专四语法(非谓语动词)
专四练习之语法2(非谓语动词,独立结构、悬垂结构)解读
2. 非谓语动词作宾语
1.to do 和doing可作宾语，done不行 To do 表未完成或未发生，doing表已完成或已 发生。 1）接to do的动词：afford/agree/aim/apply arrange/ ask/ beg/ choose/ claim/ dare/ decide/ decline/ demand/ desire/ determine/ expect/ fail/ guarantee/ hope/ manage/ offer/ ought / plan/ prepare/ presume/ pretend/ proceed/ promise/ refuse/ request/ resolve/ seek/ strive/ swear/ threaten/ undertake/ volunteer/ wish 等
3.非谓语动词作补语的要点提示
1. 现在分词表动作正在进行， 过去分词表被动， 不定式表动作已完成或结束 2.补语如果是非持续性动词，不定式表 一次性的动作，现在分词则表示反复发 生的动作。
I. 非谓语动词
专四语法2：非谓语动词
I intended to have come to see you. (我本打 算来看你的) He was to have fetched you here．他本该去 把你带来的。 She has to have passed Advanced Level in two subjects before she goes to university. (必先通过……，才能) You are lucky to have won the girl’s heart．(You have won．．．)
The Clarks haven't decided yet which hotel____. (1998--49) A. to stay B. is to stay C. to stay at D. is for staying
答案：C
不定式的特殊句型
1. such as to, such…as to, so…as to表程度 His story was such as to deceive everyone. It was such an accident as to claim 20 lives. Who could be so mean as to do a thing like that?
I _____ writing the paper as scheduled, but my mother's illness interfered. I hope you will excuse me. (1993--54) A. am to have finished B. was to have finished C. was to finish D. ought to finish 答案：B
专四语法-非谓语动词-doing
3 成份：主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语
（3）主语 不定式作主语与动名词作主语区别： • 不定式表具体的，一次性的动作； • 动名词表示一般的，抽象的，多次性 的动作。
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3 成份：主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语 • 在句子主语和表语同时使用动名词或不定 式时, 两者必须一致，不能交叉使用。 • Seeing is believing. • To learn is to use. • 不定式和动名词都可以用it代替做形式主语 • 区别：在含有no, -less等否定词句子里，用 动名词做主语。但含not的句子则用不定式 作主语。 • It is not good to have ten apples each day. • It is no good having ten apples each day.
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4 解题方法
① 先判断主被动关系。即分词与句子主 语之间如果是逻辑上的主谓关系时， 分词用主动式doing, having done；如 是逻辑上的动宾关系时，分词用被动： being done, having been done, done. • Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful. • Seeing from the top of the hill, I find the city beautiful.
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3 成份：主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语
（6）状语 • 不定式作状语通常表示目的、结果、 程度及位于形容词后作状语； • 分词作状语表示时间、条件、原因、 让步或伴随方式 • 有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主 语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类 成 分只记忆即可。如 : • generally speaking, judging from...,
专四语法(非谓语动词)解读
(4) 不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表 示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的 逻辑主语则由of引导： absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如： Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy. It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
• 真题示例：“The man preparing the documents is the firm’s lawyer” has all the following possible meanings EXCEPT • A. the man who has prepared the documents • B. the man who has been preparing the documents. • C. the man who is preparing the documents • D. the man who will prepare the documents
真题演练
• 1. It is not uncommon for there ____ problem of communication between the old and the young. • A. being B. would be C. be D. to be • 2. _____ at in his way, the situation doesn’t seem so desperate. • A. Looking B. Looked • C. Being looked D. To look • 3. There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ___ the spoil ones. • A. not counting B. not to count • C. don’t count D. having not counted
专四必考语法第6讲非谓语动词
Gerund 动名词，非谓语动词英语中，不作句子的谓语，而是用于担任其它语法功能的v ，叫非谓语动词，它不受主语人称、数等因素的限定，又被称作非限定动词。
三大非谓语动词：动名词，分词和不定式。
动名词的语法功能1. 作主语Seeing is believing.Listening to music is one of my hobbies.Studying abroad has many advantages.Getting to know the world is what the future society requires of us.习惯用法A. It is no use / good/harm+Ving. It is no use quarreling with her. It's no use crying over thespilt milk.B. There is no+Ving. There is no denying (the fact) that women are playing an important role inthe world today.There is no joking about this matter. 这事开不得玩笑。
2. 作表语My favorite pastime is collecting stamps.Her hobby is swimming and cycling.One of the good virtues of a young person is being punctual.My job is teaching.One of the most difficult tasks you may encounter is learning a foreign language.3. 作动词宾语She enjoys listening to rock music.We appreciate your offering to help.We must avoid making such mistakes again.People who like travelling have their reasons.跟动名词作宾语的v.及v. phrase常见的能跟动名词作宾语的v.及v. phrase:admit, appreciate, avoid, confess to, consider, delay, deny, endure(忍耐), enjoy, escape,excuse, fancy(想象), finish, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice,risk, can't help, feel like, give up, keep out, object to (反对), oppose, put off(推迟).注意：动名词作宾语后面带有补语，一般不用形式宾语it。
专四语法考点串讲之三 非谓语动词
• I have a lot of homework to do. • We were waiting for the door to be opened. • .
• 完成式 •
to have done to have been done 分词动作比谓语动作的发生早
• •
eg. I'm sorry to have lost your key. I am happy for the article to have been finished in time.
• 注意：why +动词原形或not+动词原形。
• •
。Why
make so much noise 为什么发出这么大的噪音？ Why not join us 为什么不加入我们？
• 3. It is + 形容词 + for of sb + to do 结构 • Eg. It's kind of you to think so much of us. • 难为你这么为我们着想.
用完成式。
Eg. Having done his homework, he began to watch TV. • • Having heard this, the woman expressed her satisfaction
考点四：不定式做状语四结果三目的 （必备）
• 一、不定式表结果 • 1） so(such) ... as to do 如此…以便（表结果） • Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? 把你的自 行车借给我好吗？ • 2） enough to do • He didn‘t run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快, 没赶上火车。 • 3） too ... to do • His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. • 4）only to不料(却)……,结果(却)……",表示坏的结果 • I went to shopping, only to find it was closed.
专四语法非谓语动词
English and recognize how it is used.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语， 相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： ambition to do “干……的雄心” →be ambitious to do“有雄心干……” curiosity to do “对……的好奇心” →be curious to do“对……好奇” ability to do“做……的能力” →able to do“有能力做……”
2.不定式做宾语 掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：
afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear,
the door, only to find it locked.
The three men tried many times to sneak across the
border into the neighbouring country, only to be captured by the police each time.(99年)
changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place...)
There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave...)
英语专业四级语法重点汇总
英语专业四级语法重点汇总English英语专八专四学习复习资料英语专四语法重点汇总一、非谓语动词的主要考点1. 有些典型动词后面可以接上不定式或动名词来做宾语的，但是在意思上是有区别的，主要常考到的动词罗列如下：mean to do想要（做某事）VS mean doing意味（做某事）propose to do 打算（做某事）VS propose doing建议（做某事）forget to do忘记（要做的事）VS forget doing忘记（已做的事）remember to do记得（要做某事）VS remember doing记得（做过）go on to do继而（做另一件事）VS go on doing继续（做原来的事）stop to do停下来去做另一件事VS stop doing停止正在做的事regret to do（对将要做的事）遗憾VS regret doing（对已做过的事）后悔2. 不定式的习惯用法典型句型整理如下：如：“cannot help but do”——“不得不做某事”如：“cannot but do”——“不禁做某事”如：“cannot choose but do”——“不由自主地做某事”如：“can do nothing but do”——“不能不做某事”如：“have no choice but to do”——“只能做某事”如：“have no alternative but to do”——“只能做某事”例句：The boy cannot help but be greatly influenced by the useful instruction given by his family tutor.When I start my job career, I cannot choose but look back upon the beautiful days I spent on campus.3. 动名词的习惯用法典型动名词的习惯句型整理罗列如下：如：be busy/active doing sth.如：It’s no good/use doing sth.如：spend/waste time doing sth.如：have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.如：have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.如：There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.例句：There is no use crying over spilt milk.（典型例句）牛奶洒了，哭也没用；后悔是没有用的；覆水难受I really have problem solving these mathematic questions since I am not major in science after all.二、形容词与副词及其比较级1. 形容词的句法功能形容词通常在句子中用做定语、表语与主语的语法成分，通常考到的知识点总结如下：(1) 以“a”开头的形容词如“alone”、“alike”、“asleep”、“awake”等一般不能做前置定语，通常是做表语或后置定语的例句：Jerry didn’t pass the important final exam, please let him alone for the time being.Michael came back from job just now, and his eyes were shut and he seemed to have fallen asleep.(2) 某些以副词词缀“-ly”结尾的词其实是形容词，不能看错是副词，例如“friendly”、“leisurely”、“lovely”等(3) 下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语这些典型单词罗列如下：“remain”、“keep”、“become”、“get”、“grow”、“go”、“come”、“turn”、“stay”、“stand”、“run”、“prove”、“seem”、“appear”、“look”等例句：The situation remains tense between the two countries at this juncture. 在这个节骨眼上，两国形势仍然持续紧张。
专四系列非谓语动词
既能用不定式，又能用动名词的单词： begin, start, continue, afford, propose, cease等 ⊙不定式表示具体一次动作；动名词表示一贯爱 好：hate, love, like, prefer ⊙ 用动名词以主动表示被动： want, need, require The bike needs repairing. = The bike needs to be repaired. The dininghall wants cleaning. = The dininghall wants to be cleaned.
amused encouraged disappointed excited puzzled satisfied tired pleased astonished
区别非谓语动词作表语： Their job is building houses. (动名 词） Their work is to build another bridge across the river. （不定式） The novel is very interesting （现在 分词） and we are all interested(过 去分词） in it.Biblioteka 作主语1.句型上的不同
1）不定式适用的句型： A. It is+ adj. for sb. to do sth. easy, difficult, important, necessary B. It is+ adj. of sb. to do sth. kind, nice, clever, foolish, right, wrong,careless, considerate, rude, impolite C. It is +n. to do
专四语法(非谓语动词)
I don‘t mind _____ the decision as long as it is don‘ not too late. A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. you delaying to make D. you delay to make Mind要求接动名词, Mind要求接动名词,动名词的逻辑主语用形 容词性物主代词，答案自然是B 容词性物主代词，答案自然是B。
1、非谓语动词作主语 （1）不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语， 但分词却不可以。不定式一般表示具体或 一次性动作，而动名词则表示一般或抽象 的多次动作。
_____ is not a serious disadvantage in life. ( 2001, 51) A. To be not tall B. Not to be tall C. Being not tall D. Not being tall [D]【详解】非谓语动词在句中作了主语。非谓语 [D]【详解】非谓语动词在句中作了主语。非谓语 动词的否定式，要直接在非谓语动词前加not，因 动词的否定式，要直接在非谓语动词前加not，因 此可以直接排除[A]和[C]。动名词和不定式都可以 此可以直接排除[A]和[C]。动名词和不定式都可以 作句子主语，但动名词表示一贯性动作，不定式 表示具体的一次性动作。个子不高是一贯的事实， 应用动名词形式，所以[D]正确。 应用动名re _____ nothing for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. (00, 55) A. to be B. to have been C. being D. be [C]
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(5)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末 尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语 气。 常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如： Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked.
3. There _____ nothing for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. (00, 55) A. to be B. to have been C. being D. be [C]
(3) 主语应与分词保持一致。 主语应与分词保持一致，避免悬垂分词的出现。 也就是要避免既不带自己的主语，又不以句子主 语作自己的逻辑主语的分词短语。例如下面的句 子就是错误的： Hearing the terrible news, her eyes filled with tears. 由于主语her eyes不能发出hearing的动作，所以本 由于主语her eyes不能发出hearing的动作，所以本 句是错误的。可以这样改：Hearing 句是错误的。可以这样改：Hearing the terrible news, she burst into tears. 一听到这个可怕的消息， 她就哭了起来。
B. 有些动词后只能接不定式，如： afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, bother, claim, determine, desire, endeavor, expect, fail, guarantee, intend, long, plan, prepare, pretend, refuse, request, resolve, tend, venture, volunteer, etc.
C. 有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词， 如：love, 如：love, like, hate, begin, start, etc. 这时，二 者的差别不大，主要在于：不定式一般表 示具体或一次性动作，而动名词则表示一 般或抽象的多次动作。如： I like getting up early. 我喜欢早起。（一种 生活习惯） I hate to get up early tomorrow. 我讨厌明天 要早起。（一次性的行为）
（4）非谓语动词作主语和状语时，若要使 用其否定形式，则需要将否定词放在整个 非谓语动词结构之前。
真题举例
1. _____, he can now only watch it on TV at home.(98, 45） A. Obtaining not a ticket for the match B. Not obtaining a ticket for the match C. Not having obtained a ticket for the match D. Not obtained a ticket for the match [C] 2. _____ is not a serious disadvantage in life.(01, 61 ) A. To be not tall B. Not to be tall[D]
介词后用动名词，表示存在时必须用there be句型， 介词后用动名词，表示存在时必须用there be句型， 所以答案为A，这也是动名词复合结构，there为动 所以答案为A，这也是动名词复合结构，there为动 名词的逻辑主语。
I don‘t mind _____ the decision as long as it is don‘ not too late. A. you to delay making B. your delaying making C. you delaying to make D. you delay to make Mind要求接动名词, Mind要求接动名词,动名词的逻辑主语用形 容词性物主代词，答案自然是B 容词性物主代词，答案自然是B。
(2) 不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式 不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式 主语，但在含有no， less等否定词的句子里， 主语，但在含有no，-less等否定词的句子里， 常用动名词作主语。如： It is useless talking with her. It is no good discussing with her.
真题举例 What’ What’s the chance of _____ a general election this year? (05, 61) A. there being B. there to be C. there be D. there going to be [A]
3. 非谓语动词作状语 （1）不定式和分词都可以作状语，表示原 因、时间、方式、伴随、让步、结果等。 不定式常在句中作目的状语，而分词一般 不具备这种功能； 不具备这种功能；分词能表示时间或伴随 情况，不定式却不能这样用。如： 情况，不定式却不能这样用。如： He came to see me. Singing a song, they came into the classroom.
真题举例 The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighboring country, _____ by the police each time.(99, 42) A. had been captured B. being always captured C. only to be captured D. unfortunately captured [C]
非谓语动词
非谓语动词也称动词的非限定形式，它们 不可以在句中单独作谓语，也不受主语的 人称和数的限制。非谓语动词具有双重性 质，既有动词的特点：有时态，语态的变 化，能被状语修饰，也有自己的宾语；又 有非动词的特点：可以代替名词或形容词。 非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词三 种。它们可以在句中充当除谓语以外的其 他各种成分，即主语、表语、宾语、补语、 定语和状语。
真题举例
1.Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat _____ by far the biggest cereal crop. (03, 51) A. is B. been C. be D. being [D] 2. Time _____, the celebration will be held as scheduled.（03, 58） A. permit B. permitting C. permitted D. permits [B]
D. 有些动词后既能接不定式又能接动名词，如： remember, forget, stop, etc. 此时，二者的差别很大， 需要加以区别。
E. 动名词复合结构可以做主语、宾语和表 动名词复合结构可以做主语、宾语和表 语，在对动名词的考查中总是将其逻辑主 语包括进来，形成动名词的复合结构： The girl's being educated in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for. I would appreciate your keeping it a secret.
(2) 当分词有了自己的逻辑主语，便构成了 分词的独立结构，在句中作状语，表示时 间、伴随、原因和条件等。分词独立主格 间、伴随、原因和条件等。 结构只是句子的一个部分。如： All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking. Time permitting, we will have a meeting. permitting,
(3) 如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词，两者 应保持同样的形式，或同为不定式，或同 为动名词。如： To see is to believe. 眼见为实。 believe. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 眼见为实。
(4) 不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列 不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导, 表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式 的逻辑主语则由of引导： 的逻辑主语则由of引导： absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如： Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy. It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
1、非谓语动词作主语 （1）不定式和动名词可以在句中充当主语， 但分词却不可以。不定式一般表示具体或 一次性动作，而动名词则表示一般或抽象 的多次动作。
_____ is not a serious disadvantage in life. ( 2001, 51) A. To be not tall B. Not to be tall C. Being not tall D. Not being tall [D]【详解】非谓语动词在句中作了主语。非谓语 [D]【详解】非谓语动词在句中作了主语。非谓语 动词的否定式，要直接在非谓语动词前加not，因 动词的否定式，要直接在非谓语动词前加not，因 此可以直接排除[A]和[C]。动名词和不定式都可以 此可以直接排除[A]和[C]。动名词和不定式都可以 作句子主语，但动名词表示一贯性动作，不定式 表示具体的一次性动作。个子不高是一贯的事实， 应用动名词形式，所以[D]正确。 应用动名词形式，所以[D]正确。