关于水污染控制工程文献的外文翻译(附原文链接)
污水处理工业废水回用中英文对照外文翻译文献
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水污染监测英文文献
The Besign of Oxidation Ditch Control System Based on PLC andKingviewJie SUCollege of Mechanical Engineering, Ningxia UniversityYinchuan, China********************Xuejun ZhuCollege of Mechanical Engineering, Ningxia UniversityYinchuan, China*********************Abstract— With the exhaustion of water resources, the urban sewage circulation processing has become an indispensable way for the construction of an environmental-friendly, energy-saving and sustainable society. The key is directly determined by the superiority of treatment process and automatic level of control system. For instance, there is a sewage treatment plant in Yinchuan city, which has the sewage treatment capacity of 50,000 t/d and uses the oxidation ditch process. In this paper, we design an automatic control and monitoring system for the sewage treatment plant. In the system, Siemens S7-300 PLC is a slave station. It can be used to control field devices and collect variable data from sensors, including DO, PH, liquid level, flow, and MLSS, etc. The upper computer uses KingVIEW software to exchange data with slave station, thereby realizing the centralized management. Keywords: Sewage treatment; oxidation ditch process; PLC; DCS; KingVIEWI、INTRODUCTIONWater is a basis for the survival of human being, and is the foundation of all creatures. It plays an important role in regulating global climate. But with the rapid economic and social development and the further promotion of industrialization and urbanization, water resources have become an important factor of restricting economic development [1]. By the end of 2010, Chinese urban waste water quantity is 133.45 million m3 per day but urban sewage disposal capacity is only 102.62 million m3/d. The rate of urban sewage treatment is only 76.9%. The general situation of water resources is worsening, and improving the capacity of sewage treatment is extremely urgent.In the sewage treatment process, oxidation ditch is the core of biological chemical method and influences the quality of effluent water directly. Using the PLC controller with a superior performance, a stable and reliable integrated automation system for sewage treatment can be designed and has great significance. The configuration monitoring system can help the sewage treatment process to realize fully automatic control. KingVIEW with industry is leading HMI and object oriented environment with strong graphic network function, can exchange data realtime with the machine and other computer application [2]. Through the communication protocol conversion interface I/O Server, it is convenient to connect other industrial control equipment. Due to KingVIEW, we can create the oxidation ditch process section efficiently by using computer interface.II、INTRODUCTION TO THE OXIDATION DITCH PROCESS At present, biological chemical method is a way most frequently used in urban sewage treatment. Compared with chemical treatment, biological treatment method for the sewage processing is more economical, efficient and mature. It is to absorb and transform the harmful substances in sewage water by the metabolism of microorganism. The oxidation ditch process is typical in biological treatment method. It is a kind of connections between the front and the cycle flow aeration ditch. It can also be called continuous circulating aeration which is a kind of activated sludge variant [3]. Considering the stability of sewage water and its treatment capacity between 30000 to 100000 m3 per day, we choose the Carrousel-3000 oxidation ditch. It can fully embody the good treatment effect and its energy-saving characteristic of oxidation ditch process [4], [5]. It has a thick grid, sewage pump room, ascension grid, aeration heavy fine sand pool, choose pool, anaerobic pool, oxidation ditch, eventually pond, contact disinfection pool, backflow sludge pump room, the sludge regulation ponds and sludge dewatering, etc. The Carrousel--3000 oxidation ditch process section is shown in figure 1 and its flow diagram type in figure 2. After primary treatment, urban sewage water flows into oxidation ditch with decomposition purification and finally gets to the stage of mud water processing. The oxidation ditch process section is the place for biological treatment, where waste water and the biological sludge are mixed; table aeration machine provides suitable dissolved oxygen levels for bacteria metabolism, help form alternately good oxygen, lack of oxygen and anaerobic conditions in the trench and undertakes the main task of biochemicaltreatment.Figure 1 Carrouse-3000l oxidation ditch process sectionFigure 2 Carrousel-3000 oxidation ditch process flowFigure 3 DCS control system structure based on PLC and the KingVIEWIII、THE OVERALL DESIGN OF CONTROL SYSTEMAs an object for control, the demand for oxidation ditch process section mainly centers on data collection and its order and logic control. Thus, PLC is chosen as the slave station inautomatic control system [6]. The system needs to realize monitoring and automatic control of the biochemical treatment process, which mainly includes the control of table aeration machine, propeller and water electric weir. The DO value is monitored and by the use of soft measurement technology, BOD is estimated and the flow of water is monitored based on the value of DO, PH, ORP. Table aeration machine realizes its control by taking dissolved oxygen aeration as a control variable; propeller adopts switch control; water electric weir takes BOD as a variable to realize its control. According to the characteristics of the Carrousel--3000 oxidation ditch process and its controlling requirements, we can design a DCS control system in line with the idea of "separate control and integrated management", which is based on PLC and KingVIEW [7]. As is shown in figure 3, the first level is Site layer, mainly including inspection instruments, the I/O interface device, and the local control cabinet; The second layer is PLC programmable controller, which can realize logic control based on the data collected from site and the logic relationship of equipment operation; The third layer is the remote monitoring (scheduling) center, mainly using industrial control computer (IPC) to monitor the real time parameters of process section and the working condition of equipments, automatically adjust the equipment operation and realize the functions of alarming and interlocking. It can also display the dynamic real-time graph directly, make the trend analysis and show and print the historical monitoring data[8]. For the monitoring system, we use Yanhua industrial computer IPC as the master station. After installing the KingVIEW configuration software, we can set up a database. The SIMATIC S7-300 PLC is employed as a slave station. In the oxidation ditch process period, the logic control of table aeration machine, propeller and water electric weir is realized based on the data collected from site and the logic relationship of equipment operation. Touch screen will be fixed if needed, mainly used to display the field of process parameters and configure control parameters, which can realize the manual operation. The central processing unit chooses CPU315-2 DP. It has strong processing capacity and adopts modular design structure which has an easy configuration and is convenient for future expansion. Equipped with CPU module CPU315-2 DP, we need PS307 power supply module 1 piece, CP343-1 comunication module 1 piece, 2 pieces of 32 points SM321 DI module, 2 pieces of 32 points DO module, 1 piece of SM322 8 road SM331 AI module [9], SIMATICTP270-10 touch screen. The data transmission is mainly achieved through adopting an universal, open, high-speed and reliable industrial Ethernet betweenmaster-slave stand [10]. By installing the distributed the I/O ET200, it makes possible communication between the machine with the field under equipment and intelligent instrument, constituting the bottom profibus-DP. Figure 4, figure 5 and figure 6 are the wiring diagram between PLC and the equipment, instrument, which are DI module, DO module and the AI module of the wiring diagram respectively.Figure 4 oxidation ditch process section digital input module wiring diagramFigure 5 oxidation ditch process section digital output module wiring diagramFigure 6 oxidation ditch process section analog input module wiring diagramNOTE:IFTAAMC:Industrial frequency table aeration automatic machine conversion; IFTAMMC:Industrial frequency table aeration machine manual conversion;IFTAMSR:Industrial frequency table aeration machine soft running;IFTAMMO:Industrial frequency table aeration machine motor overloaded;FCTAMAC:Frequency conversion table aeration machine automatic conversion; FCTAMSR:Frequency conversion table aeration machine soft running;FCTAMMC:Frequency conversion table aeration machine manual conversion; FCTAMMO:Frequency conversion table aeration machine motor overloaded;1 #PO:1 #Propeller operation ; 1 #PMO:1 # Propeller motor overloaded;1 #PCC:1 #Propeller control conversion; 2#PO:2# Propeller operation;2#PMO:2#Propeller motor overloaded; 2#PCC:2# Propeller control conversion;3#PO:3# Propeller operation; 3#PMO:3# Propeller motor overloaded;3#PCC:3# Propeller control conversion; 4#PO:4#Propeller operation;4#PMO:4#Propeller motor overloaded; 4#PCC:4#Propeller control conversion;WEWL:Water electric weir lower; WEWC:Water electric weir cap;EWCC:Electric weir control conversion ; EWMO:Electric weir motor overloaded;1#PAC:1#Propeller automatic control; 2#PAC:2#Propeller automatic control;3#PAC:3#Propeller automatic control; 4#PAC:4#Propeller automatic control;WEWR:Water electric weir rise; WEWD:Water electric weir down;IFTAMSAC:Industrial frequency table aeration machine soft and automatic control;30HZFCTAMSAC:30HZ frequency conversion table aeration machine soft and automatic control; ORP MI:ORP Measuring instrument;40HZFCTAMSAC 40HZ frequency conversion table aeration machine soft and automatic control; DO MI:DO Measuring instrument;30HZFCTAMSAC:30HZ frequency conversion table aeration machine soft and automatic control; PH MI:PH Measuring instrument;FMI:Flow measuring instrument; LMI:Level measuring instrument;MLSS MI:MLSS Measuring instrument;IV、THE SOFTWARE DESIGN OF OXIDATION DITCH PROCESS SECTION PLC CONTROL STATIONIn the oxidation ditch process, the control station is mainly responsible for data acquisition and monitoring of table aeration machine, propeller, water electric weir and apparatus.In the oxidation ditch process, we install two table aeration machines, one of which adopts Frequency conversion control, four propellers and a water electric weir. All devices can realize local control, remote control and automatic control. We install DO meter, PH meter and ORP meter, whose data are sent to the PLC in the form of the 4-20 mA standard signal. The oxidation ditch process is to absorb and decompose the matter in the sewage through the metabolism of microorganism. Since the concentration of dissolved oxygen hasdirect influence on biological activity, it is of great importance to keep an appropriate dissolved oxygen level of the filter ditch. According to previous experience, when the dissolved oxygen level remains at 1.0 -2.0 mg/L, the biological activity is the largest and the treatment effect is the best [11]. DO meter transmits the dissolved oxygen to PLC in the form of standard electrical signal. Based on DO value, PLC adjusts the speed of the table aerator machine by regulating the frequency of inverter, thereby controlling the concentration of dissolved oxygen in oxidation ditch [12]. The DO control flow chart of Frequency conversion table aeration machine is shown in figure7.Figure 7 frequency conversion table aeration machine DO value control flow chart wayFlow meter transmits the flow of water to PLC in the form of standard electrical signal and based on the flow data, PLC controls the start/stop of the propeller so as to keep the velocity above 0.3 m/s.V、THE DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF KING VIEW MONITORING SYSTEMWith the technology of soft measurement, data measured by DO meter, PH meter and ORP meter are sent to PLC in the form of standard electrical signal, and then PLC will control the rise and fall of water electric weir based on the estimation of BOD5. After confirming the framework of control system and the scheme of hardware configuration in the stage of craft, the human-machine interface used to monitor the real time device status and parameters of Oxidation Ditch craft section is designed by the use of KingVIEW6.53 developmentenvironment, combined with the technology of database, command language, equipment, and system configuration. Its specific functions include: oxidation ditch process interface, operating parameters and settings, real-time and historical data query, alarm, operating authority, etc. Operators can not only learn the device operating parameters, status, alarms, real-time data display directly through interface, but also can set up and operate parameters for the locale equipment.VI、CONCLUSIONSWith this design of the control system, it can make water index meet the demand of the second level of China's sewage discharge standard stably, guarantee devices operate stably and reliably. Meanwhile, the system can be used easily and maintained conveniently. It greatly reduce the workload and labor intensity of operators, improve the utilization efficiency of energy and equipment, solve the problem that equipments in the sewage treatment plant are distributed, complex and difficult to control, achieve energy conservation and reduce energy consumption as well; which provides a theoretical reference for the design of urban sewage treatment system in the future. Wastewater treatment process is a complex, nonlinear, uncertain and time-varying process, so the real-time on-line detection of water quality parameters has increasingly become a prominent problem. The use of soft measurement technology for real-time on-line detection can be a good way to solve this problem [13][14]. In order to overcome the errors caused by inaccurate model, uses the advanced intelligent control system will become effective means. PLC is a controller in the DCS, it plays the role of Upload issued, the FieldBus-coexist and the locale equipments are supported different agreement to make the interchangeability poor. The PLC communication module will be attached more and more importance by automation manufacturers [15]. With the rapid development of network technology and enterprise's request for the interchangeability of locale equipment, we must cater to the market. Therefore, in the future development of DCS, Ethernet technology extension into the industrial control field device layer will become the trend [16].REFERENCES[1] Bin Chen, Yuannong Li. Yang ling vocational technology college[J].Journal of shallow city the rationaluse of water resources and management,2009(3):28-29.[2]Yakun technology KingVIEW 6.53.[3] Kaijun Wang, Limin Jia. Wastewater treatment new technology development and application [M].Beijing: chemical industry press. 2001,1.[4] Hongbo Miao, Yuxiang Liang, Fu Bing. Chemical and guangxi conservation[J]. Several of the oxidationditch process are analyzed, 2004 (6):42-45.[5]Changchun Lin, Zhigang Xie, Chuantao Wang. Environmental science and technology[J]. The SBRcontrast with oxidation ditch process operation, 2009.[6] Jianguo Wu, Peijian Zhang, Guoqing Qu. Nantong tech[J].The design of distributed control systembased on PLC, 2004(2):57-60.[7] Xuejun Zhu, Huige Lai. Combination machine tools and automatic processing technology[J]. Thesummarize of distributed control system based on Fieldbus and PLC, 2006(7):1-3.[8] Jiaqi Chen. Automation and instrumentation[J]. The automatic control system research of sewagetreatment based on PLC, 2010(3):20-21.[9]Guoyong Wang, Sile Ma. Automatic control engineering design [J]. Sewage treatment control systembased on s7-300 and WINCC, 2007(4):53-56.[10] Siemens s7-300 PLC selection manual.[11]Chunhong Xu,Jihong Zhao, Haiying Liu.Industrial water and wastewater[J]. Carrousel--2000 oxidationditch process examples of application, 2006(5):84-87.[12]YangQuan. Science and technology consulting [J].the application of PLC in the urban sewage treatment,2010(16):69.[13] Fengliang Huang. Nanjing normal university Journal[J]. detecting technology based on the softmeasurement, 2003(1).[14] Zaiwen Liu, Lifeng Cui, Guoqiang Qi, Chaozhen Hou, Taijie Liu. China water [J].RBF softmeasurement method of SBR BOD, 2004(5):17 -20.[15]Qiuliang Chen.Automatic control technology[J]. Summarize of field bus control system ,01.2001,01-0013-04.[16]TuXuan, JiangYe, Minggen Shi. Automation instrument[J].The application of many FieldBustechnology in wastewater treatment control system 2006.。
给水排水中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Optimum combination of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection in coal-accumulated basin of North ChinaAbstract The conflict among water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection is getting more and more serious due to the irrational drainage and exploitation of ground water resources in coal-accumulated basins of North China.Efficient solutions to the conflict are tomaintain long-term dynamic balance between input and output of theground water basins,and to try to improve resourcification of the mine water.All solutions must guarantee the eco-environment quality.This paper presents a new idea of optimum combination of water drainage，water supply and eco-environment protection so as to solve theproblem of unstable mine water supply,which is caused by the changeable water drainage for the whole combination system.Both the management of hydraulic techniques and constraints in economy,society,ecology,environment,insustuial structural adjustments and sustainable developments have been taken into account.Since the traditional and separate management of different departments of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection is broken up these departments work together to avoid repeated geological survey and specific evaluation calculations so that large amount of national investment can be saved and precise calculation for the whole system can be obtained.In the light of the conflict of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection in a typical sector in Jiaozuo coal mine,a case study puts forward an optimum combination scheme,in which a maximum economic benefit objective is constrained by multiple factors.The scheme provides a very important scientific base for finding a sustainable development strategy.Keywords combination system of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection,optimal combination,resourcification of mine water.1Analyses of necessity for the combinationThere are three related problems in the basin.It is well known that the major mine-hydrogeological characteristics of the coal accumulated basin in North China display a stereo water-filling structure,which is formed by multi-layer aquifers connected hydraulically together with various kinds of inner or outer boundaries.Mine water hazards have seriously restricted the healthy development of coal industry in China because of more water-filling sources and stronger water-filling capacity in coal mines of the basin.Coal reserves in the basin are threatened by the water hazards.In Fengfeng,Xingtai,Jiaozuo,Zibao,Huaibei and Huainan coal mine districts,for example,it is estimatedthat coal reserves are threatened by the water hazards up to 52％,71.％40,％,60％,48％and 90％of total prospecting reserves respectively.It is obvious that un-mining phenomenon caused by the water hazards is serious.Water-bursting accidents under coal layers have seriously influenced safe production.Some statistical data show that there were 17 water-bursting accidents with over 1 m3/s inflow from 1985.Water drainage is an increasing burden on coal mines threatened by water hazards:high cost of water drainage raises coal prices and reduces profits of the enterprise.On the other hand,it is more and more difficult to meet the demand of water supply in coal mine districts in the basin.The reasons are not only arid and semi-arid weather conditions,but also a large amount of water drainage with deep drawdown in coal mines and irrational water exploitation.The deterioration of eco-environment is another problem.Phenomena of land surface karst collapse can be found.Many famous karst springs,which are discharge points for the whole karst groundwater syatem,stop flowing or their discharge rates decrease on a large scale.Desert cremophytes in large areas in west China die because of falling groundwater level.These three problems are related and contradictory.In order to solve the problems while ensuring safe mining,meeting water resource demands and slowing down the pace of eco-environment deterioration,it is necessary to study the optimum combination of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection in the basin.2The state of the art of research and the problemsAlthough research into the combination of water drainage and water supply started much earlier in some countries,their conception is simple and some shortcomings remain in their study on the theory and pattern of combination.China’s research history on the combination can be divided into three stages.The first stage is the utilization of mine water.A century ago mine water started to be used as water supply for mines.But the utilization scale and efficiency were quite limited at that time.The second stage is a comprehensive one:mine water was used while water hazards were harnessed.Great progress was made both in theory and practice of the combination.For example,the combination of water drainage and water supply not only means the utilization of mine water,but also means that it is a technique of preventing water hazards.It is unfortunate,however,that the combination research in this stage offered less sense ofeco-environment protection.Optimum combination management of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection is the third stage.Main features in this stage are to widen traditional research,and to establish an economic-hydraulic management model,in which safe mining,eco-environment protection and sustainable development demands,etc.are simultaneously considered as constraint conditions.3Trinity systemThe trinity system combines water drainage,water supply and eco-environment quality protection.The water-collecting structures of the system consist of land surface pumping wells in the mines,shallow land surface well in groundwater recharge areas and artificial relief wells under the mines.Both integration and coordination for the trinity system are distinguished according to the combination.The integration for the system means to utilize drainage water under the mines and pump water onto the land surface as water supply for different purposes without harming the eco-environmental quality.The coal mines are not only drainage sites,but also water supply sources.The purpose of drilling pumping wells on the land surface is to eliminate special influences on different consumers,which are caused by terminating drainage processes under the mines due to unexpected accidents in mining.The coordination for the system means to bulid some water supply sources for different consumers while ensuring eco-environmental quality in groundwater recharge positions,where pumping groundwater is quite effective on lowering groundwater heads in the mine areas.Itintercepts in advance the recharging groundwater flow towards the mines,which may not only provide consumers with good quality groundwater,achieve the goal of dropping down groundwater heads in the mines,but also effectively reduce the high costs of drainage and water treatment,which are needed by traditional dewatering measures with large drainage flow rates under the mines.The coordination changes the traditional passive pattern of preventing and controlling groundwater hazards under the mines into that of active surface interception.Both very developed karst flow belts and accumulated groundwater recharge ones under the ground are relatively ideal interceptive coordination positions in the system.For the integration of the trinity system,artificial relief wells under the mines and the land surface pumping wells mainly penetrate into direct thin bedded karst aquifers interbedded with the mining coal layers,while for the coordination of the system,the shallow land surface wells mainly penetrate into very thick karst aquifer.Therefore,hydrogeological conceptual model for the system involves the multi-layer aquifers connected hydraulically by different inner boundaries.Setting up stereo hydrogeological conceptual models and corresponding mathematical models is a prerequisite for solving the managemental problems for the system.Management of the trinity system not only considers the effects of lowering groundwater heads and safe operation for water drainage subsystem,but also pays attention to the water demands for water supply subsystem and quality changes for eco-environment protection subsystem.They play the same important role in the whole combination system.It controls the groundwater heads in each aquifer to satisfy the conditions of safe mining with certain water head pressures in the mines,and to guarantee a certain amount of water supply for the mines and near areas,but the maximum drawdown of groundwater must not be ex ceded,which may result in lowering eco-environmental quality.4Economic-hydraulic management modelIn the trinity system management,groundwater resources in the mines and nearby areas,which are assessed on the premise of eco-environment qualities and safe operation in the mines,may be provided as water supply prices,drainage costs,transportation costs(including pipeline and purchasing the land costs)and groundwater quality treatment costs for the three different waterconsumers,the optimum management models may automatically allocate to each consumer a certain amount of groundwater resources and a concrete water supply scenario based on comparisons of each consumer’s economic contribution to the whole system in objective function.Therefore the management studies on the optimal combination among water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection involve both the management of groundwater hydraulic techniques and the economic evaluations,eco-environment quality protection and industrial structure programs.In addition to realizing an economic operation,they also guarantee a safe operation which is a key point for the combination of the whole system.5The management model for the trinity system can reach water supply goals with drainage water under the mines and the land surface pumping water on the premise of ensuring eco-environmental quality.And it can make use of one model to lay down comprehensively optimum management scenarios for each subsystem by means of selecting proper constraints and maximum economic benefit objective produced by multiple water consumers.The model can raise the security and reliability of operation for the whole trinity system,and the drainage water can be forecast for the mines and the management of water supply resource and the evaluation of eco-environment quality can be performed at the same time so as to respectively stop the separate or closed management,of departments of drainage water,water supply and eco-environment protection from geological survey stage to management evaluation.This,in economic aspect,can not only avoid much geological survery and special assessment work which are often repeated by the three departments,and save a lot of funds,but also ,in technical aspect,make use of one model to simultaneously consider interference and influence on each other for different groundwater seepage fields so as to guarantee calculating precision of the forecast,the management and the evaluation work.The economic-hydraulic management model can be expressed as follows.6 A case studyA typical sector is chosen.It is located in the east of Jiaozuo coal mine,Henan Province,China.Itconsists of three mines:Hanwang Mine,Yanmazhuang Mine and Jiulishan Mine.The land surface is flat,and the whole area is about 30 km2.An intermittent river Shanmen flows through the sector from the north to the south.Average annual precipitation in the sector is about 662.3mm.Theprecipitation mainly concentrates inJune,July,August and September each year.Strata in the sector consist of very thick limestone in Middle Ordovician,coal-bearing rock series in Permo Carboniferous and loose deposits in Quaternary.There are four groups of faulted structures.The first is in northeast-southwest direction such as F3 and F1..The second is in the northwest-southeast direction such as Fangzhuang fault.The third is in the east-west direction such as Fenghuangling fault.The last is almost in north-south.These faults are all found to be normal faults with a high degree of dip angle.Four major aquifers have been found in the sector.The top one is a semi-confined porous aquifer.The next one is a very thin bedded limeston aquifer.The third is a thin bedded limestone aquifer.The last one at the bottom is a very thick limestone aquifer.Objective function of the management model is designed to be maximum economic benefit produced by domestic,industrial and agricultural water supply.Policy making variables of the model are considered as the domestic,industrial and agricultural groundwater supply rates in every management time step,and they are supplied by artificial relief flow wells under the mines,the land surface pumping wells in the mines and the shallow land surface wells in the groundwater recharge areas.All the 135 policy making variables are chosen in the model,27 for drainage wells under the mines in aquifer,27 for the land surface pumping wells in the mine districts in aquifer 27 in aquifer 27 in aquifer O2 27 for the shallow land surface wells in aquifer O2Based on the problems,the following constraint conditions should be considered:(1)Safe mining constraint with groundwater pressure in aquifer L8.There are altogether three coalmines in the typical sector,i.e.Hanwang Mine,Yanmazhuang Mine and Jiulishan Mine.Elevations of mining level for these mines are different because it is about 88-150 m in the second mining level for Hanwang Mine,and -200m in the second mining level for Yanmazhuang Mine,and-225 m in the first mining level for Jiulishan Mine.According to mining experiences,pressure-loaded heights for groundwater heads in safe mining state are considered as about 100-130m.Therefore,the groundwater level drawdowns in the three management time steps for aquifer L8 at three mines have to be equivalent to safe drawdown values at least in order to pervert groundwater hazards under the mines and to guarantee their safe operation.(2)Geological eco-environment quality constraint.In order to prevernt groundwater leakage fromupper contaminater porous aquifer into bottom one and then to seepage further down to contaminate the thin bedded limestone aquifer in the position of buried outcrop,the groundwater heads in the bottom porous aquifer must keep a certain height,i.e.the groundwater drawdowns in it are not allowed to exceed maximum values.(3)Groundwater head constraint at the shallow land surface wells in aquifer O2,The shallow landsurface wells should penetrate in aquifer O2 in order to avoid geological environment hazards,such as karst collapse and deep karst groundwater contamination.Groundwater head drawdowns in aquifer O2 for the shallow land surface wells are not allowed to exceed criticalvalues.(4)Industrial water supply constraint for the groundwater source in aquifer O2 .The rate ofindustrial water supply needed by the planned thermal power plant in the north of the sectoris designed to be 1.5 m3/s according to the comprehensive design of the system in thesector.In order to meet the demands of water,the rate industrial water supply for thegroundwater source in aquifer O2 in every management time step must be equivalent at leastto 1.5 m3/s.(5)Maximum amount constraint of groundwater resource available for abstraction.In order tomaintain the balance of the groundwater system in the sector for a long time and to avoid anyharmful results caused by continuous falling of groundwater head,the sum of groundwaterabstraction in each management time step is not allowed to exceed the maximum amount ofgroundwater resource available for abstraction.Since there is not only water drainage in the mines,but also water supply in the whole combination system,management period for the model is selected from June 1,1978 to May 31,1979,in which annual average rate of precipitation is about 50％.Management time steps for the period are divided into three.The first one is from June to September,the second from October to next January,and the last one from next February to May.According to comprehensive information about actual economic ability,economic development program and industrial structure adjustment in the sector at present and in the near future,and different association forms of water collecting structures among the land surface pumping wells,the shallow land surface wells and artificial relief flow wells under the mines,this paper designs 12 management scenarious,all of which take the safe operation in the trinity system as the most important condition.After making comparisons of optimum calculation results for the 12 scenarious,this paper comes to a conclusion that scenarios is the most ideal and applicable one for the typical sector.This scenario not only considers the effective dewatering advantage of the artificial relief flow wells under the mines and safe stable water supply advantage of the land surface pumping wells,but also pays attention to the disadvantage of low safe guaranty rate for the relief flow wells under the mines for water supply and of large drilling investment in the land surface pumping wells.Meanwhile,eh shallow land surface wells inaquifer O2in this scenario would not only provide water supply for the thermal power plant as planned,but also play an important role in dewatering the bottom aquifer,which is major recharge source of groundwater for the mines.If the drainage subsystem under the mines runs normally,this scenario could fully offer the effective dewatering functions of the artificial relief flow wells under the mines,and makes the trinity system operate normally.But if the drainage subsystem has to stop suddenly because of unexpected accidents,the scenario could still fully utilize the land surface pumping wells and the shallow land surface wells,and increae their pumping rates in order to make up for temporary shortage of water supply for the trinity system and to make its economic losses reduced to a minimum extent.Increasing groundwater abstraction rate for the land surface pumping wells and the shallow land surface wells,in fact,is very favorable for harnessing the water-accidents under the mines and for recovery production of the mines.To sum up,this scenario sets up a new pattern for the combination of water drainage,water supply and eco-environment protection.It solves quite well the conflicts between the low safe guaranty rate and the effective dewatering result for the artificial relief flow wells under the mines.It makes full use of beneficial aspect of the conflicts,and meanwhile compensates for the unbeneficial one by arranging the land surface pumping wells in the coal mine districts.Therefore,this scenario should be comprehensive and feasible.In this scenario,Hanwan Mine,Yanmazhuang Mine and Jiulishan Mine are distributed optimally for certain amount of domestic and industrial water supply,but not for much agricultural water supply.The land surface pumping wells are also distributed for different purposes of water supply.The water supply for the thermal power plant (1.5 m3/s) is provided by the shallow land surface prehensive effects,produced by the above three kinds of water collecting structures,completely satisfy all of the constraint conditions in the management model,and achieve an extremely good economic objective of 16.520551million RMB yuan per year.In order to examine the uncertainty of the management model,12management scenarios are all tested with sensitive analysis.7Conclusion(1)The optimum combination research among water drainage,water supply and eco-environmentprotection is of great theoretical significance and application value in the basin of North China for solving unbalanced relation between water supply and demands,developing new potential water supply sources and protecting weak eco-environment.(2)The combination research is concerned not only with hydraulic technique management but alsowith constraints of economic benefits,society,ecology,environment quality,safe mining and sustainable development in the coal mines.(3)The combination model,for the first time,breaks up the closed situation existing for a longtime,under which the government departments of drainage water,water supply and eco-environment protection from geological survey stage to management evaluation work respectively.Economically,it can spare the repeated geological survey and special assessment work done by the three departments and save a lot of funds;technically,one model is made use of to cover the interference and influence each other for different groundwater seepage fields soas to guarantee a high calculating precision of the forecast,the management and the evaluation work.(4)The management scenario presented in the case study is the most ideal and applicable for thetypical sector.This scenario not only makes full use of the effective dewatering advantages of the artificial relief flow wells under the mines and safe stable water supply advantages of the land surface pumping wells,but also pays attention to the disadvantages of low safe guaranty rate for the relief flow wells under the mines for water supply and of large drilling investment for the land surface pumping wells.References1.Investigation team on mine-hydrogeology and engineering geology in the Ministry ofGeology and Mineral Resources.Investigation Report on Karst-water-filling Mines(inChinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,19962.Liu Qiren,Lin Pengqi,Y u Pei,Investigation comments on mine-hydrogeological conditionsfor national karst-water-filling mines,Journal of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology(in Chinese),19793.Wang Mengyu,Technology development on preventing and curing mine water in coalmines in foreign countries,Science and Technology in Coal(in Chinese),19834.Coldewey,W.G.Semrau.L.Mine water in the Ruhr Area(Federal Republic of Germany),inProceedings of 5th International Mine Water Congress,Leicestershire:Quorn SelectiveRepro Limited,19945.Sivakumar,M.Morten,S,Singh,RN,Case history analysis of mine water pollution,inProceedings of 5th International Mine Water Congress,Leicestershire;Quorn SelectiveRepro Limited,19946.Ye Guijun.Zhang Dao,Features of Karst-water-filling mines and combination betweenwater drainage and water supply in China,Journal of Hydrogeology and EngineeringGeology(in China),19887.Tan Jiwen,Shao Aijun,Prospect analyses on Combination between water drainage andwater supply in karst water basin in northern China,Jounnal of Hebei College ofGeology(in Chinese),19858.Xin Kuide,Yu Pei,Combination between water drainage and water for seriouskarst-water-filling mines in northern China,Journal of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology(in Chinese),19869.Wu Qiang,Luo Yuanhua,Sun Weijiang et al.Resourcification of mine water andenvironment protection,Geological Comments(in Chinese),199710.Gao Honglian,Lin Zhengping,Regional characteristics of mine-hydrogeological conditionsof coal deposits in China,Journal of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology(in Chinese),198511.Jiang Ben,A tentative plan for preventing and curing measures on mine water in coal minesin northern China,Geology and Prospecting for Coaofield(in Chinese),1993中国北方煤炭积聚区的最佳组合排水，供水和生态环境保护摘要为了开采中国北方煤炭资源丰富的区域，不合理的排水使排水、供水和保护生态环境之间的冲突日趋严重。
水污染控制工程 中英词汇表2
Chapter 7 Advanced Wastewater Treatment and ReuseWastewater Reuse Applications 废水再利用1.agricultural irrigation；农业灌溉ndscape irrigation；景区灌溉3.industrial activities, primarily for cooling and process needs；工业活动：冷却及过程中的需要4.groundwater recharge；地下水填充5.recreational/environmental uses; 娱乐与环境利用6.nonpotable urban uses;饮用水7. Potable reuse. 饮用水再利用Disinfection Process消毒过程对于消毒过程的问题：describe the process of disinfection, list the methods and give some explanation.Disinfection Methods and Means:●Chemical agents 化学添加剂chlorine, ozone, bromine and iodine etc.●Physical agents 物理添加剂heat, light( UV radiation) and sound waves.●Mechanical means 机械方法●Radiation 放射线Gamma raysNitrogen Removal 氮去除Chemical Oxidation of Ammonia 氨基的化学氧化Ion-Exchange (zeolite exchange)：离子交换Chlorination 用氯处理的过程问题：describe the breakpoint chlorination.What is the breakpoint chlorination?Breakpoint 我的理解就是用过量的氯去处理，并且使其达到一个饱和的状态7.3.3 Biological Nitrogen Removal 生物性氮去除Anaerobic Contact Time 缺氧接触时间Solids Retention Time 固体保留时间Waste Sludge Processing 废物淤泥处理Pre-anoxic denitrification 缺氧前denitrificationPost-anoxic denitrification 缺氧后的denitrificaitonChapter 6●Lagoons and Stabilization Basins 湖泊与盆地的稳定●Land Treatment 土地处理Aerated Lagoons 氧化塘Chapter 4 Biological treatment –Activated Sludge Process (ASP) 活性淤泥过程（生物处理方法）Aeration Systems 通风系统Aeration Tanks and Appurtenances 通风槽与其附属物Primary treatment 一级处理Secondary treatment 二级处理Tertiary treatment 三级处理Chapter 8 Sludge Handling and DisposalSludge: 淤泥Anaerobic digestion 厌氧消化Aerobic digestion 好氧消化Classify the sludge and describe them 淤泥的分类及描述污泥重力浓缩(gravity thickening)What is gravity thickening? Describe its process.a.水解发酵阶段水解：hydrolysisb.产氢产乙酸段乙酸：acetic acid氢气：hydrogenc.产甲烷段甲烷：methane✧半封闭水体semi-enclosed water body✧饱和浓度saturation concentration✧饱和溶解氧saturated dissolved oxygen✧曝气器aerator✧曝气池aeration basin✧曝气滴滤池aerated trickling filter✧泵送量pump delivery✧滗水器decanter✧比容积specific volume✧比色测氧仪colorimetric oxygen detector✧表面加速曝气accelerated surface aeration✧表面曝气机surface aerator✧表面活性剂interfacial active agent✧BOD （生化需氧量）Biochemical Oxygen Demand ✧不降解non-degradable✧不溶解物insoluble substance✧采滤器sludge sampler✧残渣量level of residue✧槽桨式搅拌器trough-paddle mixer✧沉淀池sedimentation tank✧沉淀滴定法volumetric precipitation method✧沉淀（降）物foots, settling matters✧沉泥池mud sump✧沉砂池（箱）grit chamber✧沉污池（沉淀池）wet pit✧沉砂池搅拌器grit chamber agitator✧沉箱sinking caisson✧废物处理waste disposal✧垃圾焚化装置refuse incinerator✧垃圾收集refuse collection✧澄清池clarification tank✧澄清过滤clarifying filtration✧澄清器defecator✧持水当量moisture equivalent✧充水堰waste weir✧冲砂闸sand sluice (under sluice)✧冲砂闸门flush gate (wash-out gate)✧冲洗池rinse tank✧抽水池priming reservoir✧出水阀outlet valve✧出渣槽slag notch✧初沉池primary settling tank✧初澄池preliminary clarifier✧初滤池primary filter✧除砂设备sand eliminator✧除油池grease removal tank✧COD( 化学需氧量) Chemical Oxygen Demand ✧纯氧曝气法unox process✧次漂浮生物hyponeuston✧粗格栅coarse screen✧粗格栅井coarse screen well✧粗滤池coarse filter✧催化剂catalyst✧存水池dew-pond✧氮去除Nitrogen Removal✧氨基的化学氧化Chemical Oxidation of Ammonia ✧离子交换Ion-Exchange (zeolite exchange)✧缺氧接触时间Anaerobic Contact Time✧废物淤泥处理Waste Sludge Processing✧氧化塘Aerated Lagoons✧重力分离法Gravity Separation Theory✧沉沙池Grit Removal✧。
给水排水论文中英对照翻译——水污染和社会的关系
英文资料WATER POLLUTION AND SOCIETYByDavid Krantz and Brad KiffersteinINTRODUCTIONComprising over 70% of the Earth’s surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. Without the seemingly invaluable compound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper. Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organismsare dying at a very alarming rate. In addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our ability to use water for recreational purposes. In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCESAccording to the American College Dictionary, pollution is defined as: “to make foul or unclean; dirty.”Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amounts of materials to the water. When it is unfit for its intended use, water is considered polluted. Two types of water pollutants exist; point source and nonpoint source. Point sources of pollution occur when harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water. The Exxon Valdez oil spill best illustrates a point source water pollution. A nonpoint source delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes. An example of this type of water pollution is when fertilizer from a field is carried into a stream by rain, in theform of run-offwhich in turn effects aquatic life. The technology exists for point sources of pollution to be monitored and regulated, although political factors may complicate matters. Nonpoint sources are much more difficult to control. Pollution arising from nonpoint sources accounts for a majority of the contaminants in streams and lakes.CAUSES OF POLLUTIONMany causes of pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates. In excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to deeper waters.This, in turn, proves very harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the respiration ability or fish and other invertebrates that reside in water.Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, washoff plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks when it rains. Under natural conditions, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies undergo Eutrophication, an aging process that slowly fills in the water body with sediment and organic matter. When these sediments enter various bodies of water, fish respirationbecomes impaired, plant productivity and water depth become reduced, and aquatic organisms and their environments become suffocated. Pollution in the form of organic material enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from livestock feedlots and pastures. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. Many types of fish andbottom-dwelling animals cannot survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to five parts per million. When this occurs, it kills aquatic organisms in large numbers which leads to disruptions in the food chain.Pathogens are another type of pollution that prove very harmful. They can cause many illnesses that range from typhoid and dysentery to minor respiratory and skin diseases. Pathogens include such organisms as bacteria, viruses, andprotozoan. These pollutants enter waterways through untreated sewage, storm drains, septic tanks, runoff from farms, and particularly boats that dump sewage. Though microscopic, these pollutants have a tremendous effect evidenced by their ability to cause sickness.CLASSIFYING WATER POLLUTIONThe major sources of water pollution can be classified as municipal, industrial, and agricultural. Municipal water pollution consists of waste water from homes and commercial establishments. For many years, the main goal of treating municipal wastewater was simply to reduce its content of suspended solids, oxygen-demanding materials, dissolved inorganic compounds, and harmful bacteria. In recent years, however, more stress has been placed on improving means of disposal of the solid residues from the municipal treatment processes. The basic methods of treating municipal wastewater fall into three stages: primary treatment, including grit removal, screening, grinding, and sedimentation; secondary treatment, which entails oxidation of dissolved organic matter by means of using biologically active sludge, which is then filtered off; and tertiary treatment, in which advanced biological methods of nitrogen removal and chemical and physical methods such as granular filtration and activated carbon absorption are employed. The handling and disposal of solid residues can account for 25 to 50 percent of the capital and operational costs of a treatment plant. The characteristics of industrial waste waters can differ considerably both within and among industries. The impact of industrial discharges depends not only on their collective characteristics, such as biochemical oxygen demand and the amount of suspended solids, but also on their content of specific inorganic and organic substances. Three options are available in controlling industrial wastewater. Control can take place at the point of generation in the plant; wastewatercan be pretreated for discharge to municipal treatment sources; or wastewater can be treated completely at the plant and either reused or discharged directly into receiving waters.WASTEWATER TREATMENTRaw sewage includes waste from sinks, toilets, and industrial processes. Treatment of the sewage is required before it can be safely buried, used, or released back into local water systems. In a treatment plant, the waste is passed through a series of screens, chambers, and chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity. The three general phases of treatment are primary, secondary, and tertiary. During primary treatment, a large percentage of the suspended solids and inorganic material is removed from the sewage. The focus of secondary treatment is reducing organic material by accelerating natural biological processes. Tertiary treatment is necessary when the water will be reused; 99 percent of solids are removed and various chemical processes are used to ensure the water is as free from impurity as possible.Agriculture, including commercial livestock and poultry farming, is the source of many organic and inorganic pollutants in surface waters and groundwater.These contaminants include both sediment from erosion cropland and compounds ofphosphorus and nitrogen that partly originate in animal wastes and commercial fertilizers. Animal wastes are high in oxygen demanding material, nitrogen and phosphorus, and they often harbor pathogenic organisms. Wastes from commercial feeders are contained and disposed of on land; their main threat to natural waters, therefore, is from runoff and leaching. Control may involve settling basins for liquids, limited biological treatment in aerobic or anaerobic lagoons, and a variety of other methods.GLOBAL WATER POLLUTIONEstimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases. With over 70 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have long acted as if these verybodies of water could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. Raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted. Beaches around the world are closed regularly, often because of high amounts of bacteria from sewage disposal, and marine wildlife is beginning to suffer.Perhaps the biggest reason for developing a worldwide effort to monitor and restrict global pollution is the fact that most forms of pollution do not respect national boundaries. The first major international conference on environmental issues was held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972 and was sponsored by the United Nations (UN). This meeting, at which the United States took a leading role, was controversial because many developing countries were fearful that a focus on environmental protection was a means for the developed world to keep the undeveloped world in an economically subservient position. The most important outcome of the conference was the creation of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP). UNEP was designed to be “the environmental conscience of the United Nations,” and, in an attempt to allay fears of the developing world, it became the first UN agency to be headquartered in a developing country, with offices in Nairobi, Kenya. In addition to attempting to achieve scientific consensus about major environmental issues, a major focus for UNEP has been the study of ways to encourage sustainable development increasing standards of living without destroying the environment. At the time of UNEP's creation in 1972, only 11 countries had environmental agencies. Ten years later that number had grown to 106, of which 70 were in developing countries.WATER QUALITYWater quality is closely linked to water use and to the state of economic development. In industrialized countries, bacterial contamination of surface water caused serious health problems in major cities throughout the mid 1800’s.By the turn of the century, cities in Europe and North America began building sewer networks to route domestic wastes downstream of water intakes. Development ofthese sewage networks and waste treatment facilities in urban areas has expanded tremendously in the past two decades. However, the rapid growth of the urban population (especially in Latin America and Asia) has outpaced the ability of governments to expand sewage and water infrastructure. While waterborne diseases have been eliminated in the developed world, outbreaks of cholera and other similar diseases still occur with alarming frequency in the developing countries. Since World War II and the birth of the “chemical age”, water quality has been heavily impacted worldwide by industrial and agricultural chemicals. Eutrophication of surface waters from human and agricultural wastes and nitrification of groundwater from agricultural practices has greatly affected large parts of the world. Acidification of surface waters by air pollution is a recent phenomenon and threatens aquatic life in many area of the world. In developed countries, these general types of pollution have occurred sequentially with the result that most developed countries have successfully dealt with major surface water pollution. In contrast, however, newly industrialized countries such as China, India, Thailand, Brazil, and Mexico are now facing all these issues simultaneously.CONCLUSIONClearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. Congress has passed laws to try to combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a seriousissue. But the government alone cannot solve the entire problem. It is ultimately up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes to the problems we face with our water. We must become familiar with our local water resources and learn about ways for disposing harmful household wastes so they don’t end up in sewage treatment plants that can’t handle them or landfills not designed to receive hazardous materials. In our yards, we must determine whether additional nutrients are needed before fertilizers are applied, and look for alternatives where fertilizers might run off into surface waters. We have to preserve existing trees andplant new trees and shrubs to help prevent soil erosion and promote infiltration of water into the soil. Around our houses, we must keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of gutters and storm drains. These arejust a few of the many ways in which we, as humans, have the ability to combat water pollution. As we head into the 21st century, awareness and education will most assuredly continue to be the two most important ways to prevent water pollution. If these measures are not taken and water pollution continues, life on earth will suffer severely.中文翻译水污染和社会的关系引言地球的表面，大约有70%的面积被海水所覆盖。
污水处理的英文文献翻译(1)
Nutrient removal in an A2O-MBR reactor with sludgereductionABSTRACTIn the present study, an advanced sewage treatment process has been developed by incorporating excess sludge reduction and phosphorous recovery in an A2O-MBR process. The A2O-MBR reactor was operated at a flux of 77 LMH over a period of 270 days. The designed flux was increased stepwise over a period of two weeks. The reactor was operated at two different MLSS range. Thermo chemical digestion of sludge was carried out at a fixed pH (11)and temperature (75℃) for 25% COD solubilisation. The released pbospborous was recovered by precipitation process and the organics was sent back to anoxic tank. The sludge digestion did not have any impact on COD and TP removal efficiency of the reactor. During the 270 days of reactor operation, the MBR maintained relatively constant transmembrane pressure. The results based on the study indicated that the proposed process configuration has potential to reduce the excess sludge production as well as it didn't detonated the treated water quality.Keywords: A2O reactor; MBR; Nutrient removal; TMP1. IntroductionExcess sludge reduction and nutrients removal are the two important problems associated with wastewater treatment plant. MBR process has been known as a process with relatively high decay rate and less sludge production due to much longer sludge age in the reactor (Wenet al., 2004). Sludge production in MBR is reduced by 28-68%, depending on the sludge age used (Xia et al.,2008). However, minimizing the sludge production by increasing sludge age is limited due to the potential adverse effect of high MLSS concentrations on membrane (Yoon et al., 2004). This problem can be solved by introducing sludge disintegration technique in MBR (Young et al., 2007). Sludge disintegration techniques have been reported to enhance the biodegradability of excess sludge (Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004). In overall, the basis for sludge reduction processes is effective combination of the methods for sludge disintegration and biodegradation of treated sludge. Advances in sludge disintegration techniques offer a few promising options including ultrasound (Guo et al., 2008), pulse power (Choi et al.,2006), ozone (Weemaes et al., 2000), thermal (Kim et al., 2003), alkaline (Li et al., 2008) acid (Kim et al., 2003) and thermo chemical(Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004). Among the various disintegration techniques, thermo chemical was reported to be simple and cost effective (Weemaes and Verstraete, 1998). In thermal-chemical hydrolysis, alkali sodium hydroxide was found to be the most effective agent in inducing cell lysis (Rocker et al., 1999). Conventionally, the nutrient removal was carried out in an A2O process. It has advantage of achieving, nutrient removal along with organic compound oxidation in a single sludge configuration using linked reactors in series (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003). The phosphoroes removal happens by subjecting phosphorous accumulating organisms (PAO) bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (Akin and Ugurlu, 2004). These operating procedures enhance predominance PAO, which are able to uptake phosphorous in excess. During the sludge pretreatment processes the bound phosphorous was solubilised and it increases the phosphorousconcentration in the effluent stream (Nishimura, 2001).So, it is necessary to remove the solubilised phosphorus before it enters into main stream. Besides, there is a growing demand for the sustainable phosphorous resources in the industrialized world. In many developed countries, researches are currently underway to recover the phosphoroes bound in the sludge's of enhanced biological phosphorus removal system (EBPR). The released phosphorous can be recovered in usable products using calcium salts precipitation method. Keeping this fact in mind, in the present study, a new advanced wastewater treatment process is developed by integrating three processes, which are: (a) thermo chemical pretreatment in MBR for excess sludge reduction (b) A2O process for biological nutrient removal (c) P recovery through calcium salt precipitation. The experimental data obtained were then used to evaluate the performance of this integrated system.2. Methods2.1. WastewaterThe synthetic domestic wastewater was used as the experimental influent. It was basically composed of a mixed carbon source, macro nutrients (N and P), an alkalinity control (NaHCO3) and a microelement solution. The composition contained (/L) 210 mg glucose, 200 mg NH4C1, 220 mg NaHCO3, 22一34 mg KH2PO4, microelement solution (0.19 mg MnCl2 4H20, 0.0018 mg ZnCl22H2O,0.022 mg CuCl22H2O, 5.6 mg MgSO47H2O, 0.88 mg FeCl36H2O,1.3 mg CaCl2·2H2O). The synthetic wastewater was prepared three times a week with concentrations of 210±1.5 mg/L chemical oxygen demand (COD), 40±1 mg/L total nitrogen (TN) and 5.5 mg/L total phosphorus (TP).2.2. A2O-MBRThe working volume of the A2O-MBR was 83.4 L. A baffle was placed inside the reactor to divide it into anaerobic (8.4 L) anoxic (25 L) and aerobic basin (50 L). The synthetic wastewater was feed into the reactor at a flow rate of 8.4 L/h (Q) using a feed pump. A liquid level sensor, planted in aerobic basin of A2O-MBR controlled the flow of influent. The HRT of anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic basins were 1, 3 and 6 h, respectively. In order to facilitate nutrient removal, the reactor was provided with two internal recycle (1R). IRl (Q= 1)connects anoxic and anaerobic and IR 2 (Q=3) was between aerobic and anoxic. Anaerobic and anoxic basins were provided with low speed mixer to keep the mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) in suspension. In the aerobic zone, diffusers were used to generate air bubbles for oxidation of organics and ammonia. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the aerobic basin was maintained at 3.5 mg/1 and was monitored continuously through online DO meter. The solid liquid separation happens inaerobic basin with the help of five flat sheet membranes having a pore size of 0.23 pm. The area of each membrane was 0.1 m2. They were connected together by a common tube. A peristaltic pumpwas connected in the common tube to generate suction pressure. In the common tube provision was made to accommodate pressure gauge to measure transmembrane pressure (TMP) during suction. The suction pump was operated in sequence of timing, which consists of 10 min switch on, and 2 min switch off.2.3. Thermo chemical digestion of sludgeMixed liquor from aerobic basin of MBR was withdrawn at the ratio of 1.5% of Q/day and subjected to thermo chemical digestion. Thermo chemical digestion was carried out at a fixed pH of 11(NaOH) and temperature of 75℃for 3 h. After thermo chemical digestion the supernatant and sludge were separated. The thermo-chemicallydigested sludge was amenable to further anaerobic bio-degradation (Vlyssides and Karlis, 2004), so it was sent to theanaerobic basin of the MBR2.4. Phosphorus recoveryLime was used as a precipitant to recover the phosphorous in the supernatant. After the recovery of precipitant the content was sent back to anoxic tank as a carbon source and alkalinity supelement for denitrification.2.5. Chemical analysisCOD, MLSS, TP, TN of the raw and treated wastewater were analyzed following methods detailed in (APHA, 2003). The influent and effluent ammonia concentration was measured using an ion-selective electrode (Thereto Orion, Model: 95一12). Nitrate in the sample was analyzed using cadmium reduction method (APHA, 2003).3. Results and discussionFig. 1 presents data of MLSS and yield observed during the operational period of the reactor. One of the advantages of MBR reactor was it can be operated in high MLSS concentration. The reactor was seeded with EBPR sludge from the Kiheung, sewage treatment plant, Korea. The reactor was startup with the MLSS concentration of 5700 mg/L. It starts to increase steadily with increase in period of reactor operation and reached a value of 8100 mg/L on day 38. From then onwards, MLSS concentration was maintained in the range of 7500 mg/L by withdrawing excess sludge produced and called run I. The observed yields (Yobs) for experiments without sludge digestion (run I) and with sludge digestion were calculated and given in Fig. 1. The Yobs for run I was found to be 0.12 gMLSS/g COD. It was comparatively lower than a value of 0.4 gMLSS/g CODreported for the conventional activated sludge processes (Tchoba-noglous et al., 2003). The difference in observed yield of these two systems is attributed to their working MLSS concentration. At high MLSS concentration the yield observed was found to be low (Visva-nathan et al., 2000). As a result of that MBR generated less sludge.The presently used MLSS ranges (7.5一10.5 g/L) are selected on the basis of the recommendation by Rosenberger et al. (2002). In their study, they reported that the general trend of MLSS increase on fouling in municipal applications seems to result in no impact at medium MLSS concentrations (7一12 g/L).It is evident from the data that the COD removal efficiency of A2O system remains unaffected before and after the introduction of sludge digestion practices. A test analysis showed that the differences between the period without sludge digestion (run I) and with sludge digestion (run II and III) are not statistically significant.However, it has been reported that, in wastewater treatment processes including disintegration-induced sludge degradation, the effluent water quality is slightly detonated due to the release of nondegradable substances such as soluble microbial products (Ya-sui and Shibata, 1994; Salcai et al., 1997; Yoon et al., 2004). During the study period, COD concentration in the aerobic basin of MBR was in the range of 18-38 mg/L and corresponding organic concentration in the effluent was varied from 4 to 12 mg/L. From this data it can be concluded that the membrane separation played an important role in providing the excellent and stable effluent quality.Phosphorus is the primary nutrient responsible for algal bloom and it is necessary to reduce the concentration of phosphorus in treated wastewater to prevent the algal bloom. Fortunately its growth can be inhibited at the levels of TP well below 1 mg/L (Mer-vat and Logan, 1996).Fig. 2 depicts TP removal efficiency of the A2O-MBR system during the period of study. It is clearly evident from the figure that the TP removal efficiency of A/O system was remains unaffected after the introduction of sludge reduction. In the present study, the solubilised phosphorous was recovered in the form of calcium phosphate before it enters into main stream. So, the possibility of phosphorus increase in the effluent due to sludge reduction practices has been eliminated. The influent TP concentration was in the range of 5.5 mg/L. During thefirst four weeks of operation the TP removal efficiency of the system was not efficient as the TP concentration in the effluent exceeds over 2.5 mg/L. The lower TP removal efficiency during the initial period was due to the slow growing nature of PAO organisms and other operational factors such as anaerobic condition and internal recycling. After the initial period, the TP removal efficiency in the effluent starts to increase with increase in period of operation. TP removal in A2O process is mainly through PAO organisms. These organisms are slow growing in nature and susceptible to various physicochemical factors (Carlos et al., 2008). During the study period TP removal efficiency of the system remains unaffected and was in the range of 74-82%.。
有关水污染英语作文带翻译(通用5篇)
有关水污染英语作文带翻译（通用5篇）水污染英语作文带翻译篇1My classmates and I had an outing this spring. We had a good time. But meanwhile I noticed that water pollution in our city was becoming more and more serious.On our way we could see women washing clothes in the river. Litter was floating on the river. Waste water produced by a chemical factory was being discharged into the river. We did not see any fish in the river. The fiver was not so clear as before. Water quality was very bad. I am worried about it because water is important to all living things. Man can not live without water. I hope people pay more attention to this problem especially the government. Try to control the pollution of water as early as possible. At last I would like to say "To protect water is to protect life."【参考译文】今年春天，我和我的同学去春游，我们玩得都很高兴。
环境工程外文文献及翻译-水处理
环境工程外文文献及翻译-水处理摘要水是人类生存不可或缺的资源，但当前全球范围内的水资源短缺和水污染问题越来越严重，给人类带来了严重的环境和健康问题。
环境工程领域的研究者们在水处理方面做出了重要的贡献，下面是关于水处理的外文文献及翻译，希望对读者们有所启发。
文献1：Removal of pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater using membrane bioreactor technology这篇论文来源于《Water Research》期刊，讨论了利用膜生物反应器技术处理城市污水中的药物问题。
文章指出，生物膜反应器技术可以有效地去除医药废水中的药物，其净化效率高于传统的生物处理方法。
并且，就经济效益而言，膜生物反应器技术比传统的处理方法更为可行。
翻译1：膜生物反应器技术处理城市污水中的医药废水根据《Water Research》期刊报道，膜生物反应器技术是一种有效去除医药废水中药物的方法。
研究表明，这种技术比传统的生物处理方法更为高效，而且在经济上也更加可行。
文献2：Application of a Modified Ultrafiltration Process for Water Reuse in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant这篇论文来源于《Environmental Engineering Science》期刊，介绍了一种改进的超滤技术，在城市污水处理厂中进行水资源回收利用。
论文指出，这种技术能够去除水中的有机物和微生物等污染物，同时还能够保持水质的稳定性。
该技术对于水资源短缺的地区来说十分有用。
翻译2：改进的超滤技术在城市污水处理厂的水资源回收中的应用据《Environmental Engineering Science》期刊报道，一种改进的超滤技术已成功应用于城市污水处理厂中，用于水资源回收利用。
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水本实验中使用来自一个住宅社区。
质量指标列于表1。
2.3方法
CODcr的是由重铬酸钾法测定;BOD5是通过稀释和接种方法进行测试;氨氮是由纳氏光谱法测试;总磷是用二氯化锡的方法测试;pH值是由膜电极的方法进行测试。
2.4启动反应
在生物接触氧化之前有必要驯化微生物使其正常运行。
这个过程称为生物膜的形成。
有两种方法来培养微生物。
在这个实验中，采用天然生物薄膜形成方法。
在实验的开始,将生活污水被通入氧化槽1和槽2,保持空气/水的比例5:1。
2天后,在填料的表面可以观察到淡黄的生物膜填料，4天后完全覆盖生物膜。
然后采用流化培养。
从氧化槽1流出的废水流进氧化槽2。
7天之后成功地形成生物膜(生物膜和COD浓度的废水作为标准)。
图2示出了填充物的生物膜已经形成之前和
之后的对比。
可以发现，生物薄膜在罐2比在槽1和较厚的种类和细菌的数量在等级1是更加薄笏在罐2。
而原生动物和后生动物在罐2的量为大于在罐1中，其原因可能是，对于细菌的营养物质已被而消耗和有毒物质的一部分已经在罐1被移除。
3结果和讨论
3.1水力停留时间的影响
当每个反应器的滞留时间相等时，该系统将处于最佳状态。
因此每个接触氧化槽在该实验中的保留时间来设计是相同的。
后的生物薄膜形成过程结束时，实验继续持续了7天。
图3显示HRT和CODcr的平均去除率在HRT为30，60，90，120，180，和300分钟之间的关系。
结果表明，当HRT增加时，CODcr的平均去除率增大，。
当每个氧化池的水力停留时间为1h时，CODcr的去除率为91.2％，。
因为停留时间的进一步增加不会导致在CODcr的去除速率明显增加，在本实验中，HRT选择1小时。
3.2空气/水比例的影响
气体流量是影响对去除速率的重要因素。
在相同的HRT——1h条件，通过控制两个氧化槽的气/水比例，其结果示于表2。
从表2中可以看出，是在氧化一总空气/水的比例为5:1，以3:1在氧化槽1的空气/水比，和2:1的条件下得到的流出物的最佳结果槽2的空气/水的比率下降将导致减少溶解氧的浓度和微生物的生物降解性的。
如果总的空气/水比过较大（大于5:1）中，丝状菌会迅速地再现。
由于有机物在水中有限的，营养物质越来越少了，这使得微生物处于饥饿状态。
这也导致增加的CODcr，出水。
其结果是，平均去除的CODcr的降低。
3.3 CODcr的去除效果。
图4是CODcr的运行在下述条件下14天后的去除效果：总空气/水比为5:1，以3:1在槽1和槽2中2：1的空气/水的比例，并1小时的停留时间。
从图4，出水的CODcr浓度仍保持虽CODcr的进水浓度变化较大的稳定水平。
例如，当CODcr的最高浓度是进水498.6毫克/升，流出物的浓度为17.3毫克/升，和去除率为96.5％，CODcr的平均浓度进水和出水是302.4mg/L和16.7 mg/L时，CODcr 的平均去除率为94.5％，分别。
该结果表明，该两级接触氧化工艺具有高的效率去除的CODcr，抗库存装载了良好的性能，并且CODcr的稳定质量的流出物。
3.4 BOD5的去除效果
结果（图5）表明，去除BOD5的是类似于去除的CODcr的。
出水BOD5的浓度低且稳定时的进水变化的浓度。
当进水的最高浓度为252.7毫克/升，处理后出水浓度为12.3毫克/升。
在这个实验中，进水和出水的BOD5平均浓度为154.5 mg/L和10.5mg/L时，平均去除率为93.2％。
3.5悬浮固体的去除效果
进水和出水的悬浮固体浓度的变化曲线示于图6，结果表明，悬浮固体进水和出水的平均浓度为203.2 mg/L和16.9 mg/L时，平均去除率为91.7％。
研究发现，大多数悬浮固体的污水来源于脱落的生物膜并具有良好的效率，当进水的悬浮固体浓度变高。
结果表明，氨氮进水和出水的平均浓度为27.7毫克/升和14.7毫克/升，平均去除率为46.9％，而长期传代时间和硝化细菌小的增长速度和硝化细菌引起这些细菌很难在活性污泥系统中找到。
然而，生物固体的平均停留时间没有直接关系与废水中的停留时间，这会导致这些细菌的繁殖大量存在于接触氧化系统。
这个过程有氨氮的去除较好的效率比活性污泥工艺。
小分子磷已被出去，因为厌氧区的上生物膜的面积太小，除去磷和处理系统没有剩余污泥排出。
此磷可以被去除是通过生物合成的方法。
4结论
1）通过使用在处理生活污水二级接触氧化工艺，CODcr的，BODCR和平均去除率悬浮固体是94.5％，93.2％和91.7％，当空气/水的比例为5:1和水的水力停留时间是1小时。
2）这个过程有氨氮比46.9％的平均氨氮去除率活性污泥工艺更好的去除效率。
所以。
这个过程是适合治疗的住宅小区或小城镇的生活污水。