跨文化交际作业
跨文化交际口语教程1答案
跨文化交际口语教程1答案
1、本题主要考察don't have和haven't（等词）的区别，根据以上几题，可知答案在B、C、D项，因为doesn't是助动词，后面加动词原型，排除D项。
接下来就是讨论B、C项，B项hasn't是没有的意思，而C项doesn't have是没有吃的意思，根据句意，可知应该是没有吃早饭，所以选C。
2、本题主要考察时态和第三人称单数形式，由every day可知该题是一般现在时，排除D，D是现在进行时。
Marry是单数，开头的助动词应该用Does，所以选C。
扩展资料：
(1)I have finished my homework. (我已经完成我的家庭作业)在这个例句中，用虚词“已经”来表示动作的完成，而在英语中，则是将句中的谓语动词finish转变成现在完成时结构have finished来表现finish这个动作已经发生过了。
(2)She is reading a book carefully. (她正在认真看书)在汉语中，用虚词“正“来表示“读书”这个动作正在进行，而英语中，则需要将“read”转变成现在进行时结构”is reading”
(3)He will be back in ten minutes. (十分钟后他将回来)在汉语中，用虚词“将”来表示将来的动作，而英语中则需要用一般将来时的结构“will +动词原形”来表现。
高中英语跨文化交际单选题50题
高中英语跨文化交际单选题50题1. In Japan, when you receive a gift, you should:A. open it immediately.B. open it later in private.C. not open it at all.D. give it back to the giver.答案：B。
在日本，收到礼物通常会在之后私下打开，而不是立即打开（A 选项错误），也不是完全不打开（C 选项错误），更不能把礼物还给送礼者 D 选项错误）。
2. In the United States, it is polite to:A. arrive late for a party.B. arrive exactly on time for a party.C. arrive a few minutes early for a party.D. arrive an hour late for a party.答案：C。
在美国，参加聚会提前几分钟到达是礼貌的，迟到（A、D 选项错误）或者完全准时到达（B 选项并非最佳选择）都不如提前几分钟好。
3. In France, when having a meal, you should:A. keep your elbows on the table.B. never put your elbows on the table.C. put only one elbow on the table.D. put your elbows on the table only when eating.答案：B。
在法国，用餐时不应该把胳膊肘放在桌子上。
A、C、D 选项都是错误的做法。
4. In China, when you meet an elder, you should:A. shake hands casually.B. bow deeply.C. nod slightly.D. greet with a hug.答案：B。
跨文化交际大作业
Intercultural Differences of Family and Education ValuesA friend told me a phenomenon that Americans like to find ways to play, for example, driving their own car, starting from Los Angeles, braving the scorching sun of California, driving four to five hundred kilometers to spend weekends, and Chinese in the United States are still busy working. They spend weekendshaving dinner or watching TVwith their family. Why is there a huge gap between Chinese and Americans in the pursuit of enjoyment of life?This is mainly due to the traditional cultural practices of the two countries.So what is culture? A definition from D.Brown is that“A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas.” As a result, there are many huge differences between those two counties.Someone said:”Chinese are living for others, and Americans are living for themselves.”Chinese peoplework hard for their status and reputation, then desperately to make money. However, earning money is not in order to enjoy life, but for future generations: son, daughter, or even grandchildren.Such as the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang, He wanted his sons to rule on from generation to generation. So he named his son Emperor Junior. The Chinese people love to accumulate up to prepare for the next generation to do something in the future or pension. Although lots of Chinese people having got IDs in the United Statesno longer need to worry about their social welfare and health insurance, but they are still too tired, they have been hoping that their bank deposits in each of the new growth, this year there are tens of thousands, next year I hope to earn hundreds of thousands, then hope for millions of the year after.In sharp contrast to their stingy, Chinese spend very generous in their children. Because they thinkthey have experienced too much suffering, so their children are supposed to live better. The children have much pocket money and enjoy the best resources. And they also pay more attention to their sons, because the traditional Chinese think their sons will feed them when they are old due to the imperfect national welfare system.Americans believe in living for themselves. Therefore, the power of Americans to make money is to enjoy life, the pursuit of a higher quality of life. The parents have their own pensions and social welfare, and children over 18 years of age begin to live independently. There is no difference between the poor and the rich in eating or shopping, and the most expensive spending areundoubtedly the acquisition of residential and tourism. Instead of giving their children money, American parents teach them to learn financial management, or to make money by themselves. American families’focus is on fostering the childrento have the ability to adapt to the environment. Based on this concept, they attach to the children's exercise. They generally believe that the children's growth must rely on their own strength. So parents prefer training exercisetheir self-awareness and ability to live independently. The so-called exercise reflects in many respects,the exercise of labor and will. But the most fundamental is to adapt to the exercise of a variety of difficult environments and the ability to work. Through physical training, the kids develop the habits of independent consciousness. And their will also develop their own capacity strengths, wisdom, patience, independent viability and social responsibility.There are also some differences in family value. We Chinese all know that there are some important festivals through a year, such as Mid-autumn Festival and Spring Festival. When the festival comes, we need to come back home to have a sumptuous dinner with all the family members. This movement shows that Chinese are collectivism which is completely different with Americans. This point of view is much broader than Westerners’ which definition is limited to parents and children, and the following definitions are talking about the "family" may be used. First, the core of three generations of Chinese-style familyincludes three generations: grandparents, parents and children. This is the most commonly basic family unit.And the traditional Chinese family also includes generations of ancestors, although they have long been buried. Many people who have the same surname are recorded in the genealogies and often have their own family rules and family motto, and descendants for generations have to comply with. Some Chinese people have a strong sense of pride and proud of their long family history, and even some family can be traced back thousands of years ago.The special feelings of the family and respect for ancestorsof Chinese people make them feel cordial for those who are from the same city or region.Chinese people's "family" also extends to the concept of "nation", and "nation" of the Chinese character includes Chinese character "home". The Chinese people they belong to the "country" as the "home". As a result Chinese people have strong concept of nation, so old man would like to go back to hometown no matter where he is.However, the traditional American family is a "nuclear family." A nuclear family refers to a couple and their children. The average American family today has two or three childrenand maybe a few pets. In some cultures, people live close to their extended family. Several generations may even live together. But in America, only in a few cases does more than one household live under one roof.Many homes are run like a democracy. Each family member can have a say. A sense of equality often exists in American homes. Instead of fearing Mom and Dad, children may think of them as good friends. From an early age, children gain responsibility in handling money. They may receive a weekly allowance or even work part-time jobs. Often parents give children freedom to make their own decisions. Preschoolers choose what clothes to wear or which toys to buy. Young adults generally make their own choices about what career to pursue and whom to marry.After children being adult, they will leave their parents and even won’t come back for many years.Although we can find many differences between Chinese and American, we do not need to be afraid of communicating with them. If we can realize the differences and we can avoid being embarrassing and misunderstanding. That is why we learn Intercultural Communication.。
跨文化交际作业一
跨文化交际作业一．Race和ethnicaccording to the dictionary：race：each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristicsethnic：Individuals who consider themselves, or are considered by others, to share common characteristics that differentiate them from the other collectivities in a society, and from which they develop their distinctive cultural behavior, form an ethnic group.简言之，Race应该翻译成种族，它是以“外表”来区别，正如我们常说的黄种人，白种人，黑种人。
种族歧视主义的英文就为Racist而Ethnicity应该定义成族群，它是以后天的”文化认同“来区别，由于共同的信仰，语言，文化习俗和历史背景而产生的归属感，是一种主观的自我认定而形成的。
所以少数民族是minority ethnic group，种族歧视我们说是racial discrimination二．Cross-cultural / inter-culture/ intra-cultural communication1.intercultural，不同文化间的。
（文化间，跨文化）强调的是对等和相互，而这往往暗示各文化间的价值平等和共性，比如intercultural communication/ understanding / appreciation / exchange；intercultural communication文化交际，强调不同，突出对比2.Cross-cultural，（跨文化）似乎更多的承认不同文化的异质，继而需要以某种特别的方式、技巧和能力来打破这种隔阂，达成目的，比如the cross-cultural techniques that enable cross-cultural evangelism / cross-cultural interaction 等等。
Brief 081041107 李雨亭 跨文化交际作业Introduction of Masculinity and Femininity
In masculine culture, power means the right to make others do what you want them to do.Mausculine people like to show off by being the biggest,best,and fastest.
Characteristics of Masculinity Culture
1,There is a little occupational segregation by gender. 2,There is relative gender equality. 3,Carees for males are optional. 4,More women are in powerful jobs. 5,Nurturing is highly valued. 6,The level of job-related stress is low.
Feminine Culture
In feminine societies, men and women are considered socially equal. Homosexuality is not a threat. Love and tenderness are for men and women alike. Intimate relationships without sex are allowed. Children need love, and parents spend much time with them.
While a country of low masculinity culture has a low level of differentiation and discrimination between genders. In these culture, females are treated equally as males in all aspects of the society.
23秋国家开放大学跨文化交际与汉语教学期末大作业参考答案
国家开放大学《跨文化交际与汉语教学》期末大作业参考答案一、案例分析（25分/题，共50分）案例一李老师是一名汉语志愿者教师，在美国大学教口语课。
期末考试的形式为一对一的口语考试，考试的时候，她面对学生，认真倾听学生的口试，记录出现的语音语法错误，尽最大可能做到客观评分。
然而，分数发布以后，一名美国学生对分数提出申诉，理由是：“我在进行口试的时候，老师一直对我微笑，并且频频点头，我以为她对我的口试非常满意，可是为什么给了我这么低的分数！”李老师很迷惑：考试时对学生微笑，是为了缓解学生的紧张情绪；点头是为了鼓励学生继续往下说。
请问，如何理解学生对李老师的误解？如果你是李老师，这件事对你的教学有何启示？请你从非言语交际行为的文化差异、国际汉语教学环境中师生文化冲突两个方面对案例进行分析。
参考答案：这个案例涉及到了非言语交际行为的文化差异以及国际汉语教学环境中的师生文化冲突。
让我们从这两个方面来分析学生对李老师的误解以及可能的启示：（1）非言语交际行为的文化差异：微笑：在一些文化中，微笑通常被视为友好和支持的体现，可能会用于鼓励、安慰或者表示满意。
然而，在其他文化中，微笑的含义可能不同，有时甚至被视为不尊重或不严肃。
在美国文化中，通常会鼓励积极表达情感，因此，学生可能将老师的微笑解读为对自己口试表现的积极反馈。
点头：同样，点头在不同文化中也具有不同的含义。
在一些文化中，点头可以表示同意或者支持，而在其他文化中，可能被视为礼貌的回应而不一定表示同意。
在美国文化中，点头通常被视为肯定的反馈，因此学生可能误解老师点头为对他们表现的认可。
（2）国际汉语教学环境中的师生文化冲突：期望和反馈差异：在不同国家和文化中，教育体系和教育风格可能有很大的差异。
学生可能希望更直接的反馈和评价，而老师可能采用更为委婉的方式，以免伤害学生的自尊心。
这种期望和反馈的差异可能导致学生误解老师的意图。
文化教育：对于国际汉语教学来说，了解学生的文化背景以及他们对于教学方式和反馈的期望至关重要。
《学生没写作业怎么办》(跨文化交际案例)
学生没写作业怎么办案例背景随着对外汉语教育事业的发展，很多老师和学者开始关注教学中的教学方法、教材以及外国学生的偏误现象。
然而，由于对外汉语教学还有一个特点就是跨文化，并且教学以及交际过程中这方面产生了很多问题，所以我们也应更多地关注跨文化交际现象。
跨文化交际与普通的交际不同，因为跨文化交际需要超越两种不同的文化的束缚，在交际过程中，常常因为交际双方文化背景的差异和不同，以及相互间的不理解而引起文化冲突，造成交际的障碍，继而导致交际的失败。
因为我们所面对的是来自陌生的文化和国家，思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人，而文化之间的差异往往会给交际造成意想不到的困难与问题，误解、困惑、矛盾甚至冲突也因此而时时发生。
提出问题我所任教的匈中双语学校是一所小初高一贯制的学校，今年所任教的年级分别为三、六、九年级。
尽管他们年龄层次，学习程度不同，但在他们身上有一个共同的问题存在着，就是有时候个别学生会没有完成作业。
而且，他们一般不撒谎，如果他就是没有写作业，他就会直接承认。
更多的时候，他们可能因为没有带本子回家；有事没有准时回家，耽误了作业时间；不记得作业等看似十分充足的理由。
另外，假期的时候，学生一致要求不留作业，并且家长支持理解老师在休息期间不留作业的行为。
解决问题最开始我是不能理解学生不完成作业的行为的，各种理由无非都是一种借口。
所以我会进行适量的惩罚。
但是时间长了之后，我发现学生对我的这一行为有些抵触，他们也向我反映，说其他老师不会在这种情况下惩罚学生。
于是，我就向其他老师请教解决办法。
外方老师们确实说，学生因为特殊原因不写作业是被允许的。
不仅仅有时不写作业是正常的，如果学生不想考试，他也是可以进行申请的。
比如，有的学生有考试恐惧症，那么他就可以不参加考试。
为我能够让学生认真完成作业，我尝试了一些方法。
一、首先，我在选择作业时，一般会留一些只抄写巩固的作业类型，而不会布置一些难度较大，思考力较强的作业，少给学生不写作业的机会。
(0859)《跨文化交际》网上作业题及答案
[0859]《跨文化交际》第1批[填空题]10. Like the Japanese, the Chinese also prefer written ______ that would appear too general to American or French negotiators.参考答案：10. agreements[填空题]9. The differences in feminine and masculine styles of communication frequently lead to in cross-gender interaction.参考答案：9. gender[填空题]8. Edward Hall alerts us to the invisible aspects of culture and nonverbal communication, which he calls as " language” and "hidden dimension”.参考答案：8. silent[填空题]7. People from cultures schedule several activities at the same time, and time for them is more flexible and more human-centered.参考答案：7. P-time[填空题]6. communication expresses meaning or feeling without words.参考答案：6. Nonverbal[填空题]5. Beauty is only _____ deep.参考答案：5. skin[填空题]4. Understanding and appreciation of differences among cultures in cognitive processing and problem solving is a major step toward successful ______ communication.参考答案：4. intercultural[填空题]3. There is nothing more embarrassing than one's compliments hurting others _____ to different cultural values.参考答案：3. due[填空题]2. The purpose of the greeting is to ______ social contact, not to transfer information.参考答案：4. establish[填空题]1. In daily verbal communication, there are many _____ ways one must observe in order to maintain smooth cross-cultural interaction.参考答案：1. routine[判断题]10. High uncertainty and anxiety hinder effective intercultural communication to a different extent.参考答案：正确[判断题]9. The Eastern view of the universe is characteristically dualistic, materialistic, and lifeless while the Western view is profoundly holistic, dynamic, and spiritual.参考答案：错误[判断题]8. Due to the cultural differences, interpreting in intercultural encounters is possible but difficult.参考答案：正确[判断题]7. Cultural differences can generate positive impacts on negotiation as people can learn from each other.参考答案：错误[判断题]6.A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both.参考答案：正确[判断题]1) 5. Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers.参考答案：正确[判断题]4. "Dragon” means the same to the Westerners as "龙” to the Chinese.参考答案：错误[判断题]3. Sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty must be considered as fishingfor compliments.参考答案：正确[判断题]2. All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politenessis ` achieved may vary significantly.参考答案：正确[判断题]1. All people of the same nationality will have the same culture.参考答案：错误第2批[论述题]Define the following terms:1. Nonverbal communication2. Body language/Kinesics3. world view4. the Judeo-Christian tradition5. knowledge6. stereotype参考答案：1. Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.2. Body language refers to the meaning representing devices as facial expressions and eye behaviors, gestures, and postures.3. A comprehensive world view (or worldview) is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing natural philosophy; fundamental existential and normative postulates; or themes, values, emotions, and ethics4. Judeo?Christian (sometimes written as Judaeo?Christian) refers to a set of beliefs and ethics held in common by Judaism and Christianity. It is a common term in American cultural and political rhetoric.5. Knowledge is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as (i) expertise, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject; (ii) what is known in a particular field or in total; facts and information; or (iii) awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation.6. A stereotype or "stereotypes" is a commonly held public belief about specific social groups or types of individuals. The concepts of "stereotype" and "prejudice" are often confused with many other different meanings. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups based on some prior assumptions.第3批[论述题]Define the following terms.1. nonverbal communication2. culture shock3. gender4. stereotype5. body language参考答案：1.Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in theexchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.2.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. The main cause of cultu re shock is displacement from our "home” culture. This lack of common experiences and familiar surroundings creates varying degrees of consequences.3.Gender and sex are not synonymous. Sex is determined by genetics and biology, while gender is produced and reproduced by society. Societies create meanings of gender; in turn, individuals become gendered as they embody social prescriptions in their personal identities.4.Stereotype is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes our experiences and guides our behavior toward a particular group of people. There are a number of reasons that stereotypes, as a form of classification, hamper intercultural communication.5.Body language refers to the meaning representing devices as facial expressions and eye behaviors, gestures, and postures.[论述题]Analyze the following cases，and then answer the given questions.Case 1How would you explain the Director's behavior toward Katherine? How would you make the Director understand why Katherine felt frustrated and angry?Katherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began, she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching style. Quite a few of them avoided attending her class. She was feeling quite upset and discouraged so she decided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang reviewed his timetable and suggested they meet at ten o` clock on Thursday morning. When Thursday came, Katherine arrived at Prof. Wang` office at the exactly ten o` clock finding him talking with another teacher in Chinese. Seeing that she had come, Prof. Wang smiled and gestured her to sit down. Katherine sat down and the professor excused himself and continued to talk with the other teacher. After five minutes, he finished hisconversation, and apologized to Katherine, and began to focus his attention on her situation. Prof. Wang showed great concern and asked her what the problem was. Just as she was discussing her problem, another Chinese teacher interrupted, with a form that required the Director` s signature. The Director smiled, apologized to Katherine again, and turned to talk with the Chinese teacher in Chinese. Katherine became impatient, and wondered why their discussion should be interrupted since she had made an appointment. Also, she was upset and frustrated that they continued to speak Chinese in front of her. Although their talk continued, she was apparently unhappy about what had happened.Case 2Why does Jay refuse to ask his professor or classmen to clarify the directions for his paper?Jay is having difficulty in writing a paper for his communication class, because he's not sure what the professor wants. When he mentions this to his friend Ellen, she suggests he ask the professor or a classmen to clarify directions. Jay refuses, saying "I can figure it out on my own”.参考答案：2. In this case, Jay's unwillingness to ask others for help in understanding his assignment is a sign of his masculine emphasis on independence. As some scholars point out rather humorously, men invariably resist asking directions when they are lost in the road while women do not hesitate to ask strangers for help. What we have discussed about gender identity help us understand this difference. Because women initially develop identity within the first relationships have an undertone of danger-they could jeopardize independence. So Jay's refusal to ask others for help reflects the masculine emphasis on maintaining autonomy and not appearing weak or incompetent. Unless Ellen realizes this difference between them, Jay's behavior will continue to baffle her.)[填空题]10.One of the most fundamental ways culture shapes our being is throughexplicit and implicit ________ about our relationship to the nature of the universe and to the non-human natural world.参考答案：10. teachings[填空题]9. Native speakers need to admit that difficulty in understanding _______ also occurs among native speakers and reminds non-native speakers to be open about explanations given.参考答案：9. humor[填空题]8. The American _______ is to conduct business in an efficient manner,while compromises may be part of the outcome.参考答案：8. n orm[填空题]7. The differences in feminine and masculine styles of communication frequently lead to ________in cross-gender interaction.参考答案：7. misunderstanding[填空题]6. communication expresses meaning or feeling without words.参考答案：6. Nonverbal[填空题]5.Understanding and appreciation of differences among cultures in cognitive processing and problem solving is a major step toward successful ______ communication.参考答案： 5. intercultural[填空题]pliments and compliment responses are an _______ part of daily verbal communication.参考答案：4. essential[填空题]3. Being unaware of the difference, intercultural communication ______ occurs here and there.参考答案：3. breakdown[填空题]2. When communicating with each other, each person ___________ and sends messages, and in turn receives and decodes messages.参考答案：2. encodes[填空题]1.Intercultural competence requires sufficient knowledge, suitable _______, and skilled actions.参考答案：1. motivations[单选题]10. The Chinese phrase "知识分子” has the same meaning as "intellectual”.A：TB：F参考答案：B[单选题]9.Although cultural stereotype has its limitations(over-generalization), it still contributes to a person's cultural cognition.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]8.It is very important for nonnative speakers to learn to communicate incomprehension through idiomatic expressions as well as nonverbal gestures.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]7.We should avoid unconsciously adopting our cultural rules and norms in communication in the American or British context.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]6.In Asian cultures, signed agreements are far less important than keeping the interdependent, interwoven organizations involved in a good relationship.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]5. The first and last principle for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]4. The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.A：TB：F参考答案：A[单选题]3. There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs.A：TB：F参考答案：B[单选题]2. The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners.A：TB：F参考答案：B[单选题]1. Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process.A：TB：F参考答案：B第4批[判断题]8.It is very important for nonnative speakers to learn to communicate incomprehension through idiomatic expressions as well as nonverbal gestures.参考答案：正确[判断题]7.We should avoid unconsciously adopting our cultural rules and norms in communication in the American or British context.参考答案：正确[判断题]5. The first and last principle for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment.参考答案：正确[判断题]4. The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.参考答案：正确[判断题]2. The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners.参考答案：错误[判断题]1. Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process.参考答案：错误[判断题]9.Although cultural stereotype has its limitations(over-generalization), it still contributes to a person's cultural cognition.参考答案：正确[论述题]Analyze the following casesCase 1Why did the two Korean interpreters continue to study the Chinese female teachers` trousers?In 1987, a delegation consisting of four Chinese English experts went to Pingyong Foreign Language University to train faculty to be top-level simultaneous interpreters for the 13th International Youth Festival. Of the four experts, two were men and two were women. The two men were dressed in suits with ties and the two women were typically dressed in trousers and their typical business clothes. An authority from Pingyong Foreign Language University and two Korean interpreters greeted them at the Pingyong Railway Station. Surprisingly, while exchanging a few formal remarks, the two interpreters` eyes consistently observed the two Chinese female teachers' trousers. The younger teacher, sensed something and repeatedly checked their trousers and shoes to see if they were dirty or marked. About half an hour later, they arrived at the hotel where they would be staying during their mission. The two interpreters showed eachof them to their rooms to give them an opportunity to freshen up before the formal introductions. In a couple of minutes, the four Chinese teachers gathered in one of the rooms, where the head of the university and the two interpreters introduced themselves further and briefed them on the training program. While talking, the two interpreters seemed to continue to study the two female teachers` trousers. At first, they thought that the Korean interpreters were too embarrassed to look straight in the eyes of a woman. Later this assumption was proved wrong. The four Chinese teachers remained a bit puzzled and did not know what was going on…Case 2Could you explain to Dick why Chen Liang walked into the cafeteria without waiting for him？After graduating from Beijing International Studies University, Chen Liang pursued an MA program at a university in Boston, the U.S. Early in the program, he made friends with some of the American friends, Dick, asked Chen to join him in the university cafeteria. On their way they ran into Dick's girlfriend, Lisa, who was on her way to a lecture. Walking shoulder to shoulder, Dick and Lisa carried on an intimate conversation, as if they hadn't seen each other for ages. Meanwhile, Chen Liang was walking behind them, not taking part in the conversation. When they were nearing the cafeteria Lisa said she had to leave for the lecture. Dick turned away and walked off toward the cafeteria. When Dick looked up, he saw Chen waking into the cafeteria. Dick was puzzled as to why Chen didn't wait for him, and went to the cafeteria alone.参考答案：1. Comment: this is a typical cultural clash between Chinese and Westerners. There is a great difference in the concept of appointment and its behavior pattern in different cultures. To Americans, an appointment is a confirmation to meet at a precise time. If an appointment is scheduled, both parties should respect the appointment time, it should not be interrupted by other things or people. In addition, Westerners are goodtimekeepers; they adhere strictly to schedules. However, Chinese view appointment in a more flexible manner. They are more causal about commitments. This difference in attitudes toward appointment was the roof of Katherine` s unhappiness. Since the Director made a ten o` clock appointment, he should have tried to avoid any interruption. However, when Katherine arrived on time, the Director was still talking with another teacher. When their meeting finally began, it was interrupted again. There is no wonder Katherine became frustrated and angry.2. Suggested answer:In public, the norms of expressing one's feeling and affections toward the opposite sex vary across culture. In Asia and some countries around the Mediterranean Sea, it is acceptable to have body contact between the same sexes in public, but not between the opposite sexes, especially in front of the friends. Chen left because he felt awkward witnessing them hugging and kissing. This shows that Dick knows nothing about the natural response of the Chinese to certain behaviors. Similarly, Chen Liang's behavior shows that he is also in the dark about American behaviors.[填空题]9. In broad terms, nonverbal communication covers four areas: timelanguage (temporal language or chronemics), space language (spatial language or proxemics), language(body movement orkinesics), and paralanguage (voice modulation).参考答案：9. body[论述题]Define the following terms.1. nonverbal communication2. economic globalization3. gender4. linear time5. intercultural communication competence参考答案：1.Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages within a given situation or context.2.No country is the dominant economic force in the world. Economic expansion in globalization has resulted in multinational corporations participating in joint ventures, licensing agreements and other international business arrangements.3.Gender and sex are not synonymous. Sex is determined by genetics and biology, while gender is produced and reproduced by society. Societies create meanings of gender; in turn, individuals become gendered as they embody social prescriptions in their personal identities.4.The West views time either as an arrow or as a moving river that comes from a distant place in the past and goes to an equally distant place in the future. In this linear view of time, history is goal-directed and gradually progressing in a certain direction.5.Intercultural communication competence (ICC competence) is the ability to effectively and appropriately execute communication behaviors to elicit a desired response in a specific environment.[判断题]10. The Chinese phrase "知识分子” has the same meaning as "intellectual”.参考答案：错误[判断题]6.In Asian cultures, signed agreements are far less important than keeping the interdependent, interwoven organizations involved in a good relationship.参考答案：正确[判断题]3. There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs.参考答案：错误[填空题]10.According to researchers, there are two primary influences ongender : family communication, particularly betweenmothers and children, and recreational interaction among children.参考答案：10. socialization[填空题]8. Like the Japanese, the Chinese also prefer written ______ that would appear too general to American or French negotiators.参考答案：8. agreements[填空题]7. To develop ________means being able to see things from the point ofview of others so that we can better know and adjust to the other people.参考答案：7. empathy[填空题]6. We need to understand what is ordinarily done in a _______ in order to understand and laugh at messages that are the " out of the ordinary”.参考答案：6. culture[填空题]5.A term in one language does not necessarily have a ______ in the other language.参考答案：5. counterpart[填空题]4.There is nothing more embarrassing than one's compliments hurtingothers _____ to different cultural values.参考答案：4. due[填空题]３．Understanding and appreciation of differences among cultures in cognitive processing and problem solving is a major step toward successful ______ communication.参考答案：3. intercultural[填空题]２．Being unaware of the difference, intercultural communication ______ occurs here and there.参考答案：2. breakdown[填空题]1.Intercultural communication occurs whenever there is communication between people from different cultural ______________.参考答案：1. backgrounds。
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从电影《情书》看高语境文化下的“爱恋”摘要：“高语境文化”是指，在传播过程中，绝大部分信息或者已经存在于传播双方的物质语境中，或者已经内化于个人内心，而极少存在于双方所运用的语言和信息之中，换言之，语言和信息是模糊而不充分的。
在高语境文化下,人们对爱恋的表达也有一种独特的方式，本文尝试从电影《情书》探讨高语境文化下“爱恋”表达的特点，了解这种文化以及特点，对于我们的跨文化交际过程是非常必要和有意义的。
关键词：高语境;低语境;跨文化交际引言语境,简言之就是语言赖以存在、被人们实际所使用的环境。
美国人类学家霍尔(Hall) 将语境定义为“the information that surrounds an event；it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event”,并把语境分为高语境(high context,简称HC)与低语境(low context,简称LC),用高语境和低语境的不同来分析文化的多样性。
在高语境中,绝大部分信息或存在于物质语境中,或内化于交际者个人,很少出现在编码清晰的信息里。
在低语境中,情况正好相反,大量信息都要靠编码清晰的信息来传递。
这意味着,在低语境交际中,人们更多地要依靠语言使用本身来达到交际目的；而在高语境交际中,语言使用的作用可能就要小多了,人们对微妙的环境提示相对较为敏感。
高语境文化以中国、日本等亚洲国家为代表,低语境国家以而美国、德国等多数北欧国家为代表。
高语境文化中语言表述模糊含蓄,信息更多地存在于文化的内涵之中,大多数信息不必明白地表达出来,语义通常存在于语言之外,人们“听话听音”,交际各方既不要求也不被期待提供详细的语言信息。
此外,高语境文化中非言语交际具有重要的作用,语言不必是主要的信息渠道,手势,空间距离,甚至沉默都可以传达思想,沟通感情。
在高语境文化下，人们的真实意思并不能直接从语言的内容中推断出来，而要根据语气、表情、动作、氛围等等非言语交际行为综合进行判断。
反映在人们的情感方面,在高语境文化下,两个人的恋爱过程中,我们需要来回地印证、反复地确认，若有似无地传达某个信号，努力地捕捉各种微表情所传达的信息,每一个非言语交际行为都很有可能是一个很强大的隐藏真实信息的方面。
高语境文化下的爱恋的表达有着一种独特的特点，对于低语境文化下的人来说，有必要了解这种特点，这样才能在跨文化交际过程中避免造成一些误会。
一、高语境与低语境文化及交际的特点M.W.Lustig和J.Koester曾把HC和LC文化及交际的特点概括为:从上面的对比分析可以看出HC和LC文化及交际的特点差异较大: HC文化主要依赖于人们思想预先设定的、先人为主的程序来传达信息,如许多不成文的传统习惯,不言而喻的价值观和社会普遍公认的行为模式。
高语境文化的交际,有时显得秘而不宣/藏头藏尾,在高语境文化里,交际者的面部表情、行动、交往情绪、速度、交往地点、难以言说的情绪、微妙的手势及其他周围环境细节等都是丰富的信息符号，给敏感的交际者以无限的信息与内涵。
而LC文化则相反,它强调的是理性和逻辑,也就是在理性的基础上用逻辑的方法推导出结论,通过语言将信息清晰明了地传递,把拐弯抹角当成是思路不清或缺乏诚意。
霍尔关于语境的见解与理论拓宽了语境研究的跨文化视野,对跨文化交际有重要的意义。
在高语境文化中,语境在意义传递上起着重要的作用,而在低语境文化中,在意义传递上起重要作用的是语言。
二、《情书》的剧情简介电影讲述一位少女渡边博子在男友攀山意外丧生后，无意中得知他中学时代在故乡的地址，于是寄了一封明知不会有回音的情书到那里，但意外地却收到回信，原来是一位与她已故男友同名同姓的女孩～藤井树收到，并回了信。
之后两人开始通信，博子因而进一步了解少年时代的男藤井树及女藤井树的故事。
而后博子决定到北海道，与现任男友秋叶茂寻找此同名同姓的藤井树。
两人错过了相遇的机会，但博子却偶然发现藤井树与自己的样貌原来十分相似。
回去后，博子渐了解她已故的男友对她一见钟情的原因是因为她和他的中学同学藤井树样子酷似，于是便放开怀抱，往已故男友遇难的山前大声抒发心中郁结，并接受了秋叶茂的一段新恋情。
少年时代的男藤井树上学的时候暗恋藤井树但一直没说出来，而且还捉弄了藤井树许多次，比如在图书馆借一大堆书，麻烦女藤井树。
男孩喜欢一个女孩就喜欢捉弄她，引起她注意，而女藤井一直也没有发现他暗恋她，而且还觉得男藤井是个淘气包。
多年后男藤井树遇到博子的时候，是因为博子勾起他的回忆。
女藤井多年后终于在借书卡上发现了她自己的素描，也终于发现这个“秘密”。
另一方面，藤井树也渐渐回忆起以往的点点滴滴，最后因机缘巧合得到了一个埋藏多年的答案...三、《情书》折射出的高语境文化影片主要围绕三个人物的情感纠葛展开的,三个人的情感也反映了高语境文化下爱恋的表达。
（一）少年藤井树：默默地爱慕着树，直到生命尽头在影片当中，由于少年时代的男藤井树一直默默地暗恋着女藤井,但却羞于表达内心的爱意,他把懵懂的爱藏在心里,他只有通过一系列看似幼稚无聊的行为去想方设法地接近她,以引起她的注意。
在藤井和树共同担任图书管理员期间,藤井总是独自去一旁依着墙壁,纵情于被风吹动的雪白的窗帘,看自己的书,做自己的事情,留下树一个人工作,其实他是躲在角落里默默地关注着树的。
他还总是喜欢借那些没人借的书，为的是在那些借书卡上留下树的名字。
还一个故事是，有一次藤井和树的卷子发错了，树拿到的27分的卷子是藤井的，藤井明明知道自己拿到的卷子不是自己的，而是树的，却故意装作不知道，他想争取更多的和树接触的机会。
树为了拿回自己的卷子到自行车停放处等待藤井,一直到天黑藤井才出现,藤井故意拖着树不让她回家,想让两个人有更长时间的独处。
隔壁班的大井希望和藤井交往,想让树帮自己。
树来到图书馆专属藤井的角落里告诉他大井喜欢他，藤井很生气，后来总是想方设法地捉弄树。
记忆里的最后一个故事,藤井刻意到树家还书的一段,原想表白的他,终归还是没能说出口,欲言又止,欲说还休,他看了看树,沉默地骑着单车离去,这是两个人最后一次见面，这也是他为爱情所做的最后一次努力。
（二）树（女）：朦胧的爱意，埋藏在心里如果说第一次相遇的目光中更多的是友好的话，那么图书馆中藤井树（女）对他的目光则有着朦胧的爱意了。
但是含蓄内敛的性格使她不会承认的，所以影片所反映的会与她的书信的立场不一致。
她异常生气的拖着大井表白，毋宁说是对别人抢占先机的愤怒和自己拱手相让（大井原先假装要帮她牵线）无可挽回的发泄。
可是大井被拒绝后她又十分欣喜。
看这种朦胧的情感是存在的。
到了体育场上，她又主动的摄下少年到地的情景，却对同学掩饰了这一点。
她打碎花瓶也是对这种爱意的否认而刻意为直的掩盖。
直到末尾经历过多的悲伤之后（父亲的死）他来看她时，她对他肯定有关怀，信任与接近道欲望的误读，于是露出了真诚的微笑，这才是爱意的外露。
可能她也相信了，但是并没有去直接面对它。
加上她并不知道这是最后一次见面，所以道别后并无过多留恋的回家了。
但是她一直不知道他也喜欢她。
直到她看到借书卡背面的对自己的素描她恍然间感动的落泪了，或者感伤的落泪了。
爱情还没有开始，就已经结束。
影片的这个结尾是果断有力的，突如其来的结果非常具有震撼力。
当她明白当初他还书的真正的用意，她难过的想哭，同时幸福的想哭。
当她嘘唏感慨之时，影片仓促的结尾了，令人窒息。
观众会停留在影片的气氛中，久久不能罢免。
她的爱情被回忆唤醒了，所以导演安排她病倒之后醒来时她不由自主的念叨写给藤井树的信。
思念还是爱的开始？爷爷最后才告诉藤井树（女）还有一棵同名的树，于是她兴奋的寻找这棵树。
这里雪再次占据画面的大部分。
其中隐喻她发现了藤井树，才发现他的爱也发现了自己的爱，发现了这段藏匿压抑的爱情。
她幸福的寻找这棵树，代表她由开始的为了应付博子而被动的回忆往事到主动的追溯往事，甚至厮守这段记忆，所以最后一封信没有发出去。
(三) 博子：停留在远去的爱情里,默默承受思念的痛楚渡边博子因为缅怀未婚夫，沉浸在这段爱情中不能自拔。
诉求爱情的延续。
她偷偷的抄下藤井树（男）中学时的地址在手臂上。
这个私下的行为说明她自己对自己作了可笑的否定。
但她仍一相情愿的写了过去，却意外的收到回信。
她甚至天真的认为他没有死。
于是在恋人秋叶的怂恿下去那里察探。
最终知道原来是相同名字的另一个人，因为对这个童话太过在意不忍打破而提前离去。
当她发现藤井树（女）的相貌和自己一样时，怀疑藤井喜欢自己的理由与这个女人有关。
她一时间变的脆弱，内敛的性格又决定她选择逃避，没有与叫住她同等的勇气去面对她，任由藤井树（女）在人群中张望。
她忍不住要探个究竟，写给藤井树（女）信询问藤井树（女）有关树（男）的记忆。
她看出最终并认可了那段爱情，认定这些记忆是属于藤井树（女）的，于是返还了所有的信笺。
当她在雪山上问候藤井树时,“你好吗？我很好！”期间有着言之不明，道之不出的意韵，这句看似过于简单的话却藏有最复杂的情感，这是高语境文化下人们表达感情的一种婉转的方法。
影片很清晰地折射出了日本的一种高语境文化。
霍尔认为，在高语境文化中，由于社会发展缓慢，缺乏变化，其历史传统、风土人情、人际关系具有高度的同质性和重复性，绝大部分信息都已储存于现成的语境中，成为全体成员共享的资源，因此社会成员在人际交往上，更擅长借助潜在的“语境”进行交流。
在高语境文化下，其成员大多性格内敛，内向羞涩，不擅于自我表现。
从传播者角度讲，他们在表达感情和传递信息方面，喜好用含蓄、间接、隐晦的方式，不把信息完全、充分地提供给对方；而从接受者角度看，也善于从提供信息的蛛丝马迹中准确“猜”出对方的意图。
因而“高语境文化”特别推崇所谓的“悟性”，讲究“言有尽而意无穷”，“羚羊挂角，无迹可求”，就像中国的古诗词“身无彩凤双飞翼，心有灵犀一点通”所反映的一种境界一样，追求两个人之间的一种默契，无需多说，彼此却能读懂对方。
小结高语境文化下的爱恋是很晦涩难懂的,这种爱恋当中包含着一种沉静的、简单的美好，没有所谓的轰轰烈烈，有的只是一种如水的平淡，还时常伴随着一些淡淡的哀愁和凄美，这些在一些低语境文化的人看来是无法理解的，相对于高语境文化下成员的内敛和含蓄，他们对待感情显得是那样直白和洒脱。
高语境文化下的爱恋有时是很艰难的。
在一种信息不对称的情况下，两个人相处，需要很强的互相理解与信任，否则稍有不慎,便会出现各种误解，美好的爱情便转化为悲剧,然而即使是悲剧，也是美好的。
参考文献:1.赵胤怜,曾绪.高语境文化与低语境文化中的交际差异比较.西南科技大学学报,2009年第2期2.廖林芳.简述霍尔关于跨文化交际中的高语境和低语境导向说.湘潮,2008年第3期。