英语跨文化交际
大学英语跨文化交际教案

教学目标:1. 让学生了解跨文化交际的基本概念和重要性。
2. 培养学生对不同文化差异的敏感性和理解能力。
3. 提高学生的跨文化交际意识和实际操作能力。
教学重点:1. 跨文化交际的概念和重要性。
2. 不同文化差异的识别和应对策略。
教学难点:1. 学生对不同文化差异的理解和适应。
2. 学生在实际跨文化交际中的沟通技巧。
教学过程:一、导入1. 教师简要介绍跨文化交际的概念和重要性,激发学生的学习兴趣。
2. 提问:同学们认为跨文化交际在我们的生活中有哪些重要性?二、基础知识讲解1. 教师详细讲解跨文化交际的概念、特点、原则等基本知识。
2. 通过案例分析,让学生了解不同文化差异的具体表现。
三、文化差异对比1. 教师引导学生分析中西方文化差异,如:时间观念、空间观念、个人主义与集体主义等。
2. 学生分组讨论,对比中西方文化差异,分享各自的观点。
四、实际操作训练1. 教师设计一个跨文化交际场景,如:商务谈判、旅游交流等。
2. 学生分组扮演不同角色,进行实际操作训练。
3. 教师观察并指导,帮助学生提高跨文化交际技巧。
五、总结与反思1. 教师总结本节课的重点内容,强调跨文化交际的重要性。
2. 学生分享自己在实际操作训练中的收获和体会。
3. 教师针对学生的表现进行点评和指导。
教学资源:1. 多媒体课件:跨文化交际基本知识、文化差异对比案例等。
2. 文化差异对比表格:中西方文化差异对比。
3. 跨文化交际场景模拟案例。
教学评价:1. 课堂参与度:观察学生在课堂上的发言、讨论和实际操作表现。
2. 知识掌握情况:通过课堂提问和课后作业检查学生对跨文化交际基本知识的掌握程度。
3. 实际操作能力:评价学生在跨文化交际场景模拟中的表现,如沟通技巧、应对策略等。
教学反思:1. 教师根据学生的反馈,调整教学策略,提高教学效果。
2. 教师关注学生在跨文化交际中的实际需求,提供针对性的指导。
3. 教师鼓励学生积极参与跨文化交际实践,提高跨文化交际能力。
高三英语跨文化交际练习题20题

高三英语跨文化交际练习题20题1.In the United States, people often eat turkey on _____.A.ChristmasB.ThanksgivingC.EasterD.Halloween答案:B。
解析:在美国,人们通常在感恩节吃火鸡。
选项 A 圣诞节一般吃烤鸡等食物;选项C 复活节有彩蛋、兔子等元素;选项D 万圣节主要是糖果等。
2.Which of the following is not a traditional activity on St. Patrick's Day?A.Wearing green clothesB.ParadesC.Exchanging giftsD.Drinking green beer答案:C。
解析:在圣帕特里克节,人们会穿绿色衣服、举行游行、喝绿色啤酒。
但没有交换礼物这个传统活动。
3.On Halloween, children go from house to house asking for _____.A.candiesB.giftsC.toysD.flowers答案:A。
解析:在万圣节,孩子们挨家挨户要糖果。
选项B 礼物一般在圣诞节等节日交换;选项C 玩具不是万圣节主要索要的东西;选项D 花不是万圣节的常见物品。
4.In many Western countries, people decorate Christmas trees with _____.A.flowersB.candlesC.balloonsD.leaves答案:B。
解析:在许多西方国家,人们用蜡烛装饰圣诞树。
选项 A 花不是主要装饰圣诞树的物品;选项 C 气球一般不用于装饰圣诞树;选项D 树叶也不是圣诞树的常见装饰。
5.Which festival is associated with egg hunts?A.Valentine's DayB.EasterC.Independence DayD.Mother's Day答案:B。
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)

大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全) Unit1 Sportsmanship: It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas.3. It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general.The pioneering spirit: E某cept for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom.American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.1. Traditionally, individualism, independence andcollaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans.3. The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationshipsFive relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend.Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders.Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.Collectivism A collectivism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals.1. According to Confucianism, what are the five cardinalrelationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships beThat is the well-known five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. This was e某plained as\There should be affectionbetween man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends.\2. What is the difference between collectivism andindividualismFirstly, westerns tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually e某pect other people to do the same. So they don't think they have the obligation to help family members and friends during emergency situations. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel that they have a right to help other members of their groups.Secondly, westerns generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have the right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their personalbenefit for the sake of the group. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.E某tended family: adult couples are e某pected to formtheir ownhousehold with either of their biological families.2. Because they desire a close and intense bond with their partners,they e某pect so much from marriage that so many get divorcedImpermanence: the property of not e某isting for indefinitely long durations.Stable: resistant to change of position or condition Connection vs. contract: relationship。
大学英语跨文化交际 要点汇总

Unit 1
Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.
--- the explicit, particular, defined meaning. Connotation: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all
the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning. Taboo: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. Euphemism: the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
跨文化交际中的汉语英语

跨文化交际中的汉语英语
跨文化交际是指不同文化背景下的人们之间进行交流和沟通的过程。
对于汉语和英语的跨文化交际,我们需要注意语言表达的差异、文化认知的差异以及交际方式的差异。
在语言表达方面,汉语和英语存在着很大的差异。
首先,词汇的选择上会有不同。
汉语的词汇丰富多样,而英语的词汇量相对较少。
其次,语法结构也存在差异。
汉语以词序为主导,英语则更注重语法功能的使用。
应当注意避免直译和使用常见的翻译困难点。
在文化认知方面,汉语和英语的文化背景不同,导致人们对事物的理解以及思维方式存在差异。
对于汉语和英语的跨文化交际,应该了解各自文化的特点,避免出现文化冲突或者不适当的表达。
比如,英语文化注重个人主义,而汉语文化强调集体主义,因此在交际中要注意适当调整表达方式。
在交际方式方面,汉语和英语也存在差异。
在汉语中,人们更注重眼神交流和身体语言的运用。
而在英语中,人们更注重用语言来表达意思。
在跨文化交际中,要注意适应对方的交际方式,避免产生误解或不同寻常的沟通效果。
总结来说,跨文化交际中的汉语和英语的差异体现在语言表达、文化认知和交际方式等方面。
为了有效地进行跨文化交际,我们需要了解双方的差异并进行适当的调整和沟通。
这需要我们具备良好的语言技巧、文化意识和交际能力。
只有通过不断学习和实践,才能够达到跨文化交际的目标和要求。
英语跨文化交际中的语言差异

英语跨文化交际中的语言差异英语跨文化交际中的语言差异在全球化的今天,英语作为国际交流的主要工具,在跨文化交际中发挥着重要的作用。
然而,不同文化背景下的人们使用英语时往往会出现语言差异,这给跨文化交际带来了一定的挑战和难题。
首先,语音和语调上的差异是英语跨文化交际中常见的问题之一。
不同国家和地区的人们对于发音的习惯和语调的处理方式存在差异。
例如,英国人倾向于使用清晰而准确的发音和抑扬顿挫的语调;而人则更加注重语速和流利度,通常发音较为模糊,语调也较为平稳。
这种差异容易导致双方在交流中产生误解和困惑。
其次,词汇和用法上的差异也是英语跨文化交际中需要面对的难题。
不同国家和地区的人们对于同一个概念或者物品的称呼可能存在差异。
例如,英国人称电梯为“lift”,而人则称之为“elevator”。
此外,英语的用法和习惯也会因文化差异而不同。
比如,在英国人眼中,“Sorry”不仅仅是一种道歉的表达,还可以用来表示礼貌和客套;而在人的口中,用“Sorry”来表示礼貌会显得不自然。
这种差异容易让人在交流中感到困惑和尴尬。
最后,文化背景和思维方式的差异也会影响英语跨文化交际中的语言表达和理解。
不同文化有着不同的价值观和观念,因此对于同一件事情的看法和理解也会有所不同。
例如,中国人普遍注重“面子”和尊重上级,因此在交流中可能会使用更多的委婉语和谦虚语;而人则更加直接和坦诚,注重个人表达和自由。
这种差异容易导致双方产生误解和冲突。
为了克服英语跨文化交际中的语言差异,我们可以采取以下策略。
首先,提高自己的英语水平和跨文化交际能力,了解不同文化背景下的习俗和礼仪。
其次,尊重对方的文化差异,学会接纳和包容不同的观点和表达方式。
最后,积极沟通和解释,及时澄清误解,以避免交流中的问题进一步扩大。
总之,英语跨文化交际中的语言差异是不可避免的,但通过适应和理解,我们可以更好地进行跨文化交流。
只有保持开放的心态和积极的沟通,我们才能够真正实现跨文化交际的目标,促进不同文化之间的理解和融合。
大学英语跨文化交际总结

Chapter 1 cultureThe nature of culture:1.culture is like an iceberg2.culture is our software3.culture is like the water a fish swims in4.culture is the grammar of our behaviorCharacteristics of culture:1.culture is learned (through proverbs, folklore, art, mass media)2.culture is dynamic 动态的3.culture is pervasive 普遍的4.culture is integrated 综合的5.culture is adaptiveCultural identity 文化认同1.cultural identity defined2.formation of cultural identity (unexamined, search, achievement)3.characteristics of cultural identityCultures within culture1.subculture亚文化群2.Co-culture 共文化3.Sub-group 亚群体SummaryMany of us take our culture for granted. The only time when we may ever think about it is when we leave our own country to travel abroad or when we encounter someone with a culture so different from ours that we have to examine our own beliefs. Much of what we think is the "right" or "correct" way to act or do something is actually part of the knowledge that we have learned from our culture.Culture is a large and inclusive concept. The first definition of culture, by the English anthropologist Edward B. Tylor, involves knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Although this definition has tried to cover more aspects that may direct human behavior, more inclusive definitions continue to come into being. However, in this book, culture is defined from the intercultural communication perspective: culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.Compared with the different ideas on what culture is, scholars agree on thecharacteristics of culture. Generally speaking, culture is learned, dynamic, pervasive, integrated and adaptive.Cultural identity refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People identify with being a member of a group. Being a member of a group helps to define who we are. We are all members of groups of different sizes. One of the largest groups that a person can belong to is a culture. Everyone belongs to a culture.Other groups that people may be a member of are subcultures (also called co-culture) and subgroups. Subcultures exist within dominant culture, and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.Co-culture refers to groups or social communities exh 如ting communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the other groups, communities, and the dominant culture.Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do. Subgroups can be as small as a fewpeople or as large as a major religion. Subgroups provide their members with norms that tell people how to behave and think. Subgroups can be considered "deviant" forms of behavior. Subgroups can also be defined as "non-exclusive" and "temporary" forms of behavior.Chapter 2 intercultural communicationCommunicationmunication definedponents (组成) of communication(sender/message/encoding/channel/receiver/decoding 编码।/feedback/noise/context)Characteristics of communicationmunication is dynamicmunication is systematicmunication is symbolic 象征的munication is irreversible 不可逆的munication is transactional 相互作用的munication is self-reflective 自我反思的munication is contextual 前后关系的Culture and communicationCulture and communication, although two different concepts, are directly linked. They are so inextricably bound that some anthropologists believe the terms are virtually synonymous. Whenever people interact, they communicate. Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted, and preserved through communication.Although the concepts of communication and culture work together, we separate them here for purposes of our discussion, we begin by examining "communication" because to understand intercultural interaction, you must first recognize the role of communication in that process.Cultures inherently contain communication systems. Communication and culture are inseparable. One implication of this insight is that cultures generate symbols, rituals, customs, and formats. To use a simple example, every culture has rules for achievement and attainment. In Western culture, the symbols include degrees, promotions, certificates, material objects, technology, and other symbols of material wealth. However, nationals in rural Botswana take pride in the primary group and not just individual attainment. Cultural misunderstanding occurs when we fail to matchthe appropriate symbols and general communication system to the culture. Just witness the awkwardness of an expatriate who attends a gathering in a host culture, but fails to wear the appropriate clothes. One cannot escape this inseparability of culture and communication.Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it. This implies not only using correct symbols, but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion. Communication styles include mannerisms, phrases, rituals, and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture. For instance, in Saudi Arabia the correct interpersonal communication style upon meeting one's host is often language loaded with compliments and thanks. Public criticism of fellow workers in this culture is rare, for such a message would appear disrespectful. Some West Africans exhibit a friendly and warm interpersonal communication style. Some Asians are described as conscious of propriety, ceremony, and rules of respect and honor. Some U.S. culture members appear informal and uninhibited Some Britons display a reserved manner, preferring understatement and control in interpersonal interaction. These examples remind us of the importance of understanding intercultural communication style.Areas like loudness, pitch, rate, and certain stances and gestures characterize communication behaviors. A specific culture expects an "ideal" communication style. The contrasts are striking, such as when an American speaks in a "normal" conversational voice, a "quiet" Thai national may think the voice is too loud and interpret the American to be angry.Intercultural communication1.intercultural communication defined2.forms of intercultural communication (international communication/interracialcommunication 跨人种/interethnic communication 跨种族/intraculturalcommunication 同一文化内)SummaryCommunication is an element of culture. It is believed that every cultural pattern and every single act of social behavior involves communication. When a baby is just born, he usually cries. His crying communicates something. When you graduate, your friends usually say "Congratulations!" to you. When a driver sees the red light, he/she will stop. All these are cases of communication.Communication is derived from the Latin word communicate, meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.However, like culture, the term "communication" has been defined from different perspectives. In fact, the way that people view communication - what it is, how to do it, and reasons for doing it - is part of their culture. Western culture emphasizes the instrumental function of communication and the prior consideration is to achieve the sender's personal goal, while in Eastern culture, in addition to sending and receiving messages simultaneously, communicators take their relationship into account.The process of communication has nine components: sender/source, message, encoding, channel, receiver, decoding, feedback, noise and context. The sender encodes a message (information that the sender wants to share with other people) by putting it into symbols (usually words or nonverbal gestures) and then sending it through a channel. A channel can be printed media such as magazines and newspapers; electronic media such as television, radio, and the Internet; or sounds traveling through the air when two people speak face to face. Sometimes, it is difficult for the message to reach the receiver. The difficulty is due to "noise". When receivers get the message, they must "decode" or try to understand it. For example, if the sender encodes a message using English, the receiver must use their knowledge of English language to understand it. Often, the sender pays attention to the feedbackof the receiver. The communication takes place within a setting or situation called context.Any communication process demonstrates several characteristics, that is, dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual.When communicating with people from different cultures, it is important to remember that culture and communication are strongly connected. Culture is a code we learn and share, and learning and sharing require communication.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event. Intercultural communication as a term was first used in 1959 by Edward T. Hall—an American anthropologist. Intercultural communication includes international communication, interracial communication, interethnic commurucat10n and intracultural communication.Chapter 4 barriersEmotional problems as barriers1.anxiety and uncertainty (definition/strategies to overcome)2.assuming similarity instead of difference 假想相同点多于不同点Attitudinal problems as barriers1.ethnocentrism 种族或民族中心主义(defined/various forms)2.stereotyping(definition/categories)3.prejudice4.racism5.reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism(socialization 社交化/social benefits/economic benefits/psychologicalbenefits)Translation problems as language barriersck of vocabulary equivalenceck of idiomatic equivalenceck of grammatical-syntactical equivalenceck of experiential equivalence 经验ck of conceptual equivalence 概念SummaryThere are several barriers to intercultural communication—anxiety and uncertainty,assuming similarity instead of difference, ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism and translation problems.Anxiety and uncertainty, as well as assuming similarity instead of difference belong to the emotional problems.Anxiety occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not being totally present in the communication transaction. Anxiety may also affect your ability to communicate your ideas to others, for you pay too much attention to your uncomfortable feelings. Uncertainty refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other's feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety.Assuming similarity instead of difference is a natural thing to do if you do not have any information about a culture. It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person's situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. Assuming that a culture is similar to your own can cause you to ignore important differences This assumption always leads to disrupted communication and even conflict.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism belong to the attitudinal problemsEthnocentrism is negatively judging another culture by your own culture's standards. To make ethnocentric judgments is to believe that the ways of your own culture are better than those of others.Stereotyping is used to refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. It assumes that a person has certain qualities (good or bad) just because the person is a member of a specific group.Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation. Prejudiced attitudes can take many forms.A specific kind of prejudice, racism refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. Racism involves not only prejudice, but also the exercise of power over individuals based on their race.Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice, racism continue to exist because of socialization and the apparent social, economic, and psychological benefits that come from it.Due to language differences and cultural differences, translation can become a barrier to intercultural communication.Five elements that typically cause problems in translation are the lack of equivalences in vocabulary, idioms, grammar and syntax, experiences, and concepts.Chapter 5 verbal communicationSignificance of verbal communication"Verbal" means "consisting of words". Language, spoken or written, is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.Language and culturenguage as a reflection of the environmentnguage as a reflection of values3.the meaning of wordsVerbal communication styles1.direct and indirect styles2.self-enhancement and self-effacement styles 宣扬和谦逊3.elaborate, exacting and succinct styles 详尽的,确切的,简洁的4.personal and contextual styles 不同的称呼方式根据场合和地位5.instrumental and affective styles 理性与感性Language diversity1.dialects and sociolects 方言和社会方言2.pidgin and lingua franca洋泾浜语(汉语中夹杂外语),混合语(母语不互通)3.taboo and euphemism 禁用语委婉语4.jargon 行话Cultural influence on written communication1.direct plan2.indirect planSummaryVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.It is agreed that language helps in communicating with people from different backgrounds. However, people may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language being used. Words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the context. Although people use the dictionary to explain one language with another language, words of differentlanguages don't mean the same thing because of the cultural influence on word meaning.There are mainly five verbal communication styles introduced in this chapter: direct / indirect; self-enhancement / self-effacement; elaborate / exacting / succinct; personal / contextual; and instrumental / affective.Language is a cultural phenomenon which is used to express different uses and to communicate different meanings. Language varies according to the communicative uses but also according to the users. In fact, users of the same language in a sense all speak differently and the kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by their cultural background.In short, some language variations result from the language user, that is, his or her geographical origin (dialect), or his or her social condition (sociolect). However, some language variations result from the circumstances of communication, such as pidgin, Lingua Franca, jargon, taboo and euphemism. Dialect refers to geographical variation, while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. Pidgin refers to a mixed language that is used for trading purposes, while Lingua Franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communication. Taboo refers to expressions that are considered impolite, while euphemism refers to polite expressions used to soften the offensive and disturbing language. Jargon refers to aspecial or technical vocabulary that is developed for professional purposes within professional groups like medicine or law.Furthermore, verbal communication involves both oral and written forms. Written communication is especially important in intercultural business communication. As the modem technological renovation (e-mail and ecommerce) calls for the written communication in business, businessmen should be more conscious about the written communication because mistakes made inwritten form are more serious and permanent.Cultural patterns influence not only oral communication but also written communication. Cultural impact on discourse patterns is to be classified into two categories: direct plan and indirect plan. In direct plans, clarity and conciseness are essential to a successful business writing style. The indirect plan has other priorities than the quick delivery of ideas, such as nurturing a relationship or developing some other context for the message. Direct plan is favored by results- oriented cultures Indirect plan is favored by relationship-oriented culture.Chapter 6 nonverbalSignificance of nonverbal communication1.nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.2.nonverbal behavior is significant because it spontaneou sly<D reflects thesubconsciousness.3.Nonverbal communication is significant is that we cannot avoid communicating. Definition and functions of nonverbal communication1.definition of nonverbal communication2.functions of nonverbal communication (repeating 重复/complementing 补充/substituting 代替/regulating/contradicting 反对)Paralanguage and silence1.paralanguage副语言(语音语调)2.silenceTime and space1.chronemics 时间行为学的2.proxemics 人际距离学(fixed features of space/semifixed features ofspace/personal space包括四种情况下的不同距离)Other categories of nonverbal communication1.oculesics 目光语2.olfactics 嗅觉3.haptics 触觉4.kinesics 人体动作学(gestures/posture/facial expressions/chromatics 色彩/attire 打扮)SummaryWhen we learn to communicate, we learn not only language but also various ways of communicating. Communicators use both verbal and nonverbal codes to communicate, listeners expect to receive both kinds of messages during a conversation. If a speaker uses nonverbal codes poorly or inappropriately, a listener may consider the person a poor speaker. However, misunderstandings may occur when the speakers and listeners are from different cultures and do not share the same nonverbal codes.In brief, the messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication. Nonverbal communication involves those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by the sender and his or her use of the environment—these have potential message value for both the sender and receiver.Nonverbal communication codes or symbols or stimuli in a communicating setting can be divided into different categories: paralanguage, silence, proxemics,chronemics, oculesics, olfactics, haptics, kinesics, chromatics and attire.Paralanguage is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning When the German poet Klopstock wrote "The tones of human voices are mightier than strings or brass to move the soul", he meant that sounds we generate often communicate more than the words that they produce. We have the experience of watching foreign movies: if we don't know the language they speak and there are no subtitles, we can still infer when performers are expressing anger, sorrow, joy, or any other emotions.Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoing interaction during which the participants have time to think, check or suppress an emotion, encode a lengthy response, or inaugurate another line of thought.Chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. People have different attitudes toward punctuality because they have different time orientations. People from monochronic cultures emphasize schedules, while people from polychronic cultures stress involvement of people and the completion of tasks as opposed to a strict adherence to schedules.Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. Cultures vary in such things as how living space is arranged and the distance between people in interaction.Oculesics refers to the study of communications sent by the eyes. Eyes play a central role in impression management. When people say that eyes talk, they mean that eyes convey messages. Although eye contact is a very important way of communication, direct eye-to-eye contact is not a custom throughout the world.Olfactics refers to the study of communication via smell. Americans feel uncomfortable with natural smells, so they spend millions of dollars to make themselves smell "good". However, many cultures regard natural smells as normal. Most 心abs perceive a person's smell as an extension of the person.Haptics or touch refers to communication through the use of bodily contact. There are different behavioral patterns regarding touch. We learn the rules, as we move from infancy into childhood. The wrong behavior of touching in strange cultures can create uncertainty and even ill feeling.Kinesics refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body position, body movement, and forms of greeting and their relations to communication. Although any part of the body can be used for communicating nonverbally, face, hands, and armsare the primary 灼nesic channels through which nonverbal messages are sent.Chromatics refers to the study of color in reference to people's perceptions, behaviors, and impressions of others. The same color may be interpreted differently in different cultures. The wrong color of your clothes may make people dislike you, or even hate you. It is quite important to watch what color is appropriate in certain settings, when you are in a foreign countryAttire refers to clothing and physical appearance. It also serves as nonverbal symbols. We often identify a person's culture by his or her physical appearance and dress. Communication with others is often perceived by visual observations of his or her physical appearance.Chapter 7 cultural patternsDefining cultural patterns1.ways of thinking2.ways of actingComponents of cultural patterns 组成1.beliefs 信仰2.values 价值观3.norms 行为准则4.social practices 社会行为Culture theory1.high-context culture高语境文化(很多信息在环境中是可见的,没有必要用语言过多描述)2.low-context culture (语言作为主要传递信息的方式)3.problems posed (高语境的会嫌弃低语境的人说的太多,给予了太多不需要的信息)Value orientation1.human nature orientation2.person-nature orientation(mastery-over-nature view/harmony-with-natureview/subjugation-to-nature view)3.time orientation(value-past/value-present/value-future)4.activity orientation(value-doing/value-being/value-being-in-becoming)5.relational orientationCultural variability1.individualism and collectivism 独立的集中的2.uncertainty avoidance3.power distance4.masculinity and femininity 男权主义女权主义SummaryAlthough individuals, even in the same culture, tend to have different value patterns, there are overall values shaped by one's culture which are shared by the members of the group. Understanding a culture's value pattern is of great significance in terms of understanding their behaviorsShared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time andthat lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns.A belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world.Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.Norms are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.Social practices are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.Context is defined as the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably boundup with the meaning of the event. Edward T. Hall introduced the high context communication and low context communication. A high context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message. A low context (LC) communication is just the opposite; i.e., the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code. It is verbalized.Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations are based on: human nature, person-nature interface, time, activity and human relationships. These five aspects define group cultures according to different categories:A s for human-nature orientation, cultures could be divided into six groups: (1) Humans are evil but changeable; (2) Humans are evil and unchangeable; (3)Humans are neutral with respect to good and evil; (4) Humans are a mixture of good and evil; (5) Humans are good but changeable; (6) Humans are good and unchangeable.The person-nature orientation consists of three categories: (1) Mastery over nature;(2) Harmony with nature; (3) Subjugation to nature.As far as time orientation is concerned, cultures may belong to (1) The past orientation; (2) The present orientation; (3) The future orientation.The activity orientation involves three groups: (1) The d, omg onentat10n; (2) The being orientation; (3) The being-in-becoming orientation.Geert Hofstede has identified four value dimensions that have a significant impact on behavior in all cultures. These dimensions are individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity and femininity.Individualistic cultures give more importance to individuals' needs when they do things such as setting goals.Collectivism is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and out-groups.Uncertainty avoidance deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.Power distance is "the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally". That is to say, how equal or unequal .the people in a particular culture think people should be.The major differentiation between masculine and feminine cultures is how gender roles are distributed in cultures.Those dimensions offer certain measurements for researchers to study a specificculture or do comparative research work from an intercultural perspective.Chapter 8 cultural influence on contextsThe business context1.culture influence on business context2.management不同国家方式不同3.business etiquette norms 商务礼仪(appointment seeking/the date forbusiness/greeting behavior/gift giving)The educational context1.culture influence on the educational context2.role behaviors of students and teachers3.classroom participation4.turn taking说话的方式时间和行为The health care context1.culture influence on the health care context2.family and gender roles in the health care context3.conversational structures and languageSummaryMeaning in communication is basically decided by context. Communication is notdevoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree by the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs. This is known as the communication context. Context may consist of the social, political, and historical structuresin which the communication occurs. Communication in three areas is most influenced by context: business, education and health care.In the business field, management has become a crucial issue and the managing styles vary from culture to culture. These differences are apt to cause troubles for intercultural communication. In add 山on to management, many concrete business practices such as appointment seeking, greeting, gift giving and negotiation are also posing problems for the business interaction. People need to understand and practice the rules in intercultural business context to be competent communicators.The educational context is another significant area where intercultural communication frequently occurs. All participants in the educational context—teachers, students, parents, school administrators, and other staff—bring their cultures' beliefs, values, norms, and social practices with them. All of these can influence behaviors on how students and teachers relate to each other in the classroom.。
商务英语跨文化交际吃饭用语

商务英语跨文化交际吃饭用语
在商务英语跨文化交际中,用餐时的用语是非常重要的。
以下是几个常见的用餐用语,仅供参考:
1.“Would you like to order?” 这是餐厅服务员通常会问的问题,表示是否可以点餐了。
2.“What would you like to have for the main course?” 这是询问主菜的选择。
3.“Do you have any dietary restrictions or preferences?” 这是询问是否有任
何饮食限制或偏好,以确保提供符合要求的食物。
4.“Can I get you something to drink?” 这是询问是否需要饮料。
5.“Would you like to hear the specials?” 这是询问是否想听特色菜。
6.“How would you like your steak cooked?” 这是询问牛排要烤到几成熟。
7.“Could you pass me the salt?” 这是请求传递调料或餐具。
8.“Thank you for the meal.” 这是表示感谢的话语。
9.“I enjoyed the meal very much.” 这是表示对餐饭很满意的话语。
10.“Can I have the check, please?” 这是询问是否可以结账的话语。
这些用语都是基本的用餐用语,但也需要根据不同的文化和场合进行适当的调整。
在商务跨文化交际中,了解和尊重不同的文化和习惯是非常重要的。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
On Differences between Chinese and WesternDietary CulturesAbstract:In the long history, the diet is essential for human survival and development, one of the basic cont ent of social life. However, each country in which geographical, environmental, and cultural and e thnic customs, which has a different concept of diet and dietary practices, and ultimately the forma tion of the differences in food culture. With the global economic and cultural development, intercu ltural communication is more and more frequently,the difference between Chinese and Western cultures to promote the cultural differences of Chines e and Western food, and this difference from the Western way of thinking and philosophy. This arti cle by the simple exposition of the Chinese and Western food culture.Key words: East and West; food culture; differencesIntroductionⅠ.Difference in concepts to dietAs opposed to emotional people, Westerners are more rational, more scientific concept of diet. Nut ritional value of food they put in the first one, they focus on the food contains protein, fat, calories and vitamins, in particular, pay attention to the nutrient content of food with appropriate, whether t he supply of calories just right, and these nutrients can eaters fully absorbed, with or without other side effects, try to keep the juice and natural nutrition of the food, rather than the pursuit of food c olor, smell, taste, shaped perfectly. They rarely or hardly linked to diet and spiritual enjoyment. In the diet reflects a strong practical and utilitarian purpose. Westerners believe that diet is the only m eans of survival to feed their families to fill their stomachs only, but it uses a more scientific, stand ardized and rational way.Ⅱ.Difference in manners to dietThis "harmony" and "respectively" cultural identity among the Chinese and Western food culture i s also evident. Western cuisine, in addition to a few Brussels sprouts are vegetables of various raw materials unrelated fish is fish, steak is steak, even with that in the disk, which embodies the "Western weight of social and cultural. This weight, respectively, the social and cultural is also reflected in the dining style. Westerners pursuing Dining System, personality, self-respect. Western popular buffet is to eat all the lack of the sentiment of the Chinese people talk of celebrating together. Chin ese people have always "and" integration "is the most wonderful realm of music, pay attention to t he" music "," chimed "medical advocate" body ", gas and hope that the country's political will to a chieve the harmonious ". OK, said the marriage as a "marriage made in heaven", when all good thi ngs gather together, we will praise for the "perfect match". This "harmony" thinking is reflected in cooking reflects the flavors harmonize. So the Chinese food in almost every dish should be to rec oncile the two or more raw materials and a variety of spices cooked. Chinese cooking is called "co oking" delicious produce, is to reconcile.Ⅲ.Differences in dietary contentWesterners are mostly nomadic, sailing nation, mainly in farming, while China is a large agricultur al country, mainly to the acquisition, planting. Westerners are more meaty dishes, eat, wear, with a ll what is taken from the animal. Pay more attention to the intake of animal protein and fat diet, th e majority of animal dishes, mainly beef, chicken, pork, lamb and fish. Chinese people's diet from early on, that is grain-based meat and less grain, supplemented by vegetables, plant-based dishes d ominated by meat in the diet high proportion has been. According to the survey of Western botanis ts, Chinese people eat the herb of the 600, six times more than in the West. Buddhists believe that animals are creatures, while creatures can not kill, but can not eat. But with the popularity of the c oncept of improvement of living standards and nutrition in China's table, the proportion of meat an d dairy products also gradually increase. In the West differences in diet content is also reflected in the West love the cold, cold dish, cold dish platter, salad, cold drinks, and ultimately, cold dishes o n the table. The Westerners raw vegetables, not only tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce, raw cabbage, o nions, cauliflower, broccoli are eaten raw. Chinese people like hot food, in addition to the small di shes are dishes cold dish outside the main Lay hot.Ⅳ.Differences in cooking methodsIn China, cooking is an art, which embodies the unity of the rigor and improvisation, so cooking h as been extremely interesting to attract the Chinese diet for the pleasures of life. A variety of cooki ng methods, fried, fried, explosion, bombing, slip, simmered, steamed, boiled, stewed, roasted, bra ised, Roberts and other dishes made dazzling. Contrast to focus on the taste of Chinese food, Western food are more meticulous and absorb nutrition with emphasis on the nutritional value of diet, f ocusing on the food contains vitamins, protein, calories, and whether it is fully absorbed, with or without other side effects, while not unduly the pursuit of the taste of food Westerners eat nutrition , and more understanding of the diet from a nutritional point of view. China should learn from the West this scientific rational diet concepts, and focus on nutrition, health and cooking of food scien ce, and learn from each other, and constantly developed to make it international.Ⅴ.Differences in table mannersWesterners weekdays good move, but sat down on the table dedicated to quietly cutting their own dishes on the menu. Chinese people do good and quiet, get on a table, they are forever talking abo ut each other so that the vegetables, urging people to drink. The Chinese people on the table downt own and the West on the table static, reflecting the fundamental differences between Chinese and Western food culture. In the Chinese cultural tradition, to attend the formal dinner is more luxurio us, but the changes and development of modern customs, progress backward, traditional inheritanc e, but also the traditional culture practices violated. Chinese and Western people are fastidious abo ut the formal banquets of sequence arrangements. Traditional Chinese square table. On the door to both sides for partial seat. Westerners treat with a long table, the host and hostess sit at both ends, and then in the order of male and female guest of honor and guests seating arrangements. The rule s of the table, the Westerners meal with knife and fork, the Chinese use chopsticks. Of course, the usage of the knife and fork and chopsticks have their own rules.SummaryWith China's accession to the WTO, at all levels, all types of cross-cultural communication have b ecome increasingly frequent, we should correctly understand the Western cultural differences and cultural conflicts. The exchange of food culture is present in our daily lives, and serves as a transfe r zone between different cultures. We must constantly understanding and depth of Western culture, "its essence, to its dregs, so as to promote the cultural development of the nation.。