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托福阅读长难句[答案]

托福阅读长难句[答案]Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.1.○Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics.○The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics.○Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form.○The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.2.The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam likemodern whales [by moving the rear portion of its body up and down], even though a fluke was missing.○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the wayAmbulocetus swam.3.○Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.○Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.○The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.○Desertification is extre mely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.4.○Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.○Edison refused to work on projection technology becau se he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.○Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.○Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.5.For example, people [who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-asduring wartime-]are likely to act aggressively, whereas people [who believe thata particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression isnever justified,] are less likely to behave aggressively.○People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.○People who be lieve that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.○People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.○People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.6.○Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.○The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.○Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.○Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.7.○These fishes often have a problem opening their mouthswhile swimming.○The streamlining of these fishes prevents them from slowing down.○The streamlining of these fishes tends to slow down their breathing.○Opening the mouth to breathe can reduce the sp eed of these fishes.8.Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence,successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.○When they are relatively young, hi lls and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.○Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.○Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.○Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.9.○Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.○Wh ig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.○The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs' control ofthe market economy.○The Democrats' power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.10.The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they wouldrespond if they were the characters in stories 【that called for basic emotional responses.】○The Fore's facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be story characters.○The Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories.○The Fore exhibited the same re lationship of facial expressions and basic emotions 【that is seen in Western culture】when they acted out stories.○The Fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in stories.11.【Although her early theatrical career had included stints as an actress,】shewas not primarily interested in storytelling or expressing emotions through dance; the drama of her dancing emanated from her visual effects.○Fuller was more interested in dance’s visual impact than in its narrative or emotional possibilities.○Fuller used visual effects to dramatize the stories and emotions expressed in her work. 强加关系○Fuller believed that the drama of her dancing sprang from her emotional style of storytelling.○Fuller’s focus on the visual effects of dance resulted from her early theatrical training as an actress.12.One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion【when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun】, but green icebergs一个对于绿色冰山的解释把它们的颜色归因为一个当蓝色的冰被接近地平线的红太阳照亮时产生的光学错觉；但绿色冰山在多种多样的光线条件下都会在白色和蓝色冰山中间凸显出来。

托福长难句100句(一)

句子1In a countercurrent exchange system,the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels;thus,the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.【难点解析】本句的难点在于复杂的后置定语干扰了阅读，给我们理解句子带来了影响。

在这个句子中就是现在分词短语carrying cooled blood…做了后置定语，造成了主语the blood vessels 和谓语run被分割，后面接着出现了另一个the blood vessels carrying warm blood……，进一步加大了理解难度，让我们一时无法理清句子结构。

找到这种后置定语，划分句子主干的时候直接忽视这种修饰性成分，句子的主要信息就变得非常清晰：In a countercurrent exchange system,the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers[定语]run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body[定语]to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels;thus,the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.完成了句子主干划分之后，根据汉语的表述顺序，将后置定语往前放，这样整个句子的意思就出来了。

容恺托福--阅读长难句(泰格)

2、分词短语打头
句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。
Working in a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Marland, Pennsylvania, the Conservancy’s Bud Smith is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth and environmental protection. Note：Conservancy 大自然保护协会
1、主语或宾语拉长解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。
In Africa I met a boy，who was crying ————————————————— as if his heart would break and said，when I spoke to him，that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days.
2、分词短语打头
句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。
Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. （TPO） Note：it refers to society

托福长难句120句解析

托福长难句120句解析一、句子解析1. The professor's lecture was so convoluted that it was difficult for the students to follow.解析：这个句子中，convoluted意为“复杂的”，表示教授的讲座内容非常复杂，以至于学生很难理解和跟随。

2. Despite her extensive preparation, she struggled with the difficult questions on the exam.解析：这个句子中，despite意为“尽管”，表示尽管她做了大量的准备工作，但仍然在考试中遇到了困难的问题。

3. The author uses a series of rhetorical questions to engage the reader and provoke thought.解析：这个句子中，rhetorical questions意为“修辞性问题”，表示作者使用了一系列的修辞性问题来吸引读者并引发思考。

4. The government's decision to increase taxes was met with widespread opposition from the public.解析：这个句子中，met with意为“遭遇”，表示政府增税的决定受到了公众的广泛反对。

5. The new technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work.解析：这个句子中，has the potential to意为“有潜力”，表示新技术有潜力彻底改变我们的生活和工作方式。

6. The company's profits have plummeted as a result of the economic downturn.解析：这个句子中，plummeted意为“暴跌”，表示由于经济衰退，公司的利润暴跌。

经典托福阅读长难句翻译

1. Accordingto conventional theory， yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy andserves the function of increasing alertness by reversing， through deeperbreathing， the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallowbreathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.【译文】根据传统的理论，当人们无聊或者困倦的时候，打哈欠会出现。

打哈欠通过深呼吸来逆转血液中氧含量的降低，从而的起到提高警觉的功能。

而血液中氧含量的降低是由浅呼吸导致的，而浅呼吸又伴随着缺觉或无聊。

2. The keyfactor in the success of these countries （along with high literacy， whichcontributed to it） was their ability to adapt to the international division oflabor determined by the earlyindustrializers and to stake out areas ofspecialization in international markets for which they were especially wellsuited.【译文】这些国家成功的关键因素（促成这个因素的是高识字率）是他们有能力适应由早期的工业化国家决定的劳动力国际分工并占领了他们特别适合的国际市场中的专业化领域。

3. In the second case， pollinators（insects， birds） obtain food from the flowering plant， and the plant has itspollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would beif they were carried by the wind only.【译文】在第二个案例中，传粉者（昆虫和鸟）从开花植物中获取食物，而植物也使得它们的花粉和种子相比于只通过风传播的更加高效。

托福阅读OG Desert Formation答案与解析

Desert Formation1.核心词汇总结occupy 占据approximately 大约previously 以前desertification 沙漠化estimate 估计vegetation 植被typically 作为特色地substantial 大量的impact 影响，效果，撞击particle 颗粒seal 密封penetration 渗透absorption 吸收consequently 因此，结果erosion 侵蚀diminish 减弱deterioration 恶化primarily 主要地semiarid 半干旱的delicate 脆弱的devoid 缺乏的salinization 盐碱化evaporation 蒸发millennia 千年rigorously 严格地2.长难句总结(1)The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.(2)Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water.(3)The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.(4)During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity, and desertification results.(5)The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil.P1：introductionThe deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where they did not previously exist is called desertification. It has been estimated that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is threatened by this process.P2：Cause-1 erosion-windDesertification is accomplished primarily through the loss of stabilizing naturalIn other cases, the finer particles may be removed, while the sand-sized particles are accumulated to form mobile hills or ridges of sand.P3：Cause-1 erosion-watertiniest soil spaces, sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.P4：Cause-2 climate-global warmingIn some regions, the increase in desert areas is occurring largely as the result of a trend toward drier climatic conditions. Continued gradual global warming hasP5：Cause-3 peopleThere is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that areP6：Cause-3 people- overcultivationFour specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation, crop failuresP7：Cause-3 people- overgrazingThe raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil(9-D). This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion.P8：Cause-3 people- firewood gatheringFirewood is the chief fuel used for cooking and heating in many countries. The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs. The increasing use of dried animal waste as a substitute fuel has also hurt the soil because this valuable soil conditioner and source of plant nutrients is no longer being returned to the land.P9：Cause-3 people- overirrigationThe final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If noP10：conclusionThe extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.Paragraph 1: The deserts, which already occupy(占据) approximately(大约)a fourth of the Earth's land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace(以惊人的速度). The expansion of desert-like conditions into areas where theydid not previously(以前) exist is called desertification(沙漠化). It has been that an additional one-fourth of the Earth's land surface is1. The word “threatened 威胁” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○ restricted 限制○ endangered danger 危险enlarge○ prevented 阻止○ rejected 拒绝Paragraph 3: Even in the areas that retain a soil cover, the reduction of vegetation(植被) typically(作为特色地) results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial(大量的) quantities of water. The impact(影响，效果) of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles(颗粒) into the tiniest soil spaces, sealing(密封) them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration(渗透). Water absorption(吸收) is greatly reduced; consequently(因此，结果) runoff is increased, resulting in accelerated erosion(侵蚀) rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished(减弱的) ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration(恶化) is established.2. According to paragraph 3, the loss of natural vegetation has which of the following consequences for soil? 细节题○ Increased stony content○ Reduced water absorption○ Increased numbers of spaces in the soil○ Reduced water runoffParagraph 5: There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily(主要地) from human activities rather thansemiarid(半干旱的) lands bordering the deserts exist in aecological balance and are limited in their potential toenvironmental pressures. Expanding populations are subjecting the land to increasing pressures to provide them with food and fuel. In wet periods, the land may be able to respond to these stresses. During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins, though, the pressure on the land is often far in excess of (超过) its diminished capacity, and desertification results.3. The word “delicate” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○ fragile○ predictable○ complex○ valuable4. According to paragraph 5, in dry periods, border areas have difficulty 细节题○ adjusting to stresses created by settlement○ retaining their fertility after desertification○ providing water for irrigating crops○ attracting populations in search of food and fuelParagraph 6: Four specific activities have been identified as major contributors to the desertification processes: overcultivation, overgrazing, firewood gathering, and overirrigation. The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the natural vegetation,crop failures) of a plant cover and susceptible(易受影响的) to wind and water erosion.5. The word “progressively” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○ openly○ impressively○ objectively○ increasingly6.According to paragraph 6, which of the following is often associated with raising crops?细节题○ Lack of proper irrigation techniques○ Failure to plant crops suited to the particular area○ Removal of the original vegetation○ Excessive use of dried animal waste7. The phrase “devoid of” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题○ consisting of○ hidden by○ except for○ lacking inParagraph 9: The final major human cause of desertification is soil salinization(盐碱化) resulting from overirrigation. Excess water from irrigation sinks down into the water table. If no drainage system exists, the water table rises, bringing dissolved salts to the surface. The water evaporates (蒸发) and the salts are left behind, creating a white crustal layer that prevents air and water from reaching the underlying soil.8. According to paragraph 9, the ground’s absorption of excess wate r is a factor in desertification because it can 细节题○ interfere with the irrigation of land○ limit the evaporation of water○ require more absorption of air by the soil○ bring salts to the surface9.All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to desertification EXCEPT选非题○ soil erosion○ global warming○ insufficient irrigation○ the raising of livestockParagraph 10: The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soil has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia(千年) will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously(严格地) enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may make it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the surface.10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 句子简化题○ Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.○ Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.○ The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.○ Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.11. It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which of the following about the future of desertification? 推断题○ Governments will act quickly to control further desertification.○ The factors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in the future. ○ Desertification will continue to increase.○ Desertification will soon occur in all areas of the world.Paragraph 7: ■The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. ■The consequences of an excessive number of livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization of the soil. ■This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. ■12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This economic reliance on livestock in certain regions makes large tracts of land susceptible to overgrazing.Where would the sentence best fit? 句子插入题13.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. 归纳总结题P1-Many factors have contributed to the great increase in desertification in recent decades.●●●Answer Choices○ Growing human populations and the agricultural demands that come with such growth have upset the ecological balance in some areas and led to the spread of deserts.○ As periods of severe dryness have become more common, failures of a number of different crops have increased.○ Excessive numbers of cattle and the need for firewood for fuel have reduced grasses and trees, leaving the land unprotected and vulnerable.○ Extensive irrigation with poor drainage brings salt to the surface of the soil, a process that reduces water and air absorption.○ Animal dung enriches the soil by providing nutrients for plant growth.○ Grasses are generally the dominant type of natural vegetation in semiarid lands. Key: B B A A D C D D C A C B ACD。

托福阅读考试长难句分析

托福阅读考试长难句分析托福阅读长难句分析(1)In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet itspurpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them——evenwhile building materials have changed dramatically.(44)大家先自己理解，多想想，先别看解析，看不明白，再看下面的解析。

(In order for the structure) (to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose), architecture employs methods of support that, (because they are based on physical laws), have changed little since people first discovered them—— (even while building materials have changed dramatically. )老邪分析：一个句子重点在于主干，看懂了主干，就看懂了句子的主要成分。

以下主干为句子中红色部分，括号里均是修饰成分。

修饰一：(In order for the structure)，介词短语修饰二：(to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose)，非谓语做形容词性修饰structure修饰三：(because they are based on physical laws)，插入语，插入语记得先跳过去，断句别出问题，that和have changed是在一起的。

(完整word版)新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文)

新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文)1。

Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space。

(定语后置in some ways…)由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。

分句1：Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures分句2：hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface分句3:the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans分句4：in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures,分句1是分句3的原因状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans整个句子结构是：原因状语+主句+后置定语这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。

句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。

2。

Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。

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托福阅读长难句精选为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理托福阅读长难句，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。

托福阅读长难句1一般情况下，句子主语、宾语和句子中其他部分的名词可能因包含大量前置或后置定语成分而变得非常复杂，而整句的谓语动词，其前后最多有副词作修饰，所以相对容易判断。

我们一旦找到整句谓语动词，它的施动者-主语、受动者-谓语以及主干也自然容易进一步识别。

例句1：A desire to throw over reality a lightthat never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what wemight consider a novelist-scientistto record exactly and concretely thestructure and texture of a flower.这个句子里出现的动词有throw, was, might give, mightconsider和record等。

首先，动词不定式不能作谓语，去掉throw和record;was 后不能紧跟情态动词，所以was和might give应属不同的句子，往前看我们发现that never was形成S+V格式，且紧跟着名词light后，再根据句意判断可知that never was 为a light的后置定语从句;稍作判断可知to throw over reality a light 为不定式做A desire的后置定语，此时吧它的不定式后置定语及alight的后置定语拿掉可得到简化结构：A desire might give awayabruptly to thedesire…。

Abruptly显然修饰动词短语give away。

至此我们得到a desire(S)+might giveaway(V)+thedesire(O), 经过这样的简化，整句主干已经得到;至于might consider, 明显和它前面的we组成S+V格式，这个从句跟在on the part of 后面做整句宾语thedesire的后置定语从句纵观整句，主语谓语后都跟了较长的定语成分，造成我们判断它们终结位置的困难。

而动词的修饰成分一般较短，由它们入手更容易理清句子的各个部分。

例句2：(提示：作语法分析前请排除生词)Thus, what in contrast to the Puritancolonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern- acquisitiveness, a stronginterest in politics and the law,and a tendency to cultivate metropolitancultural models- was not only moretypically English than the cultural patternsexhibited by Puritan Massachusettsand Connecticut, but also almost certainlycharacteristic of most other earlymodern British colonies from Barbados northto Rhode Island and New Hampshire.这个句子较长，但从动词入手可我们迅速提取到主干。

首先忽略不定式(tobe , to cultivate)，这个句子里出现的动词仅有appears,was, exhibited;appears前的in contrast to the Puritancolonies是较易识别的比较状语，所以这部分可以还原成whatappears to be peculiarly Southern to Davis incontrast to the Puritan colonies,这样what appears 形成S+V结构;was not only ...butalso可以看成是系表结构，其中两组表语并列;exhibited 后面有介词by，而前面没有小级别be动词(稍作分析可知was非exhibited的be动词)，于是exhibitedby Massachusetts and Connecticut 为过去分词作thecultural patterns的后置定语。

这时我们可确定was为全句谓语动词。

注意到butalso后的of most other early modernBritishcolonies…and New Hampshire作characteristic的后置定语，其中fromBarbados north to RhodeIsland and New Hampshire作colonies的后置定语;最后，我们来看主语。

whatin contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to bepeculiarly Southern 中包含了S+V格式，为明显的主语从句。

acquisitiveness,a strong interest inpolitics and the law, and a tendency to cultivatemetropolitan cultural models三个并列的结构形成了主语从句的三个同位语。

这一点很罕见，我们见到的大多数同位语跟在名词后。

这个句子稍繁杂之处在于我们的阅读过程被主语后的连续三个同位语打断，且表语部分有稍多的修饰成分。

但只要我们从分析动词入手，挑出整句谓语动词，整句的主谓以及主干就会清晰显现。

托福阅读长难句2我们知道一个句子的主干(主谓宾)相当于它的骨架，识别了主干相当于抓住了句子的主要信息;而句子的其他修饰、说明及补充的部分(定状补同等)则相当于句子的血肉，血肉中往往包含了大量的附加信息。

很多时候这些附加的信息对整句的理解起着辅助、加强甚至不可或缺的作用。

教学中笔者发现下面这个句子常常困扰一些语法功底不错的考生：The physicist rightly dreads preciseargument, since an argument that isconvincing only if it is precise loses all its force if theassumptions on whichit is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument thatis convincingthoughimprecise may well be stable under small perturbations ofits underlying assumptions.本句since之前的部分含有标准的S(Thephysicist)+V(dreads)+O(argument)结构，而since之后明显应该是原因状语(从句)的部分，所以句首的SVO就是整句的主句。

下面我们来仔细分析since后面的部分：第一行末尾的that紧跟an argument之后，显然做an argument的后置定语从句。

that is convincing是一个完整的主系表结构，only if 则引导了这个定语从句自身的(即小级别)条件状语从句it is precise (仍是一个完整的主系表结构);接下来我们遇到了loses，since到loses之间是两个主系表从句，有各自的系动词，于是loses不属于这两个从句，只能与an argument对应，这一点也可从单复数上佐证。

loses 与后面的all its force 形成动宾结构，其中it 指代前文的anargument;接下来的if引导了条件状语从句theassumptions on which it is based are slightlychanged。

其中on which it is based 做theassumptions的后置定语从句，同样的,it指前文的anargument。

忽略定语从句，我们得到ifthe assumptions are slightly changed;whereas后thatis convincing thoughimprecise紧跟着anargument后做它的后置定语从句。

忽略掉它我们得到whereas anargument may well be stableunder small perturbations of its underlyingassumptions.至此since直到结尾我们已拆解完毕。

即since后是个由whereas 分割连接的并列句，这个并列句前一个子句的主语argument后跟了定语从句，且这个定语从句有自己的小一个级别的条件状语从句onlyifit is precise。

同时第一个子句本身也有自己的条件状语从句ifthe assumptions on which it is based areslightly changed;whereas后出现了第二个子句，这个子句的主语anargument同样带了自己的后置定语从句。

从since到结尾的大级别原因状语从句包含了两个并列子句、两个后置定语从句和两个条件状语从句(不同级别)。

多个从句的层层嵌套增加了我们读懂整句的难度，但只要我们仔细梳理和分解，层层展开，理清各个从句、成分的作用，最终，这种难度的长句还是可以攻克的。

托福阅读长难句3依然记得科比最经典那段对话：记者问：“你为什么能如此成功呢?”科比反问道：“你知道洛杉矶凌晨四点钟是什么样子吗?”记者摇摇头：“不知道，那你说说洛杉矶每天早上四点钟究竟什么样儿?”科比挠挠头，说：“满天星星，寥落的灯光，行人很少。

”科比本周四将会引来最后一场比赛，这是一个时代的结束。

科比、麦迪、卡特、艾佛森、皮尔斯、邓肯、帕克、吉诺比利……谢谢他们带我们青春的记忆。

同学们，第二十四句来了。

世界本没有长难句，修饰成分多了，便有了长难句。

——老邪阅读速度大部分来于短时间内理解长难句的能力。

大家在看长难句的时候，多思考，一个句子为什么这么长，常见的修饰成分到底有哪些?其实不多，连词、非谓语动词、介词以及同位语或插入语，上过课的同学懂得。

大家别急，把一句一句弄明白，弄懂一个句子胜过模糊看懂十个句子。

希望大家认真看我的分析。

今天我们来看这样一个句子：Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in asystematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those propertiesovertime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. (TPO10, 44) property /pr?p?t?/ n. 财产，资产;特质，性质;ambient /?mb??nt/ adj. (指空气等)环绕四周的, 周围的我是分界线，大家先自己分析哦。