v. 增长,扩大growth n. 增长,发展guarantee n. 保证,保单guidelines n. 指导方针,准则11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(H)H hand in v. 呈送hand in one's notice 递交辞呈handle v. 经营*hands on adj. 有直接经验的hard sell n. 强行推销hazard n. 危险,危害行为head n. 主管,负责health and safety n. 健康和安全*hedge n. 套期保值hidden adj. 隐藏的,不明显的hierarchy n. 等级制度,统治集团,领导层hire v. 雇用hire purchase n. 分期付款购物法hit v. 击中,到达holder n. 持有者holding company n. 控股公司hostile adj. 不友好的,恶意的HRD n. 人力资源发展部human resources n. 人力资源*hype n. 天花乱坠的(夸张)广告宣传11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(I)I impact n. 冲击,强烈影响implement v. 实施,执行implication n 隐含意义incentive n. 刺激;鼓励income n. 工资或薪金收入,经营或投资的收入earned income 劳动收入,劳动所得unearned income 非劳动收入,投资所得increment v. 定期增加incur v 招致,承担*indemnity n. 偿还,赔偿index n. 指数,索引retail price index 零售价格指数indirect costs n. 间接成本induction n. 就职industrial adj. 工业的industrial action n. (罢工、怠工等)劳工行动industrial relations n. 劳资关系inefficiency n. 低效率,不称职inflate v. 抬高(物价),使通货等)膨胀inflation n. 通货膨胀*infringe v. 违法,违章initial adj. 初步的innovate v. 革新input n. 投入insolvent adj. 无清偿力的installment n. 部分,分期付款insure v. 给……保险,投保insurance n. 保险interest n. 利息,兴趣interest rate n. 利率interim n. 中期,过渡期间intermittent production n. 阶段性生产interview n./v. 面试interviewee n. 被面试的人interviewer n. 主持面试的人,招聘者introduce v. 介绍,提出*inventory n. 库存buffer inventory n. 用于应付突发性需求的存货capacity inventory n. 用于将来某时使用的存货cycle inventory n. 循环盘存decoupling inventory n. 保险性存货(以应付万一)finished goods inventory n. 制成品存货(盘存)pipeline inventory n. 在途存货raw materials inventory n. 原材料存货work-in-progress inventory n. 在制品盘存(存货)invest v. 投资investment n. 投资investor n. 投资者invoice n. 发票v. 给(某人)开发票irrevocable adj. 不可撤消的,不能改变的issue n. 发行股票* rights issue n. 优先认股权IT=Information Technology 信息技术item n. 货物,条目,条款11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(J-K)J job n. 工作job description 工作说明,职务说明*job lot n. 一次生产的部分或少数产品job mobility 工作流动job rotation 工作轮换job satisfaction 工作的满意感(自豪感)*job shop n. 专门车间jobbing n. 为一次性的或小的订货需求而特设的生产制度joint adj. 联合的joint bank account (几个人的)联合银行存款帐户journal n. 专业杂志*jurisdiction n. 管辖(权)junk bonds n. 低档(风险)债券,垃圾债券junk mail n. (未经收信人要求的)直接邮寄的广告宣传*just-in-time n. 无库存制度K key adj. 主要的,关键的knockdown adj. (价格)很低的know-how n. 专门技术11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(L)Llabel n. 标签,标牌v. 加标签,加上标牌labor n. 劳动,工作,劳动力labor market 劳动力市场labor relations 劳资关系labor shortage 劳动力短缺*launch v. 在市场推出一种新产品n. 新产品的推出lay-off/layoff n./v. 临时解雇layout n. 工厂的布局lead v. 领先,领导lead time n. 完成某项活动所需的时间leaflet n. 广告印刷传单lease n. 租借,租赁物legal adj. 合法的lend v. 出借,贷款lessee n. 承租人lesser n. 出租人*ledger n. 分类帐nominal ledger n. 记名帐purchase ledger n. 进货sales ledger n. 销货帐*leverage n. 杠杆比率liability n. 负债liabilities n. 债务license(US: license) n. 许可证license v. 许可,批准life cycle n. 寿命周期likely adj. 可能的*line process 流水线(组装)link n. 关系,联系,环liquid adj. 易转换成现款的liquidate v. 清算*liquidity n. 拥有变现力liquidation n. 清理(关闭公司),清算liquidator n. 清算人,公司资产清理人listed adj. 登记注册的listing n. 上市公司名录literature n. (产品说明书之类的)印刷品,宣传品litigate v. 提出诉讼loan n./v. 贷款,暂借logo n. 企业的特有标记lose v. 亏损loser n.失败者loss n. 损失lot n. 批,量loyalty n. 忠诚,忠实11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(M-N)M magazine n. 杂志,期刊mailshot n. 邮购maintain v. 维持,保持maintenance n. 维持,坚持major adj. 重大的,主要的,较大的majority shareholding 绝对控股make n. 产品的牌子或型号make-to-order adj. 根据订货而生产的产品make-to-stock adj. 指那些在未收到订货时就已生产了的产品management n. 管理,管理部门middle management n. 中层管理人员senior management n. 高层管理人员managerial adj. 管理人员的,管理方面的manager n. 经理plant manager n. 工厂负责人line manager n. 基层负责人staff manager n. 部门经理助理management accounts n. 管理帐目matrix management n. 矩阵管理*management information system(MIS) n. 管理信息系统manning n. 人员配备manpower n. 劳动力manpower resources n. 劳动力资源manual adj. 体力的,人工的,蓝领的manufacture v. (用机器)制造manufacturer n. 制造者(厂、商、公司)manufacturing adj. 制造的manufacturing industry 制造业margin n. 利润gross margin n. 毛利率net margin n. 净利润mark-up v. 标高售价,加价market n. 市场;产品可能的销量down market adv./adj. 低档商品/地的up market adj./adv. 高档商品的/地marketing mix n. 综合营销策略,指定价、促销、产品等策略的配合market leader n. 市场上的主导公司*market niche n. 小摊位,专业市场的一个小部分market penetration n. 市场渗入market segmentation 市场划分market share n. 市场占有率,市场份额*mass-marketing n. 大众营销术*master production schedule n. 主要生产计划*material requirements planning(MRP) n. 计算生产中所需材料的方法*materials handling n. 材料管理,材料控制maximise v. 使增至最大限度、最大化measure n. 措施,步骤media n. 新闻工具,传媒mass media 大众传媒(如电视、广播、报纸等)merchandising n. (在商店中)通过对商品的摆放与促销进行经营merge v. 联合,合并merger n. (公司,企业等的)合并merit n. 优点,值得,应受method study n. 方法研究middleman n. 中间人,经纪人full milk n. 全脂牛奶skimmed milk n. 脱脂乳minimize v. 使减至最小限度,最小化*mission n. 公司的长期目标和原则mobility n. 流动性,可移性moderately adv. 中等地,适度地monopoly n. 垄断,独占mortgage n./v. 抵押motivate v. 激励,激发……的积极性motivated adj. 有积极性的motivation n. 提供动机,积极性,动力motive n. 动机N negotiate v. 谈判negotiable adj. 可谈判的,可转让的net adj. 净的,纯的network n. 网络*niche n. 专业市场中的小摊位notice n. 通知,辞职申请,离职通知11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(O)O objective n. 目标,目的obsolete adj. 过时的,淘汰的,废弃的offer n. 报价,发盘offer v. 开价off-season adj./adv. 淡季的off-the-shelf adj. 非专门设计的off-the-peg adj. 标准的,非顾客化的opening n. 空位operate v. 操作,经营,管理operating profits 营业利润*operations chart n. 经营(管理)表*operations scheduling n. 生产经营进度表opportunity n. 机会*optimize v. 优化option n. 选择权share option n. 期权organ gram n. 组织图organization chart n. 公司组织机构图orient v. 定向,指引orientation n. 倾向,方向;熟悉,介绍情况outcome n. 结果outlay n. 开销,支出,费用*outlet n. 商店 a retail outlet 零售店outgoings n. 开支,开销outlined adj. 概括,勾勒的草图output n. 产量*outsource v. 外购产品或由外单位制做产品outstanding adj. 未付款的,应收的over-demand n. 求过于供overdraft n. 透支overdraft facility 透支限额overdraw v. 透支*overhead costs n. 营业成本*overheads n. 企业一般管理费用overpay n. 多付(款)overtime n. 加班overview n. 概述,概观owe v. 欠钱,应付11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(P-Q)P p.a.(=per annum) n. 每年packaging n. 包装物;包装parent company n. 母公司,总公司part-time adj. 部分时间工作的,业余的participate v. 参加,分享(in) partnership n. 合伙(关系),合伙,合伙企业patent n. 专利pay n. 工资,酬金v. 付钱,付报酬take-home pay 实得工资payroll n. 雇员名单,工资表peak n. 峰值,顶点penetrate v. 渗透,打入(市场)penetration n. 目标市场的占有份额pension n. 养老金,退休金perform v. 表现,执行performance n. 进行,表现工作情况performance appraisal n. 工作情况评估perk n. 额外待遇(交通、保健、保险等)personnel n. 员工,人员*petty cash n. 零用现金phase out n. 分阶段停止使用*pick v. 提取生产用零部件或给顾客发货* picking list n. 用于择取生产或运输订货的表格pie chart n. 饼形图pilot n. 小规模试验pipeline n. 管道,渠道plant capacity n. 生产规模,生产能力plot v. 标绘,策划*plough back n. 将获利进行再投资* point of sale (POS) n. 销售点policy n. 政策,规定, 保险单*portfolio n. (投资)组合*portfolio management n. 组合证券管理post n. 邮件,邮局;职位position n. 职位potential n. 潜在力,潜势power n. 能力purchasing power 购买力PR=Public Relations 公共关系*preference shares n. 优先股price n. 价格market price 市场价,市价retail price 零售价probation n. 试用期product n. 产品production cycle n. 生产周期production schedule n. 生产计划product life cycle n. 产品生命周期product mix n. 产品组合(种类和数量的组合)productive adj. 生产的,多产的*profile n. 简介形象特征profit n. 利润operating profit n. 营业利润profit and loss account n. 损益帐户project v. 预测promote v . 推销promotion n. 提升,升级proposal n. 建议,计划prospect n. 预期,展望prospectus n. 计划书,说明书prosperity n. 繁荣,兴隆prototype n. 原型,样品*publicity n. 引起公众注意public adj. 公众的,公开的go public 上市public sector 公有企业publicity n. 公开场合,名声,宣传publics n. 公众,(有共同兴趣的)一群人或社会人士punctual adj. 准时的punctuality n. 准时purchase v. & n. 购买purchaser n. 买主,采购人Q QC(=Quality Circle) n. 质检人员qualify v. 有资格,胜任qualified adj. 有资格的,胜任的,合格的qualification n. 资格,资格证明quality n. 质量quality assurance n. 质量保证quality control 质量控制,质量管理quarterly adj./adv. 季度的,按季度questionnaire n. 调查表,问卷quote n. 报价,股票牌价quotation n. 报价,股票牌价11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(R)R R&DResearch and Development 研究与开发radically adv. 根本地,彻底地raise n. (美)增加薪金v. 增加,提高;提出,引起range n. 系列产品rank n./v. 排名rapport n. 密切的关系,轻松愉快的气氛rate n. 比率,费用fixed rate 固定费用,固定汇率going rate 现行利率,现行汇率rating 评定结果ratio n. 比率rationalize v. 使更有效,使更合理raw adj. 原料状态的,未加工的raw material n. 原材料receive v. 得到receipt n. 收据receiver n. 接管人,清算人accounts receivable 应收帐receivership n. 破产管理recession n. 萧条reckon v. 估算,认为recognise v. 承认reconcile v. 使……相吻合,核对,调和recoup v. 扣除,赔偿recover v. 重新获得,恢复recovery n. 重获,恢复recruit v. 招聘,征募n. 新招收的人员recruitment n. 新成员的吸收red n. 红色in the red 赤字,负债reduce v. 减少reduction n. 减少redundant adj. 过多的,被解雇的redundancy n. 裁员,解雇reference n. 参考,参考资料reference number (Ref. No.) 产品的参考号码refund n./v. 归还,偿还region n. 地区*reimburse v. 偿还,报销reject n./v. 拒绝reliability n. 可靠性relief n. 减轻,解除,救济relocate v. 调动,重新安置remuneration n. 酬报,酬金rent v. 租n. 租金rep (代表)的缩写report to v. 低于(某人),隶属,从属reposition v. (为商品)重新定位represent v. 代表,代理representative n. 代理人,代表reputation n. 名声,声望reputable adj. 名声/名誉好的reserves n. 储量金,准备金resign v. 放弃,辞去resignation n. 辞职resistance n. 阻力,抵触情绪respond v. 回答,答复response n. 回答,答复restore v. 恢复result/results n. 结果,效果retail n./v. 零售retailer n. 零售商*retained earnings n. 留存收益retire v. 退休retirement n. 退休return n. 投资报酬*return on investment (ROI) n. 投资收入,投资报酬revenue n. 岁入,税收review v./n. 检查reward n./v. 报答,报酬,奖赏*rework v. (因劣质而)重作risk capital n. 风险资本rival n. 竞争者,对手adj. 竞争的rocket v. 急速上升,直线上升,飞升ROI Return on Investment 投资利润roughly adv. 粗略地round adj. 整数表示的,大约round trip 往返的行程royalty n. 特许权,专利权税run v. 管理,经营running adj. 运转的11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(S)Ssack v. 解雇sales force 销售人员sample n. 样品;v. 试验;抽样检验*saturation n. (市场的)饱和(状态)saturate v. 饱和save v. 节省,储蓄savings n. 存款scale n. 刻度,层次scapegoat n. 替罪羊scare adj. 缺乏的,不足的*scrap n. 废料或废品seasonal adj. 季节性的section n. 部门sector n. 部门*securities n. 债券及有价证券segment n. 部分v. 将市场划分成不同的部分segmentation n. 将市场划分成不同的部门semi-skilled adj. 半熟练的settle v. 解决,决定settlement n. 解决,清偿,支付service n. 服务,帮佣services n. 专业服务settle v. 安排,支付set up v. 创立share n. 股份shareholder n. 股东*shelf-life n. 货架期(商品可以陈列在货架上的时间)shift n. 轮班showroom n. 陈列室simulation n. 模拟shop n. 商店closed shop 限制行业(只允许本工会会员)open shop 开放行业(非会员可从事的工作)shop steward 工会管事shopfloor 生产场所shortlist n. ……供最后选择的候选人名单v. 把……列入最后的候选人名单sick adj. 病的sick leave 病假sick note 病假条sick pay 病假工资sickness 生病skill n. 技能,熟巧skilled employee n. 熟练工人*skimming n. 高额定价,撇奶油式定价slogan n. 销售口号slump n. 暴跌 a slump in sales 销售暴跌soft-sell n. 劝诱销售(术),软销售(手段)software n. 软件sole adj. 仅有的,单独的sole distributor 独家分销商solvent adj. 有偿付能力的*sourcing n. 得到供货spare part n. 零部件specification n. 产品说明split v. 分离spokesman n. 发言人sponsor n. 赞助者(为了商品的广告宣传)spread n. (股票买价和卖价的)差额stable adj. 稳定的staff n. 职员stag n. 投机认股者v. 炒买炒卖stagnant adj. 停滞的,萧条的*statute n. 成文法statutory adj. 法定的steadily adv. 稳定地,平稳地stock n. 库存,股票stock exchange n. 证券交易所*stockbroker n. 股票经纪人stock controller 库房管理者storage n. 贮藏,库存量strategy n. 战略*streamline v. 精简机构,提高效率stress n. 压力,紧迫strike n. 罢工structure n. 结构,设备*subcontract v. 分包(工程项目),转包subordinate n. 下级adj. 下级的subscribe v. 认购subsidiary n. 子公司subsidies v. 补贴,资助subsidy n. 补助金substantially adv. 大量地,大幅度地summaries v. 概括,总结superior n. 上级,长官supervisor n. 监督人,管理人supervisory adj. 监督的,管理的supply n./v. 供给,提供survey n 调查*SWOT analysis n. SWOT 分析是分析一个公司或一个项目的优点、弱点、机会和风险*synergy n. 协作11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(T)Ttactic n. 战术,兵法tailor v. 特制产品tailor made products 特制产品take on 雇用takeover n. 接管target n. 目标v. 把……作为目标tariff n. 关税;价目表task n. 任务,工作task force n. 突击队,攻关小队(为完成某项任务而在一起的一组人)tax n. 税,税金capital gains tax n. 资本收益税corporation tax n. 公司税,法人税income tax n. 所得税value added tax 增值税tax allowance 免减税tax avoidance 避税taxable 可征税的taxation 征税tax-deductible 在计算所得税时予以扣除的telesales n. 电话销售,电话售货temporary adj. 暂时的temporary post 临时职位tender n./v. 投标territory n. (销售)区域tie n. 关系,联系throughput n. 工厂的总产量TQC(=Total Quality Control) n. 全面质量管理*track record n. 追踪记录,业绩trade n./v. 商业,生意;交易,经商balance of trade 贸易平衡trading profit 贸易利润insider trading 内部交易trade mark 商标trade union 工会trainee n. 受培训者*transaction n. 交易,业务transfer n./v. 传输,转让*transformation n. 加工transparency n. (投影用)透明胶片treasurer n. 司库,掌管财务的人*treasury n. 国库,财政部trend n. 趋势,时尚*trouble-shooting n. 解决问题turnover n. 营业额,员工流动的比率staff turnover 人员换手率stock turnover 股票换手率11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(U-V)U undertake v. 从事、同意做某事undifferentiated marketing n. 无差异性营销策略uneconomical adj. 不经济的,浪费unemployment n. 失业unemploymentbenefit n. 失业津贴unit n. 单位unit cost n. 单位成本update v. 使现代化up to date adj./adv. 流行的,现行的,时髦的upgrade v. 升级,增加upturn n. 使向上,使朝上USP 唯一的销售计划V vacancy n. 空缺vacant adj. 空缺的value n./v. 价值,估价valuation n. 价值value-added n. 增加值variable n. 可变物variation n. 变化,变更variety n. 多样化 a variety of 多种多样的vary v. 改变,修改V AT Value Added Tax 增值税vendor n. 卖主(公司或个人)venture n. 冒险,投机venue n. 地点,集合地点viable adj. 可行的viability n. 可行性vision n. 设想,公司的长期目标vocation n. 行业,职业vocational adj. 行业的,职业的11 月BEC 考试必备词汇(W-Z)W wage n. (周)工资wage freeze n. 工资冻结warehouse n. 仓库,货栈wealth n. 财富,资源wealthy adj. 富裕的,丰富的welfare n. 福利white-collar 白领阶层white goods n. 如冰箱和洗衣机等用在厨房中的产品wholesale n./adj./adv. 批发wholesaler 批发商*wind up v. 关闭公司withdraw v. 拿走,收回,退出withdrawal n. 拿走,收回,退出wholesale n./a. 批发;批发的wholesaler n. 批发商work n. 工作working conditions n. 工作条件work-in-progress n. 工作过程workload n. 工作量work order n. (包括原料、半成品、成品的)全部存货总量work station 工作位置*working capital n. 营运资本,营运资金write off v. 取消write-off n. 债务的取消Y *yield n. 有效产量Z *zero defect n. 合格产品*zero inventory n. 零存货UNIT 1 FACE TO FACE aggressive adjective 敢作敢为/侵略性的aggression - noun 进攻,侵略appointment noun 约会,指定badge noun 徽章,证章colleague noun 同事,同僚head of department noun 部门经理department- noun 部门,科,处managing director noun 常务懂事personnel noun 人员,职员public relations noun 公共关系sales office noun 营业部,销售部sincere adjective 诚挚的,真诚的small talk noun 闲聊superior noun 长者,上级surname noun 姓vice-chairman noun 副主席vice - prefix 副的chairman - noun 主席visitor noun 访问者,来宾visit - 拜访,参观whereabouts noun 下落,行踪aperitif noun 开胃酒apparently 显然地behaviour noun 行为,举止chew over noun 考虑,详细讨论counterpart noun 对等的人或物demonstration noun 示范,实证demonstrate – verb 示范,证明disaster noun 灾难manners plural noun 礼貌offence noun 犯罪,冒犯syllable noun 音节tricky adjective 狡猾的,机警的accountant noun 会计,会计师ambitious adjective 有雄心/野心勃勃的application noun 应用程序,应用软件challenge noun 挑战deadline noun 最终期限environment noun 环境,外界finance noun 金融,财政学generate verb 产生,发生hands-on noun 有实际经验的人hectic adjective 忙乱的,忙碌的responsibility noun 责任,职责body language noun 身体语言,手势语言business card noun 名片click verb 发出滴答声co-worker noun 合作者,同事concentrate verb 集中conference noun 会议,协商会delegate noun 代表indigestion noun 消化不良quiz noun 测验reliable adjective 可靠的,可信赖的sigh verb 叹息,叹气sniff verb 用力吸气,闻到yawn verb 打呵欠border noun 边界,边ballpark figure noun 约略的数字fact noun 事实,真相flu noun 流感junior adjective 下级的,地位较低的senior adjective 高级的,地位较高的sketch noun 草图,梗概UNIT 2 Letters,faxes and memos attend to verb 处理,料理e-mail noun 电子邮件memo noun 备忘录proportion noun 比例,部分envelope noun 信封cc carbon copy 副本抄送catalogue UK catalog US noun 目录concise adjective 简洁的courteous adjective 有礼貌的dot matrix printer noun 针式打印机heading noun 标题house style noun 印刷风格letterhead noun 信笺抬头logo noun (某个组织的)标识pp (also per pro)(签字前)代表… paragraph noun 段落recycle verb 回收再利用manual noun 手册,指南additive noun 添加剂aroma noun 香味artificial adjective 人造的,假的customer noun 顾客,消费者extract verb 取出,榨出,摘录irrelevant adjective 不相关/不切题的order form noun 订购单relevant adjective 有关的sample noun 样品wavy adjective 波状的,波动的assemble verb 集合,装配agent noun 代理人benefit noun 利益,好处come up to expectations 尽如人意compile verb 编辑,汇编contract noun 合同,契约engineer noun 工程师,技师feedback noun 反馈,反应jeopardize verb 危害long-standing adjective 长期的puzzled adjective 迷惑不解的submit verb 提交,递交UNIT 3 On the phone mobile phone noun 移动电话phone booth noun 公共电话亭telephonist noun 接线生,话务员batch noun 一批courier noun 导游,信使prototype noun 原型quote verb 报价receipt noun 收到,收据stick-on adjective 涂有黏胶/可粘贴的subcontract verb 分包或转包answering machine noun 留言机contact noun 接触,联系head office noun 总部striped adjective 有条纹的subsidiary adjective 辅助/补充的freight noun 货物,运费dial verb 拨(电话)dispatch verb 派遣,发送image noun 图象,形象quality control noun 质量控制shipment noun 装运,运输的货物staff noun 全体职员trade fair noun 商品交易会vegetarian noun 素食者agent noun 代理商confirm verb 确认connect verb 连接equipment noun 设备extension noun 分机laboratory noun 实验室literature noun 公司宣传资料put sb through phrasal v 为某人接通电话switchboard noun 接线总机break down verb 出故障non-smoking adjective 非吸烟的proposal noun 提议,建议stuffy adjective 通风不良/闷人的translate verb 翻译congress noun 代表大会/国会/议会label noun 标签,签条afflict verb 使痛苦,折磨UNIT 4 Summaries,notes,reports break noun 休息,暂停frequent adjective 时常发生的/频繁的improve verb 改善,改进physiotherapist noun 理疗医师card noun 卡片,名片stand noun 摊位,看台discount noun 折扣procurement noun 采购,获得record verb 记录rely on phrasal verb 依赖,信任sales representative noun 销售代表summarize verb 概述,总结canteen noun 食堂complain verb 抱怨,控诉concerning preposition 关于display verb 陈列,展览eyesight noun 视力handle verb 处理,操作investigate verb 调查,研究bug noun 小虫,臭虫,病old-fashioned adjective 老式的/过时的procedure noun 程序,手续raise verb 提出recommend verb 推荐,介绍regular adjective 定期的/规则的/经常的Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)noun (肢体的)重复性劳损replace verb 取代,替换request noun 请求,要求screen noun 屏,银幕symptom noun 症状union noun 联盟,协会ventilate verb 使通风aim verb 打算,瞄准body noun 主要部分,主体clarify verb 澄清,阐明special adjective 特别的/专门的cover verb 代替department noun 部门/科/系personnel noun 人事部edit verb 编辑,校订efficient adjective 有效率的/能干的examine verb 检查,调查extended adjective 延长的grave adjective 严重的item noun 项目,条款overtime noun 超时,加班request noun 请求,要求result noun 结果,成效review verb回顾,复查rough adjective 粗略的/大致的select verb 选择,挑选separate adjective 分开的/独立的sheet noun 薄片,被单undertake verb 承担/答应做某事waste noun 废物,浪费workforce noun 劳动力/职员总数bill noun 帐单bonus noun 奖金,红利dash noun 破折号deduct verb 扣除increase verb 增加,增大instead adverb 代替invoice noun 发票,发货单lot noun 许多postpone verb 推迟,延迟punctuation mark noun 标点符号reduce verb 减少afterthought noun 事后产生的想法/追悔apostrophe noun 撇号avoid verb 避免brackets noun 括弧carry out phrasal verb 执行/完成/实现colon noun 冒号comma noun 逗号cost noun 成本quotes noun 引号doubt noun 怀疑,疑问exclamation mark noun 感叹号factory noun 工厂full stop noun 句号hyphen noun 连字符inverted commas noun 引号oblique noun 斜线符号parenthesis noun 圆括号period = full stop noun 句号primary adjective 第一位的/主要的productivity noun 生产力question mark noun 问号quotation marks noun 引号salary noun 薪水semicolon noun 分号slash noun 斜线stroke noun 一笔,笔画amount noun 数量branch noun 分支,分部emerge verb 显现,暴露focus noun 中心,焦点note [something] down phrasal verb 记录,记下order noun 次序,顺序sequence noun 次序,顺序brainstorm verb 集体讨论/群策群力session noun 一段时间set noun 经常往来、意气相头的一些人spot verb 认出,发现topic noun 话题,主题underestimate verb 低估,看轻UNIT 5 Working together join verb 参加,加入pension scheme noun 养老金计划或方案trade union (US labor union)noun 工会aerospace adjective/noun 航空航天空间,航空航天技术(的)beverage noun 饮料chart noun 图表electronics noun 电子学sector noun 部门/经济领域supply verb 供给,提供tertiary adjective 第三的board noun 懂事会,理事会array noun 排列,编队asset noun 资产/有价值的技能、人branch office noun 分店,支店civil engineering noun 土木工程cornerstone noun 奠基石,基础corporation noun 公司,企业decade noun 十年fiscal year noun 财政年度/会计年度fledgling firm noun 新公司/无经验的公司found verb 建立,创办innovative adjective 创新的/革新的link noun 连接(物)location noun 位置,场所maintain verb 维持,保养milestone noun 里程碑,转折点numerous adjective 许多的,无数的railroad = railway noun 铁路spearhead verb 领先/充当先锋turn of the century 世纪之交versatile adjective 万能的/多才多艺的zest noun 强烈的兴趣、热情abandon verb 放弃,遗弃abolish verb 废止,废除assembly line noun 装配线in bulk 大批component noun 组成部分/零部件confine verb 限制consign verb 托运,委托oblivion noun 遗忘debt noun 债务dishwasher noun 洗碗机encourage verb 鼓励,怂恿expenses plural noun 费用,开支filing cabinet noun 文件柜-fold suffix (附于数字后)表示"倍" rewarding adjective 有益的,报答的share noun 份额site noun 地点,场所manual adjective 手工的/体力的accounts plural noun 帐目install verb 安装dealings plural noun 关系,往来collapse verb 倒塌,病倒concentric adjective 同中心的counsellor noun 顾问get rid of phrasal verb 摆脱,除去corporation noun 大公司parking lot noun 停车场pyramid structure noun 金字塔结构scrutiny noun 详细审查staff turnover noun 员工流动率subject someone to something phrasal verb 使某人经历或遭受某事物UNIT 6 International trade available adjective 可获得的,/可探访的career noun 事业,生涯,职业confidential adjective 机密的,秘密的detail noun 细节,详情domestic adjective 国内的exchange verb 交换,兑换hostile adjective 敌对的impatience noun 急躁polite adjective 有礼貌的,有教养的abroad adjective,adverb 往国外/海外announce verb 宣布,通告battery noun 电池acquaintance noun 熟人disabled adjective 伤残的economy noun 经济实惠/节约措施line noun (产品的)类型,种别order book noun 订货簿outperform verb 做得比…好/胜过plant noun 设备,工厂output noun 产量,输出量quotation noun 报价(单)range noun 种类rationalize verb 合理化redundant adjective 多余的shape noun 外型,体型share noun 股份shipping noun 运送short-range adjective 短期的/短程的suppliers plural noun 供应商specifications plural noun 规格stock noun 库存substantial adjective 大量的/可观的vehicle noun 交通工具briefcase noun 公文包bug noun 窃听器detector noun 探测器disguise noun 伪装distributor noun 经销商eavesdrop verb 偷听device noun 装置,发明物exhibit verb 展出,陈列forthcoming adjective 即将来临的hands-on experience noun 实际经验licence UK license US noun 许可证interfere verb 干涉,干预mains plural noun UK (供应一建筑物或地方的)水源,煤气源,电源warranty noun (商品)保证书,保证monitor noun 监控器part adjective 部分的,局部的portable adjective 轻便的/便携式的recharge verb 再充电rep = sales representative noun 销售代表scrambler noun 扰频器showroom noun (商品样品)陈列室specify verb 确切说明/明确规定/祥述volt noun 伏特workstation noun 工作站anchor noun 锚container noun 集装箱handbook noun 手册idealize verb 理想化passage noun 航程,旅行,旅费pro forma (invoice)noun 形式发票scenario noun 可能出现的情况stainless steel noun 不锈钢truck noun 卡车,敞棚货车unload verb 卸货/(从相机中)取出胶卷warehouse noun 仓库,大商店UNIT 7 Money matters annual adjective 年度的/每年的the brunt of 主要压力/正面冲撞brand name noun 品牌名coupon noun 商家的优待券credit card noun 信用卡bill noun esp. US 钞票downturn noun 低迷时期slowdown noun 生产放慢/减速eurocheque noun 欧洲货币支票increase verb 增加,增大interest noun 利息launch verb 发动/发起/投放市场letter of credit noun 信用证list price noun 价目表所列之价格marginal adjective 少的/微不足道的net noun 净利/价oblique adjective 倾斜的slash noun 斜线pound noun 英镑prestige noun 声望,威望spreadsheet noun 空白表格程序,电子数据表string noun 线,串tax noun 税,税款assess verb 评估,评定bad debt noun 呆帐(收不回的帐)disregard noun 漠视,忽视face value noun 票面价值owe verb 欠recover verb 重新获得,恢复gross adjective,adverb 总的,毛重的gross noun 一罗invoice noun 发票,发货单merchandise noun 商品,货物remittance noun 汇款,汇款额inconsistent adjective 不一致/不协调的irrevocable adjective 不可撤销的particular adjective 特殊的/特别的shipment noun 装运,货物stipulate verb 规定enclose verb 放入封套,装入liquidate verb 清算rectify verb 纠正UNIT 8 Dealing with problems damage verb 损害,损坏repair verb 修理,修补cable noun 电缆misunderstand verb 误解,误会mix up noun 混乱,问题reel noun 卷轴,一卷attorney US = lawyer noun 律师clumsy adjective 笨拙的inefficient adjective 效率低/不能胜任的pressure noun 压力shortage noun 不足,缺乏slip-up noun 疏忽,错误slip someone's mind 忘记solicitor UK noun 律师threat noun 威胁,恐吓anticipate verb 预期,期望inconvenience noun 麻烦/不方便之处database noun 数据库,资料库format noun 版式,格式fuss noun 忙乱,大惊小怪graphics noun 图形one-stop adjective 一站式的utility noun 效用,有用asap abbreviation for 尽快fault noun 过错,毛病,故障inadequate adjective 不充分/不恰当的package noun 包裹,包withhold verb 使停止,抑制A4 noun A4(纸)negative noun (摄影等的)底片/负片refund noun 偿还额,退款alloy noun 合金cost-effective adjective 有成本效益的,划算的defect noun 过失,缺点eliminate verb 排除,消除line manager noun 生产线管理人员mass-produce verb 大量生产reject verb 拒绝,抵制,否决UNIT 9 Visitors and travellers belongings plural noun 财产,所有物chain smoker noun 连续抽烟的人connect verb 连接gate noun 大门itinerary noun 旅行的计划/旅行路线platform noun 月台,站台,讲台smooth adjective 顺利/光滑/流畅的traffic jam noun 交通阻塞,塞车traveller's cheque noun 旅行支票trolley noun 电车,手推车buffet noun 自助餐single room noun 单人房twin bed noun 成对的单人床之一gallery noun 美术陈列室,画廊。

结核病培训资料

结核病培训资料
结核病培训资料
汇报人: 日期:
目录
• 结核病概述 • 结核病的治疗和管理 • 结核病的预防和控制 • 结核病的社会和经济影响 • 结核病的国际合作与进展 • 结核病培训资料总结和展望
01 结核病概述
结核病的定义
01
结核病是一种由结核分枝杆菌引 起的慢性感染性疾病,主要影响 肺脏,但也可以累及全身其他器 官。
经济生产
结核病患者无法正常工作,导致生产力下降。
社会负担
治疗结核病需要大量医疗资源和经济投入,给社 会带来负担。
结核病的公共卫生和社会问题
预防和控制
如何预防和控制结核病的传播是公共卫生的重要问题。
医疗资源分配
在结核病高发地区,医疗资源可能不足,需要合理分配。
社会认知
提高公众对结核病的认知和重视程度,减少歧视和隔离。
对结核病患者进行隔离可以避免 传染给其他人,通常采取住院隔 离或家庭隔离的方式。
治疗措施
治疗结核病需要采用多种药物联 合治疗,疗程较长,需要定期进 行检查和调整治疗方案。
结核病的监测和管理体系
监测
对结核病进行监测可以及时发现和管 理病例,以及预防和控制疾病的传播 。
管理
对结核病患者进行管理需要建立完善 的病例报告和监测系统,以及采取积 极的治疗和隔离措施。
结核病药品倡议(TB Drug Initiative):推动研发新的抗结核药物,解决耐药性结 核病的药物治疗问题。
全球结核病疫情和挑战
全球每年约有1000 万新发结核病例,其 中耐药性结核病病例 不断增加。
结核病菌株的耐药性 日益增强,给防治工 作带来挑战。
结核病对贫困人口影 响较大,成为全球公 共卫生问题。
加强国际合作和交流,共同应对结核病的全球挑战。

肺结核的传播途径及防治

肺结核的传播途径及防治结核(英文:Tuberculosis,简称TB)是常见并可致命的一种传染病,肺结核是由结核分枝杆菌引发的肺部感染性疾病,是严重威胁人类健康的疾病。

世界卫生组织(WHO)统计表明,全世界每年发生结核病800~1000万,每年约有300万人死于结核病,是造成死亡人数最多的单一传染病。

1993年WHO宣布”全球结核病紧急状态”,认为结核病已成为全世界重要的公共卫生问题。

我国是世界上结核疫情最严重的国家之一。

传染病是由各种病原体引起的能在人与人、动物与动物或人与动物之间相互传播的一类疾病,由于传播隐蔽且较迅速,许多人对其认识不专业,以至于引发错误认知,不能辩证地看待传染病以及传染病患者。

此论文将详细介绍肺结核的病因,临床表现,传播过程,易感人群等,引导民众以正确看待肺结核,与肺结核患者友好相处。

标签:肺结核;病因;临床表现;传播过程;易感人群1背景结核(英文:Tuberculosis,简称TB)是常见并可致命的一种传染病,由分枝杆菌(主要是结核分枝杆菌,又称”结核杆菌”导致。

结核通常感染并破坏肺(称”肺结核”,又称”肺痨”或称作”咯血病”)以及淋巴系统(称”结核性淋巴病变”,又称”淋巴结核”),但其它器官如脑、中枢神经系统、循环系统、泌尿系统、骨骼、关节、甚至皮肤亦可受感染(如感染脑部可引致”结核性脑膜炎”)。

其他的分枝杆菌,如牛分枝杆菌、非洲分枝杆菌、卡氏分枝杆菌、田鼠分枝杆菌亦可引起结核,但通常不感染健康成人。

肺结核是由结核分枝杆菌引发的肺部感染性疾病,是严重威胁人类健康的疾病[1]。

全球约有6亿人,感染有结核杆菌。

大多数的受感染者没有病症,称为潜伏结核感染(latent TB infection),但其中约5%~10%的潜伏感染者会发展至活动性结核;若无适当治疗,一个活动病例平均每年可使10~15例新受感染,病例本人的死亡率则>50%。

若潜伏感染者同时罹患免疫抑制,如爱滋病,每年就有10%的病发机率。

常见传染性疾病的预防精华版ppt课件

接种乙肝疫苗
世界卫生组织提倡:
疫苗接种是预防乙肝
最有效、安全、经济的手段
我国已经对所有新生儿实施乙肝疫苗的计划免疫,即给所有新出生的婴儿免费注射乙肝疫苗。 新生儿以外人群的乙肝疫苗注射对彻底控制乙肝的发病至关重要。应当给所有未接种过乙肝疫苗的人群及时接种疫苗。
病毒性肝炎 VIRAL HEPATITIS
病毒性肝炎(viral hepatitis)是由多种肝炎病毒引起的常见传染病,具有传染性强、传播途径复杂、流行面广泛,发病率高等特点。临床上主要表现为乏力、食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、肝肿大及肝功能损害,部分病人可有黄疸和发热。病毒性肝炎可分甲型、乙型、丙型、丁型和戊型肝炎等。
2011年全国法定传染病疫情报告
全国共报告法定传染病报告发病率为471.33/10万,死亡率为1.18/10万。 全国共报告甲类传染病发病25例,死亡1人,报告发病率为0.0019/10万,死亡率为0.0001/10万。 乙类传染病报告发病率为241.44/10万,死亡率为1.14/10万,报告发病数居前5位的病种依次为病毒性肝炎、肺结核、梅毒、细菌性和阿米巴性痢疾和淋病,占乙类传染病报告发病总数的94.41%,报告死亡数居前5位的病种依次为艾滋病、肺结核、狂犬病、病毒性肝炎和流行性出血热,占乙类传染病报告死亡总数的97.56%。 丙类传染病中,报告发病率为229.88/10万,死亡率为0.04/10万。
“大三阳”者病毒复制活跃,“小三阳”病人也可能有活跃的病毒复制,但多数(1/2~2/3)病毒复制低下。因此不应以“大、小三阳”来作为评价乙肝病人传染性高低或病情是否严重的标准。
乙型肝炎的预防
乙肝疫苗是非常有效的疫苗,注射后90~95%的人群可产生足够的对乙肝的保护力。注射乙肝疫苗是最终消灭乙肝的最有效的方法!我国接种乙肝疫苗十几年,获得了显著效果,儿童的乙肝发病率已明显下降,北京、上海下降达90%以上。

防治结核宣传活动总结8篇

防治结核宣传活动总结8篇防治结核宣传活动总结篇120xx年3月24日是第xx个“世界防治结核病日”,此次结核病日的宣传主题为:“你我共同参与,消除结核危害”。

旨在动员全校师生共同关注和参与结核病防治工作,为了提高全校师生对结核病防治知识的知晓率,我校开展了一系列结核病知识的宣传活动,使结核病防治知识进校、进班,极大地提高了我校师生的防治水平。

现将本次活动总结如下:为宣传本次活动,根据市卫生局文件精神和市疾控的要求,我校制订了宣传工作计划和实施方案,强调了本次宣传活动要以提高师生知晓率为目标,重点宣传结核病防治规划目标和免费政策,宣传结核病的危害及防治知识,宣传现代结核病防治策略。

开展防治结核病的知识竞赛,手抄报比赛,利用广播宣传,给全校师生发放宣传单、在醒目位置粘贴宣传画、悬挂宣传标语等多种资料和宣传工具。

并选择在四、五、六年级发放测试卷同时开展防治结核病的讲座,使学生知晓率达到94%以上。

总之,通过此次宣传活动,取得了较好的成绩,今后我校将以“3·24”宣传日为契机,继续开展一系列活动,认真做好结核病的健康促进活动,使我校的结核病防治宣传活动更加深入人心、我校师生结核病防治知识知晓率更上一个台阶。

防治结核宣传活动总结篇23月24日是世界“防治肺结核病”日,可是又有多少人真正了解结核病的呢?有幸,在“防治肺结核病”日当天,我们学校发放了关于防御肺结核病的宣传册,老师也通过多媒体课件播放了“防治肺结核病”的相关视频,让我们对“肺结核病”有了一个形象的认识,也掌握了不少肺结核病的防治方法和注意事项。

肺结核病是由结核杆菌引起的,它第一次与人亲密接触是在50万年前,甚至在几千年前的木乃伊身上也发现了这种病菌。

目前,全世界有20亿人患有结核病,在中国有5.5亿个人患有这种病,平均每三个人中就有一个人患上肺结核。

1/4的成人死于这种病,所以又称其为“白色鼠疫”。

肺结核病的主要传染途径是吐痰和唾沫飞溅,当患有这个病的人吐一口痰,那么这个痰中有500万个细菌将会通过各种途径传播出去。

加拿大团聚移民(夫妻)指引大全(加拿大官方网站英文版本汇总)

1You can apply to sponsor your spouse, common-law or conjugal partner, or dependent children to immigrate to Canada. It does not matter if they live in or outside Canada. If they live in Canada, they do not need to have legal status to be sponsored.Your family member must have medical, criminal and background checks. If they have a criminal record or are a risk to Canada’s security, they may not be allowed to enter Canada.They may have to get a police certificate in their home country. The instruction guides explain medical, criminal and background checks.2You can sponsor a spouse, common-law or conjugal partner (partner), or dependent children if you are a Canadian citizen or a permanent resident of Canada. To be a sponsor, you must be 18 or older.When you sponsor one of these relatives to become permanent residents of Canada, you must support them financially. This means you have to meet certain income guidelines.If you have sponsored relatives to come to Canada in the past, and they have later asked the government for financial help, you may not be allowed to sponsor another person. Sponsorship is a big commitment, so you must take it seriously.To be a sponsor you must:•agree in writing to give financial support to your relative, if they need ito for a spouse or partner, this lasts for three years from the date they become a permanent resident, ando for a dependent child, this lasts for 10 years, or until the child turns 25, whichever comes first.Your relative must also agree to try to support themselves.You may not be eligible to be a sponsor if you:•did not meet the terms of a sponsorship agreement in the past, •did not pay alimony or child support even though a court ordered it,•get government financial help for reasons other than being disabled, •were convicted ofo an offence of a sexual nature,o a violent crime,o an offence against a relative that resulted in bodily harm or o an attempt or threat to commit any such offences, depending on the detailss of the case, such as▪the type of offence,▪how long ago it occurred and▪whether a record suspension was issued(see Sponsorship bar for violent crime below),•were sponsored as a spouse, common-law or conjugal partner in the past and became a permanent resident of Canada less than five years ago (see Five-year sponsorship bar below)•did not pay back an immigration loan, made late payments or missed payments,•are in prison or•have declared bankruptcy and have not been released from it yet.Other things not on this list may stop you from being able to sponsora relative.If you live in Quebec, Citizenship and Immigration Canada must approve you as a sponsor first. Then you must also meet Quebec’s conditions to be a sponsor.Five-year sponsorship bar for people who were sponsored to come to Canada as a spouse or partnerDue to changes in Canada’s immigration law, if a spouse or partner sponsored you, you now cannot sponsor a new spouse or partner within five years of becoming a permanent resident.This rule applies even if you got your Canadian citizenship within those five years. Other members of the Family Class will not be affected by the rule change.Sponsorship bar for violent crimeThe sponsorship bar stops people who have been convicted of certain crimes from sponsoring a family member.If you have been convicted of a crime that caused bodily harm to any of the relatives below, you cannot sponsor anyone under the Family Class.Note:•“Partner” includes common-law and conjugal partners.•Relatives not listed here may still fall under this category.If you are not sure, check the full list of rules or contactthe office processing your application.Relatives the sponsorship bar can apply to:•your current or ex-spouse/partner and/or their children,•your children,•your parent/grandparent, child/grandchild, sibling,niece/nephew, aunt/uncle, or cousin, oro the current or ex-spouse/partner and children of the above •the parent/grandparent, child/grandchild, sibling,niece/nephew, aunt/uncle, or cousin of your current orex-spouse/partner or children, oro the current or ex-spouse/partner and children of any of the above•your child’s spouse, partner or children,•your spouse’s, partner’s or child’s ex-spouse or ex-partner and children,•your partner’s parent/g randparent, child/grandchild, sibling, niece/nephew, aunt/uncle, or cousin, or•the current or ex-spouse/partner (and their children)of any of the above,• a foster child who is or was cared for byo you,o your current or ex-spouse/partner or their children,o your parent/grandparent, child/grandchild, sibling,aunt/uncle or cousin, oro the current or ex-spouse/partner (and their children) of any of the above, or•your current or ex-boyfriend/girlfriend, their spouse or common-law partner, and their dependent children. DefinitionsSpouseYou are a spouse if you are married to your sponsor and your marriage is legal.If you were married in Canada:•you must have a marriage certificate issued by the province or territory where the marriage took place.If you were married outside Canada:•the marriage must be valid under the law of the country where it took place and under Canadian law, and•the marriage, if performed in an embassy or consulate, must follow the law of the country where it took place, not the country the embassy orconsulate represents.Sponsoring your same-sex partner as a spouse You can apply to sponsor your same-sex partner as a spouse if you:•are a citizen or permanent resident of Canada and•were married in Canada and issued a marriage certificate by a Canadian province or territory on or after one of these dates:o British Columbia (on or after July 8, 2003),o Manitoba (on or after September 16, 2004),o New Brunswick (on or after July 4, 2005),o Newfoundland and Labrador (on or after December 21, 2004),o Nova Scotia (on or after September 24, 2004),o Ontario (on or after June 10, 2003),o Quebec (on or after March 19, 2004),o Saskatchewan (on or after November 5, 2004),o Yukon (on or after July 14, 2004) oro all other provinces or territories (on or after July 20, 2005).If you were married outside Canada, you may apply to sponsor yoursame-sex partner as a spouse as long as the marriage is legallyrecognized according to both the law of the place where the marriageoccurred and under Canadian law.It is your responsibility to provide information to CIC confirming that your same-sex-marriage was legally recognized when and where it occurred.Common-law partnerYou are a common-law partner—either of the opposite sex or the same sex—if:•you have been living together in a conjugal relationship for at least one year in an ongoing 12-month period (you are allowed short absences forbusiness travel or family reasons).You will need proof that you and your common-law partner have combined your affairs and set up a household together. This can be in the form of proof of:•joint bank accounts or credit cards.•joint ownership of a home.•joint residential leases.•joint rental receipts,•joint registration or payment of utilities (electricity, gas, telephone),•joint management of household expenses,•joint purchases, especially of household items, or•mail addressed to either person or both people at the same address. Conjugal partnerThis category is for partners—either of the opposite sex or same sex—in situations beyond their control that keep them from living together so they would count as common-law partners or spouses.A conjugal relationship is more than a physical relationship. It means youdepend on each other, there is some permanence to the relationship, and there is the same level of commitment as a marriage or a common-law partnership.You may apply as a conjugal partner if:•you have had a conjugal relationship with your sponsor for at least one year and you could not live together or marry because ofo an immigration barrier,o your marital status (for example, you are married to someone else and living in a country where divorce is not possible) oro your sexual orientation (for example, you are in a same-sex relationship and same-sex marriage is not permitted where you live)and•you can prove there was a reason you could not live together (for example, you were refused long-term stays in each other’s country).You should not apply as a conjugal partner if:•you could have lived together but chose not to, as this shows that you did not have the level of commitment needed for a conjugal relationship (for example, one of you may not have wanted to give up a job or a course of study, or your relationship was not yet at the point where you were ready to live together),•you cannot prove there was a reason that kept you from living together, •you are engaged to be married (in this case, you should either apply as a spouse once the marriage has taken place or apply as a common-lawpartner if you have lived together continuously for at least 12 months).Dependent childrenA son or daughter is dependent when the child:•is under age 19 and does not have a spouse or common-law partner, or •is 19 years of age or older and has depended largely on the financial support of a parent since before age 19 because of a physical or mental condition.People who cannot be sponsoredYou cannot be sponsored as a spouse, a common-law partner or aconjugal partner if:•you are under age 16,•you (or your sponsor) were married to someone else at the time of your marriage•you have lived apart from your sponsor for at least one year, and either you or your sponsor are the common-law or conjugal partner of another person, •your sponsor applied for permanent residence but did not include you on their application as someone who should be examined or•your sponsor has sponsored another spouse, common-law partner or conjugal partner in the past, and three years have not passed since that person became a permanent resident (or five years if your application was received on or after March 2, 2012).=============================================================================== ===============================================================================Apply to sponsor your spouse, partner or childrenEffective August 1, 2014, Citizenship and Immigration Canada has changed its definition of a dependent child for its immigration programs. A dependent child must be under 19 years of age, instead of the previous limit of under 22 years of age. Find out more about the change in the definition of a dependent child. New application kits, forms and fee information are now available. These newforms must be used starting August 1, 2014. Use this web tool to determine how your application may be affected.There are two stages in the process to sponsor your spouse, partner or dependent children to become permanent residents.First:As a citizen or permanent resident of Canada, you must apply to sponsor your family member.•The Case Processing Centre(CPC) in Canada will process your application to sponsor.•The CPC will write you to tell you if Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) has approved your application.Second:Your spouse, partner, or dependent children must apply for permanent residence.You must send both your sponsorship application and the permanent residence application for your family members at the same time.How to applyThere are three steps to apply to sponsor your spouse, partner or children: 1. Get the application packageIf your spouse or partner lives with you in Canada, usethe Application for Permanent Residence in Canada—Spouse orCommon-Law Partner. Note: if a child of your spouse or partner is also living with you in Canada, they may be included on the application if they meet the definition of dependent child.OR,If your spouse, partner or dependent child lives outside Canada,use the Application to Sponsor a Member of the Family Class.•If we approve you as a sponsor, the CPC will send your family member’s application to a Canadian visa office to be processed.Read the guides for both the sponsor and the immigrant carefully before you fill out the application forms. This will help you make sure you are eligible before you apply. We will not refund the fee to process your forms if you are not eligible to be a sponsor.Use the instruction guide to help you fill out the application forms.Send all the documents listed in the Document Checklist. Missing information or documents can delay your application.•As the sponsor, you will agree in writing to support your spouse, common-law partner or conjugal partner for three years. If you sponsor a dependent child, you will commit tosupport the child for three to 10 years, depending on the child’s age.•Your spouse, partner and older dependent children must promise to try to support themselves.•If you sponsor any of your dependent children who will not come with your spouse or partner, you will have to fill out a separate application.•The people you sponsor must fill out the application for permanent residence.The people you want to sponsor must get a medical exam. Gather the applications, supporting documents and proof that the medical exam has been done.Note:The information you provide in your application about your family members and marital status must be true. You must tell CIC of any change in your case.You must include all of your family members on the application. The people you sponsor must also tell us about each of their close family members.If you are outside Canada:The people you sponsor must also tell us about each of their close family members. These family members must have a security and criminality check and a medical exam. If they do not, the sponsored person will not be able to sponsor them in the future.2. Pay your application feesYou must pay the processing fee in Canadian dollars. Payingonline is the best and easiest way to pay.To pay your fees online, you must:•have a PDF Reader,•have a printer,•have a valid email address,•have a Visa®, MasterCard® or American Express® credit card,•print the payment receipt form when you are done and include it with your application, and •pay your fees online when you are ready.To pay your fees at a bank or financial institution in Canada, you must:•get an original Fee Receipt form (IMM5401), which you can order online,•fill in the receipt form and bring it with you when you pay your fees, and•include the payment receipt form with your application.If you live outside Canada, you can:•pay your fees online, or•pay with an international money order or bank draft.If you get an international money order or bank draft:•make sure it is in Canadian funds,•make it payable to the Receiver General for Canada,•on the front of the money order or draft, write the bank’s or financial institution’s name, its complete address (not a post office box number) and the account number(s), and•send the money order or draft with your application.For more detailed instructions, read the Pay the fees section of the guide.3. Submit your applicationMail your completed application to the Case Processing Centre in Mississauga, Ontario.Find out how long it will take CIC to process your application.You can also learn about the service standard s for sponsoring your family from overseas. These standards explain the level of service you can expect to get in most cases.Processing Times: Family SponsorshipThis information shows the time it takes to process an application after we receive a complete application package. The processing times are calculated in calendar days.Important notice:There are two consecutive steps in processing family sponsorship applications. In order to know the totalapproximate time you must ADD the times together.Last update: December 10, 2014Notes for sponsorship OUTSIDE of Canada:Assessment of sponsor:If you are the sponsor and live inside Canada and it has been longer than the time shown above since you applied, please contact the Call Centre.Assessment of person being sponsored (applicant):If you have questions, you must contact the appropriate visa office. Call Centre agents cannot answer questions about person being sponsored (applicant).Person to be sponsored lives in CanadaNote for sponsorship INSIDE of Canada:If you are the sponsor or person being sponsored and it has been longer than the time shown above since you applied, please contact the Call Centre.Call Centre agents cannot speed up the process of your application or make decisions on your case.Footnotes<="" dt="" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Acknowledgements of Receipt have been issued for allsponsorship applications received and accepted by CPC-Mbefore the Temporary Pause on Family Class SponsorshipApplications for Parents and Grandparents came into effect.Footnote 2Sponsors who submitted sponsorship applications toCPC-M between May 29, 2010 and April 30, 2011should havereceived a letter by the end of August 2014requestingadditional forms, documents, and information required forcase processing. If you did not receive such a letter andhave evidence that you submitted your sponsorshipapplication during this period (May 29, 2010 and April 30,2011), please contact the Call Centre to inform them of yoursituation.Visa office in Beijing, China (People’s Republic of)Websitechina.gc.caResponsible for Permanent Resident Applications from:(Includes economic immigration and family sponsorship)China (People’s Republic of), Korea (Democratic People’sRepublic of), Mongolia for•Family sponsorship applications•Federal Skilled Worker applications (applicantsfrom China may submit their applications to either HongKong OR Beijing)NOTE:All new economic immigration applications must first bemailed to the Centralized Intake Office in Sydney, Nova Scotia,Canada.All new family sponsorship applications must first be mailed tothe Case Processing Centre in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada. Responsible for Temporary Resident Applications from:(Includes visitors, students, temporary workers and permanent resident travel documents)China (People’s Republic of), Korea (Democratic People’sRepublic of), MongoliaEnquiriesGeneral: beijing-immigration@international.gc.caCasespecific: https://secure.cic.gc.ca/enquiries-renseignements/case-cas-eng.aspx?mission=beijingClosest visa application centre (VAC)Closest VAC locations:•Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chongqing, China VACs accept applications for:•study permits•work permits•visitor visas (temporary resident visa)•travel documents for permanent residentsMore about VACs: Locations and servicesAfter you apply: get next steps – Sponsor your spouse, partner or childrenEffective August 1, 2014, Citizenship and Immigration Canada has changed its definition of a dependent child for its immigration programs. A dependent child must be under 19 years of age, instead of the previous limit of under 22 years of age. Find out more about the change in the definition of a dependent child. New application kits, forms and fee information are now available. These newforms must be used starting August 1, 2014. Use this web tool to determine how your application may be affected.How we assess your applicationWe will review your sponsorship application. If we approve it, we will forward your relative’s application for permanent residence to the visaoffice that serves their home country or the country where they have lived for more than one year.That office will tell you in writing if you have been approved to be a sponsor. It will also tell you which visa office will process the application.If we do not approve you as a sponsor, your relative may still apply for permanent residence.If we approve you as a sponsor but do not approve the relative you want to sponsor, we will tell you why we refused them. We will also tell you about your right to appeal this decision.You may withdraw your application at any point in the process before the relative you sponsor becomes a permanent resident of Canada. We may refund the fees for either application if we have not started to process it. Contact Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) if you want to withdraw an application.For more information•Check the status of your application. You will need your unique client identifier (UCI)number or application number, which you can find on any message you get from CIC.•View current processing times.To avoid delays:•read the instruction guide to make sure your application is complete,•submit the correct fees, and•contact CIC when you need to bring your contact and other information is up to date.When should I contact CIC?You must tell CIC if there are any changes to your case, such as:•you have adopted a child,•you get married or divorced,•your contact information (email, mailing address, phone number) changes,•you appoint or change an immigration representative or designated person, or,•you decide to withdraw your application.How do I contact CIC?To change contact informationUse CIC’s online form. Do not send change of address information to the office where you applied.To appoint or change an immigration representativeYou may email CIC a copy of a complete, signed Use of a Representative form (IMM 5476 (PDF, 597 KB)). Please include the sponsor’s name, date of birth, and UCI number or application number, if you know it.To pay or request a refund of the right of permanent residence fee (RPRF)If the visa office has told your relative to pay the RPRF, you can email a copy of your official receipt for an RPRF payment.If you want to ask for a refund of an RPRF payment you have already paid, email a copy of the official receipt to CIC. Please include the sponsor’s name, date of birth, and UCI number or application number if you know it. CIC can only issue refunds after you have declined your right of appeal.If you applied before the date on the processing times page, you can email CIC by choosing one of the links below. Please include the sponsor’s name, date of birth, and UCI number or application number, if you know it, any time you contact us. You will not get a reply to questions about other topics.•Ask about an application that has taken longer than the stated processing time•Withdraw an application•Inform CIC of a change in your case(such as the birth or adoption of a child, a marriage or a divorce)•Correct information on your application•Appoint or change an immigration representative•Send a receipt for an RPRF payment•Request a refund of an RPRFPlease do not send the same question more than once as it may take more time to process your application.If you cannot contact us by email, you can tell our office about these changes by mail or fax. The contact information is in the Sponsorship Guide.Prepare for arrival – Sponsor your spouse, partner or childrenEffective August 1, 2014, Citizenship and Immigration Canada has changed its definition of a dependent child for its immigration programs. A dependent child must be under 19 years of age, instead of the previous limit of under 22 years of age. Find out more about the change in the definition of a dependent child. New application kits, forms and fee information are now available. These newforms must be used starting August 1, 2014. Use this web tool to determine how your application may be affected.When you arrive in Canada, you must show your Confirmation of Permanent Residence (COPR) and your permanent resident visa to a Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) officer at the point of entry to Canada. The officer will make sure your travel and immigration documents are correct.•The CIC officer will check that your permanent resident visa has not expired. The expiry date is shown on the visa. You cannot use the visa after the expiry date. Permanent residence visas cannot be extended, so make sure you use it within the time limit.•You must bring with you a valid passport or travel documents. If presenting a passport, it must be a regular, private passport. Youcannot immigrate to Canada with a diplomatic government service ora public affairs passport.•You will have to answer questions like the ones you answered on your Application for Permanent Residence in Canada. The CIC officer asks these questions to verify certain information on theapplication.•You must inform the visa officer of any funds you are bringing into Canada (cash, stocks, bonds, money orders, traveller’scheques, etc.).If there are no problems when you arrive in Canada, the CIC officer will authorize you to enter Canada as a permanent resident. The officer will also use the address on your COPR to have your permanent resident card mailed to you. Make sure your Canadian address on the COPR is correct.Permanent residents are given the permanent resident card as proof of their status in Canada. Your card will be mailed to your Canadian address after you arrive in Canada as a permanent resident.Application to Sponsor a Member of the Family ClassSubscribe via RSS(What is RSS?)Get help to open an application form or to complete an application form in the Help Centre.New: Starting August 1st, 2014, the age at which a child is considereda dependant will be reduced from under 22 years of age to less than19 years of age. Read about the changes.This application package includes:Part 1: Sponsorship formsGuide to Sponsorship [IMM 3900]•Document Checklist [IMM 5491] (PDF, 718.73 KB)•Application to Sponsor, Sponsorship Agreement and Undertaking [IMM1344] (PDF, 552.22 KB)•Sponsorship Evaluation [IMM 5481] (PDF, 598.76 KB)•Statutory Declaration of Common-Law Union [IMM 5409] (PDF,47.92 KB)•Sponsor Questionnaire [IMM 5540] (PDF, 1.12 MB)•Use of a Representative [IMM 5476] (PDF, 610.82 KB)Part 2: Immigration formsSponsorship of a spouse, common-law partner, conjugal partner or dependent child living outside Canada [IMM 3999]Forms•Generic Application Form for Canada [IMM 0008] (PDF,499.53 KB)•Additional Dependants/Declaration [IMM 0008DEP] (PDF,434.37 KB)•Schedule A – Background/Declaration [IMM 5669] (PDF,252.27 KB)•Additional Family Information [IMM 5406] (PDF,583.68 KB)•Sponsored Spouse/Partner Questionnaire [IMM 5490] (PDF,143.23 KB)•Use of a Representative [IMM 5476] (PDF, 610.82 KB)Part 3: Information guidesSponsored relatives must follow specific instructions depending on where they live. To find their region, use the list below.。

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Year 1: Oct 2019 - Sept 2019
Year 2: Oct 2019 - Sept 2009
1. TA to countries
Deliverables
& outcome 2. Capacity
building
3.coordination of support
116 missions to 65 countries by 10 partners (WHO, Union, KNCV, GLRA)
Develop TBTEAM web tool, checking validity and accuracy of data provided Prepare global TA Plan based on the Global Stop TB Plan and TB needs Focus on Global Fund proposal and National Strategy Application preparation
108 missions to 58 countries by 15 partners (WHO, CDC, GIP ESTHER, Project
Hope, RIT/JATA, KNCV, GLRA, Union)
PSM plan, M&E plan, work plan revision, plans and guidelines for implementation of Stop TB Components, RCC Grant signature (phase 1 and 2), Grant rating (A, A1, A2, B1, etc)
Rationale for TBTEAM
DOTS Stop TB Strategy demand for technical assistance financial resources in countries number of partners numbers of missions to countries, need for coordination
Regional TBTEAM: 6 WHO regional offices
Central TBTEAM: 2.5 staff
TBTEAM partners: 35*
Financial support: USAID PEPFAR, WHO core funds, French Cooperation, national funds
activities in 2009
2009 (nov)
Missions in TBTEAM web
1152
GF GLC
Open request met TBTEAM partners Experts roster
48/55 (87%) 35 209
GDF
N-TBTEAM
32
TA plan
>25
217 150
Checking validity and accuracy of data provided in the TBTEAM webpage
Entering upcoming Missions & Events (confirmed and tentative) and open requests for technical assistance
4 workshops on grant negotiation and implementation of R7 grants
3 workshops on grant negotiation and implementation of R8 grants
2 GDF workshop on management/PSM
National TBTEAM, a response to country needs
Cancun, 4 December 2009
Pierre-Yves Norval, Stop TB Department World Health Organization Geneva
Outline
Rationale TBTEAM PEPFAR/TBTEAM Achievements and next steps
Provide feed back on conducted TA
Central TBTEAM – What it does
Develop TBTEAM strategy - align and harmonize TA at country level across all Stop TB components
TBTEAM – What it is
A mechanism for coordination of technical assistance to countries (TB TEchnical Assistance Mechanism)
National TBTEAM: 32 in 2009; 50 planned in 2019
•Armenia* •Bangladesh* •Benin •Bhutan •Burkina* •China •Cote d’Ivoire •DPR Korea •Gambia
•Guinea •Guinea B. •India* •Lao PDR •Macedonia* •Maldives* •Mongolia •Myanmar •Nepal*
Global and regional TBTEAM
Global and regional TBTEAM
Achievements in 2009
Increased buy in of TBTEAM as the TA coordination mechanism by countries, TBTEAM partners and regional TBTEAM. Increased number of N-TBTEAM and TA plan (but below targets)
Identify the National TBTEAM focal point(s); supervises National TBTEAM
Encourages National TBTEAM to: 1.upload yearly national TA plan into the TBTEAM webpage; 2. generate regional TA plan; 3. contribute to a regional Stop TB Plan based on regional gap analysis
•Niger •Papua NG* •Russia •Senegal •Sri Lanka* •Thailand* •Timor Leste* •Togo •Viet Nam
* N-TBTEAM with data entry at country level
Regional TBTEAM – What it does
how to use feedback information – Link with TB roster
PEPFAR/TBTEAM grant $3M/year
Aim: Improve Global Fund TB grant performance and relieve bottlenecks to grant implementation
GLI
TA fቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱed back
20 (<2%)
GF impl.proposal
94 90 81
54
46
46
43
39
39
37
18
14
12
11
9
8
7
5
7
4
MDR Drug
managmt
M&E
OtherManagemt
Program
ACDSiaMgnosPisr/olagbram review
TB/HIV Infection
National TBTEAM – What it does
One or two TBTEAM focal person(s) within existing body (NTP, ICC, TWG, STB Partnership, CCM) as secretariat for development of National TA Plan incorporated into annual TB work plan, National Stop TB Plan, Global Fund proposal preparation and grant negotiation (PSM, M&E, budget), grant
Ensure that meetings of existing N-TBTEAM take place quarterly, with participation of all stakeholders (NTP, civil society, private sector, etc.)
Use TBTEAM web tool to meet TA needs in addition to discussing and requesting support from usual partners
Currently used
– TA feedback by beneficiary since few months
under development
– Anonymous beneficiary satisfaction questionnaire – Measurement of performance against TOR – Defining standards – good TA practice – Technical committee (major Partners) to reach consensus on
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