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外文文献翻译译稿和原文

外文文献翻译译稿1卡尔曼滤波的一个典型实例是从一组有限的，包含噪声的，通过对物体位置的观察序列（可能有偏差）预测出物体的位置的坐标及速度。

在很多工程应用（如雷达、计算机视觉）中都可以找到它的身影。

同时，卡尔曼滤波也是控制理论以及控制系统工程中的一个重要课题。

例如，对于雷达来说，人们感兴趣的是其能够跟踪目标。

但目标的位置、速度、加速度的测量值往往在任何时候都有噪声。

卡尔曼滤波利用目标的动态信息，设法去掉噪声的影响，得到一个关于目标位置的好的估计。

这个估计可以是对当前目标位置的估计（滤波），也可以是对于将来位置的估计（预测），也可以是对过去位置的估计（插值或平滑）。

命名[编辑]这种滤波方法以它的发明者鲁道夫.E.卡尔曼（Rudolph E. Kalman）命名，但是根据文献可知实际上Peter Swerling在更早之前就提出了一种类似的算法。

斯坦利。

施密特（Stanley Schmidt）首次实现了卡尔曼滤波器。

卡尔曼在NASA埃姆斯研究中心访问时，发现他的方法对于解决阿波罗计划的轨道预测很有用，后来阿波罗飞船的导航电脑便使用了这种滤波器。

关于这种滤波器的论文由Swerling（1958）、Kalman (1960)与Kalman and Bucy（1961）发表。

目前，卡尔曼滤波已经有很多不同的实现。

卡尔曼最初提出的形式现在一般称为简单卡尔曼滤波器。

除此以外，还有施密特扩展滤波器、信息滤波器以及很多Bierman, Thornton开发的平方根滤波器的变种。

也许最常见的卡尔曼滤波器是锁相环，它在收音机、计算机和几乎任何视频或通讯设备中广泛存在。

以下的讨论需要线性代数以及概率论的一般知识。

卡尔曼滤波建立在线性代数和隐马尔可夫模型（hidden Markov model）上。

其基本动态系统可以用一个马尔可夫链表示，该马尔可夫链建立在一个被高斯噪声（即正态分布的噪声）干扰的线性算子上的。

系统的状态可以用一个元素为实数的向量表示。

自动化专业-外文文献-英文文献-外文翻译-plc方面

1、外文原文（复印件)A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le-ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui ta r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tu ry[1].Th es e to w t ype s o f a rc hi te ct ur e a re fo un d i n s i ng le—ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r。

S o me em pl oy th e s p li t p ro gr am/d at a me mo ry of t he H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re, sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A—1，ot he r s fo ll ow t hep h il os op hy, wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al—pu rp os e c o mp ut er s an dm i cr op ro ce ss or s, of ma ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n be tw ee n p ro gr am a n d da ta m em or y a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re,sh ow n in F ig。

3-5A-2.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e—ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter isc h ar ac te ri zed b y the i nc or po ra tio n of al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e de v i ce，as s ho wn i n F ig3—5A—3。

外文翻译--创业板市场

外文文献翻译译文一、外文原文原文：China's Second BoardI. Significance of and events leading to the establishment of a Second BoardOn 31 March 2009 the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC issued Interim Measures on the Administration of Initial Public Offerings and Listings of Shares on the ChiNext [i.e., the Second Board, also called the Growth Enterprise Market] ("Interim Measures"), which came into force on 1 May 2009. This marked the creation by the Shenzhen Stock Exchange of the long-awaited market for venture businesses. As the original plan to establish such a market in 2001 had come to nothing when the dotcom bubble burst, the market's final opening came after a delay of nearly 10 years.Ever since the 1980s, when the Chinese government began to foster the development of science and technology, venture capital has been seen in China as a means of supporting the development of high-tech companies financially. The aim, as can be seen from the name of the 1996 Law of the People's Republic of China on Promoting the Conversion of Scientific and Technological Findings into Productivity ,was to support the commercialization of scientific and technological developments. Venture capital funds developed gradually in the late 1990s, and between then and 2000 it looked increasingly likely that a Second Board would be established. When the CSRC published a draft plan for this in September 2000, the stage was set. However, when the dotcom bubble (and especially the NASDAQ bubble) burst, this plan was shelved. Also, Chinese investors and venture capitalists were probably not quite ready for such a move.As a result, Chinese venture businesses sought to list on overseas markets (a so-called "red chip listing") from the late 1990s. However, as these listings increased, so did the criticism that valuable Chinese assets were being siphoned overseas.On thepolicy front, in 2004 the State Council published Some Opinions on Reform, Opening and Steady Growth of Capital Markets ("the Nine Opinions"), in which the concept of a "multi-tier capital market" was presented for the first time. A first step in this direction was made in the same year, when an SME Board was established as part of the Main Board. Although there appear to have been plans to eventually relax the SME Board's listing requirements, which were the same as those for companies listed on the Main Board, and to make it a market especially for venture businesses, it was decided to establish a separate market (the Second Board) for this purpose and to learn from the experience of the SME Board.As well as being part of the process of creating a multi-tier capital market, the establishment of the Second Board was one of the measures included in the policy document Several Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Providing Financing Support for Economic Development ("the 30 Financial Measures"), published in December 2008 in response to the global financial crisis and intended as a way of making it easier for SMEs to raise capital.It goes without saying that the creation of the Second Board was also an important development in that it gives private equity funds the opportunity to exit their investments. The absence of such an exit had been a disincentive to such investment, with most funds looking for a red chip listing as a way of exiting their investments. However, with surplus savings at home, the Chinese authorities began to encourage companies to raise capital on the domestic market rather than overseas. This led, in September 2006, to a rule making it more difficult for Chinese venture businesses to list their shares on overseas markets. The corollary of this was that it increased the need for a means whereby Chinese private equity funds could exit their investments at an early opportunity and on their own market. The creation of the Second Board was therefore a belated response to this need.II. Rules and regulations governing the establishment of the Second BoardWe now take a closer look at some of the rules and regulations governing the establishment of the Second Board.First , the Interim Measures on the Administration of Initial Public Offerings andListings of Shares on the ChiNext, issued by the CSRC on 31 March 2009 with effect from 1 May 2009. The Interim Measures consist of six chapters and 58 articles, stipulating issue terms and procedures, disclosure requirements, regulatory procedures, and legal responsibilities.First, the General Provisions chapter. The first thing this says (Article 1) is: "These Measures are formulated for the purposes of promoting the development of innovative enterprises and other growing start-ups" This shows that one of the main listing criteria is a company's technological innovativeness and growth potential. The Chinese authorities have actually made it clear that, although the Second Board and the SME Board are both intended for SMEs of similar sizes, the Second Board is specifically intended for SMEs at the initial (rather than the growth or mature) stage of their development with a high degree of technological innovativeness and an innovative business model while the SME Board is specifically intended for companies with relatively stable earnings at the mature stage of their development. They have also made it clear that the Second Board is not simply a "small SME Board." This suggests to us that the authorities want to see technologically innovative companies listing on the Second Board and SMEs in traditional sectors listing on the SME Board.Next, Article 7 says: "A market access system that is commensurate with the risk tolerance of investors shall be established for investors on the ChiNext and investment risk shall be fully disclosed to investors." One noteworthy feature is the adoption of the concept of the "qualified investor" in an attempt to improve risk control.Furthermore, Article 8 says: "China Securities Regulatory Commission (hereinafter, CSRC) shall, in accordance with law, examine and approve the issuer’s IPO application and supervise the issuer’s IPO activities. The stock exchange shall formulate rules in accordance with law, provide an open, fair and equitable market environment and ensure the normal operation of the ChiNext." Until the Second Board was established, it was thought by some that the stock exchange had the right to approve new issues. Under the Interim Measures, however, it is the CSRC that examines and approves applications.First, offering conditions. Article 10 stipulates four numerical conditions for companies applying for IPOs.Second, offering procedures. The Interim Measures seek to make sponsoring securities companies more responsible by requiring them to conduct due diligence investigations and make prudential judgment on the issuer’s growth and render special opinions thereon.Third, information disclosure. Article 39 of the Interim Measures stipulates that the issuer shall make a statement in its prospectus pointing out the risks of investing in Second Board companies: namely, inconsistent performance, high operational risk, and the risk of delisting. Similarly,Fourth, supervision. Articles 51 and 52 stipulate that the stock exchange (namely, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange) shall establish systems for listing, trading and delisting Second Board stocks, urge sponsors to fulfill their ongoing supervisory obligations, and establish a market risk warning system and an investor education system.1. Amendments to the Interim Measures on Securities Issuance and Listing Sponsor System and the Provisional Measures of the Public Offering Review Committee of the China Securities Regulatory Commission2. Rules Governing the Listing of Shares on the ChiNext of Shenzhen Stock Exchange Next, the Shenzhen Stock Exchange published Rules Governing the Listing of Shares on the ChiNext of Shenzhen Stock Exchange on 6 June (with effect from 1 July).3. Checking investor eligibility As the companies listed on the Second Board are more risky than those listed on the Main Board and are subject to more rigorous delisting rules (see above), investor protection requires that checks be made on whether Second Board shares are suitable for all those wishing to invest in them.4. Rules governing (1) application documents for listings on the ChiNext and (2) prospectuses of ChiNext companies On 20 July the CSRC published rules governing Application Documents for Initial Public Offerings and Listings of Shares on the ChiNext and Prospectuses of ChiNext Companies, and announced that it would begin processing listing applications on 26 July.III. Future developmentsAs Its purpose is to "promote the development of innovative enterprises and other growing start-ups"，the Second Board enables such companies to raise capital by issuing shares. That is why its listing requirements are less demanding than those of the Main Board but also why it has various provisions to mitigate risk. For one thing, the Second Board has its own public offering review committee to check how technologically specialized applicant companies are, reflecting the importance attached to this. For another, issuers and their controlling shareholders, de facto controllers, and sponsoring securities companies are subject to more demanding accountability requirements. The key factor here is, not surprisingly, disclosure. Also, the qualified investor system is designed to mitigate the risks to retail investors.Once the rules and regulations governing the Second Board were published, the CSRC began to process listing applications from 26 July 2009. It has been reported that 108 companies initially applied. As of mid-October, 28 of these had been approved and on 30 October they were listed on the Second Board.As of 15 December, there are 46 companies whose listing application has been approved by CSRC (including the above-mentioned 28 companies). They come from a wide range of sectors, especially information technology, services, and biopharmacy. Thus far, few companies in which foreign private equity funds have a stake have applied. This is because these funds have tended to go for red-chip listings.Another point is movement between the various tiers of China's multi-tier capital market. As of early September, four companies that are traded on the new Third Board had successfully applied to list on the Second Board. As 22 new Third Board companies meet the listing requirements of the Second Board on the basis of their interim reports for the first half of fiscal 2009, a growing number of companies may transfer their listing from the new Third Board to the Second Board. We think this is likely to make the new Third Board a more attractive market for private equity investors.The applicants include companies that were in the process of applying for a listing on the SME Board. The CSRC has also made it clear that it does not see theSecond Board simply as a "small SME Board" and attaches great importance to the companies' innovativeness and growth potential. Ultimately, whether or not such risks can be mitigated will depend on whether the quality of the companies that list on the Second Board improves and disclosure requirements are strictly complied with. For example, according to the rules governing Prospectuses of ChiNext Companies, companies are required to disclose the above-mentioned supplementary agreements as a control right risk. The point is whether such requirements will be complied with.Since there is a potentially large number of high-tech companies in China in the long term, whether or not the Second Board becomes one of the world's few successful venture capital markets will depend on whether all these rules and regulations succeed in shaping its development and the way in which it is run.The authorities clearly want to avoid a situation where the Second Board attracts a large number of second-rate companies and becomes a vehicle for market abuse as it would then run the risk of becoming an illiquid market shunned by investors who have lost trust in it. Indeed, such has been the number of companies applying to list on the Second Board that some observers have expressed concern about their quality.There has also been some concern about investor protection. For example, supplementary agreements between private equity funds and issuers pose a risk to retail investors in that they may suddenly be faced with a change in the controlling shareholder. This is because such agreements can result in a transfer of shares from the founder or controlling shareholder to a private equity fund if the company fails to meet certain agreed targets or in a shareholding structure that is different from the apparent one, for example. The problem of low liquidity, which has long faced the new Third Board market, where small-cap high-tech stocks are also traded, also needs to be addressed.Meanwhile, the Second Board's Public Offering Review Committee was officially established on 14 August. It has 35 members. A breakdown reveals that the number of representatives of the CSRC and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange has been limited to three and two, respectively, to ensure that the committee has the necessary number of technology specialists. Of the remainder, 14 are accountants, six lawyers,three from the Ministry of Science and Technology, three from the China Academy of Sciences, two from investment trust companies, one from an asset evaluation agency, and one from the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). It has been reported that the members include specialists in the six industry fields the CSRC considers particularly important for Second Board companies (namely, new energy, new materials, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, energy conservation and environmental protection, services and IT).Source: Takeshi Jingu.2009.“China's Second Board”. Nomura Journal of Capital Markets Winter 2009 V ol.1 No.4.pp.1-15.二、翻译文章译文：中国创业板市场一、建立创业板市场及其意义2009年3月31日中国证券监督管理委员会(以下简称“中国证监会”)发行《中国证监会管理暂行办法》，首次在创业板市场上[即,第二个板,也叫创业板市场](“暂行办法”) 公开募股，从 2009年的5月1日开始生效，这标志着深圳证券交易所市场这个人们期待已久的合资企业即将诞生。

刘颖会外文翻译原文及译文

大连民族学院国际商学院英文翻译2007级毕业论文外文翻译资料Microfinance's Latest Growing Pains小额信贷业的发展阵痛《Knowledge Wharton》February 2nd 2011《沃顿知识》杂志 2011年2月2日译者：刘颖会大连民族学院国际商学院国际经济与贸易072班2011年6月小额信贷业发展阵痛近期的小额信贷危机源于印度南部城市安得拉邦，当地过度负债、暴力催款和借款者被迫自杀等问题引发了民众对小额信贷行业的广泛指责，并强烈呼吁政府加强监管。

10月，印度政府对损害信贷、强行控制回款天数并拖累印度最大的盈利性小额信贷公司SKS股价暴跌的小额信贷机构实施管制。

1月19日，印度储备银行发布Malegam委员会报告，建议对印度小额信贷机构施加一系列新的监管措施，包括设置利率上限、贷款限额以及对借款人的收入进行规定。

有些观察家对此表示欢迎，而悲观人士则认为此举难以避免信贷紧缩和行业崩溃。

尽管现在要分析行业前景还为时尚早，但安得拉邦的危机着实引发了民众对全球小额信贷行业的热烈讨论和深刻反省。

近期在沃顿阿瑞斯高级管理教育学院小额信贷管理培训班上，讨论的焦点集中在过度信贷、高速的行业增长以及如何在追求利润的同时更好地实现小额信贷的设立宗旨。

小额信贷业经历了一场由坏账“大地震”所引发的“痛苦的觉醒”，26名来自全球各地的社会财富计划参与者之一Kamran Azim在一堂主题为小额信贷业的增长与可持续发展的讨论中如此比喻道。

Azim是创立于1996年的巴基斯坦拉合尔小额信贷机构Kashf 基金的运营总监。

他指出，过去20到30年间，小额信贷的方式方法几乎都没有发生过变化。

但现在，突然之间，这个行业经历了一场地震。

正如该培训计划中一门课程的导言所说：“面对不断加速的变革，人们趋向于依赖传统的方式进行商业发展。

然而，正是在这样的时刻，创新方显得尤为重要。

”此外，几名学员也指出，小额信贷行业必须在兼顾客户需求的同时通过创新的方式来巩固发展。

毕业论文外文翻译范例

外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。

毕业论文文献外文翻译----危机管理：预防,诊断和干预文献翻译-中英文文献对照翻译

第1页共19页中文3572字毕业论文（设计）外文翻译标题：危机管理-预防，诊断和干预一、外文原文标题：标题：Crisis management: prevention, diagnosis and Crisis management: prevention, diagnosis andintervention 原文：原文：The Thepremise of this paper is that crises can be managed much more effectively if the company prepares for them. Therefore, the paper shall review some recent crises, theway they were dealt with, and what can be learned from them. Later, we shall deal with the anatomy of a crisis by looking at some symptoms, and lastly discuss the stages of a crisis andrecommend methods for prevention and intervention. Crisis acknowledgmentAlthough many business leaders will acknowledge thatcrises are a given for virtually every business firm, many of these firms do not take productive steps to address crisis situations. As one survey of Chief Executive officers of Fortune 500 companies discovered, 85 percent said that a crisisin business is inevitable, but only 50 percent of these had taken any productive action in preparing a crisis plan(Augustine, 1995). Companies generally go to great lengths to plan their financial growth and success. But when it comes to crisis management, they often fail to think and prepare for those eventualities that may lead to a company’s total failure.Safety violations, plants in need of repairs, union contracts, management succession, and choosing a brand name, etc. can become crises for which many companies fail to be prepared untilit is too late.The tendency, in general, is to look at the company as a perpetual entity that requires plans for growth. Ignoring the probabilities of disaster is not going to eliminate or delay their occurrences. Strategic planning without inclusion ofcrisis management is like sustaining life without guaranteeinglife. One reason so many companies fail to take steps to proactively plan for crisis events, is that they fail to acknowledge the possibility of a disaster occurring. Like an ostrich with its head in the sand, they simply choose to ignorethe situation, with the hope that by not talking about it, it will not come to pass. Hal Walker, a management consultant, points out “that decisions will be more rational and better received, and the crisis will be of shorter duration, forcompanies who prepare a proactive crisis plan” (Maynard, 1993) .It is said that “there are two kinds of crises: those that thatyou manage, and those that manage you” (Augustine, 1995). Proactive planning helps managers to control and resolve a crisis. Ignoring the possibility of a crisis, on the other hand,could lead to the crisis taking a life of its own. In 1979, theThree-Mile Island nuclear power plant experienced a crisis whenwarning signals indicated nuclear reactors were at risk of a meltdown. The system was equipped with a hundred or more different alarms and they all went off. But for those who shouldhave taken the necessary steps to resolve the situation, therewere no planned instructions as to what should be done first. Hence, the crisis was not acknowledged in the beginning and itbecame a chronic event.In June 1997, Nike faced a crisis for which they had no existi existing frame of reference. A new design on the company’s ng frame of reference. A new design on the company’s Summer Hoop line of basketball shoes - with the word air writtenin flaming letters - had sparked a protest by Muslims, who complained the logo resembled the Arabic word for Allah, or God.The council of American-Islamic Relations threatened aa globalNike boycott. Nike apologized, recalled 38,000 pairs of shoes,and discontinued the line (Brindley, 1997). To create the brand,Nike had spent a considerable amount of time and money, but hadnever put together a general framework or policy to deal with such controversies. To their dismay, and financial loss, Nike officials had no choice but to react to the crisis. This incident has definitely signaled to the company that spending a little more time would have prevented the crisis. Nonetheless,it has taught the company a lesson in strategic crisis management planning.In a business organization, symptoms or signals can alert the strategic planners or executives of an eminent crisis. Slipping market share, losing strategic synergy anddiminishing productivity per man hour, as well as trends, issues and developments in the socio-economic, political and competitive environments, can signal crises, the effects of which can be very detrimental. After all, business failures and bankruptcies are not intended. They do not usually happen overnight. They occur more because of the lack of attention to symptoms than any other factor.Stages of a crisisMost crises do not occur suddenly. The signals can usuallybe picked up and the symptoms checked as they emerge. A company determined to address these issues realizes that the real challenge is not just to recognize crises, but to recognize themin a timely fashion (Darling et al., 1996). A crisis can consistof four different and distinct stages (Fink, 1986). The phasesare: prodromal crisis stage, acute crisis stage, chronic crisisstage and crisis resolution stage.Modern organizations are often called “organic” due tothe fact that they are not immune from the elements of their surrounding environments. Very much like a living organism, organizations can be affected by environmental factors both positively and negatively. But today’s successfulorganizations are characterized by the ability to adapt by recognizing important environmental factors, analyzing them, evaluating the impacts and reacting to them. The art of strategic planning (as it relates to crisis management)involves all of the above activities. The right strategy, in general, provides for preventive measures, and treatment or resolution efforts both proactively and reactively. It wouldbe quite appropriate to examine the first three stages of acrisis before taking up the treatment, resolution or intervention stage.Prodromal crisis stageIn the field of medicine, a prodrome is a symptom of the onset of a disease. It gives a warning signal. In business organizations, the warning lights are always blinking. No matter how successful the organization, a number of issues andtrends may concern the business if proper and timely attentionis paid to them. For example, in 1995, Baring Bank, a UK financial institution which had been in existence since 1763,ample opportunitysuddenly and unexpectedly failed. There wasfor the bank to catch the signals that something bad was on thehorizon, but the company’s efforts to detect that were thwarted by an internal structure that allowed a single employee both to conduct and to oversee his own investment trades, and the breakdown of management oversight and internalcontrol systems (Mitroff et al., 1996). Likewise, looking in retrospect, McDonald’s fast food chain was given the prodromalsymptoms before the elderly lady sued them for the spilling ofa very hot cup of coffee on her lap - an event that resulted in a substantial financial loss and tarnished image of thecompany. Numerous consumers had complained about thetemperature of the coffee. The warning light was on, but the company did not pay attention. It would have been much simplerto pick up the signal, or to check the symptom, than facing the consequences.In another case, Jack in the Box, a fast food chain, had several customers suffer intestinal distress after eating at their restaurants. The prodromal symptom was there, but the company took evasive action. Their initial approach was to lookaround for someone to blame. The lack of attention, the evasiveness and the carelessness angered all the constituent groups, including their customers. The unfortunate deaths thatptoms,occurred as a result of the company’s ignoring thesymand the financial losses that followed, caused the company to realize that it would have been easier to manage the crisis directly in the prodromal stage rather than trying to shift theblame.Acute crisis stageA prodromal stage may be oblique and hard to detect. The examples given above, are obvious prodromal, but no action wasWebster’s New Collegiate Dictionary, an acute stage occursacutewhen a symptom “demands urgent attention.” Whether the acutesymptom emerges suddenly or is a transformation of a prodromalstage, an immediate action is required. Diverting funds and other resources to this emerging situation may cause disequilibrium and disturbance in the whole system. It is onlythose organizations that have already prepared a framework forthese crises that can sustain their normal operations. For example, the US public roads and bridges have for a long time reflected a prodromal stage of crisis awareness by showing cracks and occasionally a collapse. It is perhaps in light of the obsessive decision to balance the Federal budget that reacting to the problem has been delayed and ignored. This situation has entered an acute stage and at the time of this writing, it was reported that a bridge in Maryland had just collapsed.The reason why prodromes are so important to catch is thatit is much easier to manage a crisis in this stage. In the caseof most crises, it is much easier and more reliable to take careof the problem before it becomes acute, before it erupts and causes possible complications (Darling et al., 1996). In andamage. However, the losses are incurred. Intel, the largest producer of computer chips in the USA, had to pay an expensiveprice for initially refusing to recall computer chips that proved unreliable o n on certain calculations. The f irmfirm attempted to play the issue down and later learned its lesson. At an acutestage, when accusations were made that the Pentium Chips were not as fast as they claimed, Intel quickly admitted the problem,apologized for it, and set about fixing it (Mitroff et al., 1996). Chronic crisis stageDuring this stage, the symptoms are quite evident and always present. I t isIt is a period of “make or break.” Being the third stage, chronic problems may prompt the company’s management to once and for all do something about the situation. It may be the beginning of recovery for some firms, and a deathknell for others. For example, the Chrysler Corporation was only marginallysuccessful throughout the 1970s. It was not, however, until the company was nearly bankrupt that amanagement shake-out occurred. The drawback at the chronic stage is that, like in a human patient, the company may get used to “quick fixes” and “band “band--aid”approaches. After all, the ailment, the problem and the crisis have become an integral partoverwhelmed by prodromal and acute problems that no time or attention is paid to the chronic problems, or the managers perceive the situation to be tolerable, thus putting the crisison a back burner.Crisis resolutionCrises could be detected at various stages of their development. Since the existing symptoms may be related todifferent problems or crises, there is a great possibility thatthey may be misinterpreted. Therefore, the people in charge maybelieve they have resolved the problem. However, in practicethe symptom is often neglected. In such situations, the symptomwill offer another chance for resolution when it becomes acute,thereby demanding urgent care. Studies indicate that today anincreasing number of companies are issue-oriented and searchfor symptoms. Nevertheless, the lack of experience in resolvinga situation and/or inappropriate handling of a crisis can leadto a chronic stage. Of course, there is this last opportunityto resolve the crisis at the chronic stage. No attempt to resolve the crisis, or improper resolution, can lead to grim consequences that will ultimately plague the organization or even destroy it.It must be noted that an unsolved crisis may not destroy the company. But, its weakening effects can ripple through the organization and create a host of other complications.Preventive effortsThe heart of the resolution of a crisis is in the preventiveefforts the company has initiated. This step, similar to a humanbody, is actually the least expensive, but quite often the mostoverlooked. Preventive measures deal with sensing potential problems (Gonzales-Herrero and Pratt, 1995). Major internalfunctions of a company such as finance, production, procurement, operations, marketing and human resources are sensitive to thesocio-economic, political-legal, competitive, technological, demographic, global and ethical factors of the external environment. What is imminently more sensible and much more manageable, is to identify the processes necessary forassessing and dealing with future crises as they arise (Jacksonand Schantz, 1993). At the core of this process are appropriate information systems, planning procedures, anddecision-making techniques. A soundly-based information system will scan the environment, gather appropriate data, interpret this data into opportunities and challenges, and provide a concretefoundation for strategies that could function as much to avoid crises as to intervene and resolve them.Preventive efforts, as stated before, require preparations before any crisis symptoms set in. Generally strategic forecasting, contingency planning, issues analysis, and scenario analysis help to provide a framework that could be used in avoiding and encountering crises.出处：出处：Toby TobyJ. Kash and John R. Darling . Crisis management: prevention, diagnosis 179-186二、翻译文章标题：危机管理：预防，诊断和干预译文：本文的前提是，如果该公司做好准备得话，危机可以更有效地进行管理。

英文翻译附原文

本科毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译（附外文原文）系 ( 院 )：资源与环境工程系课题名称：英文翻译专业(方向)：环境工程班级：2004-1班学生：3040106119指导教师：刘辉利副教授日期：2008年4月20使用褐煤（一种低成本吸附剂）从酸性矿物废水中去除和回收金属离子a. 美国, 大学公园, PA 16802, 宾夕法尼亚州立大学, 能源部和Geo 环境工程学.b. 印度第80号邮箱, Mahatma Gandhi ・Marg, Lucknow 226001, 工业毒素学研究中心, 环境化学分部,于2006 年5月6 日网上获得，2006 年4月24 日接受，2006 年3月19 日;校正，2006 年2月15 日接收。

摘要酸性矿物废水(AMD), 是一个长期的重大环境问题，起因于钢硫铁矿的微生物在水和空气氧化作用, 买得起包含毒性金属离子的一种酸性解答。

这项研究的主要宗旨是通过使用褐煤（一种低成本吸附剂）从酸性矿水(AMD)中去除和回收金属离子。

褐煤已被用于酸性矿水排水AMD 的处理。

经研究其能吸附亚铁, 铁, 锰、锌和钙在multi-component 含水系统中。

研究通过在不同的酸碱度里进行以找出最适宜的酸碱度。

模拟工业条件进行酸性矿物废水处理, 所有研究被进行通过单一的并且设定多专栏流动模式。

空的床接触时间(EBCT) 模型被使用为了使吸附剂用量减到最小。

金属离子的回收并且吸附剂的再生成功地达到了使用0.1 M 硝酸不用分解塔器。

关键词:吸附; 重金属; 吸附; 褐煤; 酸性矿物废水处理; 固体废料再利用; 亚铁; 铁; 锰。

文章概述1. 介绍2. 材料和方法2.1. 化学制品、材料和设备3. 吸附步骤3.1. 酸碱度最佳化3.2. 固定床研究3.2.1 单一栏3.2.2 多栏4. 结果和讨论4.1. ZPC 和渗析特征4.2 酸碱度的影响4.3. Multi-component 固定吸附床4.3.1 褐煤使用率4.4. 吸附机制4.5. 解吸附作用研究5. 结论1. 介绍酸性矿物废水(AMD) 是一个严重的环境问题起因于硫化物矿物风化, 譬如硫铁矿(FeS2) 和它的同素异形体矿物(α-FeS) 。

5、外文文献翻译(附原文)产业集群,区域品牌,Industrial cluster ,Regional brand

外文文献翻译（附原文）外文译文一：产业集群的竞争优势——以中国大连软件工业园为例Weilin Zhao,Chihiro Watanabe，Charla-Griffy-Brown[J]. Marketing Science,2009(2):123-125.摘要：本文本着为促进工业的发展的初衷探讨了中国软件公园的竞争优势。

产业集群深植于当地的制度系统，因此拥有特殊的竞争优势。

根据波特的“钻石”模型、SWOT模型的测试结果对中国大连软件园的案例进行了定性的分析。

产业集群是包括一系列在指定地理上集聚的公司，它扎根于当地政府、行业和学术的当地制度系统，以此获得大量的资源，从而获得产业经济发展的竞争优势。

为了成功驾驭中国经济范式从批量生产到开发新产品的转换，持续加强产业集群的竞争优势,促进工业和区域的经济发展是非常有必要的。

关键词：竞争优势；产业集群；当地制度系统；大连软件工业园；中国；科技园区；创新；区域发展产业集群产业集群是波特[1]也推而广之的一个经济发展的前沿概念。

作为一个在全球经济战略公认的专家,他指出了产业集群在促进区域经济发展中的作用。

他写道：集群的概念,“或出现在特定的地理位置与产业相关联的公司、供应商和机构，已成为了公司和政府思考和评估当地竞争优势和制定公共决策的一种新的要素。

但是，他至今也没有对产业集群做出准确的定义。

最近根据德瑞克、泰克拉[2]和李维[3]检查的关于产业集群和识别为“地理浓度的行业优势的文献取得了进展”。

“地理集中”定义了产业集群的一个关键而鲜明的基本性质。

产业由地区上特定的众多公司集聚而成,他们通常有共同市场、,有着共同的供应商,交易对象,教育机构和其它像知识及信息一样无形的东西，同样地,他们也面临相似的机会和威胁。

在全球产业集群有许多种发展模式。

比如美国加州的硅谷和马萨诸塞州的128鲁特都是知名的产业集群。

前者以微电子、生物技术、和风险资本市场而闻名,而后者则是以软件、计算机和通讯硬件享誉天下[4]。

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GPR Survey at the Archaeological Site ofAlmazamma, Al Hoceima (Morocco)Faize and A. Driouach.Electomagnetism Group Electromagnetism and Physics Matter Department University of Tetouan Moroccoahmedfaize6@M. STOUTILaboratory of Computer Science, Operations Research and Applied Statistics Abstract— In this work we have accessed the potential of detection method and imaging of buried archeological features using a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) at specific sites around the Al hoceima city located in the North-east of Morocco. We collected out 3 areas, selected from 10, using GPR system equipped with two shielded antennas of 500 and 800 MHz central frequencies. After processing steps, GPR results revealed the existence of buried walls. They systematically exhibited characteristic signatures (Hyperbolic, point source reflections) in the GPR profiles, which can be described in terms of location geometry and dimension of the construction style. Consequently, this work revealed that superficial geophysical investigations might be helpful in collecting crucial information about archaeological sites to better characterize the extended and richness of the Al Hoceima city.Index Terms—GPR, Almazamma Site, ArcheologyI.INTRODUCTIONG ROUND Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that users radar pulses to image the subsoil. GPR uses transmitting and receiving antennae. The transmitting antenna radiates short pulses of the high-frequency radio waves into ground. When the wave hits a object, the receiving antenna records variations in the reflected return signal. This system provides a non-destructive method, which is used extensively in a variety of applications and in several fields, including mine detection [1], revelation of cracks in marble quarries [2], road-rail way evaluations [3], or like in the present work for sites with archaeological interest survey [4], [5]. GPR is the most feasible and friendly instrumentation to detect buried remains and to perform diagnostics of archaeological structures with the aim of detecting hidden objects. For other side, GPR technique allows performing measurements over large areas in very fast way.Excavation is often more expensive, but the GPR technique offers a logical answer to this dilemma by delivering increasingly accurate data regarding site stratigraphy, the location and depths of covered anomalies. GPR equipment is not expensive; however the cost of this technology has decreased in recent years, prompting more and more archaeologists to take advantage of this growing technology. Central frequencies around 500 MHz are often used in the GPR applications to archaeology since they normally provide an adequate tradeoff between resolution and penetration for a variety and most of the soils [5]. Higher frequencies can be to detect and characterize smaller objects at shallow depths. On the contrary, lower central frequency, especially in cases with highly lossy soils.Each pulse is called trace or A-Scan, and the 2D space-time representation of consecutive traces is known as radargram or B-Scan. The 2D representation of temporal cuts of radargrams is called time slices or C-Scan. The 3D visualization techniques are widely applied in GPR surveys with archaeological purpose [6, 9].We first describe briefly the main building structures and topography of the site. Secondly, data acquisition, processing and interpretation provided with the necessary characteristic of the GPR method. The profile analysis and related interpretation are compared to the archaeological excavations. Finally we discuss the contribution of shallow geophysics to the study of Almazamma archaeological site.II.SITE DESCRIPTIONAl Mazamma (souni) is situated on the Costa de Al Hoceima in the North-east of Morocco (Fig 1).Formerly called Taghzout Tijdit, then Villa and Villa San Jurjo Alhucemas, the city is not far from the archaeological site of the medieval town of Almazamma (2 to 3 km as the crow flies). It carries its present name (Al Hoceima) since independence in Morocco and it would come from "Al Faisaliah" (lavender), a plant widespread in the central Rif.Fig.1: Location map of the «Almazemma (Souani)» Morocco (Africa).In this paper we focus in the study of four areas: 1, 2, 3 and 5 which are very important for archeology. Clearly demonstrating the benefits of using GPR models to help interpret reflection patterns produced by buried archaeological features.III.GPR DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSINGCollected data were copied to a personal computer and processed using Reflexw software [10]. The GPR survey was carried out with a RAMAC GPR system from MALA Geosciences using a 500 and 800 MHZ shielded antennas as central frequency and a RAMAC Monitor XV11 professional firmware. This configuration is optimal to detect shallow and deeper anomalies with detail, being half less time consuming than surveying each area separately with each antenna. At each site radar proﬁles were collected parallel across the survey grids. The horizontal spacing between parallel proﬁles at the site was 0.40 m. Radar reﬂections along the survey lines were recorded continuously across the ground each 2cm, with a stack = 2; along each proﬁles. All radar reﬂections within 46ns (500MHz antenna) and 30ns (800MHz antenna) (two-way travel time) time window were recorded digitally in the ﬁeld as 16 bit data and 700 samples per radar scan.Four Areas were selected (area 4, 7, 8 and 9) among nine to carry out the archaeological detail prospection GPR survey (Fig 1).The areas of data processing have been grouped under the headings: data editing, basic processing, interpretation processing, and visualization processing.Processing in this location is usually done when a good head of information about a site is available and need for the processing has been defined which achieves a final objective.IV.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAlthough the GPR data showed good signal penetration, careful 2D and 3D processing allowed us to obtain better results. The rectangular structures found has helped the archaeologists to plan their next excavation season, since they can indicate the built structures, like house foundations and walls.In what follows we describe the most notable results of the geophysical survey carried out in eight areas of the Al Hoceima city.A.Area 1Two profiles taken using the 500 MHz and 800 MHz antennas (Fig 2) allow location of structures such as buildings, walls… etc.At first appearance, we can appreciate different GPR signal responses over the walls along the structure (Fig. 2(a)). Over some of them, clear signal attenuation could be observed (arrow (Fig.2 (b)). The central radargrams begin with an area in which the signal is attenuated (Mound area) (Fig.2 (a)).We assume that this strongly different value of propagation velocity is caused by the different electromagnetic properties of the soil where the mound was located, i.e. greater humidity.Fig.2: Processed radargrams (Area 1) (B-scan) achievement with 500 MHz from line 32 (a) and with 800 MHz antenna from line 33 (b).In Figure 3 represented Time Slice using the absolute amplitude are shown for area 1 obtained using the same grid cell sizes, at different time intervals: 0ns- 37ns.A chromatic scale has been used, with blue indicating low amplitudes and Red, yellow and orange indicate highly reflective materials buried beneath the ground surface. These materials could be of natural or cultural in origin. The main cultural features visible in this area are walls probably associated with the plant structure. These anomalies started to be visible at 5ns (Fig.3), and the main of them corresponds to the hyperbola seen on radar section (as presented, for example in Fig.2) slightly deeper than soil-bedrock.Fig.3: Time-Slice of Area 1 at 0ns- 37ns with 500 MHz antennaArea 2Figure 4 illustrates two B-Scan achievements with the 500 MHz and 800 MHz antennas of the survey carried out in area 2. Results showed the presence of strong Anomalies superficial < 10ns, probably related to wall or bedrock structures. The presence of clear anomaly characterized by hyperbolic reflector (0.1 m/ns) (Fig.4(a)) with a vertex at the 12 m position and at 0.2 m depth are also pointed out (Fig.4. Hyperbolic reflections in GPR profiles are originated from localized source and can correspond to archaeological target; hence, worth being excavated.Fig.4: Processed radargrams (Area 2) (B-scan) achievement with 500 MHz from line 14 (a) and with 800 MHz antenna from line 11 (b).The Figure 5 illustrates two prominent anomalies, one just beginning and one just before the half. The anomalies seemed to be an herb, mud or wall.3D GPR data acquisition, processing, and interpretation seems to be inevitable to thoroughly interpret and understand complex subsurface structures typically found at archaeological sites. The extraction of a 3D volume which represents the target was possible by using the isosurface rendering technique (Fig.6). This technique displays surfaces of equal amplitude in the 3D volume.Figure 7 showed the initial anomalies at around 3- 37ns. These anomalies indicate the presence of the walls or house foundations.Fig.5: Time-Slice of Area 1 at 0ns- 37ns with 500 MHz antennaFig.6: Isosurface of anomalies at T< 15ns with 500 MHz antennaFig.7: GPR-slice iso-surface renders and times-slices obtained in the time windows 3-37ns with 500 MHz antennaB.Area 3Data processing and modeling aim to search for and visualize anomalous structures and to present results in maps.Figure 8 shows two radargrams achievement with 500 MHz and 800 MHz antennas of the survey carried out in area 3.Clearly visible anomalies accompanied by hyperbolas could be observed. These hyperbolae also matched the position of previously identified walls. Since the wave velocity was 0.11 m/ns, a reflection time of 10 ns and 13 ns corresponded to 0.3 m and 0.7m depth respectively. As seen in Figure 8(a), the results are exhibited alternating bands of high and low amplitudes beginning when the metallic object is encountered down to the end of the time window (Multi-reflection).Fig.8: Processed radargrams (Area 3) (B-scan) achievement with 500 MHz from line 10 (a) and with 800 MHz antenna from line 10 (b).These main anomalies can identify the size, shape, depth, and location of buried archeological remains.The 2D processing of the data and its visualization as time slices improved the datasets and the interpretation of the anomalies.Figure 9 shows the main anomalies at around 11- 17 ns (0.5- 1 m depth) related to the foundation. Further anomalies might represent the remains of the original of the walls of a stone burial.Fig.9: Time-Slice of Area 1 at 7ns- 22ns with 500 MHz antennaFig.10: Detailed interpretation based on the similarity data cube. show migrated crossline slices at 6.08m.GPR has the ability to create pseudo 3D maps and images of buried archaeological and other associated cultural and natural features. Usually the pseudo 3D time slices give information on the planar distribution of the buried targets at different depths, whereas the 3D maps show the full geometry of the targets.Figure 10 illustrates the 3D imaging result for a main anomaly associated with structure at around 13 ns.V. CONCLUSIONIn this paper, we have described the usefulness of high resolution method for the investigation of archaeological areas located in the Al Hoceima city. 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